1
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Violi JP, Pu L, Pravadali-Cekic S, Bishop DP, Phillips CR, Rodgers KJ. Effects of the Toxic Non-Protein Amino Acid β-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA) on Intracellular Amino Acid Levels in Neuroblastoma Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:647. [PMID: 37999510 PMCID: PMC10674354 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterial non-protein amino acid (AA) β-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is considered to be a neurotoxin. BMAA caused histopathological changes in brains and spinal cords of primates consistent with some of those seen in early motor neuron disease; however, supplementation with L-serine protected against some of those changes. We examined the impact of BMAA on AA concentrations in human neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Cells were treated with 1000 µM BMAA and intracellular free AA concentrations in treated and control cells were compared at six time-points over a 48 h culture period. BMAA had a profound effect on intracellular AA levels at specific time points but in most cases, AA homeostasis was re-established in the cell. The most heavily impacted amino acid was serine which was depleted in BMAA-treated cells from 9 h onwards. Correction of serine depletion could be a factor in the observation that supplementation with L-serine protects against BMAA toxicity in vitro and in vivo. AAs that could potentially be involved in protection against BMAA-induced oxidation such as histidine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were depleted in cells at later time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake P. Violi
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.P.V.); (L.P.); (C.R.P.)
| | - Lisa Pu
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.P.V.); (L.P.); (C.R.P.)
| | - Sercan Pravadali-Cekic
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia (D.P.B.)
| | - David P. Bishop
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia (D.P.B.)
| | - Connor R. Phillips
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.P.V.); (L.P.); (C.R.P.)
| | - Kenneth J. Rodgers
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.P.V.); (L.P.); (C.R.P.)
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2
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Beesley S, Kumar SS. The t-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor: Making the case for d-Serine to be considered its inverse co-agonist. Neuropharmacology 2023:109654. [PMID: 37437688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is an enigmatic macromolecule that has garnered a good deal of attention on account of its involvement in the cellular processes that underlie learning and memory, following its discovery in the mid twentieth century (Baudry and Davis, 1991). Yet, despite advances in knowledge about its function, there remains much more to be uncovered regarding the receptor's biophysical properties, subunit composition, and role in CNS physiology and pathophysiology. The motivation for this review stems from the need for synthesizing new information gathered about these receptors that sheds light on their role in synaptic plasticity and their dichotomous relationship with the amino acid d-serine through which they influence the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases like temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the most common type of adult epilepsies (Beesley et al., 2020a). This review will outline pertinent ideas relating structure and function of t-NMDARs (GluN3 subunit-containing triheteromeric NMDARs) for which d-serine might serve as an inverse co-agonist. We will explore how tracing d-serine's origins blends glutamate-receptor biology with glial biology to help provide fresh perspectives on how neurodegeneration might interlink with neuroinflammation to initiate and perpetuate the disease state. Taken together, we envisage the review to deepen our understanding of endogenous d-serine's new role in the brain while also recognizing its therapeutic potential in the treatment of TLE that is oftentimes refractory to medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Beesley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Program in Neuroscience Florida State University, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4300, USA
| | - Sanjay S Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Program in Neuroscience Florida State University, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4300, USA.
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3
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He L, Ding Y, Zhou X, Li T, Yin Y. Serine signaling governs metabolic homeostasis and health. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:361-372. [PMID: 36967366 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Serine has functions that are involved in metabolic homeostasis and health in pathological or stressful situations. Notably, the de novo serine synthesis pathway (SSP) plays a vital role in targeted regulation of immune responses, cell proliferation, and lipid/protein metabolism. The presentation of serine residues derived from SSP may be a signal of stress and provide novel insights into the relationship between metabolic homeostasis and diseases. Here, we summarize the current trends in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of serine metabolism, discuss how serine signaling governs metabolic and antistress processes, including oxidative stress, immunity, energy and lipid metabolism, intestinal microbiota, and the neurological system. We present a possible framework by which serine metabolism maintains metabolic homeostasis and treats human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqin He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Processes, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Yaqiong Ding
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Processes, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xihong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Processes, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Processes, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Processes, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
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4
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Ogbuagu N, Ayo J, Aluwong T, Akor-Dewu M. L-serine modulates activities of antioxidant enzymes and behavioral responses in broiler chickens subjected to feed restriction during the hot-dry season. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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5
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Review of Cyanotoxicity Studies Based on Cell Cultures. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:5647178. [PMID: 35509523 PMCID: PMC9061046 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5647178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins (CTs) are a large and diverse group of toxins produced by the peculiar photosynthetic prokaryotes of the domain Cyanoprokaryota. Toxin-producing aquatic cyanoprokaryotes can develop in mass, causing “water blooms” or “cyanoblooms,” which may lead to environmental disaster—water poisoning, extinction of aquatic life, and even to human death. CT studies on single cells and cells in culture are an important stage of toxicological studies with increasing impact for their further use for scientific and clinical purposes, and for policies of environmental protection. The higher cost of animal use and continuous resistance to the use of animals for scientific and toxicological studies lead to a progressive increase of cell lines use. This review aims to present (1) the important results of the effects of CT on human and animal cell lines, (2) the methods and concentrations used to obtain these results, (3) the studied cell lines and their tissues of origin, and (4) the intracellular targets of CT. CTs reviewed are presented in alphabetical order as follows: aeruginosins, anatoxins, BMAA (β-N-methylamino-L-alanine), cylindrospermopsins, depsipeptides, lipopolysaccharides, lyngbyatoxins, microcystins, nodularins, cyanobacterial retinoids, and saxitoxins. The presence of all these data in a review allows in one look to advance the research on CT using cell cultures by facilitating the selection of the most appropriate methods, conditions, and cell lines for future toxicological, pharmacological, and physiological studies.
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6
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Davis DA, Garamszegi SP, Banack SA, Dooley PD, Coyne TM, McLean DW, Rotstein DS, Mash DC, Cox PA. BMAA, Methylmercury, and Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Dolphins: A Natural Model of Toxin Exposure. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100697. [PMID: 34678990 PMCID: PMC8540894 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dolphins are well-regarded sentinels for toxin exposure and can bioaccumulate a cyanotoxin called β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) that has been linked to human neurodegenerative disease. The same dolphins also possessed hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), suggesting a possible association between toxin exposure and neuropathology. However, the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in dolphins and the impact cyanotoxins have on these processes are unknown. Here, we evaluate BMAA exposure by investigating transcription signatures using PCR for dolphin genes homologous to those implicated in AD and related dementias: APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, MAPT, GRN, TARDBP, and C9orf72. Immunohistochemistry and Sevier Münger silver staining were used to validate neuropathology. Methylmercury (MeHg), a synergistic neurotoxicant with BMAA, was also measured using PT-GC-AFS. We report that dolphins have up to a three-fold increase in gene transcription related to Aβ+ plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plaques, and TDP-43+ intracytoplasmic inclusions. The upregulation of gene transcription in our dolphin cohort paralleled increasing BMAA concentration. In addition, dolphins with BMAA exposures equivalent to those reported in AD patients displayed up to a 14-fold increase in AD-type neuropathology. MeHg was detected (0.16–0.41 μg/g) and toxicity associated with exposure was also observed in the brain. These results demonstrate that dolphins develop neuropathology associated with AD and exposure to BMAA and MeHg may augment these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Davis
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (S.P.G.); (P.D.D.); (D.W.M.); (D.C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Susanna P. Garamszegi
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (S.P.G.); (P.D.D.); (D.W.M.); (D.C.M.)
| | - Sandra Anne Banack
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
| | - Patrick D. Dooley
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (S.P.G.); (P.D.D.); (D.W.M.); (D.C.M.)
| | - Thomas M. Coyne
- Office of the District 21 Medical Examiner, Fort Myers, FL 33907, USA;
| | - Dylan W. McLean
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (S.P.G.); (P.D.D.); (D.W.M.); (D.C.M.)
| | | | - Deborah C. Mash
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (S.P.G.); (P.D.D.); (D.W.M.); (D.C.M.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33328, USA
| | - Paul Alan Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
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7
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Ye H, Meng Y. Honokiol regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress by promoting the activation of the sirtuin 1-mediated protein kinase B pathway and ameliorates high glucose/high fat-induced dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Endocr J 2021; 68:981-992. [PMID: 33952780 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Honokiol plays an important role in anti-oxidation, but its role in diabetic vascular complications is unclear. In this study, the effects of honokiol in high glucose/high fat (HG/HF)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were explored. After pre-treatment with honokiol, the cells were transferred to an HG/HF medium, and cell viability and apoptosis were respectively measured by methyl tetrazolium and flow cytometry. Moreover, the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. The expressions of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), phosphorylated-protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (p-PERK), phosphorylated-inositol requiring enzyme-1α (p-IRE1α), cleaved caspase-3 and SIRT1 were determined by Western blot or quantitative reverse transcription PCR, respectively. Finally, the viability, apoptosis, and the contents of ROS, MDA, and SOD, as well as the expressions of CHOP, GRP78, p-PERK, p-IRE1α, cleaved caspase-3, Akt, p-Akt, and SIRT1 in the cells transfected with small interfering RNA SIRT1 (siSIRT1) were detected by the previously mentioned methods. Honokiol reversed the effect of HG/HF on promoting cell apoptosis, ROS and MDA contents, and the expressions of CHOP, GRP78, p-PERK, p-IRE1α and cleaved caspase-3, and also reversed the inhibitory effect of HG/HF on cell viability, SOD content and SIRT1 expression. However, siSIRT1 reversed the above effects caused by honokiol. Honokiol activated SIRT1 promoter. SIRT1 interacted with Akt, consequently promoting the activity of Akt. Therefore, honokiol activates the Akt pathway by regulating SIRT1 expression to regulate endoplasmic reticulum stress, promotes cell viability and inhibits the apoptosis of HG/HF-induced HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230000, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Hefei Binhu Hospital, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230011, China
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8
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Hathazi D, Cox D, D'Amico A, Tasca G, Charlton R, Carlier RY, Baumann J, Kollipara L, Zahedi RP, Feldmann I, Deleuze JF, Torella A, Cohn R, Robinson E, Ricci F, Jungbluth H, Fattori F, Boland A, O'Connor E, Horvath R, Barresi R, Lochmüller H, Urtizberea A, Jacquemont ML, Nelson I, Swan L, Bonne G, Roos A. INPP5K and SIL1 associated pathologies with overlapping clinical phenotypes converge through dysregulation of PHGDH. Brain 2021; 144:2427-2442. [PMID: 33792664 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome (MSS) is a rare human disorder caused by biallelic mutations in SIL1 characterized by cataracts in infancy, myopathy and ataxia, symptoms that are also associated with a novel disorder caused by mutations in INPP5K. While these phenotypic similarities may suggest commonalties at a molecular level, an overlapping pathomechanism has not been established yet. In this study, we present six new INPP5K patients and expand the current mutational and phenotypical spectrum of the disease showing the clinical overlap between MSS and the INPP5K-phenotype. We applied unbiased proteomic profiling on cells derived from MSS- and INPP5K-patients and identified alterations in D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase as a common molecular feature. D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase modulates the production of L-serine and mutations in this enzyme were previously associated with a neurological phenotype, which clinically overlaps with MSS and INPP5K-disease. As, L-serine administration represents a promising therapeutic strategy for D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase patients, we tested the effect of L-serine in generated sil1, phgdh and inpp5k a + b zebrafish models which showed an improvement in their neuronal phenotype. Thus our study defines a core phenotypical feature underpinning a key common molecular mechanism in three rare diseases and reveals a common and novel therapeutic target for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Hathazi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e. V, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dan Cox
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adele D'Amico
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome Italy
| | - Giorgio Tasca
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Richard Charlton
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robert-Yves Carlier
- AP-HP, Service d'Imagerie Médicale, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France.,Inserm U 1179, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Versailles, France
| | - Jennifer Baumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e. V, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - René P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e. V, Dortmund, Germany.,Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ingo Feldmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e. V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Annalaura Torella
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy and Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Ronald Cohn
- SickKids Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emily Robinson
- Department of molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Department of molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Heinz Jungbluth
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fabiana Fattori
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome Italy
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Emily O'Connor
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rita Barresi
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Line Jacquemont
- Unité de Génétique Médicale, Pôle Femme-Mère-Enfant, Groupe Hospitalier Sud Réunion, CHU de La Réunion, La Réunion, France
| | - Isabelle Nelson
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Laura Swan
- Department of molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gisèle Bonne
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Roos
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust and King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Medicine, Essen, Germany
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9
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Gungor S, Oktay Y, Hiz S, Aranguren-Ibáñez Á, Kalafatcilar I, Yaramis A, Karaca E, Yis U, Sonmezler E, Ekinci B, Aslan M, Yilmaz E, Özgör B, Balaraju S, Szabo N, Laurie S, Beltran S, MacArthur DG, Hathazi D, Töpf A, Roos A, Lochmuller H, Vernos I, Horvath R. Autosomal recessive variants in TUBGCP2 alter the γ-tubulin ring complex leading to neurodevelopmental disease. iScience 2021; 24:101948. [PMID: 33458610 PMCID: PMC7797523 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules help building the cytoskeleton of neurons and other cells. Several components of the gamma-tubulin (γ-tubulin) complex have been previously reported in human neurodevelopmental diseases. We describe two siblings from a consanguineous Turkish family with dysmorphic features, developmental delay, brain malformation, and epilepsy carrying a homozygous mutation (p.Glu311Lys) in TUBGCP2 encoding the γ-tubulin complex 2 (GCP2) protein. This variant is predicted to disrupt the electrostatic interaction of GCP2 with GCP3. In primary fibroblasts carrying the variant, we observed a faint delocalization of γ-tubulin during the cell cycle but normal GCP2 protein levels. Through mass spectrometry, we observed dysregulation of multiple proteins involved in the assembly and organization of the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix, controlling cellular adhesion and of proteins crucial for neuronal homeostasis including axon guidance. In summary, our functional and proteomic studies link TUBGCP2 and the γ-tubulin complex to the development of the central nervous system in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdal Gungor
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Oktay
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University and Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Semra Hiz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology Izmir, Turkey
| | - Álvaro Aranguren-Ibáñez
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Ipek Kalafatcilar
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yaramis
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Karaca
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University and Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Uluc Yis
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ece Sonmezler
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Ekinci
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Aslan
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology Izmir, Turkey
| | - Elmasnur Yilmaz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bilge Özgör
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sunitha Balaraju
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Nora Szabo
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
- Budai Children Hospital, Észak-Közép-budai Centrum, Új Szent János Kórház és Szakrendelő, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Steven Laurie
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Beltran
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel G. MacArthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Denisa Hathazi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Ana Töpf
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andreas Roos
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS, Dortmund, Germany & Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Medicine, Essen, Germany
| | - Hanns Lochmuller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, the Ottawa Hospital; and Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Isabelle Vernos
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Spain
| | - Rita Horvath
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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10
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Davis DA, Cox PA, Banack SA, Lecusay PD, Garamszegi SP, Hagan MJ, Powell JT, Metcalf JS, Palmour RM, Beierschmitt A, Bradley WG, Mash DC. l-Serine Reduces Spinal Cord Pathology in a Vervet Model of Preclinical ALS/MND. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:393-406. [PMID: 32077471 PMCID: PMC7092359 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The early neuropathological features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease (ALS/MND) are protein aggregates in motor neurons and microglial activation. Similar pathology characterizes Guamanian ALS/Parkinsonism dementia complex, which may be triggered by the cyanotoxin β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA). We report here the occurrence of ALS/MND-type pathological changes in vervets (Chlorocebus sabaeus; n = 8) fed oral doses of a dry powder of BMAA HCl salt (210 mg/kg/day) for 140 days. Spinal cords and brains from toxin-exposed vervets were compared to controls fed rice flour (210 mg/kg/day) and to vervets coadministered equal amounts of BMAA and l-serine (210 mg/kg/day). Immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis were used to examine markers of ALS/MND and glial activation. UHPLC-MS/MS was used to confirm BMAA exposures in dosed vervets. Motor neuron degeneration was demonstrated in BMAA-dosed vervets by TDP-43+ proteinopathy in anterior horn cells, by reactive astrogliosis, by activated microglia, and by damage to myelinated axons in the lateral corticospinal tracts. Vervets dosed with BMAA + l-serine displayed reduced neuropathological changes. This study demonstrates that chronic dietary exposure to BMAA causes ALS/MND-type pathological changes in the vervet and coadministration of l-serine reduces the amount of reactive gliosis and the number of protein inclusions in motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Davis
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Paul Alan Cox
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Brain Chemistry Labs, Jackson Hole, Wyoming
| | - Sandra Anne Banack
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Brain Chemistry Labs, Jackson Hole, Wyoming
| | | | | | - Matthew J Hagan
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | | | - Roberta M Palmour
- Behavioural Science Foundation, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amy Beierschmitt
- Behavioural Science Foundation, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Walter G Bradley
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida
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11
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Chen R, Hornemann T, Štefanić S, Schraner EM, Zuellig R, Reding T, Malagola E, Henstridge DC, Hills AP, Graf R, Sonda S. Serine administration as a novel prophylactic approach to reduce the severity of acute pancreatitis during diabetes in mice. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1885-1899. [PMID: 32385601 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Compared with the general population, individuals with diabetes have a higher risk of developing severe acute pancreatitis, a highly debilitating and potentially lethal inflammation of the exocrine pancreas. In this study, we investigated whether 1-deoxysphingolipids, atypical lipids that increase in the circulation following the development of diabetes, exacerbate the severity of pancreatitis in a diabetic setting. METHODS We analysed whether administration of an L-serine-enriched diet to mouse models of diabetes, an established method for decreasing the synthesis of 1-deoxysphingolipids in vivo, reduced the severity of acute pancreatitis. Furthermore, we elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the lipotoxicity exerted by 1-deoxysphingolipids towards rodent pancreatic acinar cells in vitro. RESULTS We demonstrated that L-serine supplementation reduced the damage of acinar tissue resulting from the induction of pancreatitis in diabetic mice (average histological damage score: 1.5 in L-serine-treated mice vs 2.7 in the control group). At the cellular level, we showed that L-serine decreased the production of reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress and cellular apoptosis in acinar tissue. Importantly, these parameters, together with DNA damage, were triggered in acinar cells upon treatment with 1-deoxysphingolipids in vitro, suggesting that these lipids are cytotoxic towards pancreatic acinar cells in a cell-autonomous manner. In search of the initiating events of the observed cytotoxicity, we discovered that 1-deoxysphingolipids induced early mitochondrial dysfunction in acinar cells, characterised by ultrastructural alterations, impaired oxygen consumption rate and reduced ATP synthesis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that 1-deoxysphingolipids directly damage the functionality of pancreatic acinar cells and highlight that an L-serine-enriched diet may be used as a promising prophylactic intervention to reduce the severity of pancreatitis in the context of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Saša Štefanić
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M Schraner
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy and Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Zuellig
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresia Reding
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ermanno Malagola
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darren C Henstridge
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Andrew P Hills
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia.
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12
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Barp A, Gerardi F, Lizio A, Sansone VA, Lunetta C. Emerging Drugs for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Focus on Recent Phase 2 Trials. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2020; 25:145-164. [PMID: 32456491 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2020.1769067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease involving both upper and lower motor neurons and resulting in increasing disability and death 3-5 years after onset of symptoms. Over 40 large clinical trials for ALS have been negative, except for Riluzole that offers a modest survival benefit, and Edaravone that modestly reduces disease progression in patients with specific characteristics. Thus, the discovery of efficient disease modifying therapy is an urgent need. AREAS COVERED Although the cause of ALS remains unclear, many studies have demonstrated that neuroinflammation, proteinopathies, glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, microglial activation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction may play a key role in the pathogenesis. This review highlights recent discoveries relating to these diverse mechanisms and their implications for the development of therapy. Ongoing phase 2 clinical trials aimed to interfere with these pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed. EXPERT OPINION This review describes the challenges that the discovery of an efficient drug therapy faces and how these issues may be addressed. With the continuous advances coming from basic research, we provided possible suggestions that may be considered to improve performance of clinical trials and turn ALS research into a 'fertile ground' for drug development for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barp
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre, Fondazione Serena Onlus , Milan, Italy.,Dept. Biomedical Sciences of Health, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Lizio
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre, Fondazione Serena Onlus , Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Ada Sansone
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre, Fondazione Serena Onlus , Milan, Italy.,Dept. Biomedical Sciences of Health, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
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13
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Dunlop RA, Carney JM. Mechanisms of L-Serine-Mediated Neuroprotection Include Selective Activation of Lysosomal Cathepsins B and L. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:17-26. [PMID: 32242285 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
L-serine is a naturally occurring dietary amino acid that has recently received renewed attention as a potential therapy for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type I (HSAN1), and sleep induction and maintenance. We have previously reported L-serine functions as a competitive inhibitor of L-BMAA toxicity in cell cultures and have since progressed to examine the neuroprotective effects of L-serine independent of L-BMAA-induced neurotoxicity. For example, in a Phase I, FDA-approved human clinical trial of 20 ALS patients, our lab reported 30 g L-serine/day was safe, well-tolerated, and slowed the progression of the disease in a group of 5 patients. Despite increasing evidence for L-serine being useful in the clinic, little is known about the mechanism of action of the observed neuroprotection. We have previously reported, in SH-SY5Y cell cultures, that L-serine alone can dysregulate the unfolded protein response (UPR) and increase the translation of the chaperone protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), and these mechanisms may contribute to the clearance of mis- or unfolded proteins. Here, we further explore the pathways involved in protein clearance when L-serine is present in low and high concentrations in cell culture. We incubated SH-SY5Y cells in the presence and absence of L-serine and measured changes in the activity of proteolytic enzymes from the autophagic-lysosomal system, cathepsin B, cathepsin L, and arylsulfatase and specific activities of the proteasome, peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolyzing (PGPH) (also called caspase-like), chymotrypsin, and trypsin-like. Under our conditions, we report that L-serine selectively induced the activity of autophagic-lysosomal enzymes, cathepsins B and L, but not any of the proteasome-hydrolyzing activities. To enable comparison with previous work, we also incubated cells with L-BMAA and report no effect on the activity of the autophagic lysosomes or the proteasomes. We also developed an open-source script for the automation of linear regression calculations of kinetic data. Autophagy impairment or failure is characteristic of many neurodegenerative disease; thus, activation of autophagic-lysosomal proteolysis may contribute to the neuroprotective effect of L-serine, which has been reported in cell culture and human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Dunlop
- Brain Chemistry Labs, The Institute for Ethnomedicine, Suite 3, 1130 S Highway 89, Jackson, WY, USA.
| | - John M Carney
- Brain Chemistry Labs, The Institute for Ethnomedicine, Suite 3, 1130 S Highway 89, Jackson, WY, USA
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14
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Energy Balance as a Moderator of Neurologic Disease Risk and Progression. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:242-248. [PMID: 32215816 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating disease that like multiple other neurologic diseases has no curative treatment currently available. Environmental exposures to known neurotoxic compounds (e.g., pesticides, heavy metals, cyanobacterial toxins, etc.) are identified as risk factors associated with ALS. Assuming these environmental factors have causative roles in disease risk and given the ubiquity of these types of exposures for the modern human, why are not more people afflicted with ALS? Herein is proposed an energy balance moderation framework (EBMF)-a framework that postulates energy balance as a key moderator of neurologic disease risk. The EBMF proposes that the ability of the body to handle toxic compound exposures through excretion, metabolism, and/or storage impacts the acute and chronic tissue-specific toxicity which is moderated by energy balance. In this model, positive energy balance (weight gain or excess body weight/mass) would be protective against acute neurotoxic exposure permitting the assimilation and sequestration of toxic compounds within body stores separate from the nervous system. However, this protective buffering could be lost during sustained negative energy balance (weight loss) with the release of sequestered compounds redistributing to the nervous system. The EBMF may have relevance beyond ALS for other neurologic diseases with demonstrated environmental risks (such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease) and offers new insights into potential strategies to reduce disease risk and develop novel treatments.
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15
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Holm LJ, Buschard K. L-serine: a neglected amino acid with a potential therapeutic role in diabetes. APMIS 2019; 127:655-659. [PMID: 31344283 PMCID: PMC6851881 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
L-serine is classified as a non-essential amino acid; however, L-serine is indispensable having a central role in a broad range of cellular processes. Growing evidence suggests a role for L-serine in the development of diabetes mellitus and its related complications, with L-serine being positively correlated to insulin secretion and sensitivity. L-serine metabolism is altered in type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, and L-serine supplementations improve glucose homeostasis and mitochondrial function, and reduce neuronal death. Additionally, L-serine lowers the incidence of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Dietary supplementations of L-serine are generally regarded as safe (GRAS) by the FDA. Therefore, we believe that L-serine should be considered as an emerging therapeutic option in diabetes, although work remains in order to fully understand the role of L-serine in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurits J Holm
- The Bartholin Institute, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Karsten Buschard
- The Bartholin Institute, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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16
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Kim KY, Hwang SK, Park SY, Kim MJ, Jun DY, Kim YH. l-Serine protects mouse hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells against oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial damage and apoptotic cell death. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:447-460. [PMID: 31326607 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytoprotective mechanism of l-serine against oxidative stress-mediated neuronal apoptosis was investigated in mouse hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells. Treatment with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ) increased cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS and apoptosis, without necrosis, in HT22 cells. ROS-mediated apoptosis was accompanied by the induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptotic pathway, involving CHOP/GADD153 upregulation, JNK and p38 MAPK activation, and caspase-12 and caspase-8 activation, and subsequent induction of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through BAK and BAX activation, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) loss, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. However, the DMNQ-caused ROS elevation and ER stress- and mitochondrial damage-induced apoptotic events were dose-dependently suppressed by co-treatment with l-serine (7.5-20 mM). Although DMNQ reduced both the intracellular glutathione (GSH) level and the ratios of reduced GSH to oxidized GSH (GSSG), the reduction was restored by co-treatment with l-serine. Co-treatment with GSH or N-acetylcysteine also blocked DMNQ-caused ROS elevation and apoptosis; however, co-treatment with the GSH synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine significantly promoted ROS-mediated apoptosis and counteracted the protection by l-serine. In HT22 cells, DMNQ treatment appeared to tilt the mitochondrial fusion-fission balance toward fission by down-regulating the levels of profusion proteins (MFN1/2 and OPA1) and inhibitory phosphorylation of profission protein DRP1 at Ser-637, resulting in mitochondrial fragmentation. These DMNQ-caused alterations were prevented by l-serine. A comparison of mitochondrial energetic function between DMNQ- and DMNQ/l-serine-treated HT22 cells showed that the DMNQ-caused impairment of the mitochondrial energy generation capacity was restored by l-serine. These results demonstrate that l-serine can protect neuronal cells against oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic cell death by contributing to intracellular antioxidant GSH synthesis and maintaining the mitochondrial fusion-fission balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yun Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Su-Kyeong Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shin Young Park
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Astrogen Inc., Techno-Building 313, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Do Youn Jun
- Astrogen Inc., Techno-Building 313, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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17
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Do SH, Lee SY, Na HS. The effect of repeated isoflurane exposure on serine synthesis pathway during the developmental period in Caenorhabditis elegans. Neurotoxicology 2019; 71:132-137. [PMID: 30639121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine synthetic pathway plays an essential role in the development and function of the nervous system. This study investigated whether the serine synthetic pathway was affected by repeated volatile anesthetic exposure using C. elegans and its relationship with anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity. METHODS Synchronized worms were divided into two groups: the control and isoflurane groups. Worms in the isoflurane group were exposed to isoflurane for 1 h at each larval stage. The chemotaxis index was evaluated when they reached the young adult-stage in both groups. Also, RNA was extracted from the young adult-worms, and the expressions of C31C9.2, F26H9.5, and Y62E10 A.13 were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction in both groups. At the same time, the l-serine level was measured. After phosphoserine phosphatase inhibitor - glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) - and l-serine were treated, the change of chemotaxis index was determined. RESULTS In young adult worms exposed to isoflurane, the genetic expressions of C31C9.2, F26H9.5, and Y62E10 A.13 were decreased, and a significant decrease was shown in Y62E10 A.13. The serine level in worms was also lower in the isoflurane group than in the control group (5.13 ± 1.44 vs. 7.65 ± 0.81 pM, n = 5 in each group, p = 0.009). Exposure to GPC reduced the chemotaxis index to a similar degree as repeated isoflurane exposure (52.9% in GPC group vs 58.7% in the isoflurane group). The chemotaxis index (61.1%) was not decreased by repeated isoflurane anesthesia in GPC-treated worms. In this condition, the l-serine level was low similarly in both groups (5.22 ± 1.19 vs. 4.90 ± 1.36 pM, n = 5 in each group, p = 0.702). When l-serine was supplied to C. elegans, the deteriorated chemotaxis index by isoflurane exposure recovered (78.1% in the control group vs. 75.5% in the isoflurane group, p = 0.465). CONCLUSION Serine synthetic pathway was negatively affected in C. elegans by repeated isoflurane exposure. Y62E10 A.13, which corresponds to phosphoserine phosphatase, was mostly influenced, followed by low l-serine level. Supplementation with l-serine could restore the chemotaxis index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hwan Do
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sue-Young Lee
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Seok Na
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.
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18
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Canfield CA, Bradshaw PC. Amino acids in the regulation of aging and aging-related diseases. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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19
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Ren B, Wang Y, Wang H, Wu Y, Li J, Tian J. Comparative proteomics reveals the neurotoxicity mechanism of ER stressors tunicamycin and dithiothreitol. Neurotoxicology 2018; 68:25-37. [PMID: 30003905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severity or duration of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leads to two different cellular events: cell survival and apoptosis. Drug-induced ER stress or neurotoxicity has been observed as one of the main side effects. However, how ER stress affects cellular signaling cascades leading to neuronal damage is still not well understood. In this study, the toxicological mechanisms of two typical ER stress inducers, tunicamycin (Tm) and dithiothreitol (DTT), were investigated by cell viability, unfolded protein response, apoptosis and proteomic responses in mouse neuro-2a cells. A large portion of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) that participate in protein synthesis and folding were identified in the Tm treated group, indicating adaptive cellular responses like the unfolded protein response were activated, which was not the case in the DTT treated group. Interestingly, KEGG pathway analysis and validation experiments revealed that proteins involved in proteasomal degradation were down-regulated by both inducers, while proteins involved in ubiquitination were up-regulated by Tm and down-regulated by DTT. A protein responsible for delivering ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome, the UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog A (HR23 A), was discovered as a DEP altered by both Tm and DTT. This protein was down-regulated in the Tm treated group and up-regulated in the DTT treated group, which explained the differences we observed in the ubquintination and proteasomal degradation pathways. Autophagy was activated in the Tm treated group, suggesting that it may serve as a compensatory effect to proteasomal degradation. Our work provides new insights into the neurotoxicity generated by various ER stress inducers and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Department of Marine Biology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Department of Marine Biology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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20
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Sharif NA. iDrugs and iDevices Discovery Research: Preclinical Assays, Techniques, and Animal Model Studies for Ocular Hypotensives and Neuroprotectants. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2018; 34:7-39. [PMID: 29323613 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery ophthalmic research is centered around delineating the molecular and cellular basis of ocular diseases and finding and exploiting molecular and genetic pathways associated with them. From such studies it is possible to determine suitable intervention points to address the disease process and hopefully to discover therapeutics to treat them. An investigational new drug (IND) filing for a new small-molecule drug, peptide, antibody, genetic treatment, or a device with global health authorities requires a number of preclinical studies to provide necessary safety and efficacy data. Specific regulatory elements needed for such IND-enabling studies are beyond the scope of this article. However, to enhance the overall data packages for such entities and permit high-quality foundation-building publications for medical affairs, additional research and development studies are always desirable. This review aims to provide examples of some target localization/verification, ocular drug discovery processes, and mechanistic and portfolio-enhancing exploratory investigations for candidate drugs and devices for the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucomatous optic neuropathy (neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons). Examples of compound screening assays, use of various technologies and techniques, deployment of animal models, and data obtained from such studies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- 1 Global Alliances & External Research , Santen Incorporated, Emeryville, California.,2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University , Houston, Texas.,3 Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center , Fort Worth, Texas
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21
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Zhou X, Zhang H, He L, Wu X, Yin Y. Long-Term l-Serine Administration Reduces Food Intake and Improves Oxidative Stress and Sirt1/NFκB Signaling in the Hypothalamus of Aging Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:476. [PMID: 30190704 PMCID: PMC6115525 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine has recently been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, which, when occurring in the hypothalamus, contribute to age-related obesity. To explore whether long-term serine administration reduces oxidative stress and body weight in aging mice, various concentrations of l-serine dissolved in water were administered to 18-month-old C57BL/6J mice for 6 months. The results showed that the administration of 0.5% (w/v) l-serine significantly reduced food intake and body weight gain during the experiment. Moreover, the administration of 0.5% l-serine decreased the concentrations of leptin, malondialdehyde, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, while it increased those of superoxide dismutase and glutathione, in both the serum and hypothalamus. Reactive oxygen species and the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase were reduced in the hypothalamus of aging mice treated with l-serine as compared with untreated control mice. Additionally, the expression of the leptin receptor increased while the levels of neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein decreased in mice that had been treated with 0.5% l-serine. The expression of Sirt1 and phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) increased, while that of phosphorylated NFκB decreased in the mice treated with 0.5% l-serine. These results indicated that long-term l-serine administration reduces body weight by decreasing orexigenic peptide expression and reduces oxidative stress and inflammation during aging in mice, possibly by modulating the Sirt1/NFκB pathway. Thus, l-serine has the potential to be used in the prevention of age-related obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Liuqin He
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Wu
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Dunlop RA, Powell J, Guillemin GJ, Cox PA. Mechanisms of L-Serine Neuroprotection in vitro Include ER Proteostasis Regulation. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:123-132. [PMID: 29098664 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (L-BMAA) is a neurotoxic non-protein amino acid produced by cyanobacteria. Recently, chronic dietary exposure to L-BMAA was shown to trigger neuropathology in nonhuman primates consistent with Guamanian ALS/PDC, a paralytic disease that afflicts Chamorro villagers who consume traditional food items contaminated with L-BMAA. However, the addition of the naturally occurring amino acid L-serine to the diet of the nonhuman primates resulted in a significant reduction in ALS/PDC neuropathology. L-serine is a dietary amino acid that plays a crucial role in central nervous system development, neuronal signaling, and synaptic plasticity and has been shown to impart neuroprotection from L-BMAA-induced neurotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. We have previously shown that L-serine prevents the formation of autofluorescent aggregates and death by apoptosis in human cell lines and primary cells. These effects are likely imparted by L-serine blocking incorporation of L-BMAA into proteins hence preventing proteotoxic stress. However, there are likely other mechanisms for L-serine-mediated neuroprotection. Here, we explore the molecular mechanisms of L-serine neuroprotection using a human unfolded protein response real-time PCR array with genes from the ER stress and UPR pathways, and western blotting. We report that L-serine caused the differential expression of many of the same genes as L-BMAA, even though concentrations of L-serine in the culture medium were ten times lower than that of L-BMAA. We propose that L-serine may be functioning as a small proteostasis regulator, in effect altering the cells to quickly respond to a possible oxidative insult, thus favoring a return to homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Dunlop
- Brain Chemistry Labs, The Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, WY, USA.,Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Powell
- Brain Chemistry Labs, The Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, WY, USA
| | - G J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P A Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, The Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, WY, USA.
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Metcalf JS, Dunlop RA, Powell JT, Banack SA, Cox PA. L-Serine: a Naturally-Occurring Amino Acid with Therapeutic Potential. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:213-221. [PMID: 28929385 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In human neuroblastoma cell cultures, non-human primates and human beings, L-serine is neuroprotective, acting through a variety of biochemical and molecular mechanisms. Although L-serine is generally classified as a non-essential amino acid, it is probably more appropriate to term it as a "conditional non-essential amino acid" since, under certain circumstances, vertebrates cannot synthesize it in sufficient quantities to meet necessary cellular demands. L-serine is biosynthesized in the mammalian central nervous system from 3-phosphoglycerate and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of the amino acids glycine and cysteine. Physiologically, it has a variety of roles, perhaps most importantly as a phosphorylation site in proteins. Mutations in the metabolic enzymes that synthesize L-serine have been implicated in various human diseases. Dosing of animals with L-serine and human clinical trials investigating the therapeutic effects of L-serine support the FDA's determination that L-serine is generally regarded as safe (GRAS); it also appears to be neuroprotective. We here consider the role of L-serine in neurological disorders and its potential as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Metcalf
- Brain Chemistry Labs, The Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, 83001, WY, USA
| | - R A Dunlop
- Brain Chemistry Labs, The Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, 83001, WY, USA
| | - J T Powell
- Brain Chemistry Labs, The Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, 83001, WY, USA
| | - S A Banack
- Brain Chemistry Labs, The Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, 83001, WY, USA
| | - P A Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, The Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, 83001, WY, USA.
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