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Kumblad L, Petersson M, Aronsson H, Dinnétz P, Norberg L, Winqvist C, Rydin E, Hammer M. Managing multi-functional peri-urban landscapes: Impacts of horse-keeping on water quality. AMBIO 2024; 53:452-469. [PMID: 37973703 PMCID: PMC10837409 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication assessments in water management to quantify nutrient loads and identify mitigating measures seldom include the contribution from horse facilities. This may be due to lack of appropriate methods, limited resources, or the belief that the impact from horses is insignificant. However, the recreational horse sector is growing, predominantly in multi-functional peri-urban landscapes. We applied an ecosystem management approach to quantify nutrient loads from horse facilities in the Stockholm Region, Sweden. We found that horses increased the total loads with 30-40% P and 20-45% N, with average area-specific loads of 1.2 kg P and 7.6 kg N ha-1 year-1. Identified local risk factors included manure management practices, trampling severity, soil condition and closeness to water. Comparisons of assessment methods showed that literature standard values of area-specific loads and water runoff may be sufficient at the catchment level, but in small and more complex catchments, measurements and local knowledge are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kumblad
- Baltic Sea Center, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mona Petersson
- School of Natural Science, Technology, and Environmental Studies, Department of Sustainability, Environment, and Global Development, Södertörn University, 141 89, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Helena Aronsson
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Dinnétz
- School of Natural Science, Technology, and Environmental Studies, Department of Sustainability, Environment, and Global Development, Södertörn University, 141 89, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lisbet Norberg
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Emil Rydin
- Baltic Sea Center, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Hammer
- School of Natural Science, Technology, and Environmental Studies, Department of Sustainability, Environment, and Global Development, Södertörn University, 141 89, Huddinge, Sweden
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2
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Lehtonen TK, Gilljam D, Veneranta L, Keskinen T, Bergenius Nord M. The ecology and fishery of the vendace (Coregonus albula) in the Baltic Sea. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:1463-1475. [PMID: 37642401 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Brackish water ecosystems often have high primary production, intermediate salinities, and fluctuating physical conditions and therefore provide challenging environments for many of their inhabitants. This is especially true of the Baltic Sea, which is a large body of brackish water under strong anthropogenic influence. One freshwater species that is able to cope under these conditions in the northern Baltic Sea is the vendace (Coregonus albula), a small salmonid fish. Here, we review the current knowledge of its ecology and fishery in this brackish water environment. The literature shows that, by competing for resources with other planktivores and being an important prey for a range of larger species, C. albula plays a notable role in the northern Baltic Sea ecosystem. It also sustains significant fisheries in the coastal waters of Sweden and Finland. We identify the need to better understand these C. albula populations in terms of the predator-prey interactions, distributions of anadromous and sea spawning populations and other putative (eco)morphs, extent of gene exchange between the populations, and effects of climate change on their future. In this regard, we recommend strengthening C. albula-related research and management efforts by improved collaboration and coordination between research institutions, other governmental agencies, and fishers, as well as by harmonization of fishery policies across national borders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Gilljam
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Öregrund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mikaela Bergenius Nord
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Lysekil, Sweden
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3
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Kanerva M, Tue NM, Kunisue T, Vuori KA, Iwata H. Multi-level assessment of the origin, feeding area and organohalogen contamination on salmon from the Baltic Sea. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115424. [PMID: 37672939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population in the Baltic Sea consists of wild and hatchery-reared fish that have been released into the sea to support salmon stocks. During feeding migration, salmon migrate to different parts of the Baltic Sea and are exposed to various biotic and abiotic stressors, such as organohalogen compounds (OHCs). The effects of salmon origin (wild or hatchery-reared), feeding area (Baltic Main Basin, Bothnian Sea, and Gulf of Finland), and OHC concentration on the differences in hepatic proteome of salmon were investigated. Multi-level analysis of the OHC concentration, transcriptome, proteome, and oxidative stress biomarkers measured from the same salmon individuals were performed to find the key variables (origin, feeding area, OHC concentrations, and oxidative stress) that best account for the differences in the transcriptome and proteome between the salmon groups. When comparing wild and hatchery-reared salmon, differences were found in xenobiotic and amino acid metabolism-related pathways. When comparing salmon from different feeding areas, the amino acid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways were notably different. Several proteins found in these pathways are correlated with the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The multi-level analysis also revealed amino acid metabolic pathways in connection with PCBs and oxidative stress variables related to glutathione metabolism. Other pathways found in the multi-level analysis included genetic information processes related to ribosomes, signaling and cellular processes related to the cytoskeleton, and the immune system, which were connected mainly to the concentrations of Polychlorinated biphenyls and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and their metabolites. These results suggest that the hepatic proteome of salmon in the Baltic Sea, together with the transcriptome, is more affected by the OHC concentrations and oxidative stress of the feeding area than the origin of the salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Kanerva
- CMES, Lab. of Environmental Toxicology, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, 790-8577, Matsuyama, Japan.
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- CMES, Lab. of Environmental Chemistry, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, 790-8577, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- CMES, Lab. of Environmental Chemistry, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, 790-8577, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Kristiina Am Vuori
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, Koetilantie 2, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hisato Iwata
- CMES, Lab. of Environmental Toxicology, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, 790-8577, Matsuyama, Japan.
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4
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Grignon-Dubois M, Rezzonico B. Phenolic chemistry of the seagrass Zostera marina Linnaeus: First assessment of geographic variability among populations on a broad spatial scale. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023:113788. [PMID: 37423489 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The variability of the phenolic content of thirteen populations of Zostera marina L. (six narrow-leaved and seven wide-leaved ecotypes) from different geographical zones, i.e., Baltic Sea, Mediterranean, East and West Atlantic, and East Pacific coasts was evaluated. Depending on the location, three to five phenolic acids and nine to fourteen flavonoids were identified of which an undescribed flavonoid sulfate. The phenolic concentrations of the thirteen populations differ among countries and among sites within countries. However, the same individuals were found almost everywhere. Substantial phenolic concentrations were found at all study sites with the exception of Puck Bay (Baltic Sea). Some geographical differences in the flavonoid content were observed. The highest phenolic diversity was found with specimens from the French Atlantic coast and the lowest with the Northeastern American sample (Cape Cod, MA). Regardless of their leaf width, the content of phenolic compounds was found to be similar and mainly characterized by rosmarinic acid and luteolin 7,3'-disulfate. The results demonstrate that geographic origin influences the phenolic composition of Z. marina primarily in terms of concentration, but not in terms of individual compound identity, despite the large geographic scale and the contrasting climatic and environmental conditions associated with it. This work is the first study to consider the spatial variability of phenolic compounds for a seagrass species on a spatial scale covering four bioregions. This is also the first to compare the phenolic chemistry of the two ecotypes of Z. marina.
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Gunaalan K, Almeda R, Lorenz C, Vianello A, Iordachescu L, Papacharalampos K, Rohde Kiær CM, Vollertsen J, Nielsen TG. Abundance and distribution of microplastics in surface waters of the Kattegat/ Skagerrak (Denmark). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120853. [PMID: 36509350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants in the ocean, and there is a general concern about their persistence and potential effects on marine ecosystems. We still know little about the smaller size-fraction of marine MPs (MPs <300 μm), which are not collected with standard nets for MPs monitoring (e.g., Manta net). This study aims to determine the concentration, composition, and size distribution of MPs down to 10 μm in the Kattegat/Skagerrak area. Surface water samples were collected at fourteen stations using a plastic-free pump-filter device (UFO sampler) in October 2020. The samples were treated with an enzymatic-oxidative method and analyzed using FPA-μFTIR imaging. MPs concentrations ranged between 11 and 87 MP m-3, with 88% of the MPs being smaller than 300 μm. The most abundant shape of MPs were fragments (56%), and polyester, polypropylene, and polyethylene were the dominant synthetic polymer types. The concentration of MPs shows a significant positive correlation to the seawater density. Furthermore, there was a tendency towards higher MPs concentrations in the Northern and the Southern parts of the study area. The concentration of MPs collected with the UFO sampler was several orders of magnitude higher than those commonly found in samples collected with the Manta net due to the dominance of MP smaller size fractions. Despite the multiple potential sources of MPs in the study area, the level of MPs pollution in the surface waters was low compared (<100 MP m-3) to other regions. The concentrations of MPs found in the studied surface waters were six orders of magnitude lower than those causing negative effects on pelagic organisms based on laboratory exposure studies, thus is not expected to cause any impact on the pelagic food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuddithamby Gunaalan
- National Institute of Aquatic Resource, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark; Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Denmark.
| | - Rodrigo Almeda
- National Institute of Aquatic Resource, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark; University Institute for Research in Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems (IU-ECOAQUA, EOMAR), Department of Biology, University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Claudia Lorenz
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Alvise Vianello
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Jes Vollertsen
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Denmark
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6
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Garrison JA, Nordström MC, Albertsson J, Nascimento FJA. Temporal and spatial changes in benthic invertebrate trophic networks along a taxonomic richness gradient. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8975. [PMID: 35784047 PMCID: PMC9168554 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Species interactions underlie most ecosystem functions and are important for understanding ecosystem changes. Representing one type of species interaction, trophic networks were constructed from biodiversity monitoring data and known trophic links to assess how ecosystems have changed over time. The Baltic Sea is subject to many anthropogenic pressures, and low species diversity makes it an ideal candidate for determining how pressures change food webs. In this study, we used benthic monitoring data for 20 years (1980–1989 and 2010–2019) from the Swedish coast of the Baltic Sea and Skagerrak to investigate changes in benthic invertebrate trophic interactions. We constructed food webs and calculated fundamental food web metrics evaluating network horizontal and vertical diversity, as well as stability that were compared over space and time. Our results show that the west coast of Sweden (Skagerrak) suffered a reduction in benthic invertebrate biodiversity by 32% between the 1980s and 2010s, and that the number of links, generality of predators, and vulnerability of prey have been significantly reduced. The other basins (Bothnian Sea, Baltic Proper, and Bornholm Basin) do not show any significant changes in species richness or consistent significant trends in any food web metrics investigated, demonstrating resilience at a lower species diversity. The decreased complexity of the Skagerrak food webs indicates vulnerability to further perturbations and pressures should be limited as much as possible to ensure continued ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Garrison
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Jan Albertsson
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre Umeå University Hörnefors Sweden
| | - Francisco J. A. Nascimento
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Baltic Sea Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
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7
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Hagström Å, Zweifel UL, Sundh J, Osbeck CMG, Bunse C, Sjöstedt J, Müller-Karulis B, Pinhassi J. Composition and Seasonality of Membrane Transporters in Marine Picoplankton. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:714732. [PMID: 34650527 PMCID: PMC8507841 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.714732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined transporter genes in metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data from a time-series survey in the temperate marine environment of the Baltic Sea. We analyzed the abundance and taxonomic distribution of transporters in the 3μm–0.2μm size fraction comprising prokaryotes and some picoeukaryotes. The presence of specific transporter traits was shown to be guiding the succession of these microorganisms. A limited number of taxa were associated with the dominant transporter proteins that were identified for the nine key substrate categories for microbial growth. Throughout the year, the microbial taxa at the level of order showed highly similar patterns in terms of transporter traits. The distribution of transporters stayed the same, irrespective of the abundance of each taxon. This would suggest that the distribution pattern of transporters depends on the bacterial groups being dominant at a given time of the year. Also, we find notable numbers of secretion proteins that may allow marine bacteria to infect and kill prey organisms thus releasing nutrients. Finally, we demonstrate that transporter proteins may provide clues to the relative importance of biogeochemical processes, and we suggest that virtual transporter functionalities may become important components in future population dynamics models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åke Hagström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ulla Li Zweifel
- Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Sundh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Christofer M G Osbeck
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Carina Bunse
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Sjöstedt
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jarone Pinhassi
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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8
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Institutional Change and the Implementation of the Ecosystem Approach: A Case Study of HELCOM and the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP). ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8080083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this article is to explore the ways in which institutional changes are made to accommodate the application of the ecosystem approach for the governance of international environmental organizations. It examines the case of the Helsinki Commission, the governing body for restoration of good ecological status to the Baltic Sea, using the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) as its main tool. The Parties to the Helsinki Convention committed to adopting the ecosystem approach in the BSAP, recognizing that a clear shift was needed from the previous sectoral emphasis. The analysis is relevant and timely, as a review of BSAP indicates that implementation actions are lagging. The findings show that while the ecosystem approach influenced problem framing and envisioning, the overarching governance paradigm within HELCOM has not changed. Targeted transition leadership is crucial to guide more formal rules of engagement among actors and sectors for the better implementation of this holistic approach.
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9
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Ammar Y, Niiranen S, Otto SA, Möllmann C, Finsinger W, Blenckner T. The rise of novelty in marine ecosystems: The Baltic Sea case. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1485-1499. [PMID: 33438266 PMCID: PMC7985865 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global environmental changes have accelerated at an unprecedented rate in recent decades due to human activities. As a consequence, the incidence of novel abiotic conditions and biotic communities, which have been continuously emerging in the Earth system, has rapidly risen. Despite growing attention to the incidence and challenges posed by novelty in terrestrial ecosystems, novelty has not yet been quantified in marine ecosystems. Here, we measured for the rate of novelty (RoN) in abiotic conditions and community structure for three trophic levels, i.e., phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish, in a large marine system - the Baltic Sea. We measured RoN as the degree of dissimilarity relative to a specific spatial and temporal baseline, and contrasted this with the rate of change as a measure of within-basin change over time. We found that over the past 35 years abiotic and biotic RoN showed complex dynamics varying in time and space, depending on the baseline conditions. RoN in abiotic conditions was smaller in the open Central Baltic Sea than in the Kattegat and the more enclosed Gulf of Bothnia, Gulf of Riga, and Gulf of Finland in the north. We found a similar spatial pattern for biotic assemblages, which resulted from changes in composition and stock size. We identified sea-surface temperature and salinity as key drivers of RoN in biotic communities. Hence, future environmental changes that are expected to affect the biogeochemistry of the Baltic Sea, may favor the rise of biotic novelty. Our results highlighted the need for a deeper understanding of novelty development in marine ecosystems, including interactions between species and trophic levels, ecosystem functioning under novel abiotic conditions, and considering novelty in future management interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosr Ammar
- Stockholm Resilience CentreStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Susa Niiranen
- Stockholm Resilience CentreStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Saskia A. Otto
- Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fishery ScienceCenter for Earth System Research and SustainabilityUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Christian Möllmann
- Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fishery ScienceCenter for Earth System Research and SustainabilityUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Walter Finsinger
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHEMontpellierFrance
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10
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Blenckner T, Möllmann C, Stewart Lowndes J, Griffiths JR, Campbell E, De Cervo A, Belgrano A, Boström C, Fleming V, Frazier M, Neuenfeldt S, Niiranen S, Nilsson A, Ojaveer H, Olsson J, Palmlöv CS, Quaas M, Rickels W, Sobek A, Viitasalo M, Wikström SA, Halpern BS. The Baltic Health Index (BHI): Assessing the social–ecological status of the Baltic Sea. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Möllmann
- Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN) University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Julia Stewart Lowndes
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Jennifer R. Griffiths
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife Olympia WA USA
| | | | - Andrea De Cervo
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Andrea Belgrano
- Institute of Marine Research Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Lysekil Sweden
- Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment (SIME) University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Vivi Fleming
- Finnish Environment Institute SYKE Helsinki Finland
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Stefan Neuenfeldt
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - Susa Niiranen
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Henn Ojaveer
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
- Pärnu College University of Tartu Pärnu Estonia
| | - Jens Olsson
- Institute of Coastal Research Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Öregrund Sweden
| | | | - Martin Quaas
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Anna Sobek
- Department of Environmental Science Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
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11
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Albert JS, Destouni G, Duke-Sylvester SM, Magurran AE, Oberdorff T, Reis RE, Winemiller KO, Ripple WJ. Scientists' warning to humanity on the freshwater biodiversity crisis. AMBIO 2021; 50:85-94. [PMID: 32040746 PMCID: PMC7708569 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems provide irreplaceable services for both nature and society. The quality and quantity of freshwater affect biogeochemical processes and ecological dynamics that determine biodiversity, ecosystem productivity, and human health and welfare at local, regional and global scales. Freshwater ecosystems and their associated riparian habitats are amongst the most biologically diverse on Earth, and have inestimable economic, health, cultural, scientific and educational values. Yet human impacts to lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands and groundwater are dramatically reducing biodiversity and robbing critical natural resources and services from current and future generations. Freshwater biodiversity is declining rapidly on every continent and in every major river basin on Earth, and this degradation is occurring more rapidly than in terrestrial ecosystems. Currently, about one third of all global freshwater discharges pass through human agricultural, industrial or urban infrastructure. About one fifth of the Earth's arable land is now already equipped for irrigation, including all the most productive lands, and this proportion is projected to surpass one third by midcentury to feed the rapidly expanding populations of humans and commensal species, especially poultry and ruminant livestock. Less than one fifth of the world's preindustrial freshwater wetlands remain, and this proportion is projected to decline to under one tenth by midcentury, with imminent threats from water transfer megaprojects in Brazil and India, and coastal wetland drainage megaprojects in China. The Living Planet Index for freshwater vertebrate populations has declined to just one third that of 1970, and is projected to sink below one fifth by midcentury. A linear model of global economic expansion yields the chilling prediction that human utilization of critical freshwater resources will approach one half of the Earth's total capacity by midcentury. Although the magnitude and growth of the human freshwater footprint are greater than is generally understood by policy makers, the news media, or the general public, slowing and reversing dramatic losses of freshwater species and ecosystems is still possible. We recommend a set of urgent policy actions that promote clean water, conserve watershed services, and restore freshwater ecosystems and their vital services. Effective management of freshwater resources and ecosystems must be ranked amongst humanity's highest priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Albert
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503 USA
| | - Georgia Destouni
- Department of Physical Geography, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anne E. Magurran
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 UK
| | - Thierry Oberdorff
- UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique), CNRS, IRD, UPS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Roberto E. Reis
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
| | - Kirk O. Winemiller
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - William J. Ripple
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA
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12
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Silva WTAF, Harding KC, Marques GM, Bäcklin BM, Sonne C, Dietz R, Kauhala K, Desforges JP. Life cycle bioenergetics of the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) in the Baltic Sea: Population response to environmental stress. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106145. [PMID: 33038624 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife population dynamics are shaped by multiple natural and anthropogenic factors, including predation, competition, stressful life history events, and external environmental stressors such as diseases and pollution. Marine mammals such as gray seals rely on extensive blubber layers for insulation and energy storage, making this tissue critical for survival and reproduction. This lipid rich blubber layer also accumulates hazardous fat soluble pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), that can directly impact adipose function or be mobilized during periods of negative energy balance or transferred to offspring to exert further impacts on target tissues or vulnerable life stages. To predict how marine mammals will respond to ecological and anthropogenic stressors, it is necessary to use process-based modelling approaches that integrate environmental inputs, full species life history, and stressor impacts with individual dynamics of energy intake, storage, and utilization. The purpose of this study was to develop a full lifecycle dynamic energy budget and individual based model (DEB-IBM) that captured Baltic gray seal physiology and life history, and showcase potential applications of the model to predict population responses to select stressors known to threaten gray seals and other marine mammals around the world. We explore variations of three ecologically important stressors using phenomenological simulations: food limitation, endocrine disrupting chemicals that reduce fertility, and infectious disease. Using our calibrated DEB-IBM for Baltic gray seals, we found that continuous incremental food limitation can be more detrimental to population size than short random events of starvation, and further, that the effect of endocrine disruptors on population growth and structure is delayed due to bioaccumulation, and that communicable diseases significantly decrease population growth even when spillover events are relatively less frequent. One important finding is the delayed effect on population growth rate from some stressors, several years after the exposure period, resulting from a decline in somatic growth, increased age at maturation and decreased fecundity. Such delayed responses are ignored in current models of population viability and can be important in the correct assessment of population extinction risks. The model presented here provides a test bed on which effects of new hazardous substances and different scenarios of future environmental change affecting food availability and/or seal energetic demands can be investigated. Thus, the framework provides a tool for better understanding how diverse environmental stressors affect marine mammal populations and can be used to guide scientifically based management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian T A F Silva
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Karin C Harding
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gonçalo M Marques
- Marine, Environment & Technology Center (MARETEC), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kaarina Kauhala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu, Turku, Finland
| | - Jean-Pierre Desforges
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Canada.
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13
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de Wit CA, Bossi R, Dietz R, Dreyer A, Faxneld S, Garbus SE, Hellström P, Koschorreck J, Lohmann N, Roos A, Sellström U, Sonne C, Treu G, Vorkamp K, Yuan B, Eulaers I. Organohalogen compounds of emerging concern in Baltic Sea biota: Levels, biomagnification potential and comparisons with legacy contaminants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106037. [PMID: 32835922 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
While new chemicals have replaced major toxic legacy contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), knowledge of their current levels and biomagnification potential in Baltic Sea biota is lacking. Therefore, a suite of chemicals of emerging concern, including organophosphate esters (OPEs), short-chain, medium-chain and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, LCCPs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), were analysed in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), viviparous eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), common eider (Somateria mollissima), common guillemot (Uria aalge) and white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) from the Baltic Proper, sampled between 2006 and 2016. Results were benchmarked with existing data for legacy contaminants. The mean concentrations for ΣOPEs ranged from 57 to 550 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw), for ΣCPs from 110 to 640 ng g-1 lw for ΣHFRs from 0.42 to 80 ng g-1 lw, and for ΣPFAS from 1.1 to 450 ng g-1 wet weight. Perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS) was detected in most species. Levels of OPEs, CPs and HFRs were generally similar or higher than those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and/or hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD). OPE, CP and HFR concentrations were also similar to PCBs and DDTs in blue mussel, viviparous eelpout and Atlantic herring. In marine mammals and birds, PCB and DDT concentrations remained orders of magnitude higher than those of OPEs, CPs, HFRs and PFAS. Predator-prey ratios for individual OPEs (0.28-3.9) and CPs (0.40-5.0) were similar or somewhat lower than those seen for BDE-47 (5.0-29) and HBCDD (2.4-13). Ratios for individual HFRs (0.010-37) and PFAS (0.15-47) were, however, of the same order of magnitude as seen for p,p'-DDE (4.7-66) and CB-153 (31-190), indicating biomagnification potential for many of the emerging contaminants. Lack of toxicity data, including for complex mixtures, makes it difficult to assess the risks emerging contaminants pose. Their occurence and biomagnification potential should trigger risk management measures, particularly for MCCPs, HFRs and PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusvägen 8, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | | | - Suzanne Faxneld
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Svend Erik Garbus
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Peter Hellström
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- Umweltbundesamt (UBA), Bismarckplatz 1, DE-14139 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nina Lohmann
- Eurofins GfA Lab Service GmbH, Neuländer Kamp 1a, DE-21079 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Roos
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ulla Sellström
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusvägen 8, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Gabriele Treu
- Umweltbundesamt (UBA), Section Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, DE-06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusvägen 8, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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14
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Lagerström M, Ferreira J, Ytreberg E, Eriksson-Wiklund AK. Flawed risk assessment of antifouling paints leads to exceedance of guideline values in Baltic Sea marinas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27674-27687. [PMID: 32394257 PMCID: PMC7334261 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal variations of dissolved and bioavailable copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were studied in two recreational marinas in Sweden and Finland. The time series from the two marinas were characterized by rising concentrations during the spring boat launching, elevated concentrations all through the peak boating season, and decreasing concentrations in autumn when boats were retrieved for winter storage. This pattern shows a clear link between Cu and Zn concentrations and boating activity, with antifouling paints as the principal source. The leaching from antifouling paints was also found to significantly alter the speciation of dissolved Cu and Zn in marina waters, with an increase of the proportion of metals that may be considered bioavailable. This change in speciation, which occurred without any change in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), further increases the environmental risk posed by antifouling paints. In the Swedish marina, dissolved Cu and Zn exceed both Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) and Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC), indicating that the current Swedish risk assessment (RA) of antifouling paints is failing to adequately protect the marine environment. An evaluation of the RA performance showed the underlying cause to be an underestimation of the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) by factors of 2 and 5 for Cu and Zn, respectively. For both metals, the use of inaccurate release rates for the PEC derivation was found to be either mainly (Cu) or partly (Zn) responsible for the underestimation. For Zn, the largest source of error seems to be the use of an inappropriate partitioning coefficient (KD) in the model. To ensure that the use of antifouling coatings does not adversely impact the sensitive Baltic Sea, it is thus recommended that the KD value for Zn is revised and that representative release rates are used in the RA procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lagerström
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - João Ferreira
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Kristin Eriksson-Wiklund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Lidström S, Sörlin S, Svedäng H. Decline and diversity in Swedish seas: Environmental narratives in marine history, science and policy. AMBIO 2020; 49:1114-1121. [PMID: 31520361 PMCID: PMC7067711 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Before the mid-twentieth century, there was no comprehensive narrative about empirical conditions in Swedish seas. Around 1970, this view changed profoundly. In line with growing research and the emergence of 'the environment' as a defining concept, conditions in Swedish seas were framed as a 'narrative of decline'. Marine scientists have since recorded more diverse developments than are described by an overall declensionist narrative. Data show trends of interrupted decline, variability and even recovery, taking place at least partly in response to effective policy and legislation. We suggest that beyond the specialised fields of marine sciences and marine environmental history, the overarching narrative of decline has persisted, paying little attention to local and regional particularities as well as cultural and political dimensions of the marine environment. This overly uniform narrative risks obscuring historical reality and, hence, fails to adequately inform policy and the public about developments and outcomes of interventions in Swedish seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Lidström
- Division of History of Science, Technology and Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sverker Sörlin
- Division of History of Science, Technology and Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Svedäng
- Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment (SIME), Gothenburg University, Box 260, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Karlson AML, Gorokhova E, Gårdmark A, Pekcan-Hekim Z, Casini M, Albertsson J, Sundelin B, Karlsson O, Bergström L. Linking consumer physiological status to food-web structure and prey food value in the Baltic Sea. AMBIO 2020; 49:391-406. [PMID: 31168701 PMCID: PMC6965491 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Declining physiological status in marine top consumers has been observed worldwide. We investigate changes in the physiological status and population/community traits of six consumer species/groups in the Baltic Sea (1993-2014), spanning four trophic levels and using metrics currently operational or proposed as indicators of food-web status. We ask whether the physiological status of consumers can be explained by food-web structure and prey food value. This was tested using partial least square regressions with status metrics for gray seal, cod, herring, sprat and the benthic predatory isopod Saduria as response variables, and abundance and food value of their prey, abundance of competitors and predators as predictors. We find evidence that the physiological status of cod, herring and sprat is influenced by competition, predation, and prey availability; herring and sprat status also by prey size. Our study highlights the need for management approaches that account for species interactions across multiple trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes M. L. Karlson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 21 A, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Gorokhova
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Gårdmark
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skolgatan 6, 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Zeynep Pekcan-Hekim
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skolgatan 6, 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Michele Casini
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Turistgatan 5, 453 30 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Jan Albertsson
- Umeå Marine Science Centre, Umeå University, Norrbyn 557, 905 71 Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - Brita Sundelin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Bergström
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skolgatan 6, 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden
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17
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Olesen JE, Børgesen CD, Hashemi F, Jabloun M, Bar-Michalczyk D, Wachniew P, Zurek AJ, Bartosova A, Bosshard T, Hansen AL, Refsgaard JC. Nitrate leaching losses from two Baltic Sea catchments under scenarios of changes in land use, land management and climate. AMBIO 2019; 48:1252-1263. [PMID: 31542886 PMCID: PMC6814696 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pollution with excess nutrients deteriorate the water quality of the Baltic Sea. The effect of combined land use and climate scenarios on nitrate leaching and nitrogen (N) loads to surface waters from two Baltic Sea catchments (Norsminde in Denmark and Kocinka in Poland) was explored using different models; the NLES and Daisy models for nitrate leaching, and MIKE SHE or MODFLOW/MT3DMS for N transport. Three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1, SSP2 and SSP5) defined change in land use and agricultural activities. The climate change scenarios covered 2041-2060 compared with 1991-2010 under RCP8.5, applying four different climate models. Increases in predicted N-load from climate change vary from 20 to 60% depending on climate model. SSPs moderate these N-load changes with small changes for SSP1 to large increases for SSP5, with greater increases for Norsminde than Kocinka due to land use differences. This stresses needs for new measures and governing schemes to meet sustainability targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen E Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Christen D Børgesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Fatemeh Hashemi
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mohamed Jabloun
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Przemyslaw Wachniew
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna J Zurek
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Alena Bartosova
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Thomas Bosshard
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Anne L Hansen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens C Refsgaard
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Refsgaard JC, Hansen AL, Højberg AL, Olesen JE, Hashemi F, Wachniew P, Wörman A, Bartosova A, Stelljes N, Chubarenko B. Spatially differentiated regulation: Can it save the Baltic Sea from excessive N-loads? AMBIO 2019; 48:1278-1289. [PMID: 31187428 PMCID: PMC6814693 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Baltic Sea Action Plan and the EU Water Framework Directive both require substantial additional reductions of nutrient loads (N and P) to the marine environment. Focusing on nitrogen, we present a widely applicable concept for spatially differentiated regulation, exploiting the large spatial variations in the natural removal of nitrate in groundwater and surface water. By targeting mitigation measures towards areas where nature's own capacity for removal is low, spatially differentiated regulation can be more cost-effective than the traditional uniform regulation. We present a methodology for upscaling local modelling results on targeted measures at field scale to Baltic Sea drainage basin scale. The paper assesses the potential gain and discusses key challenges related to implementation of spatially differentiated regulation, including the need for more scientific knowledge, handling of uncertainties, practical constraints related to agricultural practice and introduction of co-governance regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fatemeh Hashemi
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Alena Bartosova
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Boris Chubarenko
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Ejsmond MJ, Blackburn N, Fridolfsson E, Haecky P, Andersson A, Casini M, Belgrano A, Hylander S. Modeling vitamin B 1 transfer to consumers in the aquatic food web. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10045. [PMID: 31296876 PMCID: PMC6624374 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B1 is an essential exogenous micronutrient for animals. Mass death and reproductive failure in top aquatic consumers caused by vitamin B1 deficiency is an emerging conservation issue in Northern hemisphere aquatic ecosystems. We present for the first time a model that identifies conditions responsible for the constrained flow of vitamin B1 from unicellular organisms to planktivorous fishes. The flow of vitamin B1 through the food web is constrained under anthropogenic pressures of increased nutrient input and, driven by climatic change, increased light attenuation by dissolved substances transported to marine coastal systems. Fishing pressure on piscivorous fish, through increased abundance of planktivorous fish that overexploit mesozooplankton, may further constrain vitamin B1 flow from producers to consumers. We also found that key ecological contributors to the constrained flow of vitamin B1 are a low mesozooplankton biomass, picoalgae prevailing among primary producers and low fluctuations of population numbers of planktonic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ejsmond
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, 39182, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - N Blackburn
- BIORAS, Hejreskovvej 18B, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Fridolfsson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, 39182, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - P Haecky
- BIORAS, Hejreskovvej 18B, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Andersson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, SE-905 71, Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - M Casini
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Turistgatan 5, 45330, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - A Belgrano
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Turistgatan 5, 45330, Lysekil, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment (SIME), University of Gothenburg, Box 260, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, 39182, Kalmar, Sweden
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20
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Costalago D, Bauer B, Tomczak MT, Lundström K, Winder M. The necessity of a holistic approach when managing marine mammal-fisheries interactions: Environment and fisheries impact are stronger than seal predation. AMBIO 2019; 48:552-564. [PMID: 30536186 PMCID: PMC6486897 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Seal populations are recovering in many regions around the world and, consequently, they are increasingly interacting with fisheries. We used an Ecopath with Ecosim model for the offshore Central Baltic Sea to investigate the interactions between the changes in fish stocks and grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) population under different fishing and environmental scenarios for the twenty-first century. The assumed climate, eutrophication and cod (Gadus morhua) fisheries scenarios modified seal predation impacts on fish. Fish biomass and catches are more affected by fishing mortality and the environment than by seal predation. Our results highlight that the impacts of the increasing seal population on lower trophic levels are complex; thus, we emphasize the need to consider a range of possible ecosystem contexts when evaluating potential impacts of top predators. Finally, we suggest that an increasing seal population is not likely to hinder the preservation of the main Baltic fish stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Costalago
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Campus Frescati, Svante Arrhenius väg 20 F, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, UBC-AERL, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Barbara Bauer
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Campus Frescati, Svante Arrhenius väg 20 F, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maciej T. Tomczak
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Campus Frescati, Svante Arrhenius väg 20 F, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Lundström
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Turistgatan 5, 45330 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Monika Winder
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Campus Frescati, Svante Arrhenius väg 20 F, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Using Bayesian change point model to enhance understanding of the shifting nutrients-phytoplankton relationship. Ecol Modell 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Ensuring productive and sustainable fisheries involves understanding the complex interactions between biology, environment, politics, management and governance. Fisheries are faced with a range of challenges, and without robust and careful management in place, levels of anthropogenic disturbance on ecosystems and fisheries are likely to have a continuous negative impact on biodiversity and fish stocks worldwide. Fisheries management agencies, therefore, need to be both efficient and effective in working towards long-term sustainable ecosystems and fisheries, while also being resilient to political and socioeconomic pressures. Marine governance, i.e., the processes of developing and implementing decisions over fisheries, often has to account for socioeconomic issues (such as unemployment and business developments) when they attract political attention and resources. This paper addresses the challenges of (1) identifying the main issues in attempting to ensure the sustainability of fisheries, and (2) how to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and governance of marine systems. Utilising data gained from a survey of marine experts from 34 nations, we found that the main challenges perceived by fisheries experts were overfishing, habitat destruction, climate change and a lack of political will. Measures suggested to address these challenges did not demand any radical change, but included extant approaches, including ecosystem-based fisheries management with particular attention to closures, gear restrictions, use of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and improved compliance, monitoring and control.
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23
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Reusch TBH, Dierking J, Andersson HC, Bonsdorff E, Carstensen J, Casini M, Czajkowski M, Hasler B, Hinsby K, Hyytiäinen K, Johannesson K, Jomaa S, Jormalainen V, Kuosa H, Kurland S, Laikre L, MacKenzie BR, Margonski P, Melzner F, Oesterwind D, Ojaveer H, Refsgaard JC, Sandström A, Schwarz G, Tonderski K, Winder M, Zandersen M. The Baltic Sea as a time machine for the future coastal ocean. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar8195. [PMID: 29750199 PMCID: PMC5942908 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar8195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Coastal global oceans are expected to undergo drastic changes driven by climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressures in coming decades. Predicting specific future conditions and assessing the best management strategies to maintain ecosystem integrity and sustainable resource use are difficult, because of multiple interacting pressures, uncertain projections, and a lack of test cases for management. We argue that the Baltic Sea can serve as a time machine to study consequences and mitigation of future coastal perturbations, due to its unique combination of an early history of multistressor disturbance and ecosystem deterioration and early implementation of cross-border environmental management to address these problems. The Baltic Sea also stands out in providing a strong scientific foundation and accessibility to long-term data series that provide a unique opportunity to assess the efficacy of management actions to address the breakdown of ecosystem functions. Trend reversals such as the return of top predators, recovering fish stocks, and reduced input of nutrient and harmful substances could be achieved only by implementing an international, cooperative governance structure transcending its complex multistate policy setting, with integrated management of watershed and sea. The Baltic Sea also demonstrates how rapidly progressing global pressures, particularly warming of Baltic waters and the surrounding catchment area, can offset the efficacy of current management approaches. This situation calls for management that is (i) conservative to provide a buffer against regionally unmanageable global perturbations, (ii) adaptive to react to new management challenges, and, ultimately, (iii) multisectorial and integrative to address conflicts associated with economic trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten B. H. Reusch
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Ecology, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jan Dierking
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Ecology, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Michele Casini
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lysekil, Sweden
| | | | - Berit Hasler
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Klaus Hinsby
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Seifeddine Jomaa
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Harri Kuosa
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Kurland
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Laikre
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brian R. MacKenzie
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Piotr Margonski
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Frank Melzner
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Ecology, Germany
| | - Daniel Oesterwind
- Thuenen Institute–Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries, Rostock, Germany
| | - Henn Ojaveer
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Gerald Schwarz
- Thuenen Institute of Farm Economics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Monika Winder
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Zandersen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
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24
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Barriers to Effective Eutrophication Governance: A Comparison of the Baltic Sea and North American Great Lakes. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10040400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Griffiths JR, Kadin M, Nascimento FJA, Tamelander T, Törnroos A, Bonaglia S, Bonsdorff E, Brüchert V, Gårdmark A, Järnström M, Kotta J, Lindegren M, Nordström MC, Norkko A, Olsson J, Weigel B, Žydelis R, Blenckner T, Niiranen S, Winder M. The importance of benthic-pelagic coupling for marine ecosystem functioning in a changing world. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2179-2196. [PMID: 28132408 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Benthic-pelagic coupling is manifested as the exchange of energy, mass, or nutrients between benthic and pelagic habitats. It plays a prominent role in aquatic ecosystems, and it is crucial to functions from nutrient cycling to energy transfer in food webs. Coastal and estuarine ecosystem structure and function are strongly affected by anthropogenic pressures; however, there are large gaps in our understanding of the responses of inorganic nutrient and organic matter fluxes between benthic habitats and the water column. We illustrate the varied nature of physical and biological benthic-pelagic coupling processes and their potential sensitivity to three anthropogenic pressures - climate change, nutrient loading, and fishing - using the Baltic Sea as a case study and summarize current knowledge on the exchange of inorganic nutrients and organic material between habitats. Traditionally measured benthic-pelagic coupling processes (e.g., nutrient exchange and sedimentation of organic material) are to some extent quantifiable, but the magnitude and variability of biological processes are rarely assessed, preventing quantitative comparisons. Changing oxygen conditions will continue to have widespread effects on the processes that govern inorganic and organic matter exchange among habitats while climate change and nutrient load reductions may have large effects on organic matter sedimentation. Many biological processes (predation, bioturbation) are expected to be sensitive to anthropogenic drivers, but the outcomes for ecosystem function are largely unknown. We emphasize how improved empirical and experimental understanding of benthic-pelagic coupling processes and their variability are necessary to inform models that can quantify the feedbacks among processes and ecosystem responses to a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Griffiths
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Kadin
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco J A Nascimento
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Tamelander
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palméns väg 260, 10900, Hangö, Finland
| | - Anna Törnroos
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kavalergården 6, 2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Stefano Bonaglia
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Geology, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Bonsdorff
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Volker Brüchert
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Gårdmark
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skolgatan 6, 74242, Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Marie Järnström
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Jonne Kotta
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Mäealuse 14, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Martin Lindegren
- Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kavalergården 6, 2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Marie C Nordström
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Alf Norkko
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palméns väg 260, 10900, Hangö, Finland
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Jens Olsson
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skolgatan 6, 74242, Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Weigel
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Thorsten Blenckner
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susa Niiranen
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Winder
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Albrecht M, Pröschold T, Schumann R. Identification of Cyanobacteria in a Eutrophic Coastal Lagoon on the Southern Baltic Coast. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:923. [PMID: 28611738 PMCID: PMC5446986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are found worldwide in various habitats. Members of the picocyanobacteria genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus dominate in oligotrophic ocean waters. Other picocyanobacteria dominate in eutrophic fresh or brackish waters. Usually, these are morphologically determined as species of the order Chroococcales/clade B2. The phytoplankton of a shallow, eutrophic brackish lagoon was investigated. Phytoplankton was dominated by Aphanothece-like morphospecies year-round for more than 20 years, along a trophy and salinity gradient. A biphasic approach using a culture-independent and a culture-dependent analysis was applied to identify the dominant species genetically. The 16S rRNA gene phylogeny of clone sequences and isolates indicated the dominance of Cyanobium species (order Synechococcales sensu Komárek/clade C1 sensu Shih). This difference between morphologically and genetically based species identifications has consequences for applying the Reynolds functional-groups system, and for validity long-term monitoring data. The literature shows the same pattern as our results: morphologically, Aphanothece-like species are abundant in eutrophic shallow lagoons, and genetically, Cyanobium is found in similar habitats. This discrepancy is found worldwide in the literature on fresh- and brackish-water habitats. Thus, most Aphanothece-like morphospecies may be, genetically, members of Cyanobium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Albrecht
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of RostockRostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Pröschold
- Research Institute for Limnology, University of InnsbruckMondsee, Austria
| | - Rhena Schumann
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Biological Station Zingst, University of RostockRostock, Germany
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27
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Grip K. International marine environmental governance: A review. AMBIO 2017; 46:413-427. [PMID: 27848103 PMCID: PMC5385665 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Impressive numbers of global and regional governmental and non-governmental organizations are working in the field of the marine environment and its resources. Many of these organizations operate within international legal frameworks ranging from comprehensive global conventions, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to regional agreements aiming at protection and development of regional seas. Characteristic for the management of these seas, both at the national and international level, is that sectoral approaches predominate. Over time, several initiatives have been taken to improve cooperation, coordination and integration to achieve greater coherence of policies and strategies between different organizations dealing with marine and maritime management, within and outside the United Nation system. However, the success has been limited. The weaknesses of international organizations depend fundamentally on problems at the national level. The international organizations are no stronger than their Contracting Parties allow them to be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Grip
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- , Mandelblomsgatan 11, 745 36, Enköping, Sweden.
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28
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Hugerth LW, Larsson J, Alneberg J, Lindh MV, Legrand C, Pinhassi J, Andersson AF. Metagenome-assembled genomes uncover a global brackish microbiome. Genome Biol 2015; 16:279. [PMID: 26667648 PMCID: PMC4699468 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbes are main drivers of biogeochemical cycles in oceans and lakes. Although the genome is a foundation for understanding the metabolism, ecology and evolution of an organism, few bacterioplankton genomes have been sequenced, partly due to difficulties in cultivating them. RESULTS We use automatic binning to reconstruct a large number of bacterioplankton genomes from a metagenomic time-series from the Baltic Sea, one of world's largest brackish water bodies. These genomes represent novel species within typical freshwater and marine clades, including clades not previously sequenced. The genomes' seasonal dynamics follow phylogenetic patterns, but with fine-grained lineage-specific variations, reflected in gene-content. Signs of streamlining are evident in most genomes, and estimated genome sizes correlate with abundance variation across filter size fractions. Comparing the genomes with globally distributed metagenomes reveals significant fragment recruitment at high sequence identity from brackish waters in North America, but little from lakes or oceans. This suggests the existence of a global brackish metacommunity whose populations diverged from freshwater and marine relatives over 100,000 years ago, long before the Baltic Sea was formed (8000 years ago). This markedly contrasts to most Baltic Sea multicellular organisms, which are locally adapted populations of freshwater or marine counterparts. CONCLUSIONS We describe the gene content, temporal dynamics and biogeography of a large set of new bacterioplankton genomes assembled from metagenomes. We propose that brackish environments exert such strong selection that lineages adapted to them flourish globally with limited influence from surrounding aquatic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa W Hugerth
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Division of Gene Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - John Larsson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Barlastgatan 11, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Johannes Alneberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Division of Gene Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Markus V Lindh
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Barlastgatan 11, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Catherine Legrand
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Barlastgatan 11, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Jarone Pinhassi
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Barlastgatan 11, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Anders F Andersson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Division of Gene Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Partelow S, von Wehrden H, Horn O. Pollution exposure on marine protected areas: A global assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:352-358. [PMID: 26330016 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) face many challenges in their aim to effectively conserve marine ecosystems. In this study we analyze the extent of pollution exposure on the global fleet of MPAs. This includes indicators for current and future pollution and the implications for regionally clustered groups of MPAs with similar biophysical characteristics. To cluster MPAs into characteristic signature groups, their bathymetry, baseline biodiversity, distance from shore, mean sea surface temperature and mean sea surface salinity were used. We assess the extent at which each signature group is facing exposure from multiple pollution types. MPA groups experience similar pollution exposure on a regional level. We highlight how the challenges that MPAs face can be addressed through governance at the appropriate scale and design considerations for integrated terrestrial and marine management approaches within regional level networks. Furthermore, we present diagnostic social-ecological indicators for addressing the challenges facing unsuccessful MPAs with practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Partelow
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstrasse 6, D - 28359 Bremen, Germany; GIS Centre, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 22362, Sweden.
| | - Henrik von Wehrden
- Center of Methods & Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Faculty of Sustainability, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Olga Horn
- GIS Centre, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 22362, Sweden
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30
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Blenckner T, Österblom H, Larsson P, Andersson A, Elmgren R. Baltic Sea ecosystem-based management under climate change: Synthesis and future challenges. AMBIO 2015; 44 Suppl 3:507-515. [PMID: 26022332 PMCID: PMC4447697 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem-based management (EBM) has emerged as the generally agreed strategy for managing ecosystems, with humans as integral parts of the managed system. Human activities have substantial effects on marine ecosystems, through overfishing, eutrophication, toxic pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change. It is important to advance the scientific knowledge of the cumulative, integrative, and interacting effects of these diverse activities, to support effective implementation of EBM. Based on contributions to this special issue of AMBIO, we synthesize the scientific findings into four components: pollution and legal frameworks, ecosystem processes, scale-dependent effects, and innovative tools and methods. We conclude with challenges for the future, and identify the next steps needed for successful implementation of EBM in general and specifically for the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Blenckner
- />Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Österblom
- />Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- />Institute of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- />Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ragnar Elmgren
- />Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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