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Yuan M, Li F, Xue F, Wang Y, Li B, Tang R, Wang Y, Bi GQ, Pei W. Transparent, flexible graphene-ITO-based neural microelectrodes for simultaneous electrophysiology recording and calcium imaging of intracortical neural activity in freely moving mice. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2025; 11:32. [PMID: 39994180 PMCID: PMC11850855 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-025-00873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 12/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
To understand the complex dynamics of neural activity in the brain across various temporal and spatial scales, it is crucial to record intracortical multimodal neural activity by combining electrophysiological recording and calcium imaging techniques. This poses significant constraints on the geometrical, mechanical, and optical properties of the electrodes. Here, transparent flexible graphene-ITO-based neural microelectrodes with small feature sizes are developed and validated for simultaneous electrophysiology recording and calcium imaging in the hippocampus of freely moving mice. A micro-etching technique and an oxygen plasma pre-treating method are introduced to facilitate large-area graphene transfer and establish stable low-impedance contacts between graphene and metals, leading to the batch production of high-quality microelectrodes with interconnect widths of 10 μm and recording sites diameters of 20 μm. These electrodes exhibit appropriate impedance and sufficient transparency in the field of view, enabling simultaneous recording of intracortical local field potentials and even action potentials along with calcium imaging in freely moving mice. Both types of electrophysiological signals are found to correlate with calcium activity. This proof-of-concept work demonstrates that transparent flexible graphene-ITO-based neural microelectrodes are promising tools for multimodal neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yuan
- Laboratory of Solid-State Optoelectronics Information Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute of Semiconductors, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Fei Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Solid-State Optoelectronics Information Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute of Semiconductors, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Baoqiang Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rongyu Tang
- Laboratory of Solid-State Optoelectronics Information Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute of Semiconductors, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Laboratory of Solid-State Optoelectronics Information Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute of Semiconductors, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Bi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Weihua Pei
- Laboratory of Solid-State Optoelectronics Information Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Institute of Semiconductors, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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2
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Bourahla H, Fernández S, Ryu YK, Velasco A, Malkia C, Boscá A, Gómez-Mancebo MB, Calle F, Martinez J. High-Performance Ag-NWs Doped Graphene/ITO Hybrid Transparent Conductive Electrode. MICROMACHINES 2025; 16:204. [PMID: 40047697 PMCID: PMC11857558 DOI: 10.3390/mi16020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2025] [Accepted: 02/09/2025] [Indexed: 03/09/2025]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a commonly used material for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE) in optoelectronic applications. On the other hand, graphene has superior electrical conductivity and exceptional mechanical flexibility, which makes it a promising candidate as a TCE material. This work proposes a CVD graphene/ITO hybrid electrode enhanced by doping with silver nanowires (Ag-NWs). The study aims to improve the performance of the electrode by optimizing two key parameters during the fabrication process: the thermal annealing time after the transfer of graphene on ITO and the Ag-NWs doping conditions. The annealing treatment is fundamental to reducing the residues on the surface of graphene and increasing the interface contact between graphene and ITO. The correct coverage and distribution of the dopant on graphene is obtained by controlling the concentration of the Ag-NWs and the spin coating speeds. The results indicate a substantial improvement in the optical and electrical performance of the Ag-NWs/graphene/ITO hybrid electrode. A remarkably low sheet resistance of 42.4 Ω/sq (±2 Ω/sq) has been achieved while maintaining a high optical transmittance of 87.3% (±0.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bourahla
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología (ISOM-UPM), E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.V.); (F.C.)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Fernández
- Departamento de Energía, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Yu Kyoung Ryu
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología (ISOM-UPM), E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.V.); (F.C.)
- Departamento de Física Aplicada e Ingeniería de Materiales, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Velasco
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología (ISOM-UPM), E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.V.); (F.C.)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chahinez Malkia
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología (ISOM-UPM), E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.V.); (F.C.)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Boscá
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología (ISOM-UPM), E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.V.); (F.C.)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Belén Gómez-Mancebo
- División de Química, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avda. Complutense 40, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Fernando Calle
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología (ISOM-UPM), E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.V.); (F.C.)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología (ISOM-UPM), E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.V.); (F.C.)
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, E.T.S.I Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Profesor Aranguren s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Kumar S, Seo Y. Flexible Transparent Conductive Electrodes: Unveiling Growth Mechanisms, Material Dimensions, Fabrication Methods, and Design Strategies. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300908. [PMID: 37821417 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transparent conductive electrodes (FTCEs) constitute an indispensable component in state-of-the-art electronic devices, such as wearable flexible sensors, flexible displays, artificial skin, and biomedical devices, etc. This review paper offers a comprehensive overview of the fabrication techniques, growth modes, material dimensions, design, and their impacts on FTCEs fabrication. The growth modes, such as the "Stranski-Krastanov growth," "Frank-van der Merwe growth," and "Volmer-Weber growth" modes provide flexibility in fabricating FTCEs. Application of different materials including 0D, 1D, 2D, polymer composites, conductive oxides, and hybrid materials in FTCE fabrication, emphasizing their suitability in flexible devices are discussed. This review also delves into the design strategies of FTCEs, including microgrids, nanotroughs, nanomesh, nanowires network, and "kirigami"-inspired patterns, etc. The pros and cons associated with these materials and designs are also addressed appropriately. Considerations such as trade-offs between electrical conductivity and optical transparency or "figure of merit (FoM)," "strain engineering," "work function," and "haze" are also discussed briefly. Finally, this review outlines the challenges and opportunities in the current and future development of FTCEs for flexible electronics, including the improved trade-offs between optoelectronic parameters, novel materials development, mechanical stability, reproducibility, scalability, and durability enhancement, safety, biocompatibility, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Yongho Seo
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
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Jiang Y, Chen J, Du Z, Liu F, Qin Y, Mao P, Han M. Gas phase fabrication of morphology-controlled ITO nanoparticles and their assembled conductive films. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3907-3918. [PMID: 36723161 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06381f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ITO nanoparticles were generated in the gas phase with a magnetron plasma gas aggregation cluster source. Their morphologies were modified by modulating the discharging power of magnetron sputtering. The shape of the nanoparticles changed from rough spheroid formed with a higher discharging power to multi-branch formed with a lower discharging power. With a discharging power of 25 W, the ITO nanoparticles were enriched with tripod and tetrapod-shaped nanoparticles. The formation mechanism of multi-branch nanoparticles was attributed to the oriented attachment of the initially nucleated smaller nanocrystallites. Transparent conductive ITO nanoparticle films were fabricated by depositing the preformed nanoparticles with controlled thickness. The electron conduction in the film was dominated by electron tunnelling and/or hopping in the percolative channels comprised of closely spaced ITO nanoparticle assemblies and could be tuned from highly resistive nonmetal-like to highly conductive metal-like by changing the deposition thickness. The film also displayed a SPR band in the near-IR region. The conductivity of the multi-branch ITO nanoparticle film was significantly superior to that of the spheroidal nanoparticle film. For a 46 nm thick multi-branch ITO nanoparticle film, a surprisingly low specific resistance of 3.09 × 10-4 Ω cm, which is comparable to the top-class conductivity of bulk ITO films, was obtained after annealing at a mild temperature of 250 °C, with a transmittance larger than 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ji'an Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhengyang Du
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fei Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuyuan Qin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Mao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Min Han
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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5
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Han Y, Ruan Y, Xue M, Wu Y, Shi M, Song Z, Zhou Y, Teng J. Effect of Annealing Time on the Cyclic Characteristics of Ceramic Oxide Thin Film Thermocouples. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1970. [PMID: 36422398 PMCID: PMC9694502 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxide thin film thermocouples (TFTCs) are widely used in high-temperature environment measurements and have the advantages of good stability and high thermoelectric voltage. However, different annealing processes affect the performance of TFTCs. This paper studied the impact of different annealing times on the cyclic characteristics of ceramic oxide thin film thermocouples. ITO/In2O3 TFTCs were prepared on alumina ceramics by a screen printing method, and the samples were annealed at different times. The microstructure of the ITO film was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that when the annealing temperature is fixed, the stability of the thermocouple is worst when it is annealed for 2 h. Extending the annealing time can improve the properties of the film, increase the density, slow down oxidation, and enhance the thermal stability of the thermocouple. The thermal cycle test results show that the sample can reach five temperature rise and fall cycles, more than 50 h, and can meet the needs of stable measurement in high temperature and harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Han
- Department of Electronic Information, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yong Ruan
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meixia Xue
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Qiyuan Laboratory, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Meng Shi
- MEMS Institute of Zibo National High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Song
- MEMS Institute of Zibo National High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Yuankai Zhou
- MEMS Institute of Zibo National High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Jiao Teng
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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6
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Meng Y, Fan J, Wang M, Gong W, Zhang J, Ma J, Mi H, Huang Y, Yang S, Ruoff RS, Geng J. Encoding Enantiomeric Molecular Chiralities on Graphene Basal Planes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117815. [PMID: 35107863 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Graphene has demonstrated broad applications due to its prominent properties. Its molecular structure makes graphene achiral. Here, we propose a direct way to prepare chiral graphene by transferring chiral structural conformation from chiral conjugated amino acids onto graphene basal plane through π-π interaction followed by thermal fusion. Using atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy, we estimated an areal coverage of the molecular imprints (chiral regions) up to 64 % on the basal plane of graphene (grown by chemical vapor deposition). The high concentration of molecular imprints in their single layer points to a close packing of the deposited amino acid molecules prior to "thermal fusion". Such "molecular chirality-encoded graphene" was tested as an electrode in electrochemical enantioselective recognition. The chirality-encoded graphene might find use for other chirality-related studies and the encoding procedure might be extended to other two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jingbiao Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.,Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Meihui Wang
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute of Basic Science, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenbin Gong
- School of Physics and Energy, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Junpeng Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hongyu Mi
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute of Basic Science, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianxin Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, No. 399 Bin-Shui-Xi Road, Xi-Qing District, Tianjin, 300387, China
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7
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Meng Y, Fan J, Wang M, Gong W, Zhang J, Ma J, Mi H, Huang Y, Yang S, Ruoff RS, Geng J. Encoding Enantiomeric Molecular Chiralities on Graphene Basal Planes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology 15 North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jingbiao Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology 15 North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 China
| | - Meihui Wang
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials Institute of Basic Science Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Wenbin Gong
- School of Physics and Energy Xuzhou University of Technology Xuzhou 221018 China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 China
| | - Junpeng Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology 15 North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hongyu Mi
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Pennsylvania 3231 Walnut Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Rodney S. Ruoff
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials Institute of Basic Science Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jianxin Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage School of Material Science and Engineering Tiangong University No. 399 Bin-Shui-Xi Road, Xi-Qing District Tianjin 300387 China
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8
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Zhao Y, Zhang L, Lv M, Jiao C, Cheng P, Fu Y, Li J, Liu Q, He D. Improvement of the Optoelectrical Properties of a Transparent Conductive Polymer via the Introduction of ITO Nanoparticles and Its Application in Crystalline Silicon/Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31171-31179. [PMID: 34170104 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Compared with conventional transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) as a conductive polymer material has been diffusely applied in organic optoelectronic devices. However, its optoelectrical properties need to be further improved. Therefore, a simple and universal approach with introducing ITO nanoparticles (NPs) was proposed to improve the optoelectrical properties of PEDOT:PSS thin films. The results show that the vertical conductivity (σDC⊥) and average transmittance (from 300 to 1200 nm) of PEDOT:PSS films were enhanced about 26.8 and 6.3%, respectively. Crystalline silicon (c-Si)/organic heterojunction solar cells (HSCs) with PEDOT:PSS/ITO NP hybrid films were fabricated and performances led to further improvement. The spatial distributions of relative electrical field intensity and the carrier generation rate of the HSCs under the standard AM 1.5 G condition were simulated, which were in good agreement with the experimental conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mingzhi Lv
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chaohui Jiao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pu Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yujun Fu
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junshuai Li
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiming Liu
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Deyan He
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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10
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Shi Y, He L, Deng Q, Liu Q, Li L, Wang W, Xin Z, Liu R. Synthesis and Applications of Silver Nanowires for Transparent Conductive Films. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E330. [PMID: 31100913 PMCID: PMC6562472 DOI: 10.3390/mi10050330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) are widely applied in flexible electronic devices. Among these electrodes, silver (Ag) nanowires (NWs) have gained considerable interests due to their excellent electrical and optical performances. Ag NWs with a one-dimensional nanostructure have unique characteristics from those of bulk Ag. In past 10 years, researchers have proposed various synthesis methods of Ag NWs, such as ultraviolet irradiation, template method, polyol method, etc. These methods are discussed and summarized in this review, and we conclude that the advantages of the polyol method are the most obvious. This review also provides a more comprehensive description of the polyol method for the synthesis of Ag NWs, and the synthetic factors including AgNO3 concentration, addition of other metal salts and polyvinyl pyrrolidone are thoroughly elaborated. Furthermore, several problems in the fabrication of Ag NWs-based TCEs and related devices are reviewed. The prospects for applications of Ag NWs-based TCE in solar cells, electroluminescence, electrochromic devices, flexible energy storage equipment, thin-film heaters and stretchable devices are discussed and summarized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shi
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qian Deng
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Quanxiao Liu
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Luhai Li
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Zhiqing Xin
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Ruping Liu
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
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Transparent Conductive Electrodes Based on Graphene-Related Materials. MICROMACHINES 2018; 10:mi10010013. [PMID: 30587828 PMCID: PMC6356588 DOI: 10.3390/mi10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are the most important key component in photovoltaic and display technology. In particular, graphene has been considered as a viable substitute for indium tin oxide (ITO) due to its optical transparency, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. The outstanding mechanical strength of graphene also provides an opportunity to apply it as a flexible electrode in wearable electronic devices. At the early stage of the development, TCE films that were produced only with graphene or graphene oxide (GO) were mainly reported. However, since then, the hybrid structure of graphene or GO mixed with other TCE materials has been investigated to further improve TCE performance by complementing the shortcomings of each material. This review provides a summary of the fabrication technology and the performance of various TCE films prepared with graphene-related materials, including graphene that is grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and GO or reduced GO (rGO) dispersed solution and their composite with other TCE materials, such as carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, and other conductive organic/inorganic material. Finally, several representative applications of the graphene-based TCE films are introduced, including solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and electrochromic devices.
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Sinha S, Sheng Y, Griffiths I, Young NP, Zhou S, Kirkland AI, Porfyrakis K, Warner JH. In Situ Atomic-Level Studies of Gd Atom Release and Migration on Graphene from a Metallofullerene Precursor. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10439-10451. [PMID: 30256088 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We show how gadolinium (Gd)-based metallofullerene (Gd3N@C80) molecules can be used to create single adatoms and nanoclusters on a graphene surface. An in situ heating holder within an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope is used to track the adhesion of endohedral metallofullerenes (MFs) to the surface of graphene, followed by Gd metal ejection and diffusion across the surface. Heating to 900 °C is used to promote adatom migration and metal nanocluster formation, enabling direct imaging of the assembly of nanoclusters of Gd. We show that hydrogen can be used to reduce the temperature of MF fragmentation and metal ejection, enabling Gd nanocluster formation on graphene surfaces at temperatures as low as 300 °C. The process of MF fragmentation and metal ejection is captured in situ and reveals that after metal release, the C80 cage opens further and fuses with the surface monolayer carbon glass on graphene, creating a highly stable carbon layer for further Gd adatom adhesion. Small voids and defects (∼1 nm) in the surface carbon glass act as trapping sites for Gd atoms, leading to atomic self-assembly of 2D monolayer Gd clusters. These results show that MFs can adhere to graphene surfaces at temperatures well above their bulk sublimation point, indicating that the surface bound MFs have strong adhesion to dangling bonds on graphene surfaces. The ability to create dispersed single Gd adatoms and Gd nanoclusters on graphene may have impact in spintronics and magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Sinha
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Yuewen Sheng
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Ian Griffiths
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Young
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Si Zhou
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Angus I Kirkland
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Center , Diamond Light Source Ltd , Didcot OX11 0DE , United Kingdom
| | - Kyriakos Porfyrakis
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
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