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Roghani AK, Garcia RI, Roghani A, Reddy A, Khemka S, Reddy RP, Pattoor V, Jacob M, Reddy PH, Sehar U. Treating Alzheimer's disease using nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery strategies/systems. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 97:102291. [PMID: 38614367 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The administration of promising medications for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is significantly hampered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nanotechnology has recently come to light as a viable strategy for overcoming this obstacle and improving drug delivery to the brain. With a focus on current developments and prospects, this review article examines the use of nanoparticles to overcome the BBB constraints to improve drug therapy for AD The potential for several nanoparticle-based approaches, such as those utilizing lipid-based, polymeric, and inorganic nanoparticles, to enhance drug transport across the BBB are highlighted. To shed insight on their involvement in aiding effective drug transport to the brain, methods of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery, such as surface modifications, functionalization, and particular targeting ligands, are also investigated. The article also discusses the most recent findings on innovative medication formulations encapsulated within nanoparticles and the therapeutic effects they have shown in both preclinical and clinical testing. This sector has difficulties and restrictions, such as the need for increased safety, scalability, and translation to clinical applications. However, the major emphasis of this review aims to provide insight and contribute to the knowledge of how nanotechnology can potentially revolutionize the worldwide treatment of NDDs, particularly AD, to enhance clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryan Kia Roghani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Frenship High School, Lubbock, TX 79382, USA.
| | - Ricardo Isaiah Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Ali Roghani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Aananya Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Lubbock High School, Lubbock, TX 79401, USA.
| | - Sachi Khemka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Ruhananhad P Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Lubbock High School, Lubbock, TX 79401, USA.
| | - Vasanthkumar Pattoor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Michael Jacob
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Services, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Ujala Sehar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Bhoopathi P, Mannangatti P, Das SK, Fisher PB, Emdad L. Chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Overcoming resistance to therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 159:285-341. [PMID: 37268399 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a prominent cause of cancer deaths worldwide, is a highly aggressive cancer most frequently detected at an advanced stage that limits treatment options to systemic chemotherapy, which has provided only marginal positive clinical outcomes. More than 90% of patients with PDAC die within a year of being diagnosed. PDAC is increasing at a rate of 0.5-1.0% per year, and it is expected to be the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality by 2030. The resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, which can be innate or acquired, is the primary factor contributing to the ineffectiveness of cancer treatments. Although many PDAC patients initially responds to standard of care (SOC) drugs they soon develop resistance caused partly by the substantial cellular heterogeneity seen in PDAC tissue and the tumor microenvironment (TME), which are considered key factors contributing to resistance to therapy. A deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in PDAC progression and metastasis development, and the interplay of the TME in all these processes is essential to better comprehend the etiology and pathobiology of chemoresistance observed in PDAC. Recent research has recognized new therapeutic targets ushering in the development of innovative combinatorial therapies as well as enhancing our comprehension of several different cell death pathways. These approaches facilitate the lowering of the therapeutic threshold; however, the possibility of subsequent resistance development still remains a key issue and concern. Discoveries, that can target PDAC resistance, either alone or in combination, have the potential to serve as the foundation for future treatments that are effective without posing undue health risks. In this chapter, we discuss potential causes of PDAC chemoresistance and approaches for combating chemoresistance by targeting different pathways and different cellular functions associated with and mediating resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Bhoopathi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Padmanabhan Mannangatti
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Wang C, Yu L, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Sun B, Xiao Q, Zhang M, Liu H, Li J, Li J, Luo Y, Xu J, Lian Z, Lin J, Wang X, Zhang P, Guo L, Ren R, Deng D. Structural basis of the substrate recognition and inhibition mechanism of Plasmodium falciparum nucleoside transporter PfENT1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1727. [PMID: 36977719 PMCID: PMC10050424 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
By lacking de novo purine biosynthesis enzymes, Plasmodium falciparum requires purine nucleoside uptake from host cells. The indispensable nucleoside transporter ENT1 of P. falciparum facilitates nucleoside uptake in the asexual blood stage. Specific inhibitors of PfENT1 prevent the proliferation of P. falciparum at submicromolar concentrations. However, the substrate recognition and inhibitory mechanism of PfENT1 are still elusive. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of PfENT1 in apo, inosine-bound, and inhibitor-bound states. Together with in vitro binding and uptake assays, we identify that inosine is the primary substrate of PfENT1 and that the inosine-binding site is located in the central cavity of PfENT1. The endofacial inhibitor GSK4 occupies the orthosteric site of PfENT1 and explores the allosteric site to block the conformational change of PfENT1. Furthermore, we propose a general "rocker switch" alternating access cycle for ENT transporters. Understanding the substrate recognition and inhibitory mechanisms of PfENT1 will greatly facilitate future efforts in the rational design of antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Leiye Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Warshal Institute of Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Jiying Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanxia Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Qingjie Xiao
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Minhua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huayi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinhong Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yunzi Luo
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of MOE, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhong Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingwen Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Ruobing Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Dong Deng
- Department of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- NHC key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Nucleoside transporters and immunosuppressive adenosine signaling in the tumor microenvironment: Potential therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108300. [PMID: 36283452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine compartmentalization has a profound impact on immune cell function by regulating adenosine localization and, therefore, extracellular signaling capabilities, which suppresses immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Nucleoside transporters, responsible for the translocation and cellular compartmentalization of hydrophilic adenosine, represent an understudied yet crucial component of adenosine disposition in the tumor microenvironment. In this review article, we will summarize what is known regarding nucleoside transporter's function within the purinome in relation to currently devised points of intervention (i.e., ectonucleotidases, adenosine receptors) for cancer immunotherapy, alterations in nucleoside transporter expression reported in cancer, and potential avenues for targeting of nucleoside transporters for the desired modulation of adenosine compartmentalization and action. Further, we put forward that nucleoside transporters are an unexplored therapeutic opportunity, and modulation of nucleoside transport processes could attenuate the pathogenic buildup of immunosuppressive adenosine in solid tumors, particularly those enriched with nucleoside transport proteins.
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Boakes JC, Harborne SPD, Ngo JTS, Pliotas C, Goldman A. Novel variants provide differential stabilisation of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 states. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:970391. [DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.970391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human equilibrative nucleoside transporters represent a major pharmaceutical target for cardiac, cancer and viral therapies. Understanding the molecular basis for transport is crucial for the development of improved therapeutics through structure-based drug design. ENTs have been proposed to utilise an alternating access mechanism of action, similar to that of the major facilitator superfamily. However, ENTs lack functionally-essential features of that superfamily, suggesting that they may use a different transport mechanism. Understanding the molecular basis of their transport requires insight into diverse conformational states. Differences between intermediate states may be discrete and mediated by subtle gating interactions, such as salt bridges. We identified four variants of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter isoform 1 (hENT1) at the large intracellular loop (ICL6) and transmembrane helix 7 (TM7) that stabilise the apo-state (∆Tm 0.7–1.5°C). Furthermore, we showed that variants K263A (ICL6) and I282V (TM7) specifically stabilise the inhibitor-bound state of hENT1 (∆∆Tm 5.0 ± 1.7°C and 3.0 ± 1.8°C), supporting the role of ICL6 in hENT1 gating. Finally, we showed that, in comparison with wild type, variant T336A is destabilised by nitrobenzylthioinosine (∆∆Tm -4.7 ± 1.1°C) and binds it seven times worse. This residue may help determine inhibitor and substrate sensitivity. Residue K263 is not present in the solved structures, highlighting the need for further structural data that include the loop regions.
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Wu Z, Han Z, Zhou W, Sun X, Chen L, Yang S, Hu J, Li C. Insight into the Nucleoside Transport and Inhibition of Human ENT1. Curr Res Struct Biol 2022; 4:192-205. [PMID: 35677775 PMCID: PMC9168172 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) is an effective controller of adenosine signaling by regulating its extracellular and intracellular concentration, and has become a solid drug target of clinical used adenosine reuptake inhibitors (AdoRIs). Currently, the mechanisms of adenosine transport and inhibition for hENT1 remain unclear, which greatly limits the in-depth understanding of its inner workings as well as the development of novel inhibitors. In this work, the dynamic details of hENT1 underlie adenosine transport and the inhibition mechanism of the non-nucleoside AdoRIs dilazep both were investigated by comparative long-time unbiased molecular dynamics simulations. The calculation results show that the conformational transitions of hENT1 from the outward open to metastable occluded state are mainly driven by TM1, TM2, TM7 and TM9. One of the trimethoxyphenyl rings in dilazep serves as the adenosyl moiety of the endogenous adenosine substrate to competitively occupy the orthosteric site of hENT1. Due to extensive and various VDW interactions with N30, M33, M84, P308 and F334, the other trimethoxyphenyl ring is stuck in the opportunistic site near the extracellular side preventing the complete occlusion of thin gate simultaneously. Obviously, dilazep shows significant inhibitory activity by disrupting the local induce-fit action in substrate binding cavity and blocking the transport cycle of whole protein. This study not only reveals the nucleoside transport mechanism by hENT1 at atomic level, but also provides structural guidance for the subsequent design of novel non-nucleoside AdoRIs with enhanced pharmacologic properties. The transitions of hENT1 from the outward open to metastable occluded state are mainly driven by TM1, TM2, TM7 and TM9. The induce-fit action by adenosine recognition precedes. inward contraction of the extracellular side. Dilazep exerts its special hENT1 inhibitory function through competitive binding and allosteric regulation. A gating strategy of extracellular loop is revealed to ensure adenosine is firmly located in the transport cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Wu
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjie Han
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxue Zhou
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources, Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources, Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| | - Chunhua Li
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
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Chen X, Luo X, Hu H, Xu Q. NBTI attenuates neuroinflammation and apoptosis partly by ENT1/NLRP3/Bcl2 pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Neuroreport 2021; 32:1341-1348. [PMID: 34718248 PMCID: PMC8560159 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neuroinflammation and apoptosis are two key factors contributing to early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and are strongly associated with a poor prognosis. Recently, equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) was emerged to accelerate the severity of inflammation and cell apoptosis in several nervous system diseases, including cerebral ischemia, neurodegeneration and epilepsy. However, no study has yet elaborated the expression levels and effects of ENT1 in EBI after SAH. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to SAH by endovascular perforation. Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI) was intranasally administered at 0.5 h after SAH. The protein expression levels of ENT1, NLRP3, Bcl2, Bax, ACS, Caspase-1, IL-1 were detected by western blot. The modified Garcia score and beam balance score were employed to evaluate the neurologic function of rats following SAH. In addition, hematoxylin-eosin, fluoro-jade C and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining were then used to evaluate brain tissue damage and neuronal apoptosis. RESULTS Analysis indicated that endogenous levels of ENT1 were significantly upregulated at 24-hour post-SAH, accompanied by NLRP3 inflammasome activation and Bcl2 decline. The administration of NBTI, an inhibitor of ENT1, at a dose of 15 mg/kg, ameliorated neurologic deficits and morphologic lesions at both 24 and 72 h after SAH. Moreover, ENT1 inhibition efficiently mitigated neuronal degeneration and cell apoptosis. In addition, NBTI at 15 mg/kg observably increased Bcl2 content and decreased Bax level. Furthermore, suppression of ENT1 notably reduced the expression levels of NLRP3, apoptosis associated speck like protein containing CARD, caspase-1 and IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS NBTI relieved SAH-induced EBI partly through ENT1/NLRP3/Bcl2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaocheng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City, Hubei, China
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City, Hubei, China
| | - Qianghua Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City, Hubei, China
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Rasmussen HB, Jürgens G, Thomsen R, Taboureau O, Zeth K, Hansen PE, Hansen PR. Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Phosphorylation of GS-441524: Implications for Its Effectiveness against COVID-19. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071369. [PMID: 34372575 PMCID: PMC8310262 DOI: 10.3390/v13071369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GS-441524 is an adenosine analog and the parent nucleoside of the prodrug remdesivir, which has received emergency approval for treatment of COVID-19. Recently, GS-441524 has been proposed to be effective in the treatment of COVID-19, perhaps even being superior to remdesivir for treatment of this disease. Evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of GS-441524 requires understanding of its uptake and intracellular conversion to GS-441524 triphosphate, the active antiviral substance. We here discuss the potential impact of these pharmacokinetic steps of GS-441524 on the formation of its active antiviral substance and effectiveness for treatment of COVID-19. Available protein expression data suggest that several adenosine transporters are expressed at only low levels in the epithelial cells lining the alveoli in the lungs, i.e., the alveolar cells or pneumocytes from healthy lungs. This may limit uptake of GS-441524. Importantly, cellular uptake of GS-441524 may be reduced during hypoxia and inflammation due to decreased expression of adenosine transporters. Similarly, hypoxia and inflammation may lead to reduced expression of adenosine kinase, which is believed to convert GS-441524 to GS-441524 monophosphate, the perceived rate-limiting step in the intracellular formation of GS-441524 triphosphate. Moreover, increases in extracellular and intracellular levels of adenosine, which may occur during critical illnesses, has the potential to competitively decrease cellular uptake and phosphorylation of GS-441524. Taken together, tissue hypoxia and severe inflammation in COVID-19 may lead to reduced uptake and phosphorylation of GS-441524 with lowered therapeutic effectiveness as a potential outcome. Hypoxia may be particularly critical to the ability of GS-441524 to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 from tissues with low basal expression of adenosine transporters, such as alveolar cells. This knowledge may also be relevant to treatments with other antiviral adenosine analogs and anticancer adenosine analogs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University Center, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (K.Z.); (P.E.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gesche Jürgens
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Zealand University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Olivier Taboureau
- INSERM U1133, CNRS UMR 8251, Université de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University Center, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (K.Z.); (P.E.H.)
| | - Poul Erik Hansen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University Center, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (K.Z.); (P.E.H.)
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark;
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Fei W, Zhao Y, Wu X, Sun D, Yao Y, Wang F, Zhang M, Li C, Qin J, Zheng C. Nucleoside transporter-guided cytarabine-conjugated liposomes for intracellular methotrexate delivery and cooperative choriocarcinoma therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:184. [PMID: 34130695 PMCID: PMC8207694 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational trophoblastic tumors seriously endanger child productive needs and the health of women in childbearing age. Nanodrug-based therapy mediated by transporters provides a novel strategy for the treatment of trophoblastic tumors. Focusing on the overexpression of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) on the membrane of choriocarcinoma cells (JEG-3), cytarabine (Cy, a substrate of ENT1)-grafted liposomes (Cy-Lipo) were introduced for the targeted delivery of methotrexate (Cy-Lipo@MTX) for choriocarcinoma therapy in this study. ENT1 has a high affinity for Cy-Lipo and can mediate the endocytosis of the designed nanovehicles into JEG-3 cells. The ENT1 protein maintains its transportation function through circulation and regeneration during endocytosis. Therefore, Cy-Lipo-based formulations showed high tumor accumulation and retention in biodistribution studies. More importantly, the designed DSPE-PEG2k-Cy conjugation exhibited a synergistic therapeutic effect on choriocarcinoma. Finally, Cy-Lipo@MTX exerted an extremely powerful anti-choriocarcinoma effect with fewer side effects. This study suggests that the overexpressed ENT1 on choriocarcinoma cells holds great potential as a high-efficiency target for the rational design of active targeting nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yunchun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Dongli Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Fengmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jiale Qin
- Department of Ultrasound, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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10
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Sharma HP, Halder N, Singh SB, Velpandian T. Evaluation of the Presence and Functional Importance of Nucleoside Transporters in Lacrimal Gland for Tear Disposition of Intravenously Injected Substrate in Rabbits. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1659-1665. [PMID: 33941003 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1925698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Purpose of the current study was to assess the presence and functionality of the nucleoside transporters in the lacrimal gland for the tear disposition of its substrate given intravenously in rabbits.Materials and Methods: Rabbits were divided into two groups - control and blocker pretreated. The blocker pretreated group received 5 mg/kg of dipyridamole 30 min before ribavirin (substrate), which was given at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. All the treatments were given intravenously. Blood and tear samples were collected at 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min (n = 4; each time point) after substrate administration. Tear samples were collected on Schirmer's strips, and plasma was separated immediately after blood collection. All the samples were stored at -80°C until analysis by LC-MS/MS.Results: Plasma ribavirin concentration for blocker pretreated group showed significantly (p < .05) higher levels at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 300 min as compared to the control group. Similarly, tear ribavirin concentration for blocker pretreated group also showed a significant (p < .05) increase at 5, 15, 60, 90, 180, 240 and 300 min compared to the control group. Plasma and tear AUC(0-6) for blocker pretreated group was 1.7 (p < .001) and 2.42 (p < .001) folds higher in a significant manner as compared to the control group, respectively. Percentage penetration of ribavirin from plasma to tears was also different between control and blocker pretreated group. Permeation ratio of ribavirin from plasma to tear for blocker pretreated group was found to be 1.4-folds higher in a significant (p < .05) manner.Conclusion: It is evident from the results that nucleoside transporters are present in lacrimal gland. The blocker treatment induced increase in tear transport of ribavirin indicates the possibility of the presence of nucleoside transporters on the apical side of lacrimal acinar cells in the uptake position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanuman Prasad Sharma
- Ocular Pharmacology & Pharmacy Division, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nabanita Halder
- Ocular Pharmacology & Pharmacy Division, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - T Velpandian
- Ocular Pharmacology & Pharmacy Division, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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11
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Abstract
Nucleosides play central roles in all facets of life, from metabolism to cellular signaling. Because of their physiochemical properties, nucleosides are lipid bilayer impermeable and thus rely on dedicated transport systems to cross biological membranes. In humans, two unrelated protein families mediate nucleoside membrane transport: the concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporter families. The objective of this review is to provide a broad outlook on the current status of nucleoside transport research. We will discuss the role played by nucleoside transporters in human health and disease, with emphasis placed on recent structural advancements that have revealed detailed molecular principles of these important cellular transport systems and exploitable pharmacological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to: S.-Y. Lee., , tel: 919-684-1005, fax: 919-684-8885
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12
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Guerrero-Rubio MA, Hernández-García S, Escribano J, Jiménez-Atiénzar M, Cabanes J, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Betalain health-promoting effects after ingestion in Caenorhabditis elegans are mediated by DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/Nrf2 transcription factors. Food Chem 2020; 330:127228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Alarcón S, Toro MDLÁ, Villarreal C, Melo R, Fernández R, Ayuso Sacido A, Uribe D, San Martín R, Quezada C. Decreased Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (ENT1) Activity Contributes to the High Extracellular Adenosine Levels in Mesenchymal Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1914. [PMID: 32824670 PMCID: PMC7463503 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most malignant types of cancer. This is mainly due to a cell subpopulation with an extremely aggressive potential, called glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs). These cells produce high levels of extracellular adenosine which has been associated with increased chemoresistance, migration, and invasion in glioblastoma. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the mechanisms that control extracellular adenosine levels in GSC subtypes. By using primary and U87MG-derived GSCs, we associated increased extracellular adenosine with the mesenchymal phenotype. [3H]-adenosine uptake occurred mainly through the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) in GSCs, but mesenchymal GSCs have lower expression and ENT1-mediated uptake activity than proneural GSCs. By analyzing expression and enzymatic activity, we determined that ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) is predominantly expressed in proneural GSCs, driving AMPase activity. While in mesenchymal GSCs, both CD73 and Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) contribute to the AMP (adenosine monophosphate) hydrolysis. We did not observe significant differences between the expression of proteins involved in the metabolization of adenosine among the GCSs subtypes. In conclusion, the lower expression and activity of the ENT1 transporter in mesenchymal GSCs contributes to the high level of extracellular adenosine that these GSCs present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (S.A.); (M.d.l.Á.T.); (C.V.); (D.U.); (R.S.M.)
| | - María de los Ángeles Toro
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (S.A.); (M.d.l.Á.T.); (C.V.); (D.U.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Carolina Villarreal
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (S.A.); (M.d.l.Á.T.); (C.V.); (D.U.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Rómulo Melo
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Instituto de Neurocirugía Dr. Asenjo, Santiago 7500691, Chile; (R.M.); (R.F.)
| | - Rodrigo Fernández
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Instituto de Neurocirugía Dr. Asenjo, Santiago 7500691, Chile; (R.M.); (R.F.)
| | - Angel Ayuso Sacido
- Brain Tumour Laboratory, Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain;
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (S.A.); (M.d.l.Á.T.); (C.V.); (D.U.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Rody San Martín
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (S.A.); (M.d.l.Á.T.); (C.V.); (D.U.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Claudia Quezada
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (S.A.); (M.d.l.Á.T.); (C.V.); (D.U.); (R.S.M.)
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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14
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Notopuro PB, Nugraha J, Utomo B, Notopuro H. The Association of FLT3-ITD Gene Mutation with Bone Marrow Blast Cell Count, CD34, Cyclin D1, Bcl-xL and hENT1 Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 15:306-312. [PMID: 32944043 PMCID: PMC7477678 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2020.122579.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective: FLT3-ITD has been recently used as a molecular prognostic marker for risk classification in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy. In this study we aimed to investigate the association of FLT3-ITD gene mutation with bone marrow blast cell count, CD34 expression as malignant cell burden, cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL expressions as indexes of cell proliferation and anti-apoptosis and human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) expression as cytarabine transporter during AML treatment. Methods: We investigated FLT3-ITD mutations, bone marrow blast cell count, CD34, cyclin D1, Bcl-xL and hENT1 expression in bone marrow aspirates from 22 de novo AML patients in a cross sectional study. Results: FLT3-ITD mutations were observed in 5 out of 22 de novo AML patients (22.7%). Patient with FLT3-ITD mutations had higher blast cell counts (79.5% vs 56.1%, P=0.004). In patients with FLT3-ITD mutations, CD34 and cyclin D1 expressions were higher (MFI 328.80 vs 25.78, P=0.003 and MFI 74.51 vs 57.15 P=0.005) than the patients without mutations. hENT1 expression in AML with FLT3-ITD mutation was lower (MFI 29.64 versus 56.32, P=0.0000) than in mutation-free AML. There was no significant difference in Bcl-xL expression between patients with and without mutations (P=0.61). Conclusion: A significant association was found between FLT3-ITD gene mutations in AML patients with bone marrow blast cell count, CD34, cyclin D1 and hENT1 expressions, however no association was obtained with Bcl-xL expression. These findings support the role of such mutation in pathogenesis of AMLand its contribution in rearrangement of standard therapy with cytarabine in management of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jusak Nugraha
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Jawa, Indonesia
| | - Budi Utomo
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Jawa, Indonesia
| | - Harianto Notopuro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Jawa, Indonesia
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15
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Miller SR, Hau RK, Jilek JL, Morales MN, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Interaction with Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters 1 and 2. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:603-612. [PMID: 32393653 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) transport nucleosides across the blood-testis barrier (BTB). ENTs are of interest to study the disposition of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in the human male genital tract because of their similarity in structure to nucleosides. HeLa S3 cells express ENT1 and ENT2 and were used to compare relative interactions of these transporters with selected NRTIs. Inhibition of [3H]uridine uptake by NBMPR was biphasic, with IC50 values of 11.3 nM for ENT1 and 9.6 μM for ENT2. Uptake measured with 100 nM NBMPR represented ENT2-mediated transport; subtracting that from total uptake represented ENT1-mediated transport. The kinetics of ENT1- and ENT2-mediated [3H]uridine uptake revealed no difference in Jmax (16.53 and 30.40 pmol cm-2 min-1) and an eightfold difference in Kt (13.6 and 108.9 μM). The resulting fivefold difference in intrinsic clearance (Jmax/Kt) for ENT1- and ENT2 transport accounted for observed inhibition of [3H]uridine uptake by 100 nM NBMPR. Millimolar concentrations of the NRTIs emtricitabine, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, tenofovir disoproxil, and zalcitabine had no effect on ENT transport activity, whereas abacavir, entecavir, and zidovudine inhibited both transporters with IC50 values of ∼200 µM, 2.5 mM, and 2 mM, respectively. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and [3H] compounds, the data suggest that entecavir is an ENT substrate, abacavir is an ENT inhibitor, and zidovudine uptake is carrier-mediated, although not an ENT substrate. These data show that HeLa S3 cells can be used to explore complex transporter selectivity and are an adequate model for studying ENTs present at the BTB. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study characterizes an in vitro model using S-[(4-nitrophenyl)methyl]-6-thioinosine to differentiate between equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1- and ENT2-mediated uridine transport in HeLa cells. This provides a method to assess the influence of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors on natively expressed transporter function. Determining substrate selectivity of the ENTs in HeLa cells can be effectively translated into the activity of these transporters in Sertoli cells that comprise the blood-testis barrier, thereby assisting targeted drug development of compounds capable of circumventing the blood-testis barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siennah R Miller
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (M.N.M., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Raymond K Hau
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (M.N.M., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joseph L Jilek
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (M.N.M., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Mark N Morales
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (M.N.M., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen H Wright
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (M.N.M., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (M.N.M., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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16
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Buczkowski A, Gorzkiewicz M, Stepniak A, Malinowska-Michalak M, Tokarz P, Urbaniak P, Ionov M, Klajnert-Maculewicz B, Palecz B. Physicochemical and in vitro cytotoxicity studies of inclusion complex between gemcitabine and cucurbit[7]uril host. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103843. [PMID: 32305692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine, a cytostatic drug from the pyrimidine antimetabolite group, exhibits limited storage stability and numerous side effects during therapy. One of the strategies to improve the effectiveness of therapy with such drugs is the use of supramolecular nano-containers, including dendrimers and macrocyclic compounds. The ability of gemcitabine to attach a proton in an aqueous environment necessitates the search for a carrier that is well-tolerated by an organism and capable of supramolecular binding of a ligand (drug) in a cationic form. In the current study a promising strategy was tested for using cucurbituril Q7 to bind gemcitabine cations for its efficient intracellular delivery on three selected cancer cell lines (MOLT4, THP-1 and U937). Based on physicochemical studies (equilibrium dialysis, UV and 1H NMR titrations, DOSY 1H NMR measurements, DSC calorimetry) and cytotoxicity tests on cells with a free and blocked hENT1 transporter, the conclusion was drawn about the binding and penetration of the cucurbituril-drug complex into cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Buczkowski
- Unit of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 165 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Michał Gorzkiewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Artur Stepniak
- Unit of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 165 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Malinowska-Michalak
- Unit of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 165 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Tokarz
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, Lodz 91-403, Poland
| | - Paweł Urbaniak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 12 Tamka St., 91-403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maksim Ionov
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Palecz
- Unit of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 165 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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17
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Rehan S, Shahid S, Salminen TA, Jaakola VP, Paavilainen VO. Current Progress on Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter Function and Inhibitor Design. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:953-968. [PMID: 31503511 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219870123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Physiological nucleosides are used for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and ATP in the cell and serve as universal mammalian signaling molecules that regulate physiological processes such as vasodilation and platelet aggregation by engaging with cell surface receptors. The same pathways that allow uptake of physiological nucleosides mediate the cellular import of synthetic nucleoside analogs used against cancer, HIV, and other viral diseases. Physiological nucleosides and nucleoside drugs are imported by two families of nucleoside transporters: the SLC28 concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) and SLC29 equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). The four human ENT paralogs are expressed in distinct tissues, localize to different subcellular sites, and transport a variety of different molecules. Here we provide an overview of the known structure-function relationships of the ENT family with a focus on ligand binding and transport in the context of a new hENT1 homology model. We provide a generic residue numbering system for the different ENTs to facilitate the interpretation of mutational data produced using different ENT homologs. The discovery of paralog-selective small-molecule modulators is highly relevant for the design of new therapies and for uncovering the functions of poorly characterized ENT family members. Here, we discuss recent developments in the discovery of new paralog-selective small-molecule ENT inhibitors, including new natural product-inspired compounds. Recent progress in the ability to heterologously produce functional ENTs will allow us to gain insight into the structure and functions of different ENT family members as well as the rational discovery of highly selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Rehan
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saman Shahid
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina A Salminen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Jaakola
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ville O Paavilainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Bioavailability and cytosolic kinases modulate response to deoxynucleoside therapy in TK2 deficiency. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:356-367. [PMID: 31383553 PMCID: PMC6710986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TK2 is a nuclear gene encoding the mitochondrial matrix protein thymidine kinase 2 (TK2), a critical enzyme in the mitochondrial nucleotide salvage pathway. Deficiency of TK2 activity causes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion, which in humans manifests predominantly as a mitochondrial myopathy with onset typically in infancy and childhood. We previously showed that oral treatment of the Tk2 H126N knock-in mouse model (Tk2-/-) with the TK2 substrates, deoxycytidine (dCtd) and thymidine (dThd), delayed disease onset and prolonged median survival by 3-fold. Nevertheless, dCtd + dThd treated Tk2-/- mice showed mtDNA depletion in brain as early as postnatal day 13 and in virtually all other tissues at age 29 days. METHODS To enhance mechanistic understanding and efficacy of dCtd + dThd therapy, we studied the bioavailability of dCtd and dThd in various tissues as well as levels of the cytosolic enzymes, TK1 and dCK that convert the deoxynucleosides into dCMP and dTMP. FINDINGS Parenteral treatment relative to oral treatment produced higher levels of dCtd and dThd and improved mtDNA levels in liver and heart, but did not ameliorate molecular defects in brain or prolong survival. Down-regulation of TK1 correlated with temporal- and tissue-specificity of response to dCtd + dThd. Finally, we observed in human infant and adult muscle expression of TK1 and dCK, which account for the long-term efficacy to dCtd + dThd therapy in TK2 deficient patients. INTERPRETATIONS These data indicate that the cytosolic pyrimidine salvage pathway enzymes TK1 and dCK are critical for therapeutic efficacy of deoxynucleoside therapy for Tk2 deficiency. FUND: National Institutes of Health P01HD32062.
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Structures of human ENT1 in complex with adenosine reuptake inhibitors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:599-606. [PMID: 31235912 PMCID: PMC6705415 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (hENT1), a member of the SLC29 family, plays crucial roles in adenosine signaling, cellular uptake of nucleoside for DNA and RNA synthesis, and nucleoside-derived anticancer and antiviral drug transport in human. Because of its central role in adenosine signaling, it is the target of adenosine reuptake inhibitors (AdoRI), several of which are clinically used. Despite its importance in human physiology and pharmacology, the molecular basis of hENT1-mediated adenosine transport and its inhibition by AdoRIs are limited due to the absence of structural information on hENT1. Here we present crystal structures of hENT1 in complex with two chemically distinct AdoRIs: dilazep and S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR). Combined with mutagenesis study, our structural analyses elucidate two distinct inhibitory mechanisms exhibited on hENT1, while giving insight into adenosine recognition and transport. Our studies provide the platform for improved pharmacological intervention of adenosine and nucleoside analog drug transport by hENT1.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals are associated with two important musculoskeletal syndromes. Deposition of BCP crystals in tendons, bursae, and other soft tissues around joints causes calcific periarthritis, whereas intra-articular BCP crystals contribute to osteoarthritis and cause the highly destructive arthritis known as Milwaukee Shoulder Syndrome. The epidemiology and natural history of these syndromes are poorly understood, and because the pathogenesis remains unclear, few targeted therapies are available. I will review new developments in this field. RECENT FINDINGS I will discuss a case collection of calcific periarthritis of the hip, and evidence-based management strategies for shoulder calcific periarthritis that might be applied to calcific periarthritis at other locations. I will summarize several recent articles addressing mechanisms of crystal formation and identifying pathways through which BCP crystals produce tissue damage and explore some newly identified risk factors for pathologic mineralization. SUMMARY We are making slow, but steady progress in understanding the clinical presentation of calcific periarthritis in sites other than the shoulder. A growing appreciation of the mechanisms through which BCP crystals mediate tissue damage should lead to the development of novel management strategies for these common musculoskeletal syndromes.
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Mass spectrometric analysis of purine de novo biosynthesis intermediates. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208947. [PMID: 30532129 PMCID: PMC6287904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purines are essential molecules for all forms of life. In addition to constituting a backbone of DNA and RNA, purines play roles in many metabolic pathways, such as energy utilization, regulation of enzyme activity, and cell signaling. The supply of purines is provided by two pathways: the salvage pathway and de novo synthesis. Although purine de novo synthesis (PDNS) activity varies during the cell cycle, this pathway represents an important source of purines, especially for rapidly dividing cells. A method for the detailed study of PDNS is lacking for analytical reasons (sensitivity) and because of the commercial unavailability of the compounds. The aim was to fully describe the mass spectrometric fragmentation behavior of newly synthesized PDNS-related metabolites and develop an analytical method. Except for four initial ribotide PDNS intermediates that preferentially lost water or phosphate or cleaved the forming base of the purine ring, all the other metabolites studied cleaved the glycosidic bond in the first fragmentation stage. Fragmentation was possible in the third to sixth stages. A liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometric method was developed and applied in the analysis of CRISPR-Cas9 genome-edited HeLa cells deficient in the individual enzymatic steps of PDNS and the salvage pathway. The identities of the newly synthesized intermediates of PDNS were confirmed by comparing the fragmentation patterns of the synthesized metabolites with those produced by cells (formed under pathological conditions of known and theoretically possible defects of PDNS). The use of stable isotope incorporation allowed the confirmation of fragmentation mechanisms and provided data for future fluxomic experiments. This method may find uses in the diagnosis of PDNS disorders, the investigation of purinosome formation, cancer research, enzyme inhibition studies, and other applications.
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Tavolari S, Deserti M, Vasuri F, Curti S, Palloni A, Pinna AD, Cescon M, Frega G, De Lorenzo S, Barbera MA, Garajova I, Ricciardiello L, Malvi D, D'Errico-Grigioni A, Pantaleo MA, Brandi G. Membrane human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 is associated with a high proliferation rate and worse survival in resected intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients not receiving adjuvant treatments. Eur J Cancer 2018; 106:160-170. [PMID: 30528800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT-1) is a membrane nucleoside transporter mediating the intracellular uptake of nucleosides and their analogues. hENT-1 was recently reported to have a predictive role in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC) patients receiving adjuvant gemcitabine-based chemotherapy, but its biological and clinical significance in iCC remains unsettled. This study investigated the role of hENT-1 in regulating tumour growth and predicting the survival of 40 resected iCC patients not receiving adjuvant treatments. hENT-1 expression was found to be significantly higher in iCC than in the matched non-tumoural liver. Patients harbouring hENT-1 localised on the tumour cell membrane had a worse overall survival than membrane hENT-1-negative patients (median 21.2 months vs 30.3 months, p = 0.031), with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.8 (95% confidence interval 1.01-7.76). Moreover, membrane hENT-1-positive patients had a higher percentage of Ki67-positive cells in tumour tissue than membrane hENT-1-negative patients (median 23% vs 5%, p < 0.0001). Functional analyses in iCC cell lines revealed that hENT-1 silencing inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HUH-28 cells expressing hENT-1 on the cell membrane, but not in SNU-1079 cells expressing the transporter only in the cytoplasm. Overall, these findings suggest that membrane hENT-1 is involved in iCC proliferation and associated with worse survival in resected iCC patients. Further prospective studies on larger cohorts are required to confirm these results and better define the potential prognostic role of membrane hENT-1 in this setting of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tavolari
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Deserti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Vasuri
- "F. Addarii" Institute of Oncology and Transplantation Pathology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Curti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Palloni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - A D Pinna
- Division of Surgery and Transplantation, S. Orsola- Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Cescon
- Division of Surgery and Transplantation, S. Orsola- Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Frega
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - S De Lorenzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - M A Barbera
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - I Garajova
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Malvi
- "F. Addarii" Institute of Oncology and Transplantation Pathology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - A D'Errico-Grigioni
- "F. Addarii" Institute of Oncology and Transplantation Pathology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - M A Pantaleo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Brandi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus colonizes large segments of the human population and causes invasive infections due to its ability to escape phagocytic clearance. During infection, staphylococcal nuclease and adenosine synthase A convert neutrophil extracellular traps to deoxyadenosine (dAdo), which kills phagocytes. The mechanism whereby staphylococcal dAdo intoxicates phagocytes is not known. Here we used CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis to show that phagocyte intoxication involves uptake of dAdo via the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1, dAdo conversion to dAMP by deoxycytidine kinase and adenosine kinase, and signaling via subsequent dATP formation to activate caspase-3-induced cell death. Disruption of this signaling cascade confers resistance to dAdo-induced intoxication of phagocytes and may provide therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains.
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24
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Abstract
Nucleobases are water-soluble compounds that need specific transporters to cross biological membranes. Cumulative evidence based on studies using animal tissues and cells indicates that the carrier-mediated transport systems for purine and pyrimidine nucleobases can be classified into the following two types: concentrative transport systems that mediate nucleobase transport depending on the sodium ion concentration gradient; and other systems that mediate facilitated diffusion depending on the concentration gradient of the substrate. Recently, several molecular transporters that are involved in both transport systems have been identified. The function and activity of these transporters could be of pharmacological significance considering the roles that they play not only in nucleotide synthesis and metabolism but also in the pharmacokinetics and delivery of a variety of nucleobase analogues used in anticancer and antiviral drug therapy. The present review provides an overview of the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of nucleobase transport systems, focusing on the transporters that mediate purine nucleobases, and discusses the involvement of intracellular metabolism in purine nucleobase transport and chemotherapy using ganciclovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Inoue
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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