Simultaneous Quantification of Five Stereoisomeric Hexoses in Nine Biological Matrices Using Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Bilayer-Forming Lipids Enhance Archaeal Monolayer Membrane Stability

Archaeal membranes exhibit remarkable stability under extreme environmental conditions, a feature attributed to their unique lipid composition. While it is widely accepted that tetraether lipids confer structural integrity by forming monolayers, the role of bilayer-forming diether lipids in membrane stability remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that incorporating diethers into archaeal-like lipid assemblies enhances membrane organization and adaptability under thermal stress. Using neutron diffraction, we show that membranes composed of mixed diethers and tetraethers exhibit greater structural order and stability compared to pure lipid systems. Contrary to expectations, monolayer-forming tetraethers alone display increased variability in lamellar spacing under fluctuating temperature and humidity, whereas mixed lipid membranes maintain a consistent architecture. Furthermore, neutron-scattering length density profiles reveal an unexpected density feature at the bilayer midplane, challenging conventional models of archaeal monolayer organization. These findings suggest that molecular diversity of lipid molecules, rather than tetraether dominance, plays a critical role in membrane auto-assembly, stability, and adaptability. Our results provide new insights into archaeal membrane adaptation strategies, with implications for the development of bioinspired, robust synthetic membranes for industrial and biomedical applications.

Reliable quantification of citrate isomers and isobars with direct-infusion tandem mass spectrometry

Direct-infusion tandem mass spectrometry (DI-MS/MS) is an excellent tool for large cohort high-throughput quantitative metabolomics, MS imaging and single cell studies but incapable of discriminating isomers/isobars with similar MS spectral features. With experimental and density-functional theory (DFT) approaches, here, we comprehensively investigated the fragmentation pathways and characteristics of differential ion-mobility spectrometry (DMS) for three citrate isomers (citrate, isocitrate, glucaro-1,4-lactone) and an isobar (quinate) co-existing in biological sample such as urine. Results showed that all these compounds gave better MS spectra in negative-ion mode than positive-ion one and had numerous fragment ions under collision-induced dissociation (CID) with sequential losses of H₂O and CO₂. All observed fragment ions were assignable by combining experimental with DFT calculation results. A DI-DMS-MS/MS method was then developed to simultaneously quantify these four isomers/isobars with m/z 191-87 (CoV, -5.5 V), 191-73 (CoV, -3.5 V), 191-85 (CoV, -29.5 V) and m/z 191-93 (CoV, -41.5 V) for citrate, isocitrate, glucaro-1,4-lactone and quinate, respectively. The low limit-of-quantification was below 5.5 nM whilst accuracy was above 94% for all above compounds. The urinary concentrations of them in human and C57BL/6 mouse samples were further quantified showing clear inter-individual and inter-species level differences with significantly higher levels of isocitrate, glucaro-1,4-lactone and quinate in human urine samples than mouse ones. This provides an approach to understand the detailed fragmentation pathways for organic isomers/isobars and a high-throughput MS strategy to quantify them in complex mixtures for metabolomics, lipidomics, foodomics and exposomics especially when chromatographic separations are not useable.

Purity Assessment of Dinotefuran Using Mass Balance and Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Dinotefuran (DNT) belongs to the third-generation neonicotinoid pesticides, which are among the most common residuals in a variety of food commodities. To guarantee accurate quantification and traceability of results in food samples, certified reference materials (CRMs) are the indispensable benchmark. In this work, a DNT CRM was characterized and its purity was assessed by two independent methods, including mass balance (MB) and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR). The mass fraction of moisture was 0.33 mg/g, the inorganic impurity was 0.01 mg/g, and no detectable organic solvent was detected. Benzoic acid was chosen as the internal standard for qNMR. Its mass fraction was 997.9 mg/g and 992.9 mg/g by MB and qNMR, respectively. Eventually, the DNT CRM was assigned a mass fraction of 995 mg/g, with expanded uncertainty of 5 mg/g (k = 2). This CRM can be used to prepare calibrant solutions and is applicable to national routine monitoring of DNT residuals in agro-products and food.

Simultaneous Determination of Neonicotinoid and Carbamate Pesticides in Freeze-Dried Cabbage by Modified QuEChERS and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Dehydrated vegetables are popular in instant foods, but few reports have focused on their pesticide residues. This research developed and validated a modified QuEChERS method combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine 19 kinds of neonicotinoid and carbamate pesticides in freeze-dried cabbage. Herein, acetonitrile/water (v/v = 2:1) was selected in the extraction step. Meanwhile, 4 g anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 1 g sodium chloride were applied to the partitioning step. Dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbents were selected, and liquid chromatography conditions were further optimized for dealing with the matrix effect. The limits of quantification ranged from 1.0 to 10.0 μg/kg. The validation results were acceptable, with average recoveries of 78.7-114.0% and relative standard deviations below 14.2%. The method recoveries were closely related to the volume proportion of water in the extractant. Finally, the developed method was applied to real freeze-dried cabbages and four pesticides (propamocarb, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid) were detected in six samples.

Quantification of Glucose, fructose and 1,5-Anhydroglucitol in plasma of diabetic patients by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a worldwide disease that affects the quality of human life and social development. Glucose, fructose and 1,5-anhydroglucitol are closely related to diabetes mellitus. However, few methods have been reported to achieve these three carbohydrates in the blood simultaneously. In this study, a UPLC-MS/MS method allowing to quantify glucose, fructose, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol simultaneously in human plasma was developed. The analysis was performed by UPLC-MS/MS system with HILIC column. This new method provided satisfactory results in terms of calibration curves with good linearity (R² > 0.99) over 3 order of magnitude range, precision (coefficient of variation of intra-day and inter-day: 0.72-10.23% and 2.21-13.8%), accuracy (results of intra-day and inter-day: 97-113%, 100-107%), matrix effects (87-109%), recovery (93-119%), carry-over (0.004-0.014%), as well as stability (0.04-6.9%) within the acceptance criteria. The reproducible, precise and accurate method with suitable dynamic ranges was successfully applied to the analysis of glucose, fructose and 1,5-anhydroglucitol in T2DM under different pathophysiological conditions.

Chemical characterization of extracts of leaves of Kadsua coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Sm. by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass spectrometry and assessment of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities

Kadsua coccinea (K. coccinea) has long been used as a fruit and folk medicine; however, the composition of its leaves and the activities of its constituents have been seldom studied. A total of 98 chemical constituents, including 53 phenolic acids, 41 flavonoids, and 4 lignans, were identified from the plant of kadsua coccinea by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass spectrometry. All these chemicals were reported for the first time in leaves, and 95 of them have been reported for the first time in the plant of kadsua coccinea. The biological potential of extracts of K. coccinea leaves (EKL) was evaluated by in vitro antioxidant assay and anti-inflammatory assay. EKL are composed of polysaccharides (60%), polyphenols (26%), and proteins (11%). EKL present decent potent •OH and DPPH scavenging abilities and Fe²⁺ chelating ability. They also inhibit the secretion of NO, reduce the level of Cox2 in proteins, inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-2 and IL-6, and promote the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. These results displayed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of EKL, which will be very beneficial for further development and investigation of kadsua coccinea leaves.

Paired Derivatization Approach with H/D-Labeled Hydroxylamine Reagents for Sensitive and Accurate Analysis of Monosaccharides by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Monosaccharides play important roles in biological processes. Sensitive and accurate analyses of monosaccharides remain challenging because of their high hydrophilicities and poor ionization efficiencies. Here, we developed a paired derivatization approach with H/D-labeled hydroxylamines for simultaneous quantification of 12 monosaccharides by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). O-(4-Methoxybenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride (4-MOBHA·HCl) showed higher derivatization efficiency for monosaccharides compared to six other hydroxylamine analogues. The derivatization of monosaccharides was readily achieved in an aqueous solution. Furthermore, the deuterium-labeled isotope reagent, d₃-4-MOBHA·HCl, was newly synthesized to stably label monosaccharides to improve its accuracy and precision in complex matrix analysis. As a result, 12 monosaccharides were rapidly detected by LC-MS/MS within 16 min with significant improvements in chromatographic separation and retention time. The detection sensitivity increased by 83 to 1600-fold with limits of quantitation ranging from 0.25 to 3.00 fmol. With the paired derivatization strategy, the monosaccharides could be accurately quantified with good linearity (R² > 0.99) and satisfactory accuracy (recoveries: 85-110%). Using this method, we achieved sensitive and accurate quantification of the monosaccharide composition of herbal polysaccharides and the change in monosaccharide levels in human cell lines under physiopathological conditions. More importantly, the developed method was able to differentiate between the levels of the monosaccharides in fecal samples of human ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and UC mice compared to their respective controls. The differential monosaccharides determined in human feces provided a good diagnostic performance in distinguishing the UC patients from healthy individuals, showing potential for clinical application.

Development of a Simple, Underivatized Method for Rapid Determination of Free Amino Acids in Honey Using Dilute-and-Shoot Strategy and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A simple, fast and reliable analytical method was developed for 20 free amino acids (FAAs) determination in honey samples through a dilute-and-shoot strategy and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Compared with previous reports, direct dilution by water has significantly reduced the matrix effect and facilitated full extraction of FAAs. Further, a 5 min determination method was established with an acetonitrile–water mobile phase system with 0.1% formic acid addition. The established method was validated and demonstrated several advantages including short detection time, wide linear range over 3–4 orders of magnitude, high sensitivity down to 0.1 ng/mL and negligible matrix effect. Twenty FAAs were determined in 10 honey samples from different botanical origins by this method, and 19 FAAs were found. This general applicable method was also promising for fast determination of FAAs in other practical samples.

Potential hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and anti-inflammatory bioactive components in Nelumbo nucifera leaves explored by bioaffinity ultrafiltration with multiple targets

Leaf of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (N. nucifera) has been widely used as the main ingredient in lipid-lowering herbal teas and some prescriptions in China due to their excellent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. However, the active components responsible for these beneficial properties and their mechanisms remain unexplored. In this work, the N. nucifera leaf extracts significantly promoted the glucose consumption of HepG2 cells, and also exhibited remarkable inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, and COX-2. Furthermore, the top four potential active compounds (N-nornuciferine, Nuciferine, 2-Hydroxy-1-methoxyaporphine, and Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside) targeting the above three enzymes were screened out by bioaffinity ultrafiltration with multiple targets coupled with HPLC-MS/MS. The enzyme inhibitory activities of candidate compounds were verified by enzyme inhibition assay and molecular docking. In addition, molecular docking revealed the binding information between the candidate molecules and enzymes. The current study provided valuable information in discovering functional active ingredients from complex medicinal plant extracts.