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Manavalan T, Stepnov AA, Hegnar OA, Eijsink VGH. Sugar oxidoreductases and LPMOs - two sides of the same polysaccharide degradation story? Carbohydr Res 2021; 505:108350. [PMID: 34049079 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze the oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in recalcitrant polysaccharides such as chitin and cellulose and their discovery has revolutionized our understanding of enzymatic biomass conversion. The discovery of LPMOs raises interesting new questions regarding the roles of other oxidoreductases and abiotic redox processes in biomass conversion. LPMOs need reducing power and an oxygen co-substrate and biomass degrading ecosystems contain a multitude of redox enzymes that affect the availability of both. For example, biomass degrading fungi produce multiple sugar oxidoreductases whose biological functions so far have remained somewhat enigmatic. It is now conceivable that these redox enzymes, in particular H2O2-producing sugar oxidases, could play a role in fueling and controlling LPMO reactions. Here, we shortly review contemporary issues in the LPMO field, paying particular attention to the possible roles of sugar oxidoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilvendan Manavalan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Science, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Science, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Olav A Hegnar
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Science, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Science, N-1432, Ås, Norway.
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2
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Savino S, Fraaije MW. The vast repertoire of carbohydrate oxidases: An overview. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 51:107634. [PMID: 32961251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are widely abundant molecules present in a variety of forms. For their biosynthesis and modification, nature has evolved a plethora of carbohydrate-acting enzymes. Many of these enzymes are of particular interest for biotechnological applications, where they can be used as biocatalysts or biosensors. Among the enzymes catalysing conversions of carbohydrates are the carbohydrate oxidases. These oxidative enzymes belong to different structural families and use different cofactors to perform the oxidation reaction of CH-OH bonds in carbohydrates. The variety of carbohydrate oxidases available in nature reflects their specificity towards different sugars and selectivity of the oxidation site. Thanks to their properties, carbohydrate oxidases have received a lot of attention in basic and applied research, such that nowadays their role in biotechnological processes is of paramount importance. In this review we provide an overview of the available knowledge concerning the known carbohydrate oxidases. The oxidases are first classified according to their structural features. After a description on their mechanism of action, substrate acceptance and characterisation, we report on the engineering of the different carbohydrate oxidases to enhance their employment in biocatalysis and biotechnology. In the last part of the review we highlight some practical applications for which such enzymes have been exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Savino
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Copper radical oxidases and related extracellular oxidoreductases of wood-decay Agaricomycetes. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 72:124-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Lundb[acaron]ck H, Olsson B. Amperometric Determination of Galactose, Lactose and Dihydroxyacetone Using Galactose Oxidase in a Flow Injection System with Immobilized Enzyme Reactors and On-Line Dialysis. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718508066184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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5
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Arends IW, Gamez P, Sheldon RA. Green oxidation of alcohols using biomimetic Cu complexes and Cu enzymes as catalysts. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(05)58006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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van Hellemond EW, Leferink NGH, Heuts DPHM, Fraaije MW, van Berkel WJH. Occurrence and Biocatalytic Potential of Carbohydrate Oxidases. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2006; 60:17-54. [PMID: 17157632 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(06)60002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik W van Hellemond
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Amárita Vega F, Núñez CG, Weigel B, Hitzmann B, Diaz Ricci JC. On-line monitoring of galactoside conjugates and glycerol by flow injection analysis. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Kersten PJ, Kirk TK. Involvement of a new enzyme, glyoxal oxidase, in extracellular H2O2 production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:2195-201. [PMID: 3553159 PMCID: PMC212128 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.5.2195-2201.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of extracellular H2O2 in lignin degradation has become increasingly apparent with the recent discovery of H2O2-requiring ligninases produced by white-rot fungi. Here we describe a new H2O2-producing activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium that involves extracellular oxidases able to use simple aldehyde, alpha-hydroxycarbonyl, or alpha-dicarbonyl compounds as substrates. The activity is expressed during secondary metabolism, when the ligninases are also expressed. Analytical isoelectric focusing of the extracellular proteins, followed by activity staining, indicated that minor proteins with broad substrate specificities are responsible for the oxidase activity. Two of the oxidase substrates, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, were also identified, as their quinoxaline derivatives, in the culture fluid as secondary metabolites. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to lignin degradation and other proposed systems for H2O2 production in P. chrysosporium.
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Mendonça MH, Zancan GT. Purification and characterization of intracellular galactose oxidase from Dactylium dendroides. Arch Biochem Biophys 1987; 252:507-14. [PMID: 3813549 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(87)90058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular galactose oxidase from Dactylium dendroides was purified to homogeneity with a 64% yield. The enzyme is a glycoprotein (7.7% neutral sugars, 1.7% aminosugars) with 72,000 Da of molecular mass. The enzyme showed nonlinear double reciprocal plots with O2 and D-galactose, suggesting cooperative binding for both substrates. The intracellular galactose oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of galactose derivatives and dihydroxyacetone but not of glycerol, glycolaldehyde, beta-hydroxipyruvate, and allyl alcohol which are substrates for the extracellular enzyme. Compared with the extracellular galactose oxidase, the intracellular enzyme showed higher carbohydrate content and sensitivity to diethyldithiocarbamate.
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10
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Pedrosa FO, Zancan GT. Effect of oxygen on galactose oxidase synthesis and secretion inDactylium dendroides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(86)90038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Mediated amperometric biosensors for d-galactose, glycolate and l-amino acids based on a ferrocene-modified carbon paste electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)82441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Olsson B, Lundbäck H, Johansson G. Galactose determination in an automated flow-injection system containing enzyme reactors and an on-line dialyzer. Anal Chim Acta 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)84415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Uwajima T, Shimizu Y, Terada O. Glycerol oxidase, a novel copper hemoprotein from Aspergillus japonicus. Molecular and catalytic properties of the enzyme and its application to the analysis of serum triglycerides. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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14
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Klibanov AM, Alberti BN, Marletta MA. Stereospecific oxidation of aliphatic alcohols catalyzed by galactose oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 108:804-8. [PMID: 7150324 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)90900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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18
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Infrared and raman studies of the dimeric structures of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, d(+)- and dl-glyceraldehyde. J Mol Struct 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2860(76)80104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Jack W, Sturgeon RJ. The oxidation of terminal D-galactofuranose residues of a galactan and a glycoprotein by a D-galactose oxidase preparation from Dactylium dendroides. Carbohydr Res 1976; 49:335-40. [PMID: 986873 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)83150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A galactan, isolated from the unicellular organism Prototheca zopfii, and a glycoprotein from a hyphal cell-wall fraction of the fungus Pithomyces chartarum have been oxidised by a D-galactose oxidase preparation from Dactylium dendroides. The oxidised polymers were subsequently reduced with sodium borotritide. The site of oxidation was identified as C-6 of non-reducing D-galactofuranosyl residues in both polymers.
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Hamilton GA, Dyrkacz GR, Libby RD. The involvement of superoxide and trivalent copper in the galactose oxidase reaction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1976; 74:489-504. [PMID: 183480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3270-1_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Cleveland L, Coffman RE, Coon P, Davis L. An investigation of the role of the copper in galactose oxidase. Biochemistry 1975; 14:1108-15. [PMID: 164209 DOI: 10.1021/bi00677a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galactose oxidase is a metalloenzyme containing a single copper atom per molecule. The mechanism of action of galactose oxidase is studied in this paper by investigating substrate specificity and activation by peroxidase, and probing the copper site by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Line-shape simulation of ESR spectra are also reported and a comparison is made between observed and simulated spectra for galactose oxidase. A comparison is also reported for the enzyme from various commercial sources and enzyme isolated from a fungus in this laboratory. The results of this investigation suggest that the copper is in an environment of four in-plane nitrogens with axial symmetry.
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22
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Ettinger MJ, Kosman DJ. Circular dichroism spectra of the copper enzyme, galactose oxidase, in the presence of its substrates and products. Biochemistry 1974; 13:1247-51. [PMID: 4360784 DOI: 10.1021/bi00703a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Kosman DJ, Bereman RD, Ettinger MJ, Giordano RS. On the role of a cuprous ion intermediate in the galactose oxidase reaction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 54:856-61. [PMID: 4356659 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Enzymatische Analyse vonl-Arabinose undd-Galaktose, ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung von Kohlenhydraten in Lebensmitteln. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01810715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Bishop DG, Hewett MJ, Knox KW. Biochemical studies on lipopolysaccharides of Veillonella. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 19:169-75. [PMID: 5552388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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