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Baltzer Houlind M, Hansen L, Iversen E, Rasmussen HB, Larsen JB, Jørgensen S, Dalhoff K, Damkier P, Walls AB, Vermehren C, Andersen TRH, Kallemose T, Christrup L, Westergaard N. Pharmacogenetic testing of CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 in Denmark: Agreement between publicly funded genotyping tests and the subsequent phenotype classification. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 134:756-763. [PMID: 38403838 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Baltzer Houlind
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Emergency Department, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- The Capital Region Pharmacy, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luise Hansen
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Iversen
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Steffen Jørgensen
- Centre for Engineering and Science, University College Absalon, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Kim Dalhoff
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Damkier
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne B Walls
- The Capital Region Pharmacy, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Vermehren
- The Capital Region Pharmacy, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Kallemose
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Lona Christrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rasmussen HB, Hansen PR. Molnupiravir Revisited-Critical Assessment of Studies in Animal Models of COVID-19. Viruses 2023; 15:2151. [PMID: 38005828 PMCID: PMC10675540 DOI: 10.3390/v15112151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molnupiravir, a prodrug known for its broad antiviral activity, has demonstrated efficacy in animal models of COVID-19, prompting clinical trials, in which initial results indicated a significant effect against the disease. However, subsequent clinical studies did not confirm these findings, leading to the refusal of molnupiravir for permanent market authorization in many countries. This report critically assessed 22 studies published in 18 reports that investigated the efficacy of molnupiravir in animal models of COVID-19, with the purpose of determining how well the design of these models informed human studies. We found that the administered doses of molnupiravir in most studies involving animal COVID-19 models were disproportionately higher than the dose recommended for human use. Specifically, when adjusted for body surface area, over half of the doses of molnupiravir used in the animal studies exceeded twice the human dose. Direct comparison of reported drug exposure across species after oral administration of molnupiravir indicated that the antiviral efficacy of the dose recommended for human use was underestimated in some animal models and overestimated in others. Frequently, molnupiravir was given prophylactically or shortly after SARS-CoV-2 inoculation in these models, in contrast to clinical trials where such timing is not consistently achieved. Furthermore, the recommended five-day treatment duration for humans was exceeded in several animal studies. Collectively, we suggest that design elements in the animal studies under examination contributed to a preference favoring molnupiravir, and thus inflated expectations for its efficacy against COVID-19. Addressing these elements may offer strategies to enhance the clinical efficacy of molnupiravir for the treatment of COVID-19. Such strategies include dose increment, early treatment initiation, administration by inhalation, and use of the drug in antiviral combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Støier JF, Jørgensen TN, Sparsø T, Rasmussen HB, Kumar V, Newman AH, Blakely RD, Werge T, Gether U, Herborg F. Disruptive mutations in the serotonin transporter associate serotonin dysfunction with treatment-resistant affective disorder. medRxiv 2023:2023.08.29.23294386. [PMID: 37693601 PMCID: PMC10491376 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.23294386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Affective or mood disorders are a leading cause of disability worldwide. The serotonergic system has been heavily implicated in the complex etiology and serves as a therapeutic target. The serotonin transporter (SERT) is a major regulator of serotonin neurotransmission, yet the disease-relevance of impaired SERT function remains unknown. Here, we present the first identification and functional characterization of disruptive coding SERT variants found in patients with psychiatric diseases. In a unique cohort of 144 patients characterized by treatment-resistant chronic affective disorders with a lifetime history of electroconvulsive therapy, we identified two previously uncharacterized coding SERT variants: SERT-N217S and SERT-A500T. Both variants were significantly enriched in the patient cohort compared to GnomAD (SERT-N217S: OR = 151, P = 0.0001 and SERT-A500T: OR = 1348, P = 0.0022) and ethnicity-matched healthy controls (SERT-N217S: OR ≥ 17.7, P ≤ 0.013 and SERT-A500T: OR = ∞, P = 0.029). Functional investigations revealed that the mutations exert distinct perturbations to SERT function, but their overall effects converge on a partial loss-of-function molecular phenotype. Thus, the SERT-A500T variant compromises the catalytic activity, while SERT-N217S disrupts proper glycosylation of SERT with a resulting dominant-negative trafficking deficiency. Moreover, we demonstrate that the trafficking deficiency of SERT-N217S is amenable to pharmacochaperoning by noribogaine. Collectively, our findings describe the first disease-associated loss-of-function SERT variants and implicate serotonergic disturbances arising from SERT dysfunction as a risk factor for chronic affective disorders.
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Rasmussen HB, Thomsen R, Hansen PR. Nucleoside analog GS-441524: pharmacokinetics in different species, safety, and potential effectiveness against Covid-19. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00945. [PMID: 35396928 PMCID: PMC8994193 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GS-441524, the parent nucleoside of remdesivir, has been proposed to be effective against Covid-19 based on in vitro studies and studies in animals. However, randomized clinical trials of the agent to treat Covid-19 have not been conducted. Here, we evaluated GS-441524 for Covid-19 treatment based on studies reporting pharmacokinetic parameters of the agent in mice, rats, cats, dogs, monkeys, and the single individual in the first-in-human trial supplemented with information about its activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and safety. A dosing interval of 8 h was considered clinically relevant and used to calculate steady-state plasma concentrations of GS-441524. These ranged from 0.27 to 234.41 μM, reflecting differences in species, doses, and administration routes. Fifty percent maximal inhibitory concentrations of GS-441524 against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ranged from 0.08 μM to above 10 μM with a median of 0.87 μM whereas concentrations required to produce 90% of the maximal inhibition of the virus varied from 0.18 µM to more than 20 µM with a median of 1.42 µM in the collected data. Most of these concentrations were substantially lower than the calculated steady-state plasma concentrations of the agent. Plasma exposures to orally administered GS-441524, calculated after normalization of doses, were larger for dogs, mice, and rats than cynomolgus monkeys and humans, probably reflecting interspecies differences in oral uptake with reported oral bioavailabilities below 8.0% in cynomolgus monkeys and values as high as 92% in dogs. Reported oral bioavailabilities in rodents ranged from 12% to 57%. Using different presumptions, we estimated human oral bioavailability of GS-441524 at 13% and 20%. Importantly, doses of GS-441524 lower than the 13 mg/kg dose used in the first-in-human trial may be effective against Covid-19. Also, GS-441524 appears to be well-tolerated. In conclusion, GS-441524 has potential for oral treatment of Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University Center, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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Wannasuphoprasit Y, Andersen SE, Arranz MJ, Catalan R, Jurgens G, Kloosterboer SM, Rasmussen HB, Bhat A, Irizar H, Koller D, Polimanti R, Wang B, Zartaloudi E, Austin-Zimmerman I, Bramon E. CYP2D6 Genetic Variation and Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 12:768748. [PMID: 35185676 PMCID: PMC8850377 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.768748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipsychotic-induced weight gain is a contributing factor in the reduced life expectancy reported amongst people with psychotic disorders. CYP2D6 is a liver enzyme involved in the metabolism of many commonly used antipsychotic medications. We investigated if CYP2D6 genetic variation influenced weight or BMI among people taking antipsychotic treatment. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and a random effects meta-analysis of publications in Pubmed, Embase, PsychInfo, and CENTRAAL that had BMI and/or weight measurements of patients on long-term antipsychotics by their CYP2D6-defined metabolic groups (poor, intermediate, normal/extensive, and ultra-rapid metabolizers, UMs). RESULTS Twelve studies were included in the systematic review. All cohort studies suggested that the presence of reduced-function or non-functional alleles for CYP2D6 was associated with greater antipsychotic-induced weight gain, whereas most cross-sectional studies did not find any significant associations. Seventeen studies were included in the meta-analysis with clinical data of 2,041 patients, including 93 poor metabolizers (PMs), 633 intermediate metabolizers (IMs), 1,272 normal metabolizers (NMs), and 30 UMs. Overall, we did not find associations in any of the comparisons made. The estimated pooled standardized differences for the following comparisons were (i) PM versus NM; weight = -0.07 (95%CI: -0.49 to 0.35, p = 0.74), BMI = 0.40 (95%CI: -0.19 to 0.99, p = 0.19). (ii) IM versus NM; weight = 0.09 (95% CI: -0.04 to 0.22, p = 0.16) and BMI = 0.09 (95% CI: -0.24 to 0.41, p = 0.60). (iii) UM versus EM; weight = 0.01 (95% CI: -0.37 to 0.40, p = 0.94) and BMI = -0.08 (95%CI: -0.57 to 0.42, p = 0.77). CONCLUSION Our systematic review of cohort studies suggested that CYP2D6 poor metabolizers have higher BMI than normal metabolizers, but the data of cross-sectional studies and the meta-analysis did not show this association. Although our review and meta-analysis constitutes one of the largest studies with comprehensively genotyped samples, the literature is still limited by small numbers of participants with genetic variants resulting in poor or UMs status. We need further studies with larger numbers of extreme metabolizers to establish its clinical utility in antipsychotic treatment. CYP2D6 is a key gene for personalized prescribing in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria J Arranz
- Fundació Docència I Recerca, Mútua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Catalan
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gesche Jurgens
- Clinical Pharmacological Unit, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sanne Maartje Kloosterboer
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct Hans, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University Center, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anjali Bhat
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haritz Irizar
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dora Koller
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Baihan Wang
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eirini Zartaloudi
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Austin-Zimmerman
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Kaalund-Brok K, Houmann TB, Hebsgaard MB, Lauritsen MBG, Lundstrøm LH, Grønning H, Darling L, Reinert-Petersen S, Petersen MA, Jepsen JRM, Pagsberg AK, Plessen KJ, Rasmussen HB, Jeppesen P. Outcomes of a 12-week ecologically valid observational study of first treatment with methylphenidate in a representative clinical sample of drug naïve children with ADHD. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253727. [PMID: 34673771 PMCID: PMC8530346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomized placebo-controlled trials have reported efficacy of methylphenidate (MPH) for Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, selection biases due to strict entry criteria may limit the generalizability of the findings. Few ecologically valid studies have investigated effectiveness of MPH in representative clinical populations of children. This independently funded study aims to describe treatment responses and their predictors during the first 12 weeks of MPH treatment using repeated measurements of symptoms and adverse reactions (ARs) to treatment in 207 children recently diagnosed with ADHD. The children were consecutively included from the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark. The children (mean age, 9.6 years [range 7–12], 75.4% males) were titrated with MPH, based on weekly assessments of symptoms (18-item ADHD-rating scale scores, ADHD-RS-C) and ARs. At study-end 187 (90.8%) children reached a mean end-dose of 1.0 mg/kg/day. A normalisation/borderline normalisation on ADHD-RS-C was achieved for 168 (81.2%) children on the Inattention and/or the Hyperactivity-Impulsivity subscale in week 12, and 31 (15.0%) children were nonresponders, which was defined as absence of normalisation/borderline normalisation (n = 19) or discontinuation due to ARs (n = 12), and eight (3.8%) children dropped out from follow-up. Nonresponders were characterised by more severe symptoms of Hyperactivity-Impulsivity and global impairment before the treatment. ARs were few; the most prominent were appetite reduction and weight loss. A decrease in AR-like symptoms during the treatment period questions the validity of currently available standard instruments designed to measure ARs of MPH. This ecologically valid observational study supports prior randomized placebo-controlled trials; 81.2% of the children responded favourably in multiple domains with few harmful effects to carefully titrated MPH. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov with registration number NCT04366609.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Kaalund-Brok
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Research Unit, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Tine Bodil Houmann
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Research Unit, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Marie Bang Hebsgaard
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Research Unit, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Maj-Britt Glenn Lauritsen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Research Unit, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Louise Hyldborg Lundstrøm
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Research Unit, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Helene Grønning
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Research Unit, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lise Darling
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Research Unit, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Susanna Reinert-Petersen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Research Unit, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Morten Aagaard Petersen
- The Research Unit, Department of Palliative Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, The Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Research Unit, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Services Glostrup, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anne Katrine Pagsberg
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Research Unit, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Jessica Plessen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Research Unit, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, The Capital Region of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Science & Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Pia Jeppesen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Research Unit, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Denmark
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Rasmussen HB, Jürgens G, Thomsen R, Taboureau O, Zeth K, Hansen PE, Hansen PR. Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Phosphorylation of GS-441524: Implications for Its Effectiveness against COVID-19. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071369. [PMID: 34372575 PMCID: PMC8310262 DOI: 10.3390/v13071369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GS-441524 is an adenosine analog and the parent nucleoside of the prodrug remdesivir, which has received emergency approval for treatment of COVID-19. Recently, GS-441524 has been proposed to be effective in the treatment of COVID-19, perhaps even being superior to remdesivir for treatment of this disease. Evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of GS-441524 requires understanding of its uptake and intracellular conversion to GS-441524 triphosphate, the active antiviral substance. We here discuss the potential impact of these pharmacokinetic steps of GS-441524 on the formation of its active antiviral substance and effectiveness for treatment of COVID-19. Available protein expression data suggest that several adenosine transporters are expressed at only low levels in the epithelial cells lining the alveoli in the lungs, i.e., the alveolar cells or pneumocytes from healthy lungs. This may limit uptake of GS-441524. Importantly, cellular uptake of GS-441524 may be reduced during hypoxia and inflammation due to decreased expression of adenosine transporters. Similarly, hypoxia and inflammation may lead to reduced expression of adenosine kinase, which is believed to convert GS-441524 to GS-441524 monophosphate, the perceived rate-limiting step in the intracellular formation of GS-441524 triphosphate. Moreover, increases in extracellular and intracellular levels of adenosine, which may occur during critical illnesses, has the potential to competitively decrease cellular uptake and phosphorylation of GS-441524. Taken together, tissue hypoxia and severe inflammation in COVID-19 may lead to reduced uptake and phosphorylation of GS-441524 with lowered therapeutic effectiveness as a potential outcome. Hypoxia may be particularly critical to the ability of GS-441524 to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 from tissues with low basal expression of adenosine transporters, such as alveolar cells. This knowledge may also be relevant to treatments with other antiviral adenosine analogs and anticancer adenosine analogs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University Center, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (K.Z.); (P.E.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gesche Jürgens
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Zealand University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Olivier Taboureau
- INSERM U1133, CNRS UMR 8251, Université de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University Center, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (K.Z.); (P.E.H.)
| | - Poul Erik Hansen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University Center, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (K.Z.); (P.E.H.)
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark;
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Rasmussen HB, Hansen PR, Taboureau O, Thomsen R, Jürgens G. Pulmonary administration of remdesivir in the treatment of COVID-19. AAPS J 2020; 22:121. [PMID: 32944838 PMCID: PMC7498113 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Cardiology Department, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Olivier Taboureau
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1133, CNRS UMR 8251, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gesche Jürgens
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Roskilde Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Briand E, Thomsen R, Linnet K, Rasmussen HB, Brunak S, Taboureau O. Combined Ensemble Docking and Machine Learning in Identification of Therapeutic Agents with Potential Inhibitory Effect on Human CES1. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152747. [PMID: 31362390 PMCID: PMC6696021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), responsible for the biotransformation of many diverse therapeutic agents, may contribute to the occurrence of adverse drug reactions and therapeutic failure through drug interactions. The present study is designed to address the issue of potential drug interactions resulting from the inhibition of CES1. Based on an ensemble of 10 crystal structures complexed with different ligands and a set of 294 known CES1 ligands, we used docking (Autodock Vina) and machine learning methodologies (LDA, QDA and multilayer perceptron), considering the different energy terms from the scoring function to assess the best combination to enable the identification of CES1 inhibitors. The protocol was then applied on a library of 1114 FDA-approved drugs and eight drugs were selected for in vitro CES1 inhibition. An inhibition effect was observed for diltiazem (IC50 = 13.9 µM). Three others drugs (benztropine, iloprost and treprostinil), exhibited a weak CES1 inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 298.2 µM, 366.8 µM and 391.6 µM respectively. In conclusion, the binding site of CES1 is relatively flexible and can adapt its conformation to different types of ligands. Combining ensemble docking and machine learning approaches improves the prediction of CES1 inhibitors compared to a docking study using only one crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Briand
- INSERM U1133, CNRS UMR 8251, Unit of functional and adaptive biology, Université de Paris, Paris 75013, France
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Olivier Taboureau
- INSERM U1133, CNRS UMR 8251, Unit of functional and adaptive biology, Université de Paris, Paris 75013, France.
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Stage C, Dalhoff K, Rasmussen HB, Schow Guski L, Thomsen R, Bjerre D, Ferrero-Miliani L, Busk Madsen M, Jürgens G. The impact of human CES1 genetic variation on enzyme activity assessed by ritalinic acid/methylphenidate ratios. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 125:54-61. [PMID: 30801959 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The present clinical trial investigated the impact of selected SNPs in CES1 on the metabolic activity of the enzyme. For this purpose, we used methylphenidate (MPH) as a pharmacological probe and the d-RA/d-MPH (metabolite/parent drug) ratios as a measure of enzymatic activity. This metabolic ratio (MR) was validated against the AUC ratios (AUCd -RA /AUCd -MPH ). CES1 SNPs from 120 volunteers were identified, and 12 SNPs fulfilling predefined inclusion criteria were analysed separately, comparing the effect of each genotype on the metabolic ratios. The SNP criteria were as follows: presence of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, a minor allele frequency ≥ 0.01 and a clearly interpretable sequencing result in at least 30% of the individuals. Each participant ingested 10 mg of racemic methylphenidate, and blood samples were drawn prior to and 3 hours after drug administration. The SNP analysis confirmed the considerable impact of rs71647871 (G143E) in exon 4 on drug metabolism. In addition, three volunteers with markedly lower median MR, indicating decreased CES1 activity, harboured the same combination of three SNPs in intron 5. The median MR for these SNPs was 8.2 for the minor allele compared to 16.4 for the major alleles (P = 0.04). Hence, one of these or the combination of these SNPs could be of clinical significance considering that the median MR of the G143E group was 5.4. The precise genetic relationship of this finding is currently unknown, as is the clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Stage
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Dalhoff
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Louise Schow Guski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Bjerre
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Laura Ferrero-Miliani
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Majbritt Busk Madsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Gesche Jürgens
- Clinical Pharmacological Unit, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Rasmussen HB, Madsen MB. Carboxylesterase 1 genes: systematic review and evaluation of existing genotyping procedures. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2018; 33:3-14. [PMID: 29427553 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2017-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The carboxylesterase 1 gene (CES1) encodes a hydrolase that metabolizes commonly used drugs. The CES1-related pseudogene, carboxylesterase 1 pseudogene 1 (CES1P1), has been implicated in gene exchange with CES1 and in the formation of hybrid genes including the carboxylesterase 1A2 gene (CES1A2). Hence, the CES1 region is complex. Using in silico PCR and alignment, we assessed the specificity of PCR-assisted procedures for genotyping CES1, CES1A2 and CES1P1 in studies identified in PubMed. We identified 33 such studies and excluded those that were not the first to use a procedure or lacked sequence information. After this 17 studies remained. Ten of these used haplotype-specific amplification, restriction enzyme treatment or amplicon sequencing, and included five that were predicted to lack specificity. All procedures for genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms in eight studies lacked specificity. One of these studies also used amplicon sequencing, thus being present in the group above. Some primers and their intended targets were mismatched. We provide experimental evidence that one of the procedures lacked specificity. Additionally, a complex pattern of segmental duplications in the CES1 region was revealed. In conclusion, many procedures for CES1, CES1A2 and CES1P1 genotyping appear to lack specificity. Knowledge about the segmental duplications may improve the typing of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Boserupvej 2, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Phone: + 45 3864 2284, Fax: +45 3864 2300
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Majbritt Busk Madsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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12
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Bjerre D, Berg Rasmussen H, INDICES Consortium T. Novel approach for CES1 genotyping: integrating single nucleotide variants and structural variation. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:349-359. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Development of a specific procedure for genotyping of CES1A1 (CES1) and CES1A2, a hybrid of CES1A1 and the pseudogene CES1P1. Materials & methods: The number of CES1A1 and CES1A2 copies and that of CES1P1 were determined using real-time PCR. Long range PCRs followed by secondary PCRs allowed sequencing of single nucleotide variants in CES1A1 and CES1A2. Results & conclusion: A procedure consisting of two main steps was developed. Its first main step, the copy number determination, informed about presence of CES1A2 . This information enabled choice of PCR in the second main step, which selectively amplified CES1A1 and, if present, also CES1A2, for subsequent sequencing. Examination of 501 DNA samples suggested that our procedure is specific with potential for personalization of drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Bjerre
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - The INDICES Consortium
- A list of the members of the consortium has been included in the accompanying this publication
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13
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Rasmussen HB, Madsen MB, Lyauk YK, Hansen PR, Hughes T. Carboxylesterase 1A2 encoding gene with increased transcription and potential rapid drug metabolism in Asian populations. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2017; 32:163-168. [PMID: 28803225 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2017-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The carboxylesterase 1 gene (CES1) encodes a hydrolase implicated in the metabolism of commonly used drugs. CES1A2, a hybrid of CES1 and a CES1-like pseudogene, has a promoter that is weak in most individuals. However, some individuals harbor a promoter haplotype of this gene with two overlapping Sp1 sites that confer significantly increased transcription potentially leading to rapid drug metabolism. This CES1A2 haplotype has previously been reported to be common among Asians. Using polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing, the present study examined variation in the promoter and 5' untranslated region of CES1A2 in 120 Han Chinese and 120 Japanese people enrolled in the 1000 Genomes Project. We identified 11 single nucleotide variations, two of which were novel, in 145 of the individuals who were found to carry CES1A2. Alignment analysis indicated that the CES1A2 haplotype with the overlapping Sp1 sites has been generated by incorporation of a segment of CES1. All minor allele frequencies were equal to or below 0.022 and the frequencies of the minor haplotypes were up to 40-fold lower than previously reported, including that of the haplotype with the overlapping Sp1 sites. This information is novel and suggests that the pharmacogenetic relevance of CES1A2 is limited in Asians.
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Ferrero-Miliani L, Bjerre D, Stage C, Madsen MB, Jűrgens G, Dalhoff KP, Rasmussen HB. Reappraisal of the genetic diversity and pharmacogenetic assessment of CES1. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:1241-1257. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The CES1 gene encodes a hydrolase that metabolizes important drugs. Variants generated by exchange of segments with CES1P1 complicate genotyping of CES1. Using a highly specific procedure we examined DNA samples from 200 Caucasians and identified 46 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in CES1 and 21 SNVs in CES1A2, a hybrid composed of CES1 and CES1P1. Several of these SNVs were novel. The frequencies of SNVs with a potential functional impact were below 0.02 suggesting limited pharmacogenetic potential for CES1 genotyping. In silico PCR revealed that the majority of the primer pairs for amplification of CES1 or CES1A2 in three previous studies lacked specificity, which partially explains a limited overlap with our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrero-Miliani
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ditte Bjerre
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Claus Stage
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Majbritt Busk Madsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Gesche Jűrgens
- Clinical Pharmacological Unit, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kim Peder Dalhoff
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Science & Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
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Stage C, Jürgens G, Guski LS, Thomsen R, Bjerre D, Ferrero-Miliani L, Lyauk YK, Rasmussen HB, Dalhoff K. The Pharmacokinetics of Enalapril in Relation to CES1
Genotype in Healthy Danish Volunteers. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Stage
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital; Copenhagen NV Denmark
| | - Gesche Jürgens
- Clinical Pharmacological Unit; Zealand University Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Louise Schow Guski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital; Copenhagen NV Denmark
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ditte Bjerre
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry; Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans; Copenhagen University Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Laura Ferrero-Miliani
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry; Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans; Copenhagen University Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Yassine Kamal Lyauk
- Clinical Pharmacological Unit; Zealand University Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry; Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans; Copenhagen University Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Kim Dalhoff
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital; Copenhagen NV Denmark
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16
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Stage C, Jürgens G, Guski LS, Thomsen R, Bjerre D, Ferrero-Miliani L, Lyauk YK, Rasmussen HB, Dalhoff K. The impact of CES1 genotypes on the pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in healthy Danish subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:1506-1514. [PMID: 28087982 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the influence of CES1 variations, including the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs71647871 (G143E) and variation in copy number, on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of 10 mg methylphenidate. METHODS CES1 genotype was obtained from 200 healthy Danish Caucasian volunteers. Based on the genotype, 44 (19 males and 25 females) were invited to participate in an open, prospective trial involving six predefined genotypes: three groups with two, three and four CES1 copies, respectively; a group of carriers of the CES1 143E allele; a group of individuals homozygous for CES1A1c (CES1VAR); and a group having three CES1 copies, in which the duplication, CES1A2, had increased transcriptional activity. Plasma concentrations of methylphenidate and its primary metabolites were determined at scheduled time points. RESULTS Median AUC of d-methylphenidate was significantly larger in the group carrying the 143E allele (53.3 ng ml-1 h-1 , range 38.6-93.9) than in the control group (21.4 ng ml-1 h-1 , range 15.7-34.9) (P < 0.0001). Median AUC of d-methylphenidate was significantly larger in the group with four CES1 copies (34.5 ng ml-1 h-1 , range 21.3-62.8) than in the control group (P = 0.01) and the group with three CES1 copies (23.8 ng ml-1 h-1 , range 15.3-32.0, P = 0.03). There was no difference between the groups with two and three copies of CES1. CONCLUSIONS The 143E allele resulted in an increased AUC, suggesting a significantly decreased CES1 enzyme activity. Surprisingly, this was also the case in subjects with homozygous duplication of CES1, perhaps reflecting an undiscovered mutation affecting the activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Stage
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gesche Jürgens
- Clinical Pharmacological Unit, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Louise Schow Guski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Bjerre
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Ferrero-Miliani
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yassine Kamal Lyauk
- Clinical Pharmacological Unit, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Dalhoff
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Madsen MB, Kogelman LJA, Kadarmideen HN, Rasmussen HB. Systems genetics analysis of pharmacogenomics variation during antidepressant treatment. Pharmacogenomics J 2016; 18:144-152. [PMID: 27752142 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most widely used antidepressants, but the efficacy of the treatment varies significantly among individuals. It is believed that complex genetic mechanisms play a part in this variation. We have used a network based approach to unravel the involved genetic components. Moreover, we investigated the potential difference in the genetic interaction networks underlying SSRI treatment response over time. We found four hub genes (ASCC3, PPARGC1B, SCHIP1 and TMTC2) with different connectivity in the initial SSRI treatment period (baseline to week 4) compared with the subsequent period (4-8 weeks after initiation), suggesting that different genetic networks are important at different times during SSRI treatment. The strongest interactions in the initial SSRI treatment period involved genes encoding transcriptional factors, and in the subsequent period genes involved in calcium homeostasis. In conclusion, we suggest a difference in genetic interaction networks between initial and subsequent SSRI response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Madsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Capital Region of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark.,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - L J A Kogelman
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - H N Kadarmideen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - H B Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Capital Region of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark.,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
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18
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Lyauk YK, Stage C, Bergmann TK, Ferrero-Milliani L, Bjerre D, Thomsen R, Dalhoff KP, Rasmussen HB, Jürgens G. Population Pharmacokinetics of Methylphenidate in Healthy Adults Emphasizing Novel and Known Effects of Several Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) Variants. Clin Transl Sci 2016; 9:337-345. [PMID: 27754602 PMCID: PMC5351003 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify demographic and genetic factors that significantly affect methylphenidate (MPH) pharmacokinetics (PK), and may help explain interindividual variability and further increase the safety of MPH. d‐MPH plasma concentrations, demographic covariates, and carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) genotypes were gathered from 122 healthy adults and analyzed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling. The structural model that best described the data was a two‐compartment disposition model with absorption transit compartments. Novel effects of rs115629050 and CES1 diplotypes, as well as previously reported effects of rs71647871 and body weight, were included in the final model. Assessment of the independent and combined effect of CES1 covariates identified several specific risk factors that may result in severely increased d‐MPH plasma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Lyauk
- Roskilde University Hospital, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - C Stage
- Bispebjerg University Hospital, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - T K Bergmann
- Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,The Hospital Pharmacy, Hospital of South Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - L Ferrero-Milliani
- Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Institute for Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - D Bjerre
- Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Institute for Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - R Thomsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Forensic Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K P Dalhoff
- Bispebjerg University Hospital, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H B Rasmussen
- Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Institute for Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - G Jürgens
- Roskilde University Hospital, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Roskilde, Denmark
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19
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Warrer P, Thomsen PH, Dalsgaard S, Hansen EH, Aagaard L, Kildemoes HW, Rasmussen HB. Switch in Therapy from Methylphenidate to Atomoxetine in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Analysis of Patient Records. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2016; 26:354-61. [PMID: 26891424 PMCID: PMC4876536 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate therapy switching from methylphenidate (MPH) to atomoxetine (ATX) in a clinical sample of Danish children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); specifically, to determine the duration of MPH treatment before switching to ATX, and the reasons leading to a switch in therapy. METHODS We included 55 patients with ADHD who switched from first-line MPH to second-line ATX during January 01, 2012 and May 15, 2014. Patient and treatment characteristics along with clinical reasons for switching therapy were extracted from individual patients' records. RESULTS Mean duration of MPH treatment until switch to ATX was 11.2 months (range = 0.3-28.5 months); 36% of the patients switched within the first 6 months, 56% within the first year, and 76% within 1.5 years of initiating MPH; 24% continued MPH treatment for up to 2.5 years prior to switching. Most common reasons for switching were "adverse events" (AEs) (78%), "wish for more optimal day coverage" (24%), and "lack of efficacy" (16%). Other reasons for switching included "patient/parental request" (13%) and "noncompliance" (2%). Most common AEs leading to switch were psychiatric disorders (insomnia, aggression, tic, depression, anxiety) and decreased appetite. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of continuous evaluation of the need for prescription switch to ATX in children and adolescents treated with MPH, taking into consideration various factors including potential AEs, non-optimal day coverage, lack of efficacy, patient/parental preferences, and noncompliance. These factors should be considered, not only at the initial stage of MPH treatment but throughout the whole treatment course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Warrer
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Pharmacovigilance Research Project (DANPREP), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Hove Thomsen
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Søren Dalsgaard
- Department of Economics and Business, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ebba Holme Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Pharmacovigilance Research Project (DANPREP), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Aagaard
- Danish Pharmacovigilance Research Project (DANPREP), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Wallach Kildemoes
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Pharmacovigilance Research Project (DANPREP), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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20
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Nzabonimpa GS, Rasmussen HB, Brunak S, Taboureau O. Investigating the impact of missense mutations in hCES1 by in silico structure-based approaches. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2016; 31:/j/dmdi.ahead-of-print/dmpt-2015-0034/dmpt-2015-0034.xml. [PMID: 26900165 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2015-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes have been reported to influence pharmacokinetics, drug dosage, and other aspects that affect therapeutic outcomes. Most particularly, non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) resulting in amino acid changes disrupt potential functional sites responsible for protein activity, structure, or stability, which can account for individual susceptibility to disease and drug response. Investigating the impact of nsSNPs at a protein's structural level is a key step in understanding the relationship between genetic variants and the resulting phenotypic changes. For this purpose, in silico structure-based approaches have proven their relevance in providing an atomic-level description of the underlying mechanisms. The present review focuses on nsSNPs in human carboxylesterase 1 (hCES1), an enzyme involved in drug metabolism. We highlight how prioritization of functional nsSNPs through computational prediction techniques in combination with structure-based approaches, namely molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, is a powerful tool in providing insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of nsSNPs phenotypic effects at microscopic level. Examples of in silico studies of carboxylesterases (CESs) are discussed, ranging from exploring the effect of mutations on enzyme activity to predicting the metabolism of new hCES1 substrates as well as to guiding rational design of CES-selective inhibitors.
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21
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Nelveg-Kristensen KE, Busk Madsen M, Torp-Pedersen C, Køber L, Egfjord M, Berg Rasmussen H, Riis Hansen P. Pharmacogenetic Risk Stratification in Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Treated Patients with Congestive Heart Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144195. [PMID: 26633885 PMCID: PMC4669156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence for pharmacogenetic risk stratification of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) treatment is limited. Therefore, in a cohort of ACEI-treated patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), we investigated the predictive value of two pharmacogenetic scores that previously were found to predict ACEI efficacy in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension, respectively. Score A combined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the angiotensin II receptor type 1 gene (rs275651 and rs5182) and the bradykinin receptor B1 gene (rs12050217). Score B combined SNPs of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (rs4343) and ABO blood group genes (rs495828 and rs8176746). Methods Danish patients with CHF enrolled in the previously reported Echocardiography and Heart Outcome Study were included. Subjects were genotyped and categorized according to pharmacogenetic scores A and B of ≤1, 2 and ≥3 each, and followed for up to 10 years. Difference in cumulative incidences of cardiovascular death and all-cause death were assessed by the cumulative incidence estimator. Survival was modeled by Cox proportional hazard analyses. Results We included 667 patients, of whom 80% were treated with ACEIs. Differences in cumulative incidences of cardiovascular death (P = 0.346 and P = 0.486) and all-cause death (P = 0.515 and P = 0.486) were not significant for score A and B, respectively. There was no difference in risk of cardiovascular death or all-cause death between subjects with score A ≤1 vs. 2 (HR 1.03 [95% CI 0.79–1.34] and HR 1.11 [95% CI 0.88–1.42]), score A ≤1 vs. ≥3 (HR 0.80 [95% CI 0.59–1.08] and HR 0.91 [95% CI 0.70–1.20]), score B ≤1 vs. 2 (HR 1.02 [95% CI 0.78–1.32] and HR 0.98 [95% CI 0.77–1.24]), and score B ≤1 vs. ≥3 (HR 1.03 [95% CI 0.75–1.41] and HR 1.05 [95% CI 0.79–1.40]), respectively. Conclusions We found no association between either of the analyzed pharmacogenetic scores and fatal outcomes in ACEI-treated patients with CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Majbritt Busk Madsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Køber
- The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Egfjord
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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22
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Crüger AMT, Kaur-Knudsen D, Zachariae C, Rasmussen HB, Thomsen SF. Risk factors and mortality among patients with severe muco-cutaneous drug reactions. Dan Med J 2015; 62:A5122. [PMID: 26239591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to examine risk factors and mortality among patients with erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). METHODS This was a retrospective evaluation of the med-ical records of 250 patients from two Danish tertiary dermatological departments during a ten-year period. RESULTS In a total of 192 cases (77.4%), the primary diagnosis of EM (66.5%), SJS (62.2%) and TEN (100%) was confirmed, whereas the remaining cases (22.6%) were diagnosed differently. Antibiotics and allopurinol were predominantly associated with TEN, whereas SJS was associated with a broad spectrum of drugs. EM was related mainly to viral infections, predominantly herpes (30.6%); 38.2% of the causes of EM remained unknown. Patients with TEN had the highest mortality; i.e. 60% in the course of the ten-year study period: adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 11.2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.65-34.35); p < 0.001 compared with EM patients. The risk of death was also increased among patients with SJS relative to patients with EM: HR = 2.60 (95% CI: 1.10-6.16); p = 0.030; however, this did not remain statistically significant after adjustment for age, co-morbidity, infection, cancer and polypharmacy, HR = 0.99 (95% CI: 0.38-2.57); p = 0.976. CONCLUSION We validated diagnoses in 250 patients with EM, SJS and TEN diagnosed during a ten-year period. The survival of patients with TEN was expectedly low compared with patients with EM. We extend previous findings by showing that after adjustment for confounders, the survival rates of SJS and EM are comparable. FUNDING none. TRIAL REGISTRATION not relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mette Torp Crüger
- Dermato-venerologisk Afdeling D, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
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23
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Rasmussen HB, Bjerre D, Linnet K, Jürgens G, Dalhoff K, Stefansson H, Hankemeier T, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Taboureau O, Brunak S, Houmann T, Jeppesen P, Pagsberg AK, Plessen K, Dyrborg J, Hansen PR, Hansen PE, Hughes T, Werge T. Individualization of treatments with drugs metabolized by CES1: combining genetics and metabolomics. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:649-65. [PMID: 25896426 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CES1 is involved in the hydrolysis of ester group-containing xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds including several essential and commonly used drugs. The individual variation in the efficacy and tolerability of many drugs metabolized by CES1 is considerable. Hence, there is a large interest in individualizing the treatment with these drugs. The present review addresses the issue of individualized treatment with drugs metabolized by CES1. It describes the composition of the gene encoding CES1, reports variants of this gene with focus upon those with a potential effect on drug metabolism and provides an overview of the protein structure of this enzyme bringing notice to mechanisms involved in the regulation of enzyme activity. Subsequently, the review highlights drugs metabolized by CES1 and argues that individual differences in the pharmacokinetics of these drugs play an important role in determining drug response and tolerability suggesting prospects for individualized drug therapies. Our review also discusses endogenous substrates of CES1 and assesses the potential of using metabolomic profiling of blood to identify proxies for the hepatic activity of CES1 that predict the rate of drug metabolism. Finally, the combination of genetics and metabolomics to obtain an accurate prediction of the individual response to CES1-dependent drugs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2 Boserupvej, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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24
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Kristensen KE, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH, Egfjord M, Rasmussen HB, Hansen PR. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers in Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:733-40. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
The renin–angiotensin system is thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). However, effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) on human AAAs remain unclear. We therefore examined whether treatment with ACEIs or ARBs influenced hard clinical end points in a nation-wide cohort of patients with AAA.
Approach and Results—
All patients diagnosed with AAA during the period 1995 to 2011 were identified from the Danish nation-wide registries. Subjects were divided according to ACEI and ARB treatment status and followed up for an average of 5 years. Study outcomes were evaluated by time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models. Of 9441 patients with AAA, 12.6% were treated with ACEIs and 5.0% received ARBs. Incidence rates of death from AAA per 100 patient-years were 3.7, 3.6, 4.0, and 4.7 for treatment with ACEIs or ARBs, ACEIs, ARBs, and no ACEI/ARB, respectively. Hazard ratios of death from AAA were 0.64 (95% confidence interval, 0.51–0.80;
P
<0.001) for patients receiving ACEIs and 0.65 (95% confidence interval, 0.48–0.88;
P
=0.006) for those receiving ARBs, respectively (
P
for difference=0.944). The risk of surgery for AAA was significantly reduced in patients receiving ACEIs (hazard ratio, 0.86 [95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.99];
P
=0.040) but not in patients receiving ARBs (hazard ratio, 1.02 [95% confidence interval, 0.84–1.23];
P
=0.867;
P
for difference=0.119).
Conclusions—
In this observational study, treatment with ACEIs or ARBs was associated with a comparable reduction in mortality but not in surgery for AAA among patients with AAA. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Emil Kristensen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark (K.E.K., G.H.G., P.R.H.); Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (G.H.G.); Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.E.); and Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark (K.E.K., G.H.G., P.R.H.); Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (G.H.G.); Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.E.); and Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University
| | - Gunnar Hilmar Gislason
- From the Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark (K.E.K., G.H.G., P.R.H.); Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (G.H.G.); Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.E.); and Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University
| | - Martin Egfjord
- From the Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark (K.E.K., G.H.G., P.R.H.); Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (G.H.G.); Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.E.); and Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark (K.E.K., G.H.G., P.R.H.); Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (G.H.G.); Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.E.); and Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark (K.E.K., G.H.G., P.R.H.); Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (G.H.G.); Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.E.); and Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University
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25
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Kristensen KE, Zhu HJ, Wang X, Gislason GH, Torp-Pedersen C, Rasmussen HB, Markowitz JS, Hansen PR. Clopidogrel Bioactivation and Risk of Bleeding in Patients Cotreated With Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors After Myocardial Infarction: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:713-22. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Stage C, Jürgens G, Dalhoff KP, Rasmussen HB. [Metabolomics has the potential to improve drug therapy]. Ugeskr Laeger 2014; 176:V02130127. [PMID: 25096206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Until now drug therapy has primarily been controlled by dose titration on the basis of effects and side effects. However, a lot of people being treated with a drug experience too little effect or too many side effects. Therefore it will be advantageous to improve drug therapy and make it even more "individualized". In this chase metabolomics is a hot topic. The aim of this paper is to review the concepts of metabolomics and the possible applications in regard to drug development, drug therapy and diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Stage
- Klinisk Farmakologisk Afdeling, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 København NV.
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27
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Friedrichsen M, Poulsen P, Wojtaszewski J, Hansen PR, Vaag A, Rasmussen HB. Carboxylesterase 1 gene duplication and mRNA expression in adipose tissue are linked to obesity and metabolic function. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.701.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Friedrichsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Diabetes and MetabolismRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Jørgen Wojtaszewski
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of CardiologyCopenhagen University HospitalGentofteDenmark
| | - Allan Vaag
- Department of Diabetes and MetabolismRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. HansCopenhagen University HospitalRoskildeDenmark
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28
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Kristensen KE, Rasmussen HB, Hansen PR. [Genetic variability in the efficacy of clopidogrel]. Ugeskr Laeger 2013; 175:729-732. [PMID: 23480885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) bioactivation of clopidogrel is reduced in subjects with the CYP2C19*2 loss-of-function allele. This allele has been linked to an increased risk of stent thrombosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. In contrast to clopidogrel, the effect of newer antiplatelet agents, e.g., prasugrel and ticagrelor, is not dependent on CYP2C19. This review briefly outlines the current evidence for the value of CYP2C19 genotyping to guide antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel. Prospective trials of new treatment algorithms are awaited before routine adoption of CYP2C19 genotyping for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Emil Kristensen
- Hjertemedicinsk Afdeling, Gentofte Hospital, Niels Andersens Vej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
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29
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Friedrichsen M, Poulsen P, Wojtaszewski J, Hansen PR, Vaag A, Rasmussen HB. Carboxylesterase 1 gene duplication and mRNA expression in adipose tissue are linked to obesity and metabolic function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56861. [PMID: 23468884 PMCID: PMC3585247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND AIMS Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) appears to play an important role in the control of the metabolism of triglycerides and cholesterol in adipocytes and other cell types including hepatocytes. Therefore, it is relevant to gain insights into the genetic versus non-genetic mechanisms involved in the control of CES1 mRNA expression. Here, we investigated CES1 mRNA expression level in adipose tissue and its association with measures of adiposity and metabolic function in a population of elderly twins. Furthermore, the heritability of CES1 mRNA expression level in adipose tissue and the effect of CES1 gene duplication were assessed. METHODOLOGY A total of 295 monozygotic and dizygotic twin subjects (62-83 years) with (n = 48) or without (n = 247) type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled in the study. They were subjected to a standard oral glucose tolerance test and excision of abdominal subcutaneous fat biopsies during the fasting state. Levels of CES1 mRNA and copy number of the gene were assessed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS CES1 mRNA expression level in adipose tissue was positively associated with body-mass index (P<0.001), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (P = 0.003) and level of fasting glucose (P = 0.002), insulin (P = 0.006), and triglycerides (P = 0.003). The heritability for the expression of CES1 mRNA in adipose tissue was high. CES1 gene duplication was positively associated with insulin sensitivity (P = 0.05) as well as glucose tolerance (P = 0.03) and negatively associated with homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (P = 0.02). Duplication of CES1 was not linked to mRNA level of this gene (P = 0.63). CONCLUSION CES1 mRNA in adipose tissue appears to be under strong genetic control and was associated with measures of metabolic function raising the possibility of a potential role of this enzyme in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Further studies are needed to understand the potential effect of CES1 gene duplication on adipocyte and whole-body metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Friedrichsen
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Wojtaszewski
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Allan Vaag
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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30
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Abstract
AIM Management of the pelvic space following laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision remains controversial. We describe a simple technique for obliteration of the pelvic space after laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision. METHOD Pneumoperitoneum was re-established after completion of the operative procedure and a Foley catheter Ch. 24 was inserted through the right lower port under direct vision. The balloon of the catheter, placed in the presacral space, was filled with 50 ml of sterile saline and connected to passive drainage. The catheter was removed 10 days postoperatively. RESULTS This technique was used in 15 patients with the median age of 74 years (range 63-86). Eleven patients were treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy. The median length of hospital stay was 9 days (range 5-11). Two patients (13.3%) treated with chemoradiotherapy developed a superficial perineal wound infection and four patients (26.6%) had a deep pelvic abscess, which required surgical drainage. The median time of perineal wound healing was 3 months (range 2-8). The median follow-up time was 36 months (range 18-60). None of the patients developed perineal hernia or intestinal obstruction in the follow-up period. One patient underwent small bowel resection due to stenosis caused by radiation enteritis. There was no local recurrence, but two patients developed distant metastases after 12 months. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that filling the pelvic cavity with a balloon catheter for 10 days results in the creation of a thin, fibrotic peritoneal layer which keeps the small intestine out of the pelvis and prevents loops of intestine adhering in the pelvic cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bulut
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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31
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Rasmussen HB, Werge T. Novel variant of CYP2D6*6 is undetected by a commonly used genotyping procedure. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 63:1264-6. [PMID: 22180372 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of a novel and defective variant of the gene encoding cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). This novel variant is a subtype of CYP2D6*6 that was undetected by a commercially available 5' exonuclease-based assay. Because the novel variant was found in only one of 609 individuals, it represents a rare subtype of CYP2D6*6 that may be restricted to a single family or a subpopulation. A procedure for the identification of the novel CYP2D6*6 variant using restriction enzyme treatment of amplified fragments was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospitals, 2 Boserupvej, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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32
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Jürgens G, Jacobsen CB, Rasmussen HB, Werge T, Nordentoft M, Andersen SE. Utility and adoption of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotyping and its translation into psychiatric clinical practice. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012; 125:228-37. [PMID: 22128793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinical utility and adoption of routinely offered CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotyping (CYP test) in daily clinical practice of a psychiatric centre. METHOD We described psychiatrists translations of CYP test results in patients with genotypes indicating poor or ultrarapid metabolizer status and treated with at least one CYP-dependent drug based on a retrospective review of medical records. Complementary, we used ethnographic participant observation and qualitative interviews to identify the barriers and incentives for the use of CYP test results. RESULTS The cohort study included 101 of 1932 cases genotyped between 2003 and 2009. In 53 of 101 cases, test results were addressed in medical records. The most frequent response was to monitor drug concentrations (23 cases), observe for adverse events (18 cases) and adjust dosage (13 cases). In 33 of 101 cases, results were mentioned in the discharge letter. The ethnographic study indicated a poor adoption of the CYP test in clinical praxis. Test results were lost in workflows and knowledge transfer between laboratory and clinician and were absent from clinical routines, treatment conferences and educational fora. CONCLUSION The CYP test has not gained foothold in clinical practice, and its potential clinical benefits are not utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jürgens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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33
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Ingason A, Rujescu D, Cichon S, Sigurdsson E, Sigmundsson T, Pietiläinen OPH, Buizer-Voskamp JE, Strengman E, Francks C, Muglia P, Gylfason A, Gustafsson O, Olason PI, Steinberg S, Hansen T, Jakobsen KD, Rasmussen HB, Giegling I, Möller HJ, Hartmann A, Crombie C, Fraser G, Walker N, Lonnqvist J, Suvisaari J, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Bramon E, Kiemeney LA, Franke B, Murray R, Vassos E, Toulopoulou T, Mühleisen TW, Tosato S, Ruggeri M, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA, Zhang Z, Werge T, Ophoff RA, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM, Petursson H, Stefansson H, Peltonen L, Collier D, Stefansson K, St Clair DM. Copy number variations of chromosome 16p13.1 region associated with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:17-25. [PMID: 19786961 PMCID: PMC3330746 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Deletions and reciprocal duplications of the chromosome 16p13.1 region have recently been reported in several cases of autism and mental retardation (MR). As genomic copy number variants found in these two disorders may also associate with schizophrenia, we examined 4345 schizophrenia patients and 35,079 controls from 8 European populations for duplications and deletions at the 16p13.1 locus, using microarray data. We found a threefold excess of duplications and deletions in schizophrenia cases compared with controls, with duplications present in 0.30% of cases versus 0.09% of controls (P=0.007) and deletions in 0.12 % of cases and 0.04% of controls (P>0.05). The region can be divided into three intervals defined by flanking low copy repeats. Duplications spanning intervals I and II showed the most significant (P = 0.00010) association with schizophrenia. The age of onset in duplication and deletion carriers among cases ranged from 12 to 35 years, and the majority were males with a family history of psychiatric disorders. In a single Icelandic family, a duplication spanning intervals I and II was present in two cases of schizophrenia, and individual cases of alcoholism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia. Candidate genes in the region include NTAN1 and NDE1. We conclude that duplications and perhaps also deletions of chromosome 16p13.1, previously reported to be associated with autism and MR, also confer risk of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ingason
- deCODE genetics, Reykjavík, Iceland
,Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - D Rujescu
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Genetics Research Centre GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - S Cichon
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - E Sigurdsson
- Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - T Sigmundsson
- Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - OPH Pietiläinen
- Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - JE Buizer-Voskamp
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
,Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Francks
- Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Verona, Italy
| | - P Muglia
- Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - T Hansen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - KD Jakobsen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - HB Rasmussen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - I Giegling
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Genetics Research Centre GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - H-J Möller
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Genetics Research Centre GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - A Hartmann
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Genetics Research Centre GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - C Crombie
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - G Fraser
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - N Walker
- Ravenscraig Hospital, Greenock, Scotland
| | - J Lonnqvist
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Suvisaari
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Tuulio-Henriksson
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Bramon
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
| | - LA Kiemeney
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (133 EPIB)/Department of Urology (659 URO), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Murray
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
| | - E Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
| | - T Toulopoulou
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
| | - TW Mühleisen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - S Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - M Ruggeri
- Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S Djurovic
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
,Departments of Medical Genetics and Psychiatry, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - OA Andreassen
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
,Departments of Medical Genetics and Psychiatry, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Statistics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T Werge
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - RA Ophoff
- Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
,UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - M Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - MM Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - H Petursson
- Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - L Peltonen
- Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
,The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D Collier
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
| | | | - DM St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
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Jäger AK, Krydsfeldt K, Rasmussen HB. Bioassay-guided isolation of apigenin with GABA-benzodiazepine activity from Tanacetum parthenium. Phytother Res 2010; 23:1642-4. [PMID: 19441011 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of Tanacetum parthenium are used in the prophylactic treatment of migraine and have also been used in Danish folk medicine for the treatment of epilepsy. An ethanol extract of T. parthenium showed high affinity for the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine site. An ethanol extract of T. parthenium was fractionated by VLC on silica and preparative C18 HPLC. Each step was monitored with the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine bioassay. The fractionation led to the isolation of apigenin, which may be responsible for CNS-effects of T. parthenium extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Jäger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Okello JBA, Wittemyer G, Rasmussen HB, Arctander P, Nyakaana S, Douglas-Hamilton I, Siegismund HR. Effective population size dynamics reveal impacts of historic climatic events and recent anthropogenic pressure in African elephants. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:3788-99. [PMID: 18643879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two hundred years of elephant hunting for ivory, peaking in 1970-1980s, caused local extirpations and massive population declines across Africa. The resulting genetic impacts on surviving populations have not been studied, despite the importance of understanding the evolutionary repercussions of such human-mediated events on this keystone species. Using Bayesian coalescent-based genetic methods to evaluate time-specific changes in effective population size, we analysed genetic variation in 20 highly polymorphic microsatellite loci from 400 elephants inhabiting the greater Samburu-Laikipia region of northern Kenya. This area experienced a decline of between 80% and 90% in the last few decades when ivory harvesting was rampant. The most significant change in effective population size, however, occurred approximately 2500 years ago during a mid-Holocene period of climatic drying in tropical Africa. Contrary to expectations, detailed analyses of four contemporary age-based cohorts showed that the peak poaching epidemic in the 1970s caused detectable temporary genetic impacts, with genetic diversity rebounding as juveniles surviving the poaching era became reproductively mature. This study demonstrates the importance of climatic history in shaping the distribution and genetic history of a keystone species and highlights the utility of coalescent-based demographic approaches in unravelling ancestral demographic events despite a lack of ancient samples. Unique insights into the genetic signature of mid-Holocene climatic change in Africa and effects of recent poaching pressure on elephants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B A Okello
- Biotechnology and Molecular Genetics, FB2-UFT, University of Bremen, Leobenerstrasse UFT, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Bagger YZ, Rasmussen HB, Alexandersen P, Werge T, Christiansen C, Tankó LB. Links between cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: serum lipids or atherosclerosis per se? Osteoporos Int 2007; 18:505-12. [PMID: 17109061 PMCID: PMC1820757 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-006-0255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS Epidemiological observations suggest links between osteoporosis and risk of acute cardiovascular events and vice versa. Whether the two clinical conditions are linked by common pathogenic factors or atherosclerosis per se remains incompletely understood. We investigated whether serum lipids and polymorphism in the ApoE gene modifying serum lipids could be a biological linkage. METHODS This was an observational study including 1176 elderly women 60-85 years old. Women were genotyped for epsilon (epsilon) allelic variants of the ApoE gene, and data concerning serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, apoA1, ApoB, Lp(a)), hip and spine BMD, aorta calcification (AC), radiographic vertebral fracture and self-reported wrist and hip fractures, cardiovascular events together with a wide array of demographic and lifestyle characteristics were collected. RESULTS Presence of the ApoE epsilon 4 allele had a significant impact on serum lipid profile, yet no association with spine/hip BMD or AC could be established. In multiple regression models, apoA1 was a significant independent contributor to the variation in AC. However, none of the lipid components were independent contributors to the variation in spine or hip BMD. When comparing the women with or without vertebral fractures, serum triglycerides showed significant differences. This finding was however not applicable to hip or wrist fractures. After adjustment for age, severe AC score (>or=6) and/or manifest cardiovascular disease increased the risk of hip but not vertebral or wrist fractures. CONCLUSION The contribution of serum lipids to the modulators of BMD does not seem to be direct but rather indirect via promotion of atherosclerosis, which in turn can affect bone metabolism locally, especially when skeletal sites supplied by end-arteries are concerned. Further studies are needed to explore the genetic or environmental risk factors underlying the association of low triglyceride levels to vertebral fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Bagger
- Center for Clinical and Basic Research A/S, Ballerup Byvej 222, DK-2750, Ballerup, Denmark.
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37
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Bjelke JR, Kanstrup AB, Rasmussen HB. Selectivity among dipeptidyl peptidases of the S9b family. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2006; 52:3-7. [PMID: 17543192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV is a serine protease with an indirect role in antihyperglycaemia via degradation of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Inhibition of the DPP-IV is thus a potential therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes. In this study, we have investigated upon selectivity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV compared to two other members of the S9b family, dipeptidyl peptidase 8 and 9, based on kinetic analyses of the pancreatic peptide hormones neuropeptide Y and peptide YY. We report a striking 250-fold preference for cleavage of neuropeptide Y compared to peptide YY observed for DPP-8/-9, but not for DPP-IV. This difference appears to be linked to differences in the S1' pocket within the active site, particularly via flexibility of the oxyanion stabilizing residue Y547. These aspects are discussed in relation to available protein structures of DPP-IV and data on DPP-IV selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bjelke
- Protein Structure and Biophysics, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Allé, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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Passos Gregorio S, Gattaz WF, Tavares H, Kieling C, Timm S, Wang AG, Berg Rasmussen H, Werge T, Dias-Neto E. Analysis of coding-polymorphisms in NOTCH-related genes reveals NUMBL poly-glutamine repeat to be associated with schizophrenia in Brazilian and Danish subjects. Schizophr Res 2006; 88:275-82. [PMID: 16899352 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abnormality in neurodevelopment is one of the most robust hypotheses on the etiology of schizophrenia and has found substantial support from brain imaging and genetic studies. Neurodevelopmental processes involve several signaling pathways, including the Notch, but little is known at present regarding their possible involvement in schizophrenia. In the present study we investigated the link of non-synonymous variants of five genes of the Notch pathway (NOTCH2, NOTCH3, JAGGED2, ASCL1 and NUMBL) to schizophrenia in a group of 200 Brazilian patients and 200-paired controls. Also, we replicated the association of the NUMBL variant, our most promising finding, in an unrelated set of 684 Danish patients and controls. When the Brazilian and Danish cohorts were merged, a total of 1084 subjects, we found the allele 18 CAG of NUMBL (p=0.003, x2=8.88, OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.09-1.56) as well as the 18/18 CAG genotype (p=0.002, x2=9.46, OR=1.46, 95% CI 1.15-1.87) to be associated with schizophrenia. The consistency of this finding in two independent and unrelated populations reinforces the veracity of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Passos Gregorio
- Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil, and University Department of Psychiatry, H:S Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
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Kvist LP, Christensen SB, Rasmussen HB, Mejia K, Gonzalez A. Identification and evaluation of Peruvian plants used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 106:390-402. [PMID: 16517108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Households in eleven geographically and ethnically distinct areas in Loreto, Peru, were interviewed about their knowledge and use of plants, for the treatment of malaria and leishmaniasis. The survey resulted in 988 use records representing 118 plant-taxa for malaria and 289 use-records representing 85 plant-taxa for leishmaniasis. In both cases the 10 most frequently reported taxa accounted for about half of all the use-records. Plant material was collected and extracts were screened for in vitro inhibition of Plasmodium and Leishmania parasites. In the case of Plasmodium, extracts of 11 of the 13 most frequently reported plants showed significant growth inhibitory activity, while only a few plant extracts inhibited the growth of Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Kvist
- Department of Systematic Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 540, DK-8000 Arhus C., Denmark.
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Bloomfield K, Rasmussen HB, Grittner U. „Soziales Kapital“ und Alkoholmissbrauch in Dänemark. Gesundheitswesen 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-948569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rasmussen HB, Bagger YZ, Tankó LB, Qin G, Christiansen C, Werge T. Cognitive impairment in elderly women: the relative importance of selected genes, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2006; 2:227-33. [PMID: 19412468 PMCID: PMC2671785 DOI: 10.2147/nedt.2006.2.2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of factors contribute to the development of cognitive impairment in elderly people. Previous studies have focused upon a single or a few risk factors. In this study we assessed and compared the significance of a wide variety of potential risk factors for cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women. METHODS A total of 208 pairs of elderly women (mean age = 73.2 years) were examined in a cross-sectional case-control study. Each pair consisted of a case (with impaired cognition) and a control subject matched by age and educational status. Cognitive functions were determined using a modified version of the Blessed test. Participants were also subjected to a general clinical examination and they were interviewed to collect information on lifestyle practices and comorbid disorders. Genotypes for the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val/Met, and brain-derived neurotropic growth factor (BDNF) Val/Met polymorphisms were determined. Data were analyzed by conditional logistic regression. RESULTS We identified a set of risk factors for age-related cognitive impairment. A statistical model for assessment of the importance of these factors was constructed. The factors in this model were physical exercise (odds ratio [OR] = 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32-0.78), regular alcohol consumption (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.29-0.83), metabolic syndrome (OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.26-6.39), depression (OR = 3.24, 95% CI = 1.28-8.22), and the APOE epsilon4 allele (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.09-2.83). Also COMT genotype was present as a risk factor in the statistical model (p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle risk factors, comorbid disorders, and genetic factors contribute to development of age-related cognitive impairment. The two former groups of risk factors appear to be particular important in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, H:S Sct. Hans Psychiatric Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Ingason A, Søeby K, Timm S, Wang AG, Jakobsen KD, Fink-Jensen A, Hemmingsen R, Berg Rasmussen H, Werge T. No significant association of the 5' end of neuregulin 1 and schizophrenia in a large Danish sample. Schizophr Res 2006; 83:1-5. [PMID: 16483744 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.12.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 has been implicated as a susceptibility gene in schizophrenia. Several research groups have reported association with the 5' end of the gene although no causative variant has been reported. We have investigated whether there is association with the 5' end of the gene in Danish schizophrenia patients. We found that the at-risk haplotype initially reported in the Icelandic population was not found in significant excess (or = 1.4, p = 0.12). The haplotype structure in the Danish sample was similar to that of other reported in other Caucasian populations and highly different from that of Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ingason
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, H:S Sct. Hans Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Rasmussen HB, Timm S, Wang AG, Søeby K, Lublin H, Fenger M, Hemmingsen R, Werge T. Association between the CCR5 32-bp deletion allele and late onset of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:507-11. [PMID: 16513874 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 32-bp deletion allele in chemokine receptor CCR5 has been associated with several immune-mediated diseases and might be implicated in schizophrenia as well. METHOD The authors genotyped DNA samples from 268 schizophrenia patients and 323 healthy subjects. Age at first admission to a psychiatric hospital department served as a measure of disease onset. RESULTS Patients and comparison subjects differed marginally in their genotype distribution, with a slightly higher frequency of the deletion allele seen in the patients. The authors found the deletion allele to be associated with higher age at first admission. After age at first admission was analyzed as a continuous variable, it was dichotomized using 40 years as the cutoff. With this approach the authors found that genotype distributions of patients with age at first admission above the cutoff (possible cases of late-onset schizophrenia) and healthy subjects differed significantly. This was reflected in an increased frequency of the deletion allele in the patient subgroup. Patients with ages at first admission below and above 40 years significantly differed in distribution of genotypes and alleles, with an overrepresentation of the deletion allele in the latter subgroup of patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the CCR5 32-bp deletion allele is a susceptibility factor for schizophrenia with late onset. Alternatively, the CCR5 32-bp deletion allele may act as a modifier by delaying the onset of schizophrenia without affecting the disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, H:S Sct. Hans Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Mogensen L, Kinze CC, Werge T, Rasmussen HB. Identification and characterization of a tandem repeat in exon III of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene in cetaceans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 97:279-84. [PMID: 16495430 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esj024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A large number of mammalian species harbor a tandem repeat in exon III of the gene encoding dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4), a receptor associated with cognitive functions. In this study, a DRD4 gene exon III tandem repeat from the order Cetacea was identified and characterized. Included in our study were samples from 10 white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), 10 harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), eight sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus), and five minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Using enzymatic amplification followed by sequencing of amplified fragments, a tandem repeat composed of 18-bp basic units was detected in all of these species. The tandem repeats in white-beaked dolphin and harbor porpoise were both monomorphic and consisted of 11 and 12 basic units, respectively. In contrast, the sperm whale harbored a polymorphic tandem repeat with size variants composed of three, four, and five basic units. Also the tandem repeat in minke whale was polymorphic; size variants composed of 6 or 11 basic units were found in this species. The consensus sequences of the basic units were identical in the closely related white-beaked dolphin and harbor porpoise, and these sequences differed by a maximum of two changes when compared to the remaining species. There was a high degree of similarity between the cetacean basic unit consensus sequences and those from members of the horse family and domestic cow, which also harbor a tandem repeat composed of 18-bp basic units in exon III of their DRD4 gene. Consequently, the 18-bp tandem repeat appears to have originated prior to the differentiation of hoofed mammals into odd-toed and even-toed ungulates. The composition of the tandem repeat in cetaceans differed markedly from that in primates, which is composed of 48-bp repeat basic units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Mogensen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, H:S Sct. Hans Hospital, Copenhagen University, 2 Boserupvej, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Hansen T, Hemmingsen RP, Wang AG, Olsen L, Timm S, Søeby K, Jakobsen KD, Fenger M, Parnas J, Rasmussen HB, Werge T. Apolipoprotein D is associated with long-term outcome in patients with schizophrenia. Pharmacogenomics J 2006; 6:120-5. [PMID: 16402085 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates deficiencies in apolipoprotein D (ApoD) function and arachidonic acid signaling in schizophrenic disorders. We addressed two hypotheses in relation to ApoD: first, polymorphisms in the ApoD gene confer susceptibility to or are markers of disease, and, second, genetic variation in the ApoD is associated with long-term clinical outcome to antipsychotic treatment. We genotyped two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the ApoD gene in 343 chronic patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (ICD-10) and 346 control subjects of Danish origin. We did not find ApoD alleles, genotypes or haplotypes to be associated with disease. However, we did find that long-term clinical outcome was associated with the ApoD polymorphism rs7659 (P = 0.041) following adjustment for lifetime clinical global impression, age at first admission and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hansen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, H:S Sct. Hans Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Larsen SA, Mogensen L, Dietz R, Baagøe HJ, Andersen M, Werge T, Rasmussen HB. Identification and Characterization of Tandem Repeats in Exon III of Dopamine Receptor D4 (DRD4) Genes from Different Mammalian Species. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:795-804. [PMID: 16332176 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have identified and characterized dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) exon III tandem repeats in 33 public available nucleotide sequences from different mammalian species. We found that the tandem repeat in canids could be described in a novel and simple way, namely, as a structure composed of 15- and 12- bp modules. Tandem repeats composed of 18-bp modules were found in sequences from the horse, zebra, onager, and donkey, Asiatic bear, polar bear, common raccoon, dolphin, harbor porpoise, and domestic cat. Several of these sequences have been analyzed previously without a tandem repeat being found. In the domestic cow and gray seal we identified tandem repeats composed of 36-bp modules, each consisting of two closely related 18-bp basic units. A tandem repeat consisting of 9-bp modules was identified in sequences from mink and ferret. In the European otter we detected an 18-bp tandem repeat, while a tandem repeat consisting of 27-bp modules was identified in a sequence from European badger. Both these tandem repeats were composed of 9-bp basic units, which were closely related with the 9-bp repeat modules identified in the mink and ferret. Tandem repeats could not be identified in sequences from rodents. All tandem repeats possessed a high GC content with a strong bias for C. On phylogenetic analysis of the tandem repeats evolutionary related species were clustered into the same groups. The degree of conservation of the tandem repeats varied significantly between species. The deduced amino acid sequences of most of the tandem repeats exhibited a high propensity for disorder. This was also the case with an amino acid sequence of the human DRD4 exon III tandem repeat, which was included in the study for comparative purposes. We identified proline-containing motifs for SH3 and WW domain binding proteins, potential phosphorylation sites, PDZ domain binding motifs, and FHA domain binding motifs in the amino acid sequences of the tandem repeats. The numbers of potential functional sites varied pronouncedly between species. Our observations provide a platform for future studies of the architecture and evolution of the DRD4 exon III tandem repeat, and they suggest that differences in the structure of this tandem repeat contribute to specialization and generation of diversity in receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svend Arild Larsen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, H:S Sct. Hans Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Okello JBA, Wittemyer G, Rasmussen HB, Douglas-Hamilton I, Nyakaana S, Arctander P, Siegismund HR. Noninvasive genotyping and Mendelian analysis of microsatellites in African savannah elephants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 96:679-87. [PMID: 16251516 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esi117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We obtained fresh dung samples from 202 (133 mother-offspring pairs) savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Samburu, Kenya, and genotyped them at 20 microsatellite loci to assess genotyping success and errors. A total of 98.6% consensus genotypes was successfully obtained, with allelic dropout and false allele rates at 1.6% (n = 46) and 0.9% (n = 37) of heterozygous and total consensus genotypes, respectively, and an overall genotyping error rate of 2.5% based on repeat typing. Mendelian analysis revealed consistent inheritance in all but 38 allelic pairs from mother-offspring, giving an average mismatch error rate of 2.06%, a possible result of null alleles, mutations, genotyping errors, or inaccuracy in maternity assignment. We detected no evidence for large allele dropout, stuttering, or scoring error in the dataset and significant Hardy-Weinberg deviations at only two loci due to heterozygosity deficiency. Across loci, null allele frequencies were low (range: 0.000-0.042) and below the 0.20 threshold that would significantly bias individual-based studies. The high genotyping success and low errors observed in this study demonstrate reliability of the method employed and underscore the application of simple pedigrees in noninvasive studies. Since none of the sires were included in this study, the error rates presented are just estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B A Okello
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, P. O. Box 7298, Kampala, Uganda.
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Rasmussen HB, Werge T. Genotyping of the 19-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the 5′ flank of β-hydroxylase gene by dissociation analysis of allele-specific PCR products. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005; 43:903-6. [PMID: 16176167 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2005.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe 19-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the 5′ flank of the dopamine β-hydroxylase (
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, H:S Sct. Hans Hospital, 2 Boserupvej, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Werge T, Elbaek Z, Andersen MB, Lundbaek JA, Rasmussen HB. Cebus apella, a nonhuman primate highly susceptible to neuroleptic side effects, carries the GLY9 dopamine receptor D3 associated with tardive dyskinesia in humans. Pharmacogenomics J 2004; 3:97-100. [PMID: 12746734 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a severe side effect of traditional neuroleptics affecting a considerable number of schizophrenic patients. Accumulating evidence suggests the existence of a genetic disposition to TD and other extra pyramidal symptoms (EPS) most strongly linked to a ser/gly polymorphism in position 9 of the D3 dopamine receptor gene (DRD3). The Cebus apella monkey is the favored animal model to study TD and other EPS because of its high susceptibility to side effects of neuroleptics. We therefore determined the sequence of the DRD3 gene in this species and compared it with that of humans. We found that the highly TD susceptible C. apella monkey (n=21) carries the gly9/gly9 DRD3 genotype that has been associated with TD in humans. Contrarily, C. apella did not carry the ser23 5HT2C allele that has been reported to increase TD susceptibility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Werge
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Sct. Hans Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Yus-Nájera E, Muñoz A, Salvador N, Jensen BS, Rasmussen HB, Defelipe J, Villarroel A. Localization of KCNQ5 in the normal and epileptic human temporal neocortex and hippocampal formation. Neuroscience 2003; 120:353-64. [PMID: 12890507 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The KCNQ family of voltage-dependent non-inactivating K+ channels is composed of five members, four of which (KCNQ2-5) are expressed in the CNS and are responsible for the M-current. Mutations in either KCNQ2 or KCNQ3 lead to a hereditary form of dominant generalized epilepsy. Using specific antisera to the KCNQ2, KCNQ3 and KCNQ5 subunits, we found that KCNQ3 co-immunoprecipitated with KCNQ2 and KCNQ5 subunits, but no association was detected between KCNQ2 and KCNQ5. Intense KCNQ5 immunoreactivity was found to be widely distributed throughout the temporal neocortex and the hippocampal formation. In these structures, both pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons and a population of glial cells in the white matter expressed the KCNQ5 subunit. In the sclerotic areas of the CA fields of epileptic patients, a marked loss of KCNQ5 immunoreactive pyramidal neurons was found in relation with the loss of neurons in these regions. However, in the regions adjacent to the sclerotic areas, the distribution and intensity of KCNQ5 immunostaining was apparently normal. The widespread distribution of KCNQ5 subunits, its persistence in pharmacoresistant epilepsy, along with the significant role of the M-current in the control of neuronal excitability, makes this protein a possible target for the development of anticonvulsant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yus-Nájera
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Dr. Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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