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Borgnakke WS. Current scientific evidence for why periodontitis should be included in diabetes management. Front Clin Diabetes Healthc 2024; 4:1257087. [PMID: 38274772 PMCID: PMC10809181 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1257087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
This Perspective provides a brief summary of the scientific evidence for the two-way links between periodontal diseases and hyperglycemia (diabetes mellitus [DM] and pre-DM). It delivers in a nutshell current scientific evidence for manifestations of hyperglycemia on periodontal health status and effects of periodontal diseases on blood glucose levels and in turn incidence, progression, and complications of diabetes. Of outmost importance is presentation of scientific evidence for the potential of routine periodontal treatment to lower blood glucose levels, providing a novel, economical tool in DM management. Non-surgical periodontal treatment ("deep cleaning") can be provided by dental hygienists or dentists in general dental offices, although severe cases should be referred to specialists. Such therapy can decrease the costs of DM care and other health care costs for people with DM. The great importance of a healthy oral cavity free of infection and subsequent inflammation - especially periodontitis that if untreated will cause loosening and eventually loss of affected teeth - has largely gone unnoticed by the medical community as the health care curricula are largely void of content regarding the bi-directional links between oral health and systemic health, despite elevation of blood glucose levels being an integral part of the general systemic inflammation response. The importance of keeping disease-free, natural teeth for proper biting and chewing, smiling, self-esteem, and pain avoidance cannot be overestimated. Medical and dental professionals are strongly encouraged to collaborate in patient-centered care for their mutual patients with - or at risk for - hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenche Sylling Borgnakke
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu SS, Nguyen LM, Gonzalez OA. Periodontitis-resistant and -susceptible matriline regulation of gingival transcriptome in nonhuman primates. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:1171-1187. [PMID: 37638662 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report identified if gingival gene expression transcriptomes demonstrated unique profiles that discriminated periodontitis-susceptible (PDS) and periodontitis-resistant (PDR) animals in health and disease. BACKGROUND Nonhuman primates generally organize their social groups based upon matriline origin. We have used a multi-generational colony of rhesus macaques to identify matrilines presenting with significant differences in periodontitis (e.g., earlier age onset, greater prevalence, and severity). METHODS Animals from 12 to 23 years of age (n = 17; 8 - PDR, 9 - PDS) were entered into a ligature-induced periodontitis trial. Gingival biopsies were taken at baseline and 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 months post-ligation, and microarray analysis was used to quantify gene expression in samples at each time point. RESULTS Over 1000 genes showed significant (p < .01) differences in the PDR versus PDS animals at baseline. The frequency of differences generally decreased during the disease process, and increased with resolution (i.e., 5 months). A nearly 2:1 ratio of elevated gene levels was noted in baseline PDR samples that included up-regulated MMPs, Fc receptors, chemokines, interleukins, and innate immune receptors, and down-regulated genes particularly related to epithelial biology. Most dramatically, there was a skewed differential expression of adaptive immune response genes in the PDR and epithelial cell structure/function genes in PDS samples. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate substantive differences in gingival tissue response capacity/programming in PDR and PDS samples that may contribute to the differences in clinical outcomes related to the heritability of disease risk through matrilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - S S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - L M Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Gonzalez OA, Kirakodu SS, Ebersole JL. DAMPs and alarmin gene expression patterns in aging healthy and diseased mucosal tissues. Front Oral Health 2023; 4:1320083. [PMID: 38098978 PMCID: PMC10720672 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1320083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodontitis is delineated by a dysbiotic microbiome at sites of lesions accompanied by a dysregulated persistent inflammatory response that undermines the integrity of the periodontium. The interplay of the altered microbial ecology and warning signals from host cells would be a critical feature for maintaining or re-establishing homeostasis in these tissues. Methods This study used a nonhuman primate model (Macaca mulatta) with naturally-occurring periodontitis (n = 34) and experimental ligature-induced periodontitis (n = 36) to describe the features of gene expression for an array of damage-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs) or alarmins within the gingival tissues. The animals were age stratified into: ≤3 years (Young), 7-12 years (Adolescent), 12-15 years (Adult) and 17-23 years (Aged). Gingival tissue biopsies were examined via microarray. The analysis focused on 51 genes representative of the DAMPs/alarmins family of host cell warning factors and 18 genes associated with tissue destructive processed in the gingival tissues. Bacterial plaque samples were collected by curette sampling and 16S rRNA gene sequences used to describe the oral microbiome. Results A subset of DAMPs/alarmins were expressed in healthy and naturally-occurring periodontitis tissues in the animals and suggested local effects on gingival tissues leading to altered levels of DAMPs/alarmins related to age and disease. Significant differences from adult healthy levels were most frequently observed in the young and adolescent animals with few representatives in this gene array altered in the healthy aged gingival tissues. Of the 51 target genes, only approximately ⅓ were altered by ≥1.5-fold in any of the age groups of animals during disease, with those increases observed during disease initiation. Distinctive positive and negative correlations were noted with the DAMP/alarmin gene levels and comparative expression changes of tissue destructive molecules during disease across the age groups. Finally, specific correlations of DAMP/alarmin genes and relative abundance of particular microbes were observed in health and resolution samples in younger animals, while increased correlations during disease in the older groups were noted. Conclusions Thus, using this human-like preclinical model of induced periodontitis, we demonstrated the dynamics of the activation of the DAMP/alarmin warning system in the gingival tissues that showed some specific differences based on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - S. S. Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - J. L. Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu SS, Nguyen LM, Gonzalez OA. Sex effects on gingival transcriptomic patterns during initiation, progression, and resolution of periodontitis. J Periodontol 2023; 94:1018-1031. [PMID: 36853808 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and severity of periodontitis demonstrates altered population distribution with age, sex, and race and ethnicity. While males exhibit greater frequency of disease, particularly with aging, the underlying basis for this observation remains obscure. OBJECTIVE This study used a nonhuman primate (Macaca mulatta) model of experimental ligature-induced periodontitis in adult animals to evaluate gingival transcriptomic differences stratified based upon sex of the animal. METHODS The 18 animals represented humans ages 40-80 years, with gingival tissue samples obtained at baseline, 0.5 months (initiation), 1 and 3 months (progression), and at 5 months that were 60 days after ligature removal for clinical disease resolution. Microarray analysis was used to quantify gene expression profiles in the gingival tissues. RESULTS The results demonstrated clear gene expression differences in healthy (baseline) tissues between the sexes, with elevations in females associated with immune responses and elevation in males related to tissue structural genes. With disease initiation, fewer genes differed between the sexes, while these differences were significantly increased in progressing disease and resolution, particularly in male animals. Overexpressed biological processes showed tissue structural/functional genes at initiation, with host response pathways altered during disease progression. Resolution samples generally demonstrated biological processes of cellular metabolism that differed from baseline healthy samples. CONCLUSION The transcriptomic findings support sex as a biological variable in periodontitis using a nonhuman primate model of experimental periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Sreenatha S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Linh M Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Basic A, Dahlén G. Microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases: a narrative review. Front Oral Health 2023; 4:1210200. [PMID: 37388417 PMCID: PMC10300593 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1210200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight the importance of microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. These diseases, involving gingivitis and periodontitis are inflammatory conditions initiated and maintained by the polymicrobial dental plaque/biofilm. Gingivitis is a reversible inflammatory condition while periodontitis involves also irreversible destruction of the periodontal tissues including the alveolar bone. The inflammatory response of the host is a natural reaction to the formation of plaque and the continuous release of metabolic waste products. The microorganisms grow in a nutritious and shielded niche in the periodontal pocket, protected from natural cleaning forces such as saliva. It is a paradox that the consequences of the enhanced inflammatory reaction also enable more slow-growing, fastidious, anaerobic bacteria, with often complex metabolic pathways, to colonize and thrive. Based on complex food chains, nutrient networks and bacterial interactions, a diverse microbial community is formed and established in the gingival pocket. This microbiota is dominated by anaerobic, often motile, Gram-negatives with proteolytic metabolism. Although this alternation in bacterial composition often is considered pathologic, it is a natural development that is promoted by ecological factors and not necessarily a true "dysbiosis". Normal commensals are adapting to the gingival crevice when tooth cleaning procedures are absent. The proteolytic metabolism is highly complex and involves a number of metabolic pathways with production of a cascade of metabolites in an unspecific manner. The metabolites involve short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acid), amines (indole, scatole, cadaverine, putrescine, spermine, spermidine) and gases (NH3, CO, NO, H2S, H2). A homeostatic condition is often present between the colonizers and the host response, where continuous metabolic fluctuations are balanced by the inflammatory response. While it is well established that the effect of the dental biofilm on the host response and tissue repair is mediated by microbial metabolites, the mechanisms behind the tissue destruction (loss of clinical attachment and bone) are still poorly understood. Studies addressing the functions of the microbiota, the metabolites, and how they interplay with host tissues and cells, are therefore warranted.
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Rengo C, Valletta A, Liccardo D, Spagnuolo G, Corbi G, De Luca F, Lauria MR, Perrotta A, Rengo G, Ferrara N, Rengo S, Valletta R, Cannavo A. Healthy aging: when periodontal health matters. JGG 2023. [DOI: 10.36150/2499-6564-n580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Chen S, Zhou D, Liu O, Chen H, Wang Y, Zhou Y. Cellular Senescence and Periodontitis: Mechanisms and Therapeutics. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11:1419. [PMID: 36290323 PMCID: PMC9598109 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which increases in prevalence and severity in the older population. Aging is a leading risk factor for periodontitis, which exacerbates alveolar bone loss and results in tooth loss in the elderly. However, the mechanism by which aging affects periodontitis is not well understood. There is considerable evidence to suggest that targeting cellular senescence could slow down the fundamental aging process, and thus alleviate a series of age-related pathological conditions, likely including alveolar bone loss. Recently, it has been discovered that the senescent cells accumulate in the alveolar bone and promote a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cells interacting with bacteria, together with secreted SASP components altering the local microenvironment and inducing paracrine effects in neighboring cells, exacerbate the chronic inflammation in periodontal tissue and lead to more alveolar bone loss. This review will probe into mechanisms underlying excessive alveolar bone loss in periodontitis with aging and discuss potential therapeutics for the treatment of alveolar bone loss targeting cellular senescence and the SASP. Inspecting the relationship between cellular senescence and periodontitis will lead to new avenues of research in this field and contribute to developing potential translatable clinical interventions to mitigate or even reverse the harmful effects of aging on oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yueying Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research, Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Mendes JJ, Viana J, Cruz F, Garrido L, Jessen I, Rodrigues J, Proença L, Delgado AS, Machado V, Botelho J. Radiographically screened periodontitis is associated with deteriorated oral-health quality of life: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269934. [PMID: 35687588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is greatly related to worse perceived oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), yet this association has never been explored using radiographically screened periodontal bone loss. Here we have radiographically screened patients for periodontitis via a validated method and assessed its association with measures of OHRQoL. From a total of 10,267 participants (6,112 females and 4,155 males), self-reported general health questionnaire, body mass index, self-reported oral health behaviours, panoramic x-rays and the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) were gathered. Radiographically screened periodontitis was measured through a radiographic-based periodontal bone loss (R-PBL) approach. We compared the respective variables according to the R-PBL status and explored using multiple logistic regression adjusted for the significant variables. Overall, patients with periodontitis shown significantly different sociodemographic, health measures and oral hygiene characteristics. All domains of the OHIP-14 were significantly worsened in the periodontitis group, and further confirmed through adjusted logistic regression (p<0.001). Active smoking, number of missing teeth, sex and age were the most impactful variables in this relationship. Our results demonstrate the existence of a link between radiographically screened periodontitis and OHRQoL, mostly upheld by active smoking, number of missing teeth, sex and age.
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Ebersole JL, Nagarajan R, Kirakodu SS, Gonzalez OA. Immunoglobulin gene expression profiles and microbiome characteristics in periodontitis in nonhuman primates. Mol Immunol 2022; 148:18-33. [PMID: 35665658 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Colonization of mucosal tissues throughout the body occurs by a wide array of bacteria in the microbiome that stimulate the cells and tissues, as well as respond to changes in the local milieu. A feature of periodontitis is the detection of adaptive immune responses to members of the oral microbiome that show specificity and changes with disease and treatment. Thus, variations in antibody responses are noted across the population and affected by aging, albeit, data are still unclear as to how these differences relate to disease risk and expression. This study used a nonhuman primate model of experimental periodontitis to track local microbiome changes as they related to the use and expression of a repertoire of immunoglobulin genes in gingival tissues. Gingival tissue biopsies from healthy tissues and following ligature-placement for disease initiation and progression provided gene expression analysis. Additionally, following removal of the ligatures, clinical healing occurs with gene expression in disease resolved tissues. Groups of 9 animals (young: <3 yrs., adolescent: 3-7 yrs., adult -12 to 15 yrs.; aged: 17-22 yrs) were used in the investigation. In healthy tissues, young and adolescent animals showed levels of expression of 78 Ig genes that were uniformly less than adults. In contrast, ⅔ of the Ig genes were elevated by > 2-fold in the aged samples. Specific increases in an array of the Ig gene transcripts were detected in adults at disease initiation and throughout progression, while increases in young and adolescent animals were observed only with disease progression, and in aged samples primarily late in disease progression. Resolved lesions continued to demonstrate elevated levels of Ig gene expression in only young, adolescent and adult animals. The array of Ig genes significantly correlated with inflammatory, tissue biology and hypoxia genes in the gingival tissues, with variations associated with age. In the young group of animals, specific members of the oral microbiome positively correlated with Ig gene expression, while in the older animals, many of these correlations were negative. Significant correlations were observed with a select assortment of bacterial OTUs and multiple Ig genes in both younger and older animal samples, albeit the genera/species showed little overlap. Incorporating this array of microbes and host responses clearly discriminated the various time points in transition from health to disease and resolution in both the young and adult animals. The results support a major importance of adaptive immune responses in the kinetics of periodontal lesion formation, and support aging effects on the repertoire of Ig genes that may relate to the increased prevalence and severity of periodontitis with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, USA; Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - Radhakrishnan Nagarajan
- Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic Health System, USA
| | - Sreenatha S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, USA; Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, USA
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Lin D, Hu Q, Yang L, Zeng X, Xiao Y, Wang D, Dai W, Lu H, Fang J, Tang Z, Wang Z. The niche-specialist and age-related oral microbial ecosystem: crosstalk with host immune cells in homeostasis. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35731208 PMCID: PMC9455711 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although characterization of the baseline oral microbiota has been discussed, the current literature seems insufficient to draw a definitive conclusion on the interactions between the microbes themselves or with the host. This study focuses on the spatial and temporal characteristics of the oral microbial ecosystem in a mouse model and its crosstalk with host immune cells in homeostasis. The V3V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene of 20 samples from four niches (tongue, buccal mucosa, keratinized gingiva and hard palate) and 10 samples from two life stages (adult and old) were analysed. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to investigate the resident immune cells. The niche-specialist and age-related communities, characterized based on the microbiota structure, interspecies communications, microbial functions and interactions with immune cells, were addressed. The phylum Firmicutes was the major component in the oral community. The microbial community profiles at the genus level showed that the relative abundances of the genera Bacteroides, Lactobacillus and Porphyromonas were enriched in the gingiva. The abundance of the genera Streptococcus, Faecalibaculum and Veillonella was increased in palatal samples, while the abundance of Neisseria and Bradyrhizobium was enriched in buccal samples. The genera Corynebacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Streptococcus and Fusobacterium were proportionally enriched in old samples, while Prevotella and Lacobacillus were enriched in adult samples. Network analysis showed that the genus Lactobacillus performed as a central node in the buccal module, while in the gingiva module, the central nodes were Nesterenkonia and Hydrogenophilus. FCM showed that the proportion of Th1 cells in the tongue samples (38.18 % [27.03–49.34 %]) (mean [range]) was the highest. The proportion of γδT cells in the buccal mucosa (25.82 % [22.1–29.54 %]) and gingiva (20.42 % [18.31–22.53 %]) samples was higher (P<0.01) than those in the palate (14.18 % [11.69–16.67 %]) and tongue (9.38 % [5.38–13.37 %] samples. The proportion of Th2 (31.3 % [16.16–46.44 %]), Th17 (27.06 % [15.76–38.36 %]) and Treg (29.74 % [15.71–43.77 %]) cells in the old samples was higher than that in the adult samples (P<0.01). Further analysis of the interplays between the microbiomes and immune cells indicated that Th1 cells in the adult group, nd Th2, Th17 and Treg cells in the old group were the main immune factors strongly associated with the oral microbiota. For example, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells showed a significantly positive correlation with age-related microorganisms such as Sphingomonas, Streptococcus and Acinetobacter, while Th1 cells showed a negative correlation. Another positive correlation occurred between Th1 cells and several commensal microbiomes such as Lactobacillus, Jeotgalicoccus and Sporosarcina. Th2, Th17 and Treg cells showed the opposite trend. Together, our findings identify the niche-specialist and age-related characteristics of the oral microbial ecosystem and the potential associations between the microbiomes and the mucosal immune cells, providing critical insights into mucosal microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjia Lin
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiannan Hu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lisa Yang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xian Zeng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yiwei Xiao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dikan Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenxiao Dai
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huanzi Lu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Juan Fang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhonghui Tang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Ebersole JL, Nguyen LM, Gonzalez OA. Gingival tissue antibody gene utilization in aging and periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:780-798. [PMID: 35582846 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study used a nonhuman primate model of ligature-induced periodontitis to document the characteristics of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene usage in gingival tissues with disease and affected by age. BACKGROUND Adaptive immune responses to an array of oral bacteria are routinely detected in local gingival tissues and the systemic circulation across the human population. The level and diversity of antibody increases with periodontitis, reflecting the increased quantity of B cells and plasmacytes in the tissues at sites of periodontal lesions. METHODS Macaca mulatta (n = 36) in four groups (young - ≤3 years; adolescent >3-7 years; adult - 12-15 years; aged - 17-23 years) were used in this study. Gingival tissues were sampled at baseline (health), 2 weeks (initiation), 1 and 3 months (progression), and 5 months (resolution) of the lesion development and transcriptomic analysis included 78 Ig-related genes. RESULTS The results demonstrated extensive variation in Ig gene usage patterns and changes with the disease process that was substantially affected by the age of the animal. Of note was that the aged animals generally demonstrated elevated expression on multiple Ig genes even in the baseline/healthy gingival tissues. The expression levels revealed 5 aggregates of Ig gene change profiles across the age groups. The number of gene changes were greatly increased in adult animals with the initiation of disease, while the young and adolescent animals showed extensive changes with disease progression. Elevated Ig gene transcripts remained with disease resolution except in the aged animals. The response profiles demonstrated selective heavy/light change gene transcripts that differed with age and clustering of the transcript expression was dominated by the age of the animals. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested potential critical variations in the molecular aspects of Ig gene expression in gingival tissues that can contribute to understanding the kinetics of periodontal lesions, as well as the variation in episodes, rapidity of progression, and role in resolution that are impacted by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Linh M Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Meghil MM, Ghaly M, Cutler CW. A Tale of Two Fimbriae: How Invasion of Dendritic Cells by Porphyromonas gingivalis Disrupts DC Maturation and Depolarizes the T-Cell-Mediated Immune Response. Pathogens 2022; 11:328. [PMID: 35335652 PMCID: PMC8954744 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a unique pathogen implicated in severe forms of periodontitis (PD), a disease that affects around 50% of the US population. P. gingivalis is equipped with a plethora of virulence factors that it uses to exploit its environment and survive. These include distinct fimbrial adhesins that enable it to bind to other microbes, colonize inflamed tissues, acquire nutrients, and invade cells of the stroma and immune system. Most notable for this review is its ability to invade dendritic cells (DCs), which bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. This invasion process is tightly linked to the bridging functions of resultant DCs, in that it can disable (or stimulate) the maturation function of DCs and cytokines that are secreted. Maturation molecules (e.g., MHCII, CD80/CD86, CD40) and inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1b, TNFa, IL-6) are essential signals for antigen presentation and for proliferation of effector T-cells such as Th17 cells. In this regard, the ability of P. gingivalis to coordinately regulate its expression of major (fimA) and minor (mfa-1) fimbriae under different environmental influences becomes highly relevant. This review will, therefore, focus on the immunoregulatory role of P. gingivalis fimbriae in the invasion of DCs, intracellular signaling, and functional outcomes such as alveolar bone loss and immune senescence.
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王 媛, 张 杰, 凌 宗, 邓 淑. [Dynamic Microbial Shifts and Functional Analysis of Saliva Microbial Communities with Caries Children]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 53:242-249. [PMID: 35332724 PMCID: PMC10409348 DOI: 10.12182/20220360103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective To observe the dynamic changes in the salivary microbiota of children with dental caries and those who were caries-free and to analyze the functional differences in the oral microecology of the two groups during the course of sugar metabolism and the synthesis and transport of multiple amino acids. Methods Ten children with dental caries and 10 caries-free children were enrolled. We employed Illumina metagenomics technology to analyze the composition and function of salivary microbiome in children with and without caries. Six months later, PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing technology was used to analyze the changes over time in the oral microbial communities of the two groups. We studied the patterns of change in the oral microbial communities under diseased or healthy conditions and attempted to offer a comprehensive interpretation of children's oral microbiota in terms of its composition and functions. Results The composition of the oral microbiota of children with or without dental caries changed significantly over time. At the phylum level, changing trends in the salivary microbial communities of children with dental caries were in line with those in caries-free children. In these microbial communities, increased proportions of Firmicutes and decreased proportions of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were found in the two groups. At the genus level, however, the two groups showed significantly different changes of the salivary microbial communities. Upward trends in the abundance of Lactobacillus, Methylobacterium, and Megasphaera were found in the caries group, while the abundance of these genera in the caries-free group showed downward trends. At the species level, L. fermentum, L. gasseri, L. oris, S. downei, and some other species belonging to the genus Lactobacillus showed upward trends in the saliva of children with caries, while they consistently stayed at a relative low level of abundance in caries-free children. The abundance of S. gordonii and S. mutans decreased to a certain extent in children with dental caries, but the abundance of S. gordonii and S. mutans in caries-free children were always at a low level. Species such as S. mutans and C. gracilis were positively correlated to the sum of decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft), while N. flavescens was negatively correlated to dmft. gltA, icd, and mqo, the key genes related to tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, gudB, a glutamate synthesis-related gene, and argAB/C/J, arginine synthesis-related genes, were significantly increased in caries-free children. In addition, the abundance of the NADH dehydrogenase-related gene nuoB/C/D/E/H/I/J/K/L/M in the electron transport chain increased significantly in caries-free children. Conclusion Dynamic changes were found in the oral microbiota of children with or without caries. The trends of microbial shifts over time were associated with the oral health status. Oxidative phosphorylation and the synthesis and transport of amino acids such as glutamate and arginine in the oral microecology were more active in caries-free children.
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Affiliation(s)
- 媛 王
- 浙江大学医学院附属口腔医院·浙江大学口腔医学院·浙江省口腔疾病临床医学研究中心·浙江省口腔生物医学研究重点实验室·浙江大学癌症研究院 (杭州 310016)Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, and Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - 杰 张
- 浙江大学医学院附属口腔医院·浙江大学口腔医学院·浙江省口腔疾病临床医学研究中心·浙江省口腔生物医学研究重点实验室·浙江大学癌症研究院 (杭州 310016)Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, and Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - 宗欣 凌
- 浙江大学医学院附属口腔医院·浙江大学口腔医学院·浙江省口腔疾病临床医学研究中心·浙江省口腔生物医学研究重点实验室·浙江大学癌症研究院 (杭州 310016)Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, and Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - 淑丽 邓
- 浙江大学医学院附属口腔医院·浙江大学口腔医学院·浙江省口腔疾病临床医学研究中心·浙江省口腔生物医学研究重点实验室·浙江大学癌症研究院 (杭州 310016)Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, and Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
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Rodrigues WF, Miguel CB, Agostinho F, da Silva GV, Lazo-Chica JE, Naressi Scapin SM, Napimoga MH, Trindade-da-Silva CA, Krieger JE, Pereira ADC, Oliveira CJF, Soares SC, Ueira-Vieira C. Metabolomic Evaluation of Chronic Periodontal Disease in Older Adults. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:1796204. [PMID: 34840526 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1796204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an infectious inflammatory disease related to the destruction of supporting tissues of the teeth, leading to a functional loss of the teeth. Inflammatory molecules present in the exudate are catalyzed and form different metabolites that can be identified and quantified. Thus, we evaluated the inflammatory exudate present in crevicular fluid to identify metabolic biological markers for diagnosing chronic periodontal disease in older adults. Research participants were selected from long-term institutions in Brazil. Participants were individuals aged 65 years or older, healthy, or with chronic periodontal disease. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to evaluate potential biomarkers in 120 crevicular fluid samples. We identified 969 metabolites in the individuals. Of these, 15 metabolites showed a variable importance with projection score > 1 and were associated with periodontal disease. Further analysis showed that among the 15 metabolites, two (5-aminovaleric acid and serine, 3TMS derivative) were found at higher concentrations in the crevicular fluid, indicating their potential diagnostic power for periodontal disease in older adults. Our findings indicated that some metabolites are present at high concentrations in the crevicular fluid in older adults with periodontal disease and can be used as biomarkers of periodontal disease.
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Vitkov L, Muñoz LE, Schoen J, Knopf J, Schauer C, Minnich B, Herrmann M, Hannig M. Neutrophils Orchestrate the Periodontal Pocket. Front Immunol 2021; 12:788766. [PMID: 34899756 PMCID: PMC8654349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgingival biofilm attached to tooth surfaces triggers and maintains periodontitis. Previously, late-onset periodontitis has been considered a consequence of dysbiosis and a resultant polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. However, a multitude of studies did not show "healthy" oral microbiota pattern, but a high diversity depending on culture, diets, regional differences, age, social state etc. These findings relativise the aetiological role of the dysbiosis in periodontitis. Furthermore, many late-onset periodontitis traits cannot be explained by dysbiosis; e.g. age-relatedness, attenuation by anti-ageing therapy, neutrophil hyper-responsiveness, and microbiota shifting by dysregulated immunity, yet point to the crucial role of dysregulated immunity and neutrophils in particular. Furthermore, patients with neutropenia and neutrophil defects inevitably develop early-onset periodontitis. Intra-gingivally injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone causes an exaggerated neutrophil response sufficient to precipitate experimental periodontitis. Vice versa to the surplus of LPS, the increased neutrophil responsiveness characteristic for late-onset periodontitis can effectuate gingiva damage likewise. The exaggerated neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) response in late-onset periodontitis is blameable for damage of gingival barrier, its penetration by bacteria and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as stimulation of Th17 cells, resulting in further neutrophil activation. This identifies the dysregulated immunity as the main contributor to periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubomir Vitkov
- Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Luis E. Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Minnich
- Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Edahiro A, Okamura T, Motohashi Y, Takahashi C, Meguro A, Sugiyama M, Miyamae F, Taga T, Ura C, Nakayama R, Yamashita M, Awata S. Severity of Dementia Is Associated with Increased Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area: Home Visit Survey of People with Cognitive Decline Living in the Community. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:11961. [PMID: 34831719 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
No studies have measured the periodontal inflamed surface area in people with dementia, although periodontal disease is a major health issue in this group. This study aimed to determine the relationship between dementia severity and periodontal inflamed surface area. An interdisciplinary team, including a dentist and psychiatrist, conducted an in-home survey of older people living in the community. This cross-sectional study was designed as part of a larger cohort study. The interdisciplinary team visited 198 individuals with cognitive decline. We surveyed the clinical dementia rating, periodontal inflamed surface area, number of teeth, and other health issues. We used multiple linear regression analysis to assess the 75 people who were able to take part in all the visits. Number of teeth (Beta = 0.479, p < 0.001), clinical dementia rating (Beta = 0.258, p = 0.013), and age (Beta = 0.250, p = 0.017) were independently associated with periodontal inflamed surface area after adjusting for biological sex, depression, diabetes, collagen disease, visual disorder, and osteoporosis medication. To make communities more dementia-friendly, we must protect older people with dementia from developing poor oral health, which may require home visits for dental assessment.
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Abstract
In the management of intestinal health problems, the targeted use of probiotic microorganisms is a common therapeutic measure with a long-standing tradition. In clinical dentistry however, probiotics-based therapy is still a rather new and developing field, whose usefulness for the control of gingivitis and periodontitis has been questioned by recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews. The purpose of the subsequent descriptive review is to provide an introduction to the concept of probiotic microorganisms and their multifaceted health-promoting interactions with the human host and microbial competitors, followed by a detailed comparison of the results of available controlled clinical trials assessing the use of probiotics in the control of gingival and periodontal inflammations. It aims at contributing to a deeper understanding of the unique capabilities of probiotics to resolve chronic plaque-induced inflammation even in the absence of mechanical plaque control and will discuss how possible misconceptions about the rationale for using probiotics may have led to the present controversies about their usefulness as a therapeutic option.
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Pilloni A, Zeza B, Kuis D, Vrazic D, Domic T, Olszewska-Czyz I, Popova C, Kotsilkov K, Firkova E, Dermendzieva Y, Tasheva A, Orrù G, Sculean A, Prpić J. Treatment of Residual Periodontal Pockets Using a Hyaluronic Acid-Based Gel: A 12 Month Multicenter Randomized Triple-Blinded Clinical Trial. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080924. [PMID: 34438976 PMCID: PMC8388804 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the adjunctive effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) gel in the treatment of residual periodontal pockets over a 12-month period. Periodontal patients presenting at least one residual periodontal pocket 5-9 mm of depth in the anterior area were recruited from six university-based centers. Each patient was randomly assigned to subgingival instrumentation (SI) with the local adjunctive use of HA for test treatment or adjunctive use of local placebo for control treatment at baseline and after 3 months. Clinical parameters ( )probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BoP), plaque index (PI), recession (REC), clinical attachment level (CAL)) and microbiological samples for the investigation of the total bacterial count (TBC) and presence of specific bacterial species (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum) were taken at baseline and every 3 months, until study termination. PD was determined as the primary outcome variable. From a total of 144 enrolled, 126 participants (53 males, 73 females) completed the entire protocol. Both treatments resulted in statistically significant clinical and microbiological improvements compared to baseline. Although the local application of HA showed a tendency for better results, there was a lack of statistically significant differences between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pilloni
- Department of Dental and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Section of Periodontology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Blerina Zeza
- Department of Dental and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Section of Periodontology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4991-8152; Fax: +39-06-4423-0812
| | - Davor Kuis
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Domagoj Vrazic
- Department of Periodontology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tomislav Domic
- Dental Polyclinic Zagreb, Perkovceva 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Iwona Olszewska-Czyz
- Department of Periodontology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul.Montelupich 4, 31-155 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Christina Popova
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (C.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamen Kotsilkov
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (C.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Elena Firkova
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4004 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (E.F.); (Y.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Yana Dermendzieva
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4004 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (E.F.); (Y.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Angelina Tasheva
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4004 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (E.F.); (Y.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Germano Orrù
- Oral Biotechnology Laboratory (OBL), Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Jelena Prpić
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (J.P.)
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Elsayed R, Elashiry M, Liu Y, El-Awady A, Hamrick M, Cutler CW. Porphyromonas gingivalis Provokes Exosome Secretion and Paracrine Immune Senescence in Bystander Dendritic Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:669989. [PMID: 34141629 PMCID: PMC8204290 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.669989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a disease of ageing or inflammaging, and is comorbid with other more severe age-related chronic diseases. With advanced age comes an increase in accumulation of senescent cells that release soluble and insoluble pro-inflammatory factors collectively termed the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In the present report, we examined whether immune cells typical of those at the oral mucosa-microbe interface, are vulnerable to cellular senescence (CS) and the role of dysbiotic oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) from young (yDCs) and old (oDCs) mice were co-cultured in vitro with CS inducer doxorubicin or P.gingivalis (Pg), plus or minus senolytic agent rapamycin. CS profiling revealed elevated CS mediators SA-β-Gal, p16 INK4A, p53, and p21Waf1/Clip1 in oDCs, or yDCs in response to doxorubicin or P. gingivalis, reversible with rapamycin. Functional studies indicate impaired maturation function of oDCs, and yDC exposed to P. gingivalis; moreover, OVA-driven proliferation of CD4+ T cells from young OTII transgenic mice was impaired by oDCs or yDCs+Pg. The SASP of DCs, consisting of secreted exosomes and inflammasome-related cytokines was further analyzed. Exosomes of DCs cocultured with P. gingivalis (PgDCexo) were purified, quantitated and characterized. Though typical in terms of size, shape and phenotype, PgDCexo were 2-fold greater in number than control DCs, with several important distinctions. Namely, PgDCexo were enriched in age-related miRNAs, and miRNAs reported to disrupt immune homeostasis through negative regulation of apoptosis and autophagy functions. We further show that PgDCexo were enriched in P. gingivalis fimbrial adhesin protein mfa1 and in inflammasome related cytokines IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6. Functionally PgDCexo were readily endocytosed by recipient yDCs, amplifying functional impairment in maturation and ability to promote Ova-driven proliferation of OTII CD4+ T cells from young mice. In conclusion P. gingivalis induces premature (autocrine) senescence in DCs by direct cellular invasion and greatly amplifies senescence, in paracrine, of bystander DCs by secretion of inflammatory exosomes. The implications of this pathological pathway for periodontal disease in vivo is under investigation in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranya Elsayed
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Mahmoud Elashiry
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ahmed El-Awady
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Mark Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher W. Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Christopher W. Cutler,
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Ebersole JL, Nagarajan R, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez OA. Transcriptomic phases of periodontitis lesions using the nonhuman primate model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9282. [PMID: 33927312 PMCID: PMC8085193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a nonhuman primate model of ligature-induced periodontitis to identify patterns of gingival transcriptomic after changes demarcating phases of periodontitis lesions (initiation, progression, resolution). A total of 18 adult Macaca mulatta (12-22 years) had ligatures placed (premolar, 1st molar teeth) in all 4 quadrants. Gingival tissue samples were obtained (baseline, 2 weeks, 1 and 3 months during periodontitis and at 5 months resolution). Gene expression was analyzed by microarray [Rhesus Gene 1.0 ST Array (Affymetrix)]. Compared to baseline, a large array of genes were significantly altered at initiation (n = 6049), early progression (n = 4893), and late progression (n = 5078) of disease, with the preponderance being up-regulated. Additionally, 1918 genes were altered in expression with disease resolution, skewed towards down-regulation. Assessment of the genes demonstrated specific profiles of epithelial, bone/connective tissue, apoptosis/autophagy, metabolism, regulatory, immune, and inflammatory responses that were related to health, stages of disease, and tissues with resolved lesions. Unique transcriptomic profiles occured during the kinetics of the periodontitis lesion exacerbation and remission. We delineated phase specific gene expression profiles of the disease lesion. Detection of these gene products in gingival crevicular fluid samples from human disease may contribute to a better understanding of the biological dynamics of the disease to improve patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, B221, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA.
- Center for Oral Health Research College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | | | - Sreenatha Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Division of Periodontology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic, destructive disease of periodontal tissues caused by multifaceted, dynamic interactions. Periodontal bacteria and host immunity jointly contribute to the pathological processes of the disease. The dysbiotic microbial communities elicit an excessive immune response, mainly by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). As one of the main mechanisms of PMN immune response in the oral cavity, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of late-onset periodontitis. NETs are generated and released by neutrophils stimulated by various irritants, such as pathogens, host-derived mediators, and drugs. Chromatin and proteins are the main components of NETs. Depending on the characteristics of the processes, three main pathways of NET formation have been described. NETs can trap and kill pathogens by increased expression of antibacterial components and identifying and trapping bacteria to restrict their spread. Moreover, NETs can promote and reduce inflammation, inflicting injuries on the tissues during the pro-inflammation process. During their long-term encounter with NETs, periodontal bacteria have developed various mechanisms, including breaking down DNA of NETs, degrading antibacterial proteins, and impacting NET levels in the pocket environment to resist the antibacterial function of NETs. In addition, periodontal pathogens can secrete pro-inflammatory factors to perpetuate the inflammatory environment and a friendly growth environment, which are responsible for the progressive tissue damage. By learning the strategies of pathogens, regulating the periodontal concentration of NETs becomes possible. Some practical ways to treat late-onset periodontitis are reducing the concentration of NETs, administering anti-inflammatory therapy, and prescribing broad-spectrum and specific antibacterial agents. This review mainly focuses on the mechanism of NETs, pathogenesis of periodontitis, and potential therapeutic approaches based on interactions between NETs and periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Costa PD, Canaan JCR, Midori Castelo P, Campideli Fonseca D, Márcia Pereira-Dourado S, Mendonça Murata R, Pardi V, José Pereira L. Influence of Micronutrient Intake, Sociodemographic, and Behavioral Factors on Periodontal Status of Adults Assisted by a Public Health Care System in Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Multivariate Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:973. [PMID: 33802889 PMCID: PMC8002608 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of access to a balanced diet, rich in vitamins and minerals, can predispose people to inflammatory diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and periodontitis. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between micronutrient intake, sociodemographic behavioral characteristics, and periodontal health in adults assisted by a public health care system. Participants (n = 450) answered a food frequency questionnaire and were submitted to anthropometric and oral clinical examinations. Principal component analysis was used to summarize the number of components emerging from 17-micronutrient intake. Subsequently, cluster analysis was employed. The prevalence of at least one periodontal pocket ≥ 4 mm was 67.4%. Three clusters were identified according to periodontal status. Cluster 1 "poor periodontal status" was characterized by older individuals (n = 202; 85% females) with poor periodontal status, lower education level, mainly smokers with non-transmissible chronic diseases (NTCD), with lower energy, omega-3, fiber, Zn, K, Cu, and vitamin C intake. Cluster 3 "healthy periodontal status" included younger individuals (n = 54) with the healthiest periodontal status, a higher education level, without NTCD, and with higher energy, omega-3, fiber, Zn, calcium, retinol, and riboflavin intake. Cluster 2 was labeled as "intermediate periodontal status". Micronutrient ingestion was associated with periodontal status and may be considered in health promotion actions for low-income populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Daniela Costa
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (P.D.C.); (J.C.R.C.); (S.M.P.-D.)
| | - Juliana Cristina Reis Canaan
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (P.D.C.); (J.C.R.C.); (S.M.P.-D.)
| | - Paula Midori Castelo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 09913-030 Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | | | - Stela Márcia Pereira-Dourado
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (P.D.C.); (J.C.R.C.); (S.M.P.-D.)
| | - Ramiro Mendonça Murata
- Department of Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Vanessa Pardi
- Department of Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Luciano José Pereira
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (P.D.C.); (J.C.R.C.); (S.M.P.-D.)
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23
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Abstract
Aim Position paper on endpoints of active periodontal therapy for designing treatment guidelines. The question was as follows: How are, for an individual patient, commonly applied periodontal probing measures—recorded after active periodontal therapy—related to (a) stability of clinical attachment level, (b) tooth survival, (c) need for re‐treatment or (d) oral health‐related quality of life. Methods A literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Epub Ahead of Print, In‐Process & Other Non‐Indexed Citations and Daily <1946 to 07 June 2019>. Results A total of 94 papers were retrieved. From the literature search, it was found that periodontitis patients with a low proportion of deep residual pockets after active periodontal therapy are more likely to have stability of clinical attachment level over a follow‐up time of ≥1 year. Other supporting literature confirms this finding and additionally reports, at the patient level, that probing pocket depths ≥6 mm and bleeding on probing scores ≥30% are risks for tooth loss. There is lack of evidence that periodontal probing measures after completion of active periodontal treatment are tangible to the patient. Conclusions Based on literature and biological plausibility, it is reasonable to state that periodontitis patients with a low proportion of residual periodontal pockets and little inflammation are more likely to have stability of clinical attachment levels and less tooth loss over time. Guidelines for periodontal therapy should take into consideration (a) long‐term tangible patient outcomes, (b) that shallow pockets (≤4 mm) without bleeding on probing in patients with <30% bleeding sites are the best guarantee for the patient for stability of his/her periodontal attachment, (c) patient heterogeneity and patient changes in immune response over time, and (d) that treatment strategies include lifestyle changes of the patient. Long‐term large population‐based and practice‐based studies on the efficacy of periodontal therapies including both clinical and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) need to be initiated, which include the understanding that periodontitis is a complex disease with variation of inflammatory responses due to environment, (epi)genetics, lifestyle and ageing. Involving people living with periodontitis as co‐researchers in the design of these studies would also help to improve their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G Loos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ian Needleman
- Unit of Periodontology, University College London Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
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24
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by multiple potential contributing factors such as bacterial biofilm infection of the tissues surrounding the teeth and environmental determinants and a dysregulated host response for modifying and resolving the inflammation. Because periodontal disease is a major public health concern with substantial increases in the prevalence and severity in aging populations, previous studies of periodontitis tended to approach the disease as an age-associated outcome across the life span. However, few investigations have considered that, as a chronic noncommunicable disease, periodontitis may not simply be a disease that increases with age but may contribute to more rapid biologic aging. OBJECTIVES Increasing population data supports the potential disconnect between chronological aging and biologic aging, which would contribute to the heterogeneity of aging phenotypes within chronologic ages across populations. Thus, our aim was to test whether periodontal disease affects biological aging across the life span. METHODS The prevalence of periodontitis in the adult US population is a portion of the assessment of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which has been ongoing since 1971 through 2-y cycles sampling populations across the country. We used NHANES 2001-2002 to test the hypothesis that the presence/severity of periodontal disease as an exposure variable would negatively affect telomere length, a measure of biological aging, and that this relationship is modified by factors that also affect the progression of periodontitis, such as sex, race/ethnicity, and smoking. RESULTS The data demonstrated a significant impact of periodontitis on decreasing telomere lengths across the life span. These differences were modulated by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and smoking within the population. CONCLUSION The findings lay the groundwork for future studies documenting broader effects on biological aging parameters as well as potential intervention strategies for periodontitis in driving unhealthy aging processes. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease and dysregulated host response. Shortening of telomeres is a reflection of biologic aging. Decreased telomere lengths with periodontitis are seemingly related to chronic infection and persistent local and systemic inflammation. These findings suggest that periodontitis is not simply a disease of aging but may also transmit chronic systemic signals that could affect more rapid biological aging. Clinicians can use this outcome to recognize the role of periodontitis in driving unhealthy aging processes in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas-School of Dental Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - J J Chon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas-School of Dental Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - E E Kim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas-School of Dental Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - J C Cheng
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas-School of Dental Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas-School of Dental Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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25
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu SS, Gonzalez OA. Oral microbiome interactions with gingival gene expression patterns for apoptosis, autophagy and hypoxia pathways in progressing periodontitis. Immunology 2021; 162:405-417. [PMID: 33314069 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucosal tissues must react with and respond to microbes comprising the oral microbiome ecology. This study examined the interaction of the microbiome with transcriptomic footprints of apoptosis, autophagy and hypoxia pathways during periodontitis. Adult Macaca mulatta (n = 18; 12-23 years of age) exhibiting a healthy periodontium at baseline were used to induce progressing periodontitis through ligature placement around premolar/molar teeth. Gingival tissue samples collected at baseline, 0·5, 1 and 3 months of disease and at 5 months for disease resolution were analysed via microarray. Bacterial samples were collected at identical sites to the host tissues and analysed using MiSeq. Significant changes in apoptosis and hypoxia gene expression occurred with initiation of disease, while autophagy gene changes generally emerged later in disease progression samples. These interlinked pathways contributing to cellular homeostasis showed significant correlations between altered gene expression profiles in apoptosis, autophagy and hypoxia with groups of genes correlated in different directions across health and disease samples. Bacterial complexes were identified that correlated significantly with profiles of host genes in health, disease and resolution for each pathway. These relationships were more robust in health and resolution samples, with less bacterial complex diversity during disease. Using these pathways as cellular responses to stress in the local periodontal environment, the data are consistent with the concept of dysbiosis at the functional genomics level. It appears that the same bacteria in a healthy microbiome may be interfacing with host cells differently than in a disease lesion site and contributing to the tissue destructive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sreenatha S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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26
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Zemouri C, Ofiteru ID, Jakubovics NS. Future directions for studying resilience of the oral ecosystem. Br Dent J 2020; 229:769-773. [PMID: 33339922 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-2407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The oral ecosystem is shaped by complex interactions between systemic health disease and the resident oral microbiota. Research in the last two decades has produced datasets describing the genetics and physiology of the host and the oral microbiome in health and disease. There are inter-individual differences in the ability to tolerate oral disease-promoting challenges. Identification of the key factors that drive a healthy and resilient oral ecosystem is urgently needed. So far, progress is being made towards replicating the host-microbiota interplay in vitro. Clinical studies may shed light on the mechanisms of oral health resilience. However, most clinical studies are cross-sectional and are insufficient for understanding resilience or for identifying biomarkers that correlate with the point of transition from oral health to dysbiosis. Mathematical and computational models, including artificial intelligence approaches, offer an opportunity to inform the design of clinical studies by identifying key biomarkers and interaction networks in complex datasets and predicting important parameters. This paper discusses some of the challenges and opportunities for understanding the biological basis of resilience of the oral ecosystem. It discusses the current status and challenges, and proposes a way forward to better understand resilience towards oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charifa Zemouri
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irina Dana Ofiteru
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicholas S Jakubovics
- School of Dental Sciences and Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Vitkov L, Minnich B, Knopf J, Schauer C, Hannig M, Herrmann M. NETs Are Double-Edged Swords with the Potential to Aggravate or Resolve Periodontal Inflammation. Cells 2020; 9:E2614. [PMID: 33291407 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a general term for diseases characterised by inflammatory destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, gradual destruction of the marginal periodontal ligament and resorption of alveolar bone. Early-onset periodontitis is due to disturbed neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and clearance. Indeed, mutations that inactivate the cysteine proteases cathepsin C result in the massive periodontal damage seen in patients with deficient NET formation. In contrast, exaggerated NET formation due to polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) hyper-responsiveness drives the pathology of late-onset periodontitis by damaging and ulcerating the gingival epithelium and retarding epithelial healing. Despite the gingival regeneration, periodontitis progression ends with almost complete loss of the periodontal ligament and subsequent tooth loss. Thus, NETs help to maintain periodontal health, and their dysregulation, either insufficiency or surplus, causes heavy periodontal pathology and edentulism.
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28
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Pitones-Rubio V, Chávez-Cortez EG, Hurtado-Camarena A, González-Rascón A, Serafín-Higuera N. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness? Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:109969. [PMID: 32592918 PMCID: PMC7303044 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) comprises a group of diseases involving inflammatory aspects of the host and dysbiotic events that affect periodontal tissues and could have systemic implications. Diverse factors and comorbidities have been closely associated with PD such as diabetes, obesity, aging, hypertension, and so on; although, underlying mechanisms or causal associations have not been established completely. Interestingly, these same factors have been widely associated with progression or severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an illness caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Since inflammatory and dysbiotic factors as well as comorbidities affect systemic health, it is possible that periodontal status indicates the risk of complication of COVID-19. However, assessment of oral health history including periodontal status in COVID-19 patients has not been reported. Knowing PD is associated with severe COVID-19 could help identify risk groups and establish pertinent recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Pitones-Rubio
- Facultad de Odontología Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California 21040, Mexico
| | - E G Chávez-Cortez
- Facultad de Odontología Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California 21040, Mexico
| | - Angélica Hurtado-Camarena
- Facultad de Odontología Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California 21040, Mexico
| | - Anna González-Rascón
- Facultad de Odontología Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California 21040, Mexico
| | - Nicolás Serafín-Higuera
- Facultad de Odontología Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California 21040, Mexico.
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29
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Kantarci A, Tognoni CM, Yaghmoor W, Marghalani A, Stephens D, Ahn JY, Carreras I, Dedeoglu A. Microglial response to experimental periodontitis in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18561. [PMID: 33122702 PMCID: PMC7596239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) has been suggested to be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We tested the impact of ligature-induced PD on 5xFAD mice and WT littermates. At baseline, 5xFAD mice presented significant alveolar bone loss compared to WT mice. After the induction of PD, both WT and 5xFAD mice experienced alveolar bone loss. PD increased the level of Iba1-immunostained microglia in WT mice. In 5xFAD mice, PD increased the level of insoluble Aβ42. The increased level in Iba1 immunostaining that parallels the accumulation of Aβ in 5xFAD mice was not affected by PD except for a decrease in the dentate gyrus. Analysis of double-label fluorescent images showed a decline in Iba1 in the proximity of Aβ plaques in 5xFAD mice with PD compared to those without PD suggesting a PD-induced decrease in plaque-associated microglia (PAM). PD reduced IL-6, MCP-1, GM-CSF, and IFN-γ in brains of WT mice and reduced IL-10 in 5xFAD mice. The data demonstrated that PD increases neuroinflammation in WT mice and disrupts the neuroinflammatory response in 5xFAD mice and suggest that microglia is central to the association between PD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina M Tognoni
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Research and Development Service, Building 1A-(151), 150 S. Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Wael Yaghmoor
- Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Amin Marghalani
- Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Jae-Yong Ahn
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Research and Development Service, Building 1A-(151), 150 S. Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Isabel Carreras
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Research and Development Service, Building 1A-(151), 150 S. Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Alpaslan Dedeoglu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Research and Development Service, Building 1A-(151), 150 S. Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02130, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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30
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Tan A, Gürbüz N, Özbalci Fİ, Koşkan Ö, Yetkin Ay Z. Increase in serum and salivary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels with increased periodontal inflammation. J Appl Oral Sci 2020; 28:e20200276. [PMID: 32997091 PMCID: PMC7521419 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2020-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine serum and salivary levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and evaluate NGAL correlation with key anti-interleukin 10 (IL-10) and pro-inflammatory (IL-1β) cytokines in different severities of periodontal diseases. We also calculated the systemic inflammation using the periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) to evaluate its correlation with NGAL in the study groups. METHODOLOGY Eighty systemically healthy and non-smoking individuals were separated into four groups of 20: clinically healthy (Group 1), gingivitis (Group 2), stage I generalized periodontitis (Group 3, Grade A), and stage III generalized periodontitis (Group 4, Grade A). Sociodemographic characteristics and periodontal parameters were recorded, and PISA was calculated. The serum and salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, and NGAL were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS We observed a significant increase in serum and salivary NGAL levels from healthy to periodontitis groups (p=0.000). Group 2 presented significantly higher serum and salivary IL-10 levels and salivary IL-1β levels than Group 3 (p=0.000). Serum and salivary parameters (IL-1β, IL-10, and NGAL levels) were strongly positively correlated to periodontal parameters and PISA values (p=0.000). Groups 2 and 3 showed overlapping PISA values. CONCLUSION The overlapping PISA values found in Groups 2 and 3 suggest that gingivitis might progress to a systemic inflammatory burden somewhat comparable to stage I periodontitis. This finding is supported by the higher serum and salivary cytokines/mediators levels in the gingivitis group than in stage I periodontitis group. Serum and salivary NGAL levels increased proportionally to disease severity and PISA. NGAL seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, within the limitation of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut Tan
- Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Gürbüz
- Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Furkan İlker Özbalci
- Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Özgür Koşkan
- Isparta University of Applied Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biometrics, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yetkin Ay
- Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Isparta, Turkey
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Abstract
Background Epidemiological data from countries worldwide show a consistent pattern implying that a fraction of around 10% of those over 40–50 years in all populations will exhibit severe periodontitis with the potential risk of losing teeth during their life-time. The subgingival microbiota shows striking similarities between populations irrespective of disease severity and can only marginally explain the clinical pattern. It is also difficult to explain this pattern by genetic and acquired risk factors such as systemic disease (e.g. diabetes) or habits (e.g. smoking) even if they may have a confounding effect on the disease. Main text Inflammation of the gingiva appears to be a normal and physiological response to the presence of commensal bacteria along the gingival crevice and in the dental biofilm. Over many years of exposure to the dental biofilm, the chronic inflammation in the gingiva gradually results in a loss of attachment and bone loss. Numerous laboratory and clinical studies have provided insight into the potential role of determinants that are associated with periodontitis. However, it has been difficult to relate the findings to the pattern of the distribution of the disease observed in epidemiological studies. We propose a simple and parsimonious model that considers all the multitude of potential determinants as creating effectively random noise within the dental biofilm to which the tissues react by accumulating the effects of this noise. Conclusions We suggest that such a model can explain many of the epidemiological features of periodontal breakdown over time, and we discuss its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Dahlen
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 450, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ole Fejerskov
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Firoze Manji
- Institute of African Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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32
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Esberg A, Johansson A, Claesson R, Johansson I. 43-Year Temporal Trends in Immune Response to Oral Bacteria in a Swedish Population. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070544. [PMID: 32645865 PMCID: PMC7400255 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria colonizing the mouth induce an adaptive immune response with the systemic and local presence of species or strain-specific immunoglobulins. Few studies have addressed global antibody patterns for oral bacteria or potential population time trends. We assessed these aspects in relation to a panel of oral bacteria. Using multiplex immunoblotting, IgG levels for 26 oral bacterial species (54 strains) were determined in 888 plasma samples from 30-year-old early pregnant women (n = 516) and 50-year-old men and women (n = 372) collected between 1976 and 2018. Inter-species correlations were found and age-dependent profiles and levels of immune responses to oral bacteria confirmed. We found temporal trends in the global and single-species antibody responses, but this was age-specific with both inclining and declining shifts. Prominent shifts in the younger group increased IgG towards health-associated Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus sanguinis, and in the older group towards disease-associated Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Filifactor alocis, and Streptococcus mutans, among others. We concluded that temporal shifts occurred from 1976 to 2018, which may reflect improved oral health (more remaining teeth) and altered lifestyle habits, but this needs to be evaluated in observational studies considering more aspects.
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Kang Y, Yang R, Wei Z, Zhu D, Tang T, Zhu L, Hu X, Zha G. Phenytoin sodium-ameliorated gingival fibroblast aging is associated with autophagy. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:642-650. [PMID: 32281104 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human gingival fibrolasts aging is an important cause of periodontal disease. Phenytoin sodium (phenytoin) has a side effect of gingival hyperplasia and an effect on the autophagy progress. This study investigated whether the effect of phenytoin on aging gingival fibroblast is related to the autophagy pathway. MATERIAL AND METHODS The aging model of gingival fibroblast cell line HGF-1 was induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and the treatment of phenytoin and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was performed simultaneously. Cell viability, cell cycle, and intracellular calcium ion were measured by flow cytometry. Changes in expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), P16INK4A , P21cip1 , and bFGF, P16INK4A , P21cip1 , LC3II, p62, and Beclin were tested by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS The results showed that aging HGF-1 proliferation was inhibited by H2 O2 , gene, protein expression of bFGF, P16INK4A , and P21cip1 were decreased, autophagy-related proteins LC3II, p62, and Becline were decreased, and the proportion of G0/G1 phase and intracellular calcium ion of cell cycle was increased. Phenytoin treatment could recovery above changes, but the effect of phenytoin could be blocked by 3-MA. CONCLUSION We propose that phenytoin alleviates the aging of gingival fibroblasts induced by H2 O2 . This condition is related to the enhancement of autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kang
- Laboratory of Stomatology, First-class Subjects of Zhejiang Province, College of Medicine and Health, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Ruhui Yang
- Laboratory of Stomatology, First-class Subjects of Zhejiang Province, College of Medicine and Health, Lishui University, Lishui, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Zhe Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Daqun Zhu
- Laboratory of Stomatology, First-class Subjects of Zhejiang Province, College of Medicine and Health, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Tingbing Tang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Licheng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Guangyu Zha
- Laboratory of Stomatology, First-class Subjects of Zhejiang Province, College of Medicine and Health, Lishui University, Lishui, China
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Raivisto T, Heikkinen AM, Silbereisen A, Kovanen L, Ruokonen H, Tervahartiala T, Haukka J, Sorsa T, Bostanci N. Regulation of Salivary Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1 in Adolescents. JDR Clin Trans Res 2019; 5:332-341. [PMID: 31860804 DOI: 10.1177/2380084419894287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1), a member of peptidoglycan recognition proteins, is known to be involved in the proinflammatory response toward bacterial infections. Recently, PGLYRP1 was identified as a ligand for triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1). Although PGLYRP1 is involved in immune and inflammatory responses, its levels in initial stages of periodontal disease in adolescents are currently unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate salivary levels of PGLYRP1 and its correlation with TREM-1, polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase (PMN elastase), and an active matrix metalloproteinase 8 (aMMP-8) in adolescents. METHODS Whole saliva samples (n = 537) were collected from 15- to 16-y-old adolescents at Kotka Health Center, Finland, prior to periodontal examination, including measurement of periodontal pocket depth (PPD), visible plaque index (VPI), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Adolescents, clustered as periodontally healthy, gingivitis, or subclinical periodontitis, were tested for salivary levels of TREM-1, PGLYRP1, and PMN elastase by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and aMMP-8 by a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA). RESULTS Salivary levels of PGLYRP1 and aMMP-8 were significantly higher in adolescents with subclinical periodontitis and gingivitis compared to individuals with healthy periodontium. TREM-1 and PMN elastase levels were higher in adolescents with subclinical periodontitis compared to healthy individuals but did not reach significance. PGLYRP1 correlated positively with BOP, PPD, VPI, aMMP-8, and TREM-1. CONCLUSIONS Elevated PGLYRP1 levels in adolescents with gingivitis and subclinical periodontitis and its positive correlation with TREM-1 and aMMP-8 may indicate an association of PGLYRP1 with initial stages of periodontal disease. Sex and poor oral hygiene but not smoking are also associated with higher levels of PGLYRP1. However, PGLYRP1 has a lower discriminating capacity and is therefore a less reliable marker alone in the diagnosis of initial stages of periodontal disease in adolescents. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT PGLYRP1, a member of peptidoglycan recognition proteins, is a ligand for TREM-1. Elevated PGLYRP1 levels in adolescents with gingivitis and subclinical periodontitis and its positive correlation with TREM-1 and aMMP-8 may indicate an association of PGLYRP1 with initial stages of periodontal disease. However, it has a lower discriminating capacity and is therefore a less reliable marker alone in the diagnosis of periodontal disease in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Raivisto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A M Heikkinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Silbereisen
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Kovanen
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Ruokonen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Tervahartiala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Haukka
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere
| | - T Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Bostanci
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
The current scientific evidence for the bi-directional associations between oral health and diabetes is summarized. The universal biologic mechanisms and demographic and behavioral risk drivers underlying these associations in both directions are also described. Dysglycemia, even slightly elevated blood sugar levels, adversely affects oral health, manifesting itself in several oral diseases and conditions. In the opposite direction, any oral infection with its subsequent local and systemic inflammatory responses adversely affects blood glucose levels. Moreover, painful, mobile, or missing teeth may lead to intake of soft food items representing a sub-optimal diet and hence poor nutrition, and thereby contribute to incident type 2 diabetes or to poorer glucose control in existing diabetes. Treatment of inflammation related oral conditions, such as non-surgical periodontal treatment and extraction of infected teeth, can lead to a clinically significant decrease in blood glucose levels. Attention to infectious oral diseases and referral to dental care professionals for treatment can therefore be an important novel tool for medical care professionals in preventing and managing diabetes mellitus. Dental professionals can detect unrecognized potential dysglycemia and refer for medical examination. Such interprofessional, patient centered care may contribute to improved health, wellbeing, and quality of life in people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenche S Borgnakke
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue Rm# 3060, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA.
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