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Doubková M, Knitlová J, Vondrášek D, Eckhardt A, Novotný T, Ošt'ádal M, Filová E, Bačáková L. Harnessing the Biomimetic Effect of Macromolecular Crowding in the Cell-Derived Model of Clubfoot Fibrosis. Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 39214607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Fibrotic changes in pediatric clubfoot provide an opportunity to improve corrective therapy and prevent relapses with targeted drugs. This study defines the parameters of clubfoot fibrosis and presents a unique analysis of a simple pseudo-3D in vitro model for disease-specific high-throughput drug screening experiments. The model combines clubfoot-derived fibroblasts with a biomimetic cultivation environment induced by the water-soluble polymers Ficoll and Polyvinylpyrrolidone, utilizing the principle of macromolecular crowding. We achieved higher conversion of soluble collagen into insoluble collagen, accelerated formation of the extracellular matrix layer and upregulated fibrosis-related genes in the mixed Ficoll environment. To test the model, we evaluated the effect of a potential antifibrotic drug, minoxidil, emphasizing collagen content and cross-linking. While the model amplified overall collagen deposition, minoxidil effectively blocked the expression of lysyl hydroxylases, which are responsible for the increased occurrence of specific collagen cross-linking in various fibrotic tissues. This limited the formation of collagen cross-link in both the model and control environments. Our findings provide a tool for expanding preclinical research for clubfoot and similar fibroproliferative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Doubková
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Knitlová
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - David Vondrášek
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Eckhardt
- Laboratory of Translational Metabolism, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Novotný
- Department of Orthopaedics, Masaryk Hospital, Socialni Pece 3316/12A, 401 13 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ošt'ádal
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Bulovka, Charles University, Budinova 67/2, 180 81 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Filová
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bačáková
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Debras E, Capmas P, Maudot C, Chavatte-Palmer P. Uterine wound healing after caesarean section: A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2024; 296:83-90. [PMID: 38417279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The rate of caesarean section (CS) is increasing worldwide. Defects in uterine healing have a major gynaecological and obstetric impact (uterine rupture, caesarean scar defect, caesarean scar pregnancy, placenta accreta spectrum). The complex process of cellular uterine healing after surgery, and specifically after CS, remains poorly understood in contrast to skin wound healing. This literature review on uterine wound healing was mainly based on histological observations, particularly after CS. The primary objective of the review was to examine the effects of CS on uterine tissue at the cellular level, based on histological observations. The secondary objectives were to describe the biomechanical characteristics and the therapies used to improve scar tissue after CS. This review was performed using PRISMA criteria, and PubMed was the data source. The study included all clinical and animal model studies with CS and histological analysis of the uterine scar area (macroscopic, microscopic, immunohistochemical and biomechanical). Twenty studies were included: 10 human and 10 animal models. In total, 533 female humans and 511 female animals were included. Review articles, meeting abstracts, case series, case reports, and abstracts without access to full-text were excluded. The search was limited to studies published in English. No correlation was found between cutaneous and uterine healing. The histology of uterine scars is characterized by disorganized smooth muscle, fibrosis with collagen fibres and fewer endometrial glands. As for skin healing, the initial inflammation phase and mediation of some growth factors (particularly connective tissue growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, tumour necrosis factor α and tumour necrosis factor β) seem to be essential. This initial phase has an impact on the subsequent phases of proliferation and maturation. Collagen appears to play a key role in the initial granulation tissue to replace the loss of substance. Subsequent maturation of the scar tissue is essential, with a decrease in collagen and smooth muscle restoration. Unlike skin, the glandular structure of uterine tissue could be responsible for the relatively high incidence of healing defects. Uterine scar defects after CS are characterized by an atrophic disorganized endometrium with atypia and a fibroblastic highly collagenic stromal reaction. Concerning immunohistochemistry, one study found a decrease in tumour necrosis factor β in uterine scar defects. No correlation was found between biomechanical characteristics (particularly uterine strength) and the presence of a collagenous scar after CS. Based on the findings of this review, an illustration of current understanding about uterine healing is provided. There is currently no validated prevention of caesarean scar defects. Various treatments to improve uterine healing after CS have been tested, and appeared to have good efficacy in animal studies: alpha lipoic acid, growth factors, collagen scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells. Further prospective studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Debras
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, Hospital Bicêtre, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; University Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Faculty of medicine, University Paris-Sud Saclay, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| | - P Capmas
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, Hospital Bicêtre, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Faculty of medicine, University Paris-Sud Saclay, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM - UMR1018 - CESP - Hopital Paul Brousse, 12 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - C Maudot
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, Hospital Bicêtre, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; University Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - P Chavatte-Palmer
- University Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Wenande E, Hastrup A, Fredman GL, Olesen UH, Wolkerstorfer A, Haedersdal M. Impact of skin hydration on patterns of microthermal injury produced by fractional CO 2 laser. Lasers Surg Med 2024; 56:81-89. [PMID: 37987545 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The impact of skin hydration on patterns of thermal injury produced by ablative fractional lasers (AFLs) is insufficiently examined under standardized conditions. Using skin with three different hydration levels, this study assessed the effect of hydration status on microchannel dimensions generated by a fractional CO2 laser. METHODS A hydration model (hyperhydrated-, dehydrated- and control) was established in ex vivo porcine skin, validated by changes in surface conductance and sample mass. After, samples underwent AFL exposure using a CO2 laser (10,600 nm) at two examined pulse energies (10 and 30 mJ/mb, fixed 10% density, six repetitions per group). Histological assessment of distinct microchannels (n = 60) determined three standardized endpoints in H&E sections: (1) depth of microthermal treatment zones (MTZs), (2) depth of microscopic ablation zones (MAZs), and (3) coagulation zone (CZ) thickness. As a supplemental in vivo assessment, the same laser settings were applied to hyperhydrated- (7-h occlusion) and normohydrated forearm skin (no pretreatment) of a human volunteer. Blinded measurement of MAZ depth (n = 30) was performed using noninvasive optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS Modest differences in microchannel dimensions were shown between hyperhydrated, dehydrated and control skin at both high and low pulse energy. Compared to controls, hyperhydration led to median reductions in MTZ and MAZ depth ranging from 5% to 8% (control vs. hyperhydrated at 30 mJ/mb; 848 vs. 797 µm (p < 0.003) (MAZ); 928 vs. 856 µm (p < 0.003) (MTZ)), while 14%-16% reductions were shown in dehydrated skin (control vs. dehydrated at 30 mJ/mb; MAZ: 848 vs. 727 µm (p < 0.003); MTZ: 928 vs. 782 µm (p < 0.003)). The impact of skin hydration on CZ thickness was in contrast limited. Corresponding with ex vivo findings, hyperhydration was similarly associated with lower ablative depth in vivo skin. Thus, median MAZ depth in hydrated skin was 10% and 14% lower than in control areas at 10 and 30 mJ/mb pulse energy, respectively (10 mJ: 210 vs. 180 µm (p < 0.001); 30 mJ: 335 vs. 300 µm (p < 0.001)). CONCLUSION Skin hydration status can exert a minimal impact on patterns of microthermal injury produced by fractional CO2 lasers, although the clinical implication in the context of laser therapy requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Wenande
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Hastrup
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Uffe Høgh Olesen
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert Wolkerstorfer
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merete Haedersdal
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sapkota R, Munt DJ, Kincaid AE, Dash AK. Liposomes and transferosomes in the delivery of papain for the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290224. [PMID: 38100466 PMCID: PMC10723692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars and keloids are characterized by an excessive collagen deposition. The available treatment options are invasive and can result in recurrence of scar formation. Using liposomes and transferosomes for the topical delivery of papain, a proteolytic enzyme, can be effective treatment. The objective of the study is to formulate papain-loaded liposomes and transferosomes, characterize the formulations, and study in vitro permeation using shed snake skin and Sprague-Dawley rat skin as models for stratum corneum and full thickness skin. Papain-loaded liposomes and transferosomes were formulated using the thin-film hydration method for the delivery of papain across the stratum corneum barrier. An in vitro permeation study carried out using shed-snake skin and Sprague-Dawley rat skin models showed that transferosomes were able to deliver papain across the stratum corneum barrier, while papain solution and papain liposomes were not able to cross the barrier. However, transferosomes were not able to deliver papain across the full thickness rat skin model suggesting the deposition of papain loaded transferosomes in the epidermal or dermal layer of skin. In addition, an ex-vivo model was used to analyze the effect of papain exposure on the morphology of the epidermis taken from rat skin exposed to papain solution, papain in transferosomes and papain in liposomes. Papain in solution resulted in a noticeable degradation of the epidermis, but when embedded in either transferosomes or liposomes there was no noticeable change when compared to control animals. The cytotoxicity study performed using HeLa cells showed that the cells were viable at papain concentrations lower than 0.01 mg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Sapkota
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Profession, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Munt
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Profession, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Anthony E. Kincaid
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Profession, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Alekha K. Dash
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Profession, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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Faour S, Farahat M, Aijaz A, Jeschke MG. Fibrosis in burns: an overview of mechanisms and therapies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1545-C1557. [PMID: 37811732 PMCID: PMC10881229 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00254.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Scar development remains a common occurrence and a major healthcare challenge affecting the lives of millions of patients annually. Severe injuries to the skin, such as burns can lead to pathological wound healing patterns, often characterized by dermal fibrosis or excessive scarring, and chronic inflammation. The two most common forms of fibrotic diseases following burn trauma are hypertrophic scars (HSCs) and keloids, which severely impact the patient's quality of life. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms are similar, HSC and keloids have several distinct differences. In this review, we discuss the different forms of fibrosis that occur postburn injury, emphasizing how the extent of burn influences scar development. Moreover, we highlight how a systemic response induced by a burn injury drives wound fibrosis, including both the role of the inflammatory response, as well as the fate of fibroblast during skin healing. Finally, we list potential therapeutics aimed at alleviating pathological scar formation. An understanding of the mechanisms of postburn fibrosis will allow us to effectively move studies from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Faour
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- TaARI, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Farahat
- TaARI, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayesha Aijaz
- TaARI, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- TaARI, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Gawronska-Kozak B, Kopcewicz M, Machcinska-Zielinska S, Walendzik K, Wisniewska J, Drukała J, Wasniewski T, Rutkowska J, Malinowski P, Pulinski M. Gender Differences in Post-Operative Human Skin. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2653. [PMID: 37893027 PMCID: PMC10604277 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the impact of age, gender, and obesity on the skin wound healing process has been extensively studied, the data related to gender differences in aspects of skin scarring are limited. The present study performed on abdominal human intact and scar skin focused on determining gender differences in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) accumulation, and Foxn1 expression as a part of the skin response to injury. Scar skin of men showed highly increased levels of COLLAGEN 1A1, COLLAGEN 6A3, and ELASTIN mRNA expression, the accumulation of thick collagen I-positive fibers, and the accumulation of α-SMA-positive cells in comparison to the scar skin of women. However, post-injured skin of women displayed an increase (in comparison to post-injured men's skin) in collagen III accumulation in the scar area. On the contrary, women's skin samples showed a tendency towards higher levels of adipogenic-related genes (PPARγ, FABP4, LEPTIN) than men, regardless of intact or scar skin. Intact skin of women showed six times higher levels of LEPTIN mRNA expression in comparison to men intact (p < 0.05), men post-injured (p < 0.05), or women post-injured scar (p < 0.05) skin. Higher levels of FOXN1 mRNA and protein were also detected in women than in men's skin. In conclusion, the present data confirm and extend (dWAT layer) the data related to the presence of differences between men and women in the skin, particularly in scar tissues, which may contribute to the more effective and gender-tailored improvement of skin care interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gawronska-Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (S.M.-Z.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Marta Kopcewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (S.M.-Z.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Sylwia Machcinska-Zielinska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (S.M.-Z.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Walendzik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (S.M.-Z.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Joanna Wisniewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (S.M.-Z.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Justyna Drukała
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Wasniewski
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Joanna Rutkowska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Piotr Malinowski
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Pulinski
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Clements A, Shibuya Y, Hokugo A, Brooks Z, Roca Y, Kondo T, Nishimura I, Jarrahy R. In vitro assessment of Neuronal PAS domain 2 mitigating compounds for scarless wound healing. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1014763. [PMID: 36816724 PMCID: PMC9928850 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1014763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The core circadian gene Neuronal PAS domain 2 (NPAS2) is expressed in dermal fibroblasts and has been shown to play a critical role in regulating collagen synthesis during wound healing. We have performed high throughput drug screening to identify genes responsible for downregulation of Npas2 while maintaining cell viability. From this, five FDA-approved hit compounds were shown to suppress Npas2 expression in fibroblasts. In this study, we hypothesize that the therapeutic suppression of Npas2 by hit compounds will have two effects: (1) attenuated excessive collagen deposition and (2) accelerated dermal wound healing without hypertrophic scarring. Materials and methods To test the effects of each hit compound (named Dwn1, 2, 3, 4, and 5), primary adult human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) were treated with either 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 μM of a single hit compound. HDFa behaviors were assessed by picrosirius red staining and quantitative RT-PCR for in vitro collagen synthesis, cell viability assay, in vitro fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation test, and cell migration assays. Results Dwn1 and Dwn2 were found to significantly affect collagen synthesis and cell migration without any cytotoxicity. Dwn3, Dwn4, and Dwn5 did not affect collagen synthesis and were thereby eliminated from further consideration for their role in mitigation of gene expression or myofibroblast differentiation. Dwn1 also attenuated myofibroblast differentiation on HDFa. Conclusion Dwn1 and Dwn2 may serve as possible therapeutic agents for future studies related to skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Clements
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yoichiro Shibuya
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Akishige Hokugo
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Akishige Hokugo,
| | - Zachary Brooks
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yvonne Roca
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Takeru Kondo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Ichiro Nishimura,
| | - Reza Jarrahy
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Reza Jarrahy,
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Nguyen PK, Jana A, Huang C, Grafton A, Holt I, Giacomelli M, Kuo CK. Tendon mechanical properties are enhanced via recombinant lysyl oxidase treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:945639. [PMID: 35992359 PMCID: PMC9389157 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.945639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon mechanical properties are significantly compromised in adult tendon injuries, tendon-related birth defects, and connective tissue disorders. Unfortunately, there currently is no effective treatment to restore native tendon mechanical properties after postnatal tendon injury or abnormal fetal development. Approaches to promote crosslinking of extracellular matrix components in tendon have been proposed to enhance insufficient mechanical properties of fibrotic tendon after healing. However, these crosslinking agents, which are not naturally present in the body, are associated with toxicity and significant reductions in metabolic activity at concentrations that enhance tendon mechanical properties. In contrast, we propose that an effective method to restore tendon mechanical properties would be to promote lysyl oxidase (LOX)-mediated collagen crosslinking in tendon during adult tissue healing or fetal tissue development. LOX is naturally occurring in the body, and we previously demonstrated LOX-mediated collagen crosslinking to be a critical regulator of tendon mechanical properties during new tissue formation. In this study, we examined the effects of recombinant LOX treatment on tendon at different stages of development. We found that recombinant LOX treatment significantly enhanced tensile and nanoscale tendon mechanical properties without affecting cell viability or collagen content, density, and maturity. Interestingly, both tendon elastic modulus and LOX-mediated collagen crosslink density plateaued at higher recombinant LOX concentrations, which may have been due to limited availability of adjacent lysine residues that are near enough to be crosslinked together. The plateau in crosslink density at higher concentrations of recombinant LOX treatments may have implications for preventing over-stiffening of tendon, though this requires further investigation. These findings demonstrate the exciting potential for a LOX-based therapeutic to enhance tendon mechanical properties via a naturally occurring crosslinking mechanism, which could have tremendous implications for an estimated 32 million acute and chronic tendon and ligament injuries each year in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong K. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Aniket Jana
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Chi Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Alison Grafton
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Iverson Holt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Michael Giacomelli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Catherine K. Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Catherine K. Kuo,
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Schaffrick L, Ding J, Kwan P, Tredget EE. Molecular Features of Hypertrophic Scars After Thermal Injury: Is There a Biologic Basis for Laser Therapy? Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:163-178. [PMID: 34663086 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Hypertrophic scars (HTS) and keloids are common after thermal injuries and other trauma to deep regions of dermis of the skin. These abnormal scars can cause contractures and the thick masses of scar tissue that result in functional and cosmetic impairment. Management of these dermal fibrotic conditions includes a wide range of medical and surgical treatments, which can be time consuming, only partially effective, and often uncomfortable for patients. Recent Advances: The molecular pathophysiology of HTS has become more understood over the past two decades, where thermal injury to the reticular dermis results in an inflammatory response, fibrogenic growth factor release, and the formation of a dermal scar with increased collagen and proteoglycan composition in an abnormal morphology. Lasers are becoming a widely used form of treatment for these types of scars; however, the evidence for the beneficial effects of laser treatments and the understanding of their mechanism of action are still evolving. Critical Issues: Paradoxically, laser delivery of thermal energy to the skin is suggested to improve scar remodeling and wound healing, yet HTS is a well-recognized complication of excessive thermal energy delivered by laser treatments. This review aims to examine the current evidence for the use of lasers for HTS, and to investigate the molecular mechanisms where re-injury of a burn scar from laser treatment could result in overall improvements in scar quality. Future Directions: Improved design of clinical trials for the treatment of scarring in the future will evolve from new methodology and models of HTS in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy Schaffrick
- Wound Healing Research Group, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jie Ding
- Wound Healing Research Group, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peter Kwan
- Wound Healing Research Group, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Edward E. Tredget
- Wound Healing Research Group, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Critical Care, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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10
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Knitlova J, Doubkova M, Plencner M, Vondrasek D, Eckhardt A, Ostadal M, Musilkova J, Bacakova L, Novotny T. Minoxidil decreases collagen I deposition and tissue-like contraction in clubfoot-derived cells: a way to improve conservative treatment of relapsed clubfoot? Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:554-569. [PMID: 32951485 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1816992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Clubfoot is a congenital deformity affecting the musculoskeletal system, resulting in contracted and stiff tissue in the medial part of the foot. Minoxidil (MXD) has an inhibitory effect on lysyl hydroxylase, which influences the quality of extracellular matrix crosslinking, and could therefore be used to reduce the stiffness and to improve the flexibility of the tissue. We assessed the in vitro antifibrotic effects of minoxidil on clubfoot-derived cells. METHODS Cell viability and proliferation were quantified by xCELLigence, MTS, and LIVE/DEAD assays. The amount of collagen I deposited into the extracellular matrix was quantified using immunofluorescence with subsequent image segmentation analysis, hydroxyproline assay, and Second Harmonic Generation imaging. Extracellular matrix contraction was studied in a 3D model of cell-populated collagen gel lattices. RESULTS MXD concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mM inhibited the cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner without causing a cytotoxic effect. Exposure to ≥0.5 mM MXD resulted in a decrease in collagen type I accumulation after 8 and 21 days in culture. Changes in collagen fiber assembly were observed by immunofluorescence microscopy and nonlinear optical microscopy (second harmonic generation). MXD also inhibited the contraction of cell-populated collagen lattices (0.5 mM by 22%; 0.75 mM by 28%). CONCLUSIONS Minoxidil exerts an in vitro inhibitory effect on the cell proliferation, collagen accumulation, and extracellular matrix contraction processes that are associated with clubfoot fibrosis. This study provides important preliminary results demonstrating the potential relevance of MXD for adjuvant pharmacological therapy in standard treatment of relapsed clubfoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Knitlova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Doubkova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Plencner
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Vondrasek
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Eckhardt
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ostadal
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Na Bulovce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Musilkova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bacakova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Novotny
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Orthopaedics, Masaryk Hospital, Usti Nad Labem, Czech Republic
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11
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van de Vyver M, Boodhoo K, Frazier T, Hamel K, Kopcewicz M, Levi B, Maartens M, Machcinska S, Nunez J, Pagani C, Rogers E, Walendzik K, Wisniewska J, Gawronska-Kozak B, Gimble JM. Histology Scoring System for Murine Cutaneous Wounds. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:1141-1152. [PMID: 34130483 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring wound progression over time is a critical aspect for studies focused on in-depth molecular analysis or on evaluating the efficacy of potential novel therapies. Histopathological analysis of wound biopsies can provide significant insight into healing dynamics, yet there is no standardized and reproducible scoring system currently available. The purpose of this study was to develop and statistically validate a scoring system based on parameters in each phase of healing that can be easily and accurately assessed using either Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) or Masson's Trichrome (MT) staining. These parameters included re-epithelization, epithelial thickness index, keratinization, granulation tissue thickness, remodeling, and the scar elevation index. The initial phase of the study was to (1) optimize and clarify healing parameters to limit investigator bias and variability; (2) compare the consistency of parameters assessed using H&E versus MT staining. During the validation phase of this study, the accuracy and reproducibility of this scoring system was independently iterated upon and validated in four different types of murine skin wound models (Excisional; punch biopsy; pressure ulcers; burn wounds). A total of n = 54 histology sections were randomized, blinded, and assigned to two groups of independent investigators (n = 5 per group) for analysis. The sensitivity of each parameter (ranging between 80% and 95%) is reported with illustrations on the appropriate assessment method using ImageJ software. In the validated scoring system, the lowest score (score:0) is associated with an open/unhealed wound as is evident immediately and within the first day postinjury, whereas the highest score (score:12) is associated with a completely closed and healed wound without excessive scarring. This study defines and describes the minimum recommended criteria for assessing wound healing dynamics using the SPOT skin wound score. The acronym SPOT refers to the academic and scientific institutions that were involved in the development of the scoring system, namely, Stellenbosch University, Polish Academy of Sciences, Obatala Sciences, and the University of Texas Southwestern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari van de Vyver
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kiara Boodhoo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Katie Hamel
- Obatala Sciences, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marta Kopcewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michelle Maartens
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sylwia Machcinska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Johanna Nunez
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chase Pagani
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Emma Rogers
- Obatala Sciences, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Katarzyna Walendzik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wisniewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawronska-Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jeffrey M Gimble
- Obatala Sciences, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Medicine, Structural and Cellular Biology, and Surgery, Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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12
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Thavapalachandran S, Grieve SM, Hume RD, Le TYL, Raguram K, Hudson JE, Pouliopoulos J, Figtree GA, Dye RP, Barry AM, Brown P, Lu J, Coffey S, Kesteven SH, Mills RJ, Rashid FN, Taran E, Kovoor P, Thomas L, Denniss AR, Kizana E, Asli NS, Xaymardan M, Feneley MP, Graham RM, Harvey RP, Chong JJH. Platelet-derived growth factor-AB improves scar mechanics and vascularity after myocardial infarction. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/524/eaay2140. [PMID: 31894101 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that target scar formation after myocardial infarction (MI) could prevent ensuing heart failure or death from ventricular arrhythmias. We have previously shown that recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-AB (rhPDGF-AB) improves cardiac function in a rodent model of MI. To progress clinical translation, we evaluated rhPDGF-AB treatment in a clinically relevant porcine model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Thirty-six pigs were randomized to sham procedure or balloon occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery with 7-day intravenous infusion of rhPDGF-AB or vehicle. One month after MI, rhPDGF-AB improved survival by 40% compared with vehicle, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction improved by 11.5%, driven by reduced LV end-systolic volumes. Pressure volume loop analyses revealed improved myocardial contractility and energetics after rhPDGF-AB treatment with minimal effect on ventricular compliance. rhPDGF-AB enhanced angiogenesis and increased scar anisotropy (high fiber alignment) without affecting overall scar size or stiffness. rhPDGF-AB reduced inducible ventricular tachycardia by decreasing heterogeneity of the ventricular scar that provides a substrate for reentrant circuits. In summary, we demonstrated that rhPDGF-AB promotes post-MI cardiac wound repair by altering the mechanics of the infarct scar, resulting in robust cardiac functional improvement, decreased ventricular arrhythmias, and improved survival. Our findings suggest a strong translational potential for rhPDGF-AB as an adjunct to current MI treatment and possibly to modulate scar in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujitha Thavapalachandran
- Centre for Heart Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Stuart M Grieve
- Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Robert D Hume
- Centre for Heart Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Thi Yen Loan Le
- Centre for Heart Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kalyan Raguram
- Centre for Heart Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - James E Hudson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Jim Pouliopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Gemma A Figtree
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Rafael P Dye
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anthony M Barry
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Paula Brown
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Juntang Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sean Coffey
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Scott H Kesteven
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Richard J Mills
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Fairooj N Rashid
- Centre for Heart Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Elena Taran
- Australian National Fabrication Facility-Queensland Node, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Pramesh Kovoor
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Liza Thomas
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | | | - Eddy Kizana
- Centre for Heart Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Naisana S Asli
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Munira Xaymardan
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Michael P Feneley
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Robert M Graham
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - James J H Chong
- Centre for Heart Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. .,Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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13
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Trelford CB, Denstedt JT, Armstrong JJ, Hutnik CML. The Pro-Fibrotic Behavior of Human Tenon's Capsule Fibroblasts in Medically Treated Glaucoma Patients. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:1391-1402. [PMID: 32546947 PMCID: PMC7250314 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s245915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to compare human Tenon’s capsule fibroblasts (HTCFs) obtained from patients who received medical therapy for glaucoma (glaucomatous patients) and patients not treated for glaucoma (non-glaucomatous patients) in terms of wound healing and fibrosis. Patients and Methods Bioartificial tissues (BATs) were generated using primary HTCF-populated collagen lattices. Pro-fibrotic gene expression within HTCFs was compared between glaucomatous patients and non-glaucomatous patients after BAT culture. The BATs were also assessed regarding fibroblast–myofibroblast transition, collagen remodeling and collagen contraction using alpha-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry, picrosirius red staining and collagen contraction assays, respectively. Results Pro-fibrotic gene expression in BAT-cultured HTCFs derived from glaucomatous patients was significantly increased compared to non-glaucomatous patients. BATs imbued with HTCFs collected from glaucomatous patients exhibited a greater proportion of myofibroblasts as well as increased collagen contraction/remodeling compared to HTCFs isolated from non-glaucomatous patients. Conclusion HTCFs from glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous patients differ in the expression of genes involved in fibrosis, proportion of fibroblasts undergoing transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts, contractile properties and collagen remodeling. These results suggest that for any number of reasons, at a cellular level, patients who received medical therapy for glaucoma have eyes primed for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Trelford
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James T Denstedt
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Ophthalmology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James J Armstrong
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Ophthalmology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cindy M L Hutnik
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Ophthalmology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Ivey Eye Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, London, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Velleman SG. Pectoralis Major (Breast) Muscle Extracellular Matrix Fibrillar Collagen Modifications Associated With the Wooden Breast Fibrotic Myopathy in Broilers. Front Physiol 2020; 11:461. [PMID: 32457657 PMCID: PMC7221152 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry has placed significant emphasis on the selection of meat-type broilers for increased body weight, increased meat yield especially the pectoralis major (breast) muscle, decreased time to processing, and improved feed conversion. Although significant improvements have occurred in fast-growing meat-type broilers, myopathies affecting meat quality especially in the pectoralis major muscle have occurred. Many of the broiler breast muscle myopathies are caused by inflammation leading to the necrosis of existing muscle fibers and resulting in replacement of the muscle fibers with extracellular matrix proteins especially fibrillar collagens, fibrosis. This review explores how the fibrotic deposition and organization of extracellular matrix proteins especially the fibrillar collagens, Types I and III, affects the phenotype of the Wooden Breast myopathy, functional properties of the pectoralis major muscle, and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Velleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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15
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Tonniges JR, Clark DL, Velleman SG. The Effect of the Wooden Breast Fibrotic Myopathy in Broilers on Fibrillar Collagen Organization and Decorin-Collagen Binding. Avian Dis 2020; 63:48-60. [PMID: 31251519 DOI: 10.1637/11985-102218-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The wooden breast myopathy is identified by the palpation of a rigid pectoralis major muscle and results in myofiber necrosis and fibrosis in fast-growing, meat-type broilers. The fibrosis in wooden breast-affected muscle is characterized by the replacement of myofibers with extracellular matrix proteins, especially fibril-forming collagens. Studies have shown differences in collagen organization in fast-growing broiler lines, with tightly packed and highly aligned collagen organizations having a higher phenotypic incidence of wooden breast. The objective of the current study was to analyze collagen fibril organization further in two fast-growing broiler lines (Lines A and B) with incidence of wooden breast compared with a slower growing broiler Line C with no phenotypically detectable wooden breast. The small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin was also studied for its interaction with collagen by immunogold detection. Decorin binds to fibrillar collagens and organizes their alignment and crosslinking, both of which will affect collagen functional properties. Key findings from the study showed that collagen shifts to larger diameter collagen fibril bundles with the wooden breast myopathy. Specifically, broilers affected with wooden breast from Line A had a more dramatic shift toward larger collagen fibril bundles compared with those affected from Line B. Wooden breast-affected Line A had collagen fibril bundles up to 8.4 µm, whereas Line B maximum size was 5.1 µm. Although decorin-collagen binding was not different overall in the wooden breast myopathy or broiler line, for small-diameter collagen fibril bundles, wooden breast-affected Line A had more decorin-collagen binding than wooden breast-affected Line B. Taken together, these data provide further evidence that multiple fibrotic myopathies are likely in fast-growing meat-type broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Tonniges
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Daniel L Clark
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Sandra G Velleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691,
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16
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Shirakami E, Yamakawa S, Hayashida K. Strategies to prevent hypertrophic scar formation: a review of therapeutic interventions based on molecular evidence. BURNS & TRAUMA 2020; 8:tkz003. [PMID: 32341924 PMCID: PMC7175766 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Once scar tissues mature, it is impossible for the surrounding tissue to regenerate normal dermal tissue. Therefore, it is essential to understand the fundamental mechanisms and establish effective strategies to inhibit aberrant scar formation. Hypertrophic scar formation is considered a result of the imbalance between extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation during wound healing. However, the underlying mechanisms of hypertrophic scar development are poorly understood. The purpose of this review was to outline the management in the early stage after wound healing to prevent hypertrophic scar formation, focusing on strategies excluding therapeutic agents of internal use. Treatment aimed at molecular targets, including cytokines, will be future options to prevent and treat hypertrophic scars. More basic studies and clinical trials, including combination therapy, are required to investigate the mechanisms and prevent hypertrophic scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Shirakami
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Yamakawa
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Hayashida
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
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17
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Collagen cross-linking mediated by lysyl hydroxylase 2: an enzymatic battlefield to combat fibrosis. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:377-387. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe hallmark of fibrosis is an excessive accumulation of collagen, ultimately leading to organ failure. It has become evident that the deposited collagen also exhibits qualitative modifications. A marked modification is the increased cross-linking, leading to a stabilization of the collagen network and limiting fibrosis reversibility. Not only the level of cross-linking is increased, but also the composition of cross-linking is altered: an increase is seen in hydroxyallysine-derived cross-links at the expense of allysine cross-links. This results in irreversible fibrosis, as collagen cross-linked by hydroxyallysine is more difficult to degrade. Hydroxyallysine is derived from a hydroxylysine in the telopeptides of collagen. The expression of lysyl hydroxylase (LH) 2 (LH2), the enzyme responsible for the formation of telopeptidyl hydroxylysine, is universally up-regulated in fibrosis. It is expected that inhibition of this enzyme will lead to reversible fibrosis without interfering with the normal repair process. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis of collagen modifications and cross-linking, with an emphasis on LH2-mediated hydroxyallysine cross-links, and their implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of fibrosis.
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18
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19
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Schilter H, Findlay AD, Perryman L, Yow TT, Moses J, Zahoor A, Turner CI, Deodhar M, Foot JS, Zhou W, Greco A, Joshi A, Rayner B, Townsend S, Buson A, Jarolimek W. The lysyl oxidase like 2/3 enzymatic inhibitor, PXS-5153A, reduces crosslinks and ameliorates fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1759-1770. [PMID: 30536539 PMCID: PMC6378217 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and crosslinked proteins, in particular collagen and elastin, leading to tissue stiffening and disrupted organ function. Lysyl oxidases are key players during this process, as they initiate collagen crosslinking through the oxidation of the ε-amino group of lysine or hydroxylysine on collagen side-chains, which subsequently dimerize to form immature, or trimerize to form mature, collagen crosslinks. The role of LOXL2 in fibrosis and cancer is well documented, however the specific enzymatic function of LOXL2 and LOXL3 during disease is less clear. Herein, we describe the development of PXS-5153A, a novel mechanism based, fast-acting, dual LOXL2/LOXL3 inhibitor, which was used to interrogate the role of these enzymes in models of collagen crosslinking and fibrosis. PXS-5153A dose-dependently reduced LOXL2-mediated collagen oxidation and collagen crosslinking in vitro. In two liver fibrosis models, carbon tetrachloride or streptozotocin/high fat diet-induced, PXS-5153A reduced disease severity and improved liver function by diminishing collagen content and collagen crosslinks. In myocardial infarction, PXS-5153A improved cardiac output. Taken together these results demonstrate that, due to their crucial role in collagen crosslinking, inhibition of the enzymatic activities of LOXL2/LOXL3 represents an innovative therapeutic approach for the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schilter
- Drug Discovery department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison D Findlay
- Drug Discovery department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lara Perryman
- Drug Discovery department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tin T Yow
- Drug Discovery department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua Moses
- Drug Discovery department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amna Zahoor
- Drug Discovery department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Craig I Turner
- Drug Discovery department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mandar Deodhar
- Drug Discovery department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Foot
- Drug Discovery department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Drug Discovery department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angelique Greco
- Drug Discovery department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amar Joshi
- Drug Discovery department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Rayner
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Townsend
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology, National Institute for Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals, Birmingham, UK.,Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alberto Buson
- Drug Discovery department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Overhydroxylation of Lysine of Collagen Increases Uterine Fibroids Proliferation: Roles of Lysyl Hydroxylases, Lysyl Oxidases, and Matrix Metalloproteinases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5316845. [PMID: 29082249 PMCID: PMC5610812 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5316845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in uterine fibroids (UF) has recently been appreciated. Overhydroxylation of lysine residues and the subsequent formation of hydroxylysylpyridinoline (HP) and lysylpyridinoline (LP) cross-links underlie the ECM stiffness and profoundly affect tumor progression. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between ECM of UF, collagen and collagen cross-linking enzymes [lysyl hydroxylases (LH) and lysyl oxidases (LOX)], and the development and progression of UF. Our results indicated that hydroxyl lysine (Hyl) and HP cross-links are significantly higher in UF compared to the normal myometrial tissues accompanied by increased expression of LH (LH2b) and LOX. Also, increased resistance to matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) proteolytic degradation activity was observed. Furthermore, the extent of collagen cross-links was positively correlated with the expression of myofibroblast marker (α-SMA), growth-promoting markers (PCNA; pERK1/2; FAKpY397; Ki-67; and Cyclin D1), and the size of UF. In conclusion, our study defines the role of overhydroxylation of collagen and collagen cross-linking enzymes in modulating UF cell proliferation, differentiation, and resistance to MMP. These effects can establish microenvironment conducive for UF progression and thus represent potential target treatment options of UF.
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21
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Tombulturk FK, Kasap M, Tuncdemir M, Polat E, Sirekbasan S, Kanli A, Kanigur-Sultuybek G. Effects of Lucilia sericata on wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and analysis of its secretome at the proteome level. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327117714041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of Lucilia sericata larvae on the healing of wounds in diabetics has been reported. However, the role of the excretion/secretion (ES) products of the larvae in treatment of diabetic wounds remains unknown. This study investigated whether application of the ES products of L. sericata on the wound surface could improve the impaired wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Additional analysis was performed to understand proteome content of L. sericata secretome to understand ES contribution at the molecular level. For this purpose, full-thickness skin wounds were created on the backs of diabetic and control rats. A study was conducted to assess the levels of the ES-induced collagen I/III expression and to assay nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) (p65) activity in wound biopsies and ES-treated wounds of diabetic rat skin in comparison to the controls. The expression levels of collagen I/III and NF-κB (p65) activity were determined at days 3, 7, and 14 after wounding using immunohistological analyses and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The results indicated that treatment with the ES extract increased collagen I expressions of the wound control and diabetic tissue. But the increase in collagen I expression in the controls was higher than the one in the diabetics. NF-κB (p65) activity was also increased in diabetic wounds compared to the controls, whereas it was decreased in third and seventh days upon ES treatment. The results indicated that ES products of L. sericata may enhance the process of wound healing by influencing phases such as inflammation, NF-κB (p65) activity, collagen synthesis, and wound contraction. These findings may provide new insights into understanding of therapeutic potential of ES in wound healing in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- FK Tombulturk
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Kasap
- Department of Medical Biology/Proteomics Laboratory, Kocaeli University Medical Faculty, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - M Tuncdemir
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Polat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Sirekbasan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biotherapy Research and Development Laboratory, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Kanli
- Department of Medical Biology/Proteomics Laboratory, Kocaeli University Medical Faculty, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - G Kanigur-Sultuybek
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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22
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DeBruler DM, Blackstone BN, Baumann ME, McFarland KL, Wulff BC, Wilgus TA, Bailey JK, Supp DM, Powell HM. Inflammatory responses, matrix remodeling, and re-epithelialization after fractional CO 2 laser treatment of scars. Lasers Surg Med 2017; 49:675-685. [PMID: 28489283 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Fractional CO2 laser therapy has been used to improve scar pliability and appearance; however, a variety of treatment protocols have been utilized with varied outcomes. Understanding the relationship between laser power and extent of initial tissue ablation and time frame for remodeling could help determine an optimum power and frequency for laser treatment. The characteristics of initial injury caused by fractional CO2 laser treatment, the rates of dermal remodeling and re-epithelialization, and the extent of inflammation as a function of laser stacking were assessed in this study in a porcine scar model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Full-thickness burn wounds were created on female Red Duroc pigs followed by immediate excision of the eschar and split-thickness autografting. Three months after injury, the resultant scars were treated with a fractional CO2 laser with 70 mJ of energy delivered as either a single pulse or stacked for three consecutive pulses. Immediately prior to laser treatment and at 1, 24, 96, and 168 hours post-laser treatment, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, and microscopic characteristics of laser injury were measured. In addition, markers for inflammatory cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins, and re-epithelialization were quantified at all time points using qRT-PCR. RESULTS Both treatments produced erythema in the scar that peaked 24 hours after treatment then decreased to basal levels by 168 hours. TEWL increased after laser treatment and returned to normal levels between 24 and 96 hours later. Stacking of the pulses did not significantly increase the depth of ablated wells or extend the presence of erythema. Interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were found to increase significantly 1 hour after treatment but returned to baseline by 24 hours post laser. In contrast, expression of transforming growth factor β1 and transforming growth factor β3 increased slowly after treatment with a more modest increase than interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, the properties of the ablative zones were not directly proportional to the total amount of energy applied to the porcine scars with the use of triple stacking, resulting in only minor increases to microthermal zone (MTZ) depth and width versus a single pulse. Re-epithelialization and re-establishment of epidermal barrier function were observed in laser treated scars by 48 hours post therapy. Finally, many of the inflammatory genes up-regulated by the laser ablation returned to baseline within 1 week. As a whole, these results suggest that microthermal zones created by FXCO2 treatment re-epithelialize rapidly with the inflammatory response to the laser induced injury largely resolved within 1 week post treatment. Further study is needed to understand the relationship between laser stacking and MTZ properties in human scars in order to evaluate the clinical applicability of the stacking technique. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:675-685, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M DeBruler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Britani N Blackstone
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Molly E Baumann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kevin L McFarland
- Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Brian C Wulff
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Traci A Wilgus
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - J Kevin Bailey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Critical Care, Trauma and Burns, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dorothy M Supp
- Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Heather M Powell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Abstract
Hypertrophic scar and contracture in burn patients is a complex process. Contributing factors include critical injury depth and activation of key cell subpopulations, including deep dermal fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, fibrocytes, and T-helper cells, which cause scarring rather than regeneration. These cells influence each other via cellular profibrotic and antifibrotic signals, which help to determine the outcome. These cells also both modify and interact with extracellular matrix of the wound, ultimately forming hypertrophic scar. Current treatments reduce hypertrophic scar formation or improve remodeling by targeting these pathways and signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Kwan
- 2A Plastic Surgery, Kaye Edmonton Clinic, University of Alberta, 11400 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z1, Canada
| | - Edward E Tredget
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 2D2.28 WMHSC, 8440-112 Street Northwest, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Laser therapy is a continuously evolving treatment option for scars, and the underlying therapeutic mechanisms continue to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE To comprehensively review the literature to summarize the role of elastin in the formation scars, as well as treatment via therapeutic lasers. METHODS Review of the PubMED/MEDLINE database for available studies pertaining to the role of elastic fibers in scar formation and after laser-based therapy. RESULTS The loss and disorganization of elastic fiber components plays a role in the development of atrophic, hypertrophic, and keloid scars. While the majority of histologic studies focus on the underlying changes in collagen, neoelastogenesis and reorganization of elastic fibers have also been demonstrated in studies using ablative, nonablative, and fractional laser devices for the treatment of scars. CONCLUSION Production of novel elastin and normalization of elastic fiber organization occur after a variety of resurfacing procedures to treat scarring. As the treatment modalities to manage scars continue to evolve, further characterization of the role of elastin in the skin and in scar formation is merited.
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Senturk B, Demircan BM, Ozkan AD, Tohumeken S, Delibasi T, Guler MO, Tekinay AB. Diabetic wound regeneration using heparin-mimetic peptide amphiphile gel in db/db mice. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:1293-1303. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00251c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for more efficient treatment of chronic wounds in diabetic patients especially with a high risk of leg amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Senturk
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM)
- Bilkent University
- Ankara, 06800
- Turkey
| | | | - Alper D. Ozkan
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM)
- Bilkent University
- Ankara, 06800
- Turkey
| | - Sehmus Tohumeken
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM)
- Bilkent University
- Ankara, 06800
- Turkey
| | - Tuncay Delibasi
- ADACELL Cell Therapy
- Regenerative Medicine and Research Hospital Etlik Polyclinic
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Ankara, 06010
- Turkey
| | - Mustafa O. Guler
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM)
- Bilkent University
- Ankara, 06800
- Turkey
| | - Ayse B. Tekinay
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM)
- Bilkent University
- Ankara, 06800
- Turkey
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Bone Marrow Stem/Progenitor Cells Attenuate the Inflammatory Milieu Following Substitution Urethroplasty. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35638. [PMID: 27762304 PMCID: PMC5071897 DOI: 10.1038/srep35638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Substitution urethroplasty for the treatment of male stricture disease is often accompanied by subsequent tissue fibrosis and secondary stricture formation. Patients with pre-existing morbidities are often at increased risk of urethral stricture recurrence brought upon in-part by delayed vascularization accompanied by overactive inflammatory responses following surgery. Within the context of this study, we demonstrate the functional utility of a cell/scaffold composite graft comprised of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) combined with CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) to modulate inflammation and wound healing in a rodent model of substitution urethroplasty. Composite grafts demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects with regards to tissue macrophage and neutrophil density following urethral tissue analyses. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β and further resulted in an earlier transition to tissue remodeling and maturation with a shift in collagen type III to I. Grafted animals demonstrated a progressive maturation and increase in vessel size compared to control animals. Overall, MSC/CD34+ HSPC composite grafts reduce inflammation, enhance an earlier transition to wound remodeling and maturation concurrently increasing neovascularization in the periurethral tissue. We demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of a stem cell-seeded synthetic graft in a rodent substitution urethroplasty model.
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Oshita T, Tobita M, Tajima S, Mizuno H. Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Improve Collagenase-Induced Tendinopathy in a Rat Model. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:1983-9. [PMID: 27159294 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516640750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendinopathy is a common and highly prevalent musculoskeletal disorder characterized by repetitive activity-related pain and focal tendon tenderness. Histopathologically, tendinopathic tissue mainly shows degenerative changes. Therefore, tendinopathy is not affected by anti-inflammatory therapies. A novel approach, including a stem cell-based therapy, may be beneficial for its treatment. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) on tendon healing in a rat tendinopathy model. The hypothesis was that ASC transplantation would improve degeneration in collagenase-induced tendinopathy. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Sixteen F344/NSlc rats underwent collagenase injection into the Achilles tendon to induce tendinopathy. At 1 week after collagenase injection, 8 rats received ASCs (ASC group) and 8 received phosphate-buffered saline alone (PBS group). Animals were sacrificed at 4 or 12 weeks after ASC administration, and the degree of degeneration in each tendon was histologically evaluated according to the Bonar scale. The microstructure of healing tendons was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to measure the ratio of type III collagen messenger RNA (mRNA) to type I collagen mRNA in tendons. RESULTS The median Bonar scale score in the ASC and PBS groups was 2.5 and 5.33 at 4 weeks after treatment and 1.0 and 4.0 at 12 weeks after treatment, respectively. Histologically, the ASC group showed a significantly lower degree of tendon degeneration than the PBS group at both time points. In the RT-PCR analysis, the ratio of type III collagen to type I collagen was significantly lower in the ASC group than in the PBS group at 12 weeks after treatment. Moreover, this ratio decreased over time in the ASC group, whereas it increased over time in the PBS group. CONCLUSION The study findings demonstrate that the application of ASCs results in significant improvement in the pathological findings associated with tendinopathy and the normalization of collagen ratios within the affected tendon. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Subcutaneous adipose tissue can be harvested easily, and ASC administration might have the potential to rapidly treat tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Oshita
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japan Self Defense Force Hospital Yokosuka, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Morikuni Tobita
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tajima
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Dental Surgery, Japan Self Defense Force Hospital Yokosuka, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuno
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Immunohistochemical Expression of Collagens in the Skin of Horses Treated with Leukocyte-Poor Platelet-Rich Plasma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:893485. [PMID: 26236743 PMCID: PMC4508476 DOI: 10.1155/2015/893485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of type I (COL I) and III (COL III) collagens during the healing process of skin treated with leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma (LP-PRP). Seven healthy gelding crossbred horses aged 16 to 17 years were used. Two rectangle-shaped wounds were created surgically in the right and left gluteal regions. Twelve hours after wound induction, 0.5 mL of the LP-PRP was administered in each edge of the wounds of one of the gluteal regions. The contralateral region was used as control (CG). Three samples were obtained: after wound induction (T0), 14 days (T1) of healing process, and after complete closure of the skin (T2). The normal skin (T0) showed strong staining for type III and I collagen in papillary and reticular dermis, respectively. In the scar of the treated group, COL III showed important (p < 0.05) increase in immunoreaction in T2 compared with T1. The administration of a single dose of LP-PRP 12 h after induction of wound in horses does not influence formation of collagens I and III. However, the intense labeling for COL III suggests that the tissue was still weak during the macroscopic closure of the wound, demonstrating that healing was not completely finished.
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29
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Severi C, Sferra R, Scirocco A, Vetuschi A, Pallotta N, Pronio A, Caronna R, Di Rocco G, Gaudio E, Corazziari E, Onori P. Contribution of intestinal smooth muscle to Crohn's disease fibrogenesis. Eur J Histochem 2014; 58:2457. [PMID: 25578979 PMCID: PMC4289851 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2014.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells transdifferentiation and extracellular matrix deposition are involved in the fibrotic process of Crohn's disease (CD). Mesenchymal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) de-differentiation, driven by Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) that counteracts Transforming growth factor (TGF-β) has been studied in vascular muscle. The role of SMCs in intestinal fibrogenesis is still not clearly elucidated. Aim of the study was to evaluate the possible myogenic contribution to CD fibrotic process through the comparative analysis of histological, morphometric and molecular alterations occurring in human smooth muscle. Full thickness specimens were obtained from CD (non-involved and stenotic tracts) and healthy (control) ileum. Tissues were processed for histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses and SMCs were isolated from the muscularis propria for morphofunctional and molecular (qPCR) analyses. CD stenotic ileum showed a significant increased thickness of all layers compared to CD non-involved and control ileum. IHC revealed an overexpression of α-smooth muscle actin and collagens I-III throughout all intestinal layers only in stenotic tracts. The two growth factors, PDGF and TGF-β, showed a progressive increase in expression in the muscle layer from CD non-involved to stenotic tracts. Freshly isolated SMCs presented alterations in CD non-involved tracts that progressively increased in the stenotic tracts consisting in a statistical increase in mRNA encoding for PDGF-β and collagen III, paralleled to a decrease in TGF-β and Tribbles-like protein-3 mRNA, and altered morphofunctional parameters consisting in progressive decreases in cell length and contraction to acetylcholine. These findings indicate that intrinsic myogenic alterations occur in CD ileum, that they likely precede stricture formation, and might represent suitable new targets for anti-fibrotic interventions.
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The structure of the basement membrane zone differs between keloids, hypertrophic scars and normal skin: a possible background to an impaired function. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2014; 67:1564-72. [PMID: 25037500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Scar tissues were collected from patients with keloids, hypertrophic scars and mature scars. Normal skin was obtained from healthy individuals. Clinical attributes were used to select which tissue to obtain but the distribution of the specific hyaluronan (HA) staining was then used for the definite classification of the various scar types. Light microscopic and ultrastructural analyses were performed with an HA-binding probe, antibodies for collagen I and III and staining for mast cells. Ultrastructural studies of keloids revealed an altered collagen structure in the dermal layers, with an abundance of collagen fibres of similar diameter in both the reticular dermis (RD) and the papillary dermis (PD) compared to normal skin. Furthermore, the keloids displayed epidermal changes, which involved the basement membrane (BM), with fewer hemidesmosomes and an altered shape of desmosomes in the entire enlarged spinous layer. The frequency of mast cells found in keloids was lower than in other scar tissues and normal skin. These alterations in epidermis could influence the hydrodynamic and cell regulatory properties of the wounded skin with impaired function and insufficient regulative capacity to hinder the ever-growing collagen tissue that is characteristic for keloids.
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31
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Schendel AA, Nonte MW, Vokoun C, Richner TJ, Brodnick SK, Atry F, Frye S, Bostrom P, Pashaie R, Thongpang S, Eliceiri KW, Williams JC. The effect of micro-ECoG substrate footprint on the meningeal tissue response. J Neural Eng 2014; 11:046011. [PMID: 24941335 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/11/4/046011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is great interest in designing implantable neural electrode arrays that maximize function while minimizing tissue effects and damage. Although it has been shown that substrate geometry plays a key role in the tissue response to intracortically implanted, penetrating neural interfaces, there has been minimal investigation into the effect of substrate footprint on the tissue response to surface electrode arrays. This study investigates the effect of micro-electrocorticography (micro-ECoG) device geometry on the longitudinal tissue response. APPROACH The meningeal tissue response to two micro-ECoG devices with differing geometries was evaluated. The first device had each electrode site and trace individually insulated, with open regions in between, while the second device had a solid substrate, in which all 16 electrode sites were embedded in a continuous insulating sheet. These devices were implanted bilaterally in rats, beneath cranial windows, through which the meningeal tissue response was monitored for one month after implantation. Electrode site impedance spectra were also monitored during the implantation period. MAIN RESULTS It was observed that collagenous scar tissue formed around both types of devices. However, the distribution of the tissue growth was different between the two array designs. The mesh devices experienced thick tissue growth between the device and the cranial window, and minimal tissue growth between the device and the brain, while the solid device showed the opposite effect, with thick tissue forming between the brain and the electrode sites. SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that an open architecture device would be more ideal for neural recording applications, in which a low impedance path from the brain to the electrode sites is critical for maximum recording quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia A Schendel
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Babalola O, Mamalis A, Lev-Tov H, Jagdeo J. NADPH oxidase enzymes in skin fibrosis: molecular targets and therapeutic agents. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 306:313-330. [PMID: 24155025 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components eventually resulting in organ dysfunction and failure. In dermatology, fibrosis is the hallmark component of many skin diseases, including systemic sclerosis, graft-versus-host disease, hypertrophic scars, keloids, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, porphyria cutanea tarda, restrictive dermopathy and other conditions. Fibrotic skin disorders may be debilitating and impair quality of life. There are few FDA-approved anti-fibrotic drugs; thus, research in this area is crucial in addressing this deficiency. Recent investigations elucidating the pathogenesis of skin fibrosis have implicated endogenous reactive oxygen species produced by the multicomponent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) enzyme complex. In this review, we discuss Nox enzymes and their role in skin fibrosis. An overview of the Nox enzyme family is presented and their role in the pathogenesis of skin fibrosis is discussed. The mechanisms by which Nox enzymes influence specific fibrotic skin disorders are also reviewed. Finally, we describe the therapeutic approaches to ameliorate skin fibrosis by directly targeting Nox enzymes with the use of statins, p47phox subunit modulators, or GKT137831, a competitive inhibitor of Nox enzymes. Nox enzymes can also be targeted indirectly via scavenging ROS with antioxidants. We believe that Nox modulators are worthy of further investigation and have the potential to transform the management of skin fibrosis by dermatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubukola Babalola
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, 3301 C Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA.,Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Andrew Mamalis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, 3301 C Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
| | - Hadar Lev-Tov
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, 3301 C Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA.,Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Jared Jagdeo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, 3301 C Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA.,Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA 95655, USA.,Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203
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Singh MR, Saraf S, Vyas A, Jain V, Singh D. Innovative approaches in wound healing: trajectory and advances. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 41:202-12. [PMID: 23316788 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2012.716065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Wound is one of the oldest suffering associated with the mankind and its history is as old as humanity. Advances in the field of medical sciences created a pile of knowledge and paved the path for the development of a separate branch specifically devoted for wound healing. The understanding and treatment strategies for wound healing have gone through a great revolution. This article reviews all the aspects of wound healing including the pathway, types and recent advances made in the wound care management in particular moist wound dressings using natural polymers, skin grafts, debridement, growth factor and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Rawat Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.), India
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34
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Singh MR, Saraf S, Vyas A, Jain V, Singh D. Innovative approaches in wound healing: trajectory and advances. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2012.716065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kelf TA, Gosnell M, Sandnes B, Guller AE, Shekhter AB, Zvyagin AV. Scar tissue classification using nonlinear optical microscopy and discriminant analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2012; 5:159-167. [PMID: 22105878 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses the scar tissue maturation process that occurs stepwise, and calls for reliable classification. The structure of collagen imaged by nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) in post-burn hypertrophic and mature scar, as well as in normal skin, appeared to distinguish these maturation steps. However, it was a discrimination analysis, demonstrated here, that automated and quantified the scar tissue maturation process. The achieved scar classification accuracy was as high as 96%. The combination of NLOM and discrimination analysis is believed to be instrumental in gaining insight into the scar formation, for express diagnosis of scar and surgery planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Andrew Kelf
- MQ Biofocus Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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36
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Samy W, Elgindy N, El-Gowelli HM. Biopolymeric nifedipine powder for acceleration of wound healing. Int J Pharm 2012; 422:323-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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37
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Tanaka Y, Matsuo K, Yuzuriha S. Objective assessment of skin rejuvenation using near-infrared 1064-nm neodymium: YAG laser in Asians. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2011; 4:123-30. [PMID: 21833163 PMCID: PMC3149480 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s22841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reported previously that near-infrared (NIR) irradiation provides long-lasting stimulation of elastin, and is efficient for skin rejuvenation. Many studies have indicated the efficacy of various types of laser, but did not include sufficiently objective evaluation. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of NIR laser treatment not only subjectively but also objectively. METHODS Fifty Japanese patients were treated with a NIR 1064-nm neodymium: YAG laser. Objective computer assessments were performed by Canfield VISIA Complexion Analysis for improvement of dilated pores, skin texture, and wrinkles. The volunteers then provided subjective assessments. Histological evaluations of elastin were performed by Victoria blue staining up to 90 days post-treatment in four Japanese volunteers. RESULTS Mean pretreatment percentiles of dilated pores, skin texture, and wrinkles were 51.08 ± 24.82, 54.7 ± 26.33, and 58.02 ± 28.61, respectively. Mean post-treatment percentiles of dilated pores, skin texture, and wrinkles were 53.58 ± 23.89, 58.58 ± 24.44, and 62.2 ± 25.39, respectively. All objective computer assessments evaluated by percentiles in dilated pores, skin texture, and wrinkles showed significant improvement after NIR laser treatment. Ninety-six percent, 100%, and 98% of volunteers reported satisfaction with the improvement of dilated pores, skin texture, and wrinkles, respectively. NIR laser treatment appeared to increase the amount of elastin at day 30, which then decreased slightly but was still elevated at day 90 compared with nonirradiated controls on day 0. Thickening of the epidermis was detected on day 30, and epidermal smoothness persisted for up to 90 days. No treatment-related adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS NIR irradiation increased elastin in the dermis, and achieved skin rejuvenation. The results indicated that NIR irradiation provides safe and effective long-term stimulation of elastin, which is beneficial for improving dilated pores, skin texture, and wrinkles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Tanaka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Tanaka Y, Matsuo K, Yuzuriha S. Long-term histological comparison between near-infrared irradiated skin and scar tissues. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2010; 3:143-9. [PMID: 21437069 PMCID: PMC3047939 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s15729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective: Our previous histological studies indicated that near-infrared (NIR) irradiation stimulates collagen proliferation in rat and human skin for 3 months. High collagen density in the dermis and smoothing of the epidermis were observed in irradiated rat skin, and appeared to last up to 6 months. Epidermal smoothness in irradiated rat skin seems to resemble scarring. Here, we performed a long-term histological comparison between NIR (1100 to 1800 nm) irradiated skin and scar tissues. Materials and methods: Rat skin was irradiated using a NIR device. Scar tissues were harvested from wounded areas and were compared with irradiated skin. Histological changes up to 180 days post-treatment were evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin, Azan-Mallory staining, and collagen type I and III staining. Results: In nonirradiated control skin, the dermis showed a low density of type I and III collagen, the surface of the epidermis was rough, and no significant changes were observed over time. In irradiated skin, both type I and III collagen increased significantly, and persisted up to 180 days. The density of type I collagen was significantly higher than that of type III collagen, whereas type I and III collagen of the control group did not differ significantly. Epidermis was thickened for 30 days, and epidermal smoothness persisted up to 180 days. In scar tissues, the density of type III collagen was higher than that of type I collagen. The number of fibroblasts remained high and the glial fibrils were dense until 180 days after injury compared with irradiated skin. Significant increases in both type I and III collagen and epidermal flattering persisted until 180 days. Conclusions: NIR irradiation induced high collagen density in the dermis, resulting in long-term epidermal smoothness without scar formation. Results indicated that NIR irradiation provides safe, consistent, and long-term effects of skin rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Tanaka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Brinckmann J, Hunzelmann N, Kahle B, Rohwedel J, Kramer J, Gibson MA, Hubmacher D, Reinhardt DP. Enhanced fibrillin-2 expression is a general feature of wound healing and sclerosis: potential alteration of cell attachment and storage of TGF-beta. J Transl Med 2010; 90:739-52. [PMID: 20195245 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing and sclerosis are characterized by an increase of extracellular matrix proteins, which are characteristically expressed in the embryo-fetal period. We analyzed the expression of fibrillin-2, which is typically found in embryonic tissues, but only scarcely in adult skin. In wound healing and sclerotic skin diseases such as lipodermatosclerosis and scleroderma, a marked increase of fibrillin-2 expression was found by immunohistology. Double labelling of fibrillin-2 and tenascin-C, which is also expressed in wound healing and sclerosis, showed co-localization of both proteins. Solid-phase and slot blot-overlay assays showed a dose-dependent binding of the recombinant N-terminal half of fibrillin-2 (rFBN2-N) to tenascin-C. Real-time PCR showed an increase of the fibrillin-2 gene expression in cell culture triggered by typical mediators for fibroblast activation such as serum, IL-4, and TGF-beta. By contrast, prolonged hypoxia is not associated with changes in fibrillin-2 expression. Tenascin-C is an anti-adhesive substrate for fibroblasts, whereas fibrillin-2 stimulates cell attachment. Attachment assays using mixed substrates showed decreased cell attachment when tenascin-C and rFBN2-N were coated together, compared with the attachment to rFBN2-N alone. Fibrillins are involved in storage and activation of TGF-beta. Immunohistology with an antibody against the latency-associated peptide (LAP (TGF-beta1)) showed a marked increase of inactive LAP-bound TGF-beta1 in wound healing and sclerotic skin whereas normal skin showed only a weak expression. Double immunofluorescence confirmed a partial colocalization of both proteins. In conclusion, we show that a stimulation of the fibrillin-2 expression is a characteristic feature of fibroblasts present in wound healing and sclerosis, which may be involved in the alteration of cell attachment and storage of inactive TGF-beta in the matrix.
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Oliveira GV, Hawkins HK, Chinkes D, Burke A, Tavares ALP, Ramos-e-Silva M, Albrecht TB, Kitten GT, Herndon DN. Hypertrophic versus non hypertrophic scars compared by immunohistochemistry and laser confocal microscopy: type I and III collagens. Int Wound J 2010; 6:445-52. [PMID: 20051096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2009.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dermal collagens appear increased in hypertrophic scars, this has not been tested in tissue samples using objective methods. We compared the expression of types I and III collagen in hypertrophic and non hypertrophic scars at 6-12 and 18-24 months after burn using a quantitative method. Among 17 patients with extensive burns, 3 patients had acute scars, 8 had hypertrophic or non hypertrophic scars at 6-12 months after burn and 6 had hypertrophic or non hypertrophic scars at 18-24 months after burn. After clinical assessment of scars using the Vancouver scale, immunohistochemistry for types I and III collagens was performed. Images were captured with a laser scanning confocal microscope and the relative amounts of types I and III collagens were determined in superficial and deep dermis. The effects of time and scar type were assessed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Collagen III scar/normal ratios were higher in hypertrophic scars at both time points (P = 0.05). There were no differences in collagen I scar/normal ratios. Large variation was observed in scars during the acute phase regarding the expression of collagens. Easily accessed by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, type III collagen deposition may help in determining scar phenotype, differentiating hypertrophic and non hypertrophic scars.
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Abstract
Dysregulated wound healing and pathologic fibrosis cause abnormal scarring, leading to poor functional and aesthetic results in hand burns. Understanding the underlying biologic mechanisms involved allows the hand surgeon to better address these issues, and suggests new avenues of research to improve patient outcomes. In this article, the authors review the biology of scar and contracture by focusing on potential causes of abnormal wound healing, including depth of injury, cytokines, cells, the immune system, and extracellular matrix, and explore therapeutic measures designed to target the various biologic causes of poor scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kwan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, 2D2.28 WMC, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
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Zhang J, Liu W, Yi Z, Chen R, Li Y, Min Y. The molecular mechanism of photodynamic therapy to fibrosis: Regulation on the pyridinoline cross-link formation in collagen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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van den Bogaerdt AJ, van der Veen VC, van Zuijlen PP, Reijnen L, Verkerk M, Bank RA, Middelkoop E, Ulrich MM. Collagen cross-linking by adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and scar-derived mesenchymal cells: Are mesenchymal stromal cells involved in scar formation? Wound Repair Regen 2009; 17:548-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2009.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Tong M, Zbinden MM, Hekking IJM, Vermeij M, Barritault D, van Neck JW. RGTA OTR 4120, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan mimetic, increases wound breaking strength and vasodilatory capability in healing rat full-thickness excisional wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 16:294-9. [PMID: 18318813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2008.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ReGeneraTing Agents (RGTAs), a family of polymers engineered to protect and stabilize heparin-binding growth factors, have been shown to promote tissue repair and regeneration. In this study, the effects of one of these polymers, RGTA OTR4120, on healing of full-thickness excisional wounds in rats were investigated. Two 1.5 cm diameter circular full-thickness excisional wounds were created on the dorsum of a rat. After creation of the wounds, RGTA OTR4120 was applied. The progress of healing was assessed quantitatively by evaluating the wound closure rate, vasodilatory capability, and wound breaking strength. The results showed a triple increase of the local vascular response to heat provocation in the RGTA OTR4120-treated wounds as compared with vehicle-treated wounds. On days 14 and 79 after surgery, the wounds treated with RGTA OTR4120 gained skin strength 12% and 48% of the unwounded skin, respectively, and displayed a significantly increased gain in skin strength when compared with control animals. These results raise the possibility of efficacy of RGTA OTR4120 in accelerating surgically cutaneous wound healing by enhancing the wound breaking strength and improving the microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tong
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Gilliver SC, Ruckshanthi JPD, Atkinson SJ, Ashcroft GS. Androgens influence expression of matrix proteins and proteolytic factors during cutaneous wound healing. J Transl Med 2007; 87:871-81. [PMID: 17607299 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive proteolytic activity is a feature of chronic wounds such as venous ulcers, in which resolution of the inflammatory response fails and restorative matrix accumulation is delayed as a consequence. The inflammatory actions of native androgens during the healing of acute skin wounds have lately been characterized. We have now investigated the hypothesis that such activities may impact upon the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes during wound healing. We report that wound deposition of both type I collagen and fibronectin is increased in castrated rats compared with control animals. This response is accompanied by early increases and later decreases in overall wound levels of the key collagenolytic enzymes, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-13. Moreover, the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9, two further enzymes that contribute to collagen digestion during venous ulceration, were significantly decreased in the wounds of castrated rats. Additional analyses provide evidence that androgens directly stimulate dermal fibroblast collagen production, which supports the suggestion that increased wound collagen deposition in androgen-deprived rats results from reduced matrix degradation (as opposed to enhanced matrix protein biosynthesis). Androgen-mediated dysregulation of the parallel processes of collagen deposition and turnover may underscore the delayed healing of cutaneous wounds in elderly male patients and further contribute to the increased incidence of non-healing wounds in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Gilliver
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, UK
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Eulálio JN, Dantas ANM, Góes-Neto A, Barbosa Júnior ADA, Freire ANM. A influência da calcitonina sintética de salmão na cicatrização cutânea de ratos. Rev Col Bras Cir 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-69912007000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a influência da calcitonina sintética do salmão no processo cicatricial da pele da região dorsal em ratos, analisando parâmetros bioquímicos, biomecânicos e histológicos, e suas possíveis interrelações. MÉTODO: Setenta e dois (72) ratos machos adultos foram submetidos, sob anestesia geral inalatória a uma incisão linear na pele que foi, subseqüentemente, suturada. Metade dos ratos (grupo teste) foi tratada no pós-operatório com calcitonina sintética do salmão, e a outra metade, sem tratamento, constituiu o grupo controle. Os animais, em pares de nove ratos cada (teste e controle), foram sacrificados no 5º, 10º, 15º e 20º dias pós-operatório para a remoção dos fragmentos de pele com cicatriz para as análises bioquímicas, biomecânicas e histológicas. Utilizou-se o teste "t" de Student para a comparação de médias de amostras independentes e o teste de correlação de Pearson para verificar o grau de associação entre as médias das variáveis. RESULTADOS: A calcitonina sintética de salmão acelerou o processo cicatricial da pele, mas não de maneira linear e constante. Em comparação com os animais não-tratados, houve aumento significativo tanto do conteúdo de hidroxiprolina nas fases de proliferação inicial e tardia da cicatrização, quanto da carga máxima de ruptura na fase de proliferação tardia. Os resultados histológicos corroboram os resultados bioquímicos e biomecânicos, sugerindo uma correlação entre conteúdo de colágeno, resistência à tração e histologia da cicatriz. CONCLUSÃO: A calcitonina sintética de salmão acelerou o processo cicatricial da pele, modificando significativamente o conteúdo de colágeno e a carga máxima de ruptura, mas não de maneira linear e constante.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over one-third of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) will develop an intestinal stricture and the great majority of these will require at least one surgical procedure. While the pathogenesis of inflammation in CD has been extensively investigated, knowledge of stricture pathogenesis remains limited. The aim of this review is to discuss the current understanding of fibrogenesis in CD and to outline potential directions in research and therapeutics. METHODS The electronic literature (January 1966 to May 2006) on CD-associated fibrosis was reviewed. Further references were obtained by cross-referencing from key articles. RESULTS CD-associated fibrosis results from chronic transmural inflammation and a complex interplay among intestinal mesenchymal cells, cytokines, and local inflammatory cells. The fibroblast is the key cell type mediating stricture formation. The cytoarchitecure of the bowel wall is altered with disruption of the muscularis mucosa, thickening of the muscularis propria, and deposition of collagen throughout. The cytokine TGF-beta appears critical in this process, acting to increase growth factor and extracellular matrix (ECM) production and dysregulate ECM turnover. Potential therapeutic interventions are likely to concentrate on modulating down-stream targets of TGF-beta. CONCLUSIONS Greater understanding of the biology of fibrostenosis is likely to yield significant advances in our ability to care for patients with stricturing CD. Potential dividends of this approach include identification of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers useful for prognostication and therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Burke
- Department of Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital and UCD School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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Cuttle L, Kempf M, Phillips GE, Mill J, Hayes MT, Fraser JF, Wang XQ, Kimble RM. A porcine deep dermal partial thickness burn model with hypertrophic scarring. Burns 2006; 32:806-20. [PMID: 16884856 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We developed a reproducible model of deep dermal partial thickness burn injury in juvenile Large White pigs. The contact burn is created using water at 92 degrees C for 15s in a bottle with the bottom replaced with plastic wrap. The depth of injury was determined by a histopathologist who examined tissue sections 2 and 6 days after injury in a blinded manner. Upon creation, the circular wound area developed white eschar and a hyperaemic zone around the wound border. Animals were kept for 6 weeks or 99 days to examine the wound healing process. The wounds took between 3 and 5 weeks for complete re-epithelialisation. Most wounds developed contracted, purple, hypertrophic scars. On measurement, the thickness of the burned skin was approximately 1.8 times that of the control skin at week 6 and approximately 2.2 times thicker than control skin at 99 days after injury. We have developed various methods to assess healing wounds, including digital photographic analysis, depth of organising granulation tissue, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and tensiometry. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy showed that our porcine hypertrophic scar appears similar to human hypertrophic scarring. The development of this model allows us to test and compare different treatments on burn wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Cuttle
- Royal Children's Hospital Burns Research Group, University of Queensland, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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Szauter KM, Cao T, Boyd CD, Csiszar K. Lysyl oxidase in development, aging and pathologies of the skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 53:448-56. [PMID: 16085123 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2004.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a copper- and lysyl-tyrosyl cofactor containing amine oxidase that has been known to play a critical role in the catalysis of lysine-derived crosslinks in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the dermis. Changes in the composition and crosslinked state of the ECM and alterations in LOX synthesis and activity are known to be associated with aging and a range of acquired and heritable skin disorders. It has been assumed until recently that the LOX-related changes in the skin are mediated through the catalytic activity of LOX. However, work by several laboratories over the last few years has shown that LOX is a multifunctional protein. In this review we discuss the regulation of expression, localization and activation of LOX in the normal developing and adult skin, and alterations in LOX expression and activity associated with skin aging and senescence, and in pathological conditions, including wound healing, fibrosis, hypertrophic scarring, keloids, scleroderma, and diabetic skin. We further evaluate the role of LOX in skin ECM changes associated with the normal aging process and with these pathological states. In addition to collagen and elastin cross-linkages, regulatory and activation mechanisms and cell type specific LOX interactions may contribute to a range of novel intra- and extracellular LOX functions that appear critical determinants of the cellular microenvironment in the normal skin and in these skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Molnarne Szauter
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Atkinson JAM, McKenna KT, Barnett AG, McGrath DJ, Rudd M. A Randomized, Controlled Trial to Determine the Efficacy of Paper Tape in Preventing Hypertrophic Scar Formation in Surgical Incisions that Traverse Langer??s Skin Tension Lines. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 116:1648-56; discussion 1657-8. [PMID: 16267427 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000187147.73963.a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND How a scar is managed postoperatively influences its cosmetic outcome. After suture removal, scars are susceptible to skin tension, which may be the trigger for hypertrophic scarring. Paper tape to support the scar may reduce multidirectional forces and prevent hypertrophic scarring. METHODS Seventy patients who had undergone cesarean section at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital were randomized to treatment and control groups. Patients in the control group received no postoperative intervention. Patients in the treatment group applied paper tape to their scars for 12 weeks. Scars were assessed at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months after surgery using ultrasound to measure intradermal scar volume. Scars were also assessed using the International Clinical Recommendations. RESULTS Paper tape significantly decreased scar volume by a mean of 0.16 cm3, (95 percent confidence interval, 0.00 to 0.29 cm3). At 12 weeks after surgery, 41 percent of the control group developed hypertrophic scars compared with none in the treatment group (exact test, p = 0.003). In the treatment group, one patient developed a hypertrophic scar and four developed stretched scars only after the tape was removed. The odds of developing a hypertrophic scar were 13.6 times greater in the control than in the treatment group (95 percent confidence interval, 3.6 to 66.9). Of the 70 patients randomized, 39 completed the study. Four patients in the treatment group developed a localized red rash beneath the tape. These reactions were minor and transient and resolved without medical intervention. CONCLUSIONS The development of hypertrophic and stretched scars in the treatment group only after the tape was removed suggests that tension acting on a scar is the trigger for hypertrophic scarring. Paper tape is likely to be an effective modality for the prevention of hypertrophic scarring through its ability to eliminate scar tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-An M Atkinson
- Occupational Therapy and Health Department, Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Center, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia.
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