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Cross BW, Ruhl S. Glycan recognition at the saliva - oral microbiome interface. Cell Immunol 2018; 333:19-33. [PMID: 30274839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mouth is a first critical interface where most potentially harmful substances or pathogens contact the host environment. Adaptive and innate immune defense mechanisms are established there to inactivate or eliminate pathogenic microbes that traverse the oral environment on the way to their target organs and tissues. Protein and glycoprotein components of saliva play a particularly important role in modulating the oral microbiota and helping with the clearance of pathogens. It has long been acknowledged that glycobiological and glycoimmunological aspects play a pivotal role in oral host-microbe, microbe-host, and microbe-microbe interactions in the mouth. In this review, we aim to delineate how glycan-mediated host defense mechanisms in the oral cavity support human health. We will describe the role of glycans attached to large molecular size salivary glycoproteins which act as a first line of primordial host defense in the human mouth. We will further discuss how glycan recognition contributes to both colonization and clearance of oral microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Cross
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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2
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Kudelka MR, Ju T, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Simple sugars to complex disease--mucin-type O-glycans in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 126:53-135. [PMID: 25727146 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycans are a class of glycans initiated with N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) α-linked primarily to Ser/Thr residues within glycoproteins and often extended or branched by sugars or saccharides. Most secretory and membrane-bound proteins receive this modification, which is important in regulating many biological processes. Alterations in mucin-type O-glycans have been described across tumor types and include expression of relatively small-sized, truncated O-glycans and altered terminal structures, both of which are associated with patient prognosis. New discoveries in the identity and expression of tumor-associated O-glycans are providing new avenues for tumor detection and treatment. This chapter describes mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, altered mucin-type O-glycans in primary tumors, including mechanisms for structural changes and contributions to the tumor phenotype, and clinical approaches to detect and target altered O-glycans for cancer treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Kudelka
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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3
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Argüeso P. Glycobiology of the ocular surface: mucins and lectins. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2013; 57:150-5. [PMID: 23325272 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-012-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important and common form of posttranscriptional modification of proteins in cells. During the last decade, a vast array of biological functions has been ascribed to glycans because of a rapid evolution in glycomic technologies. Glycogenes that are highly expressed at the human ocular surface include families of glycosyltransferases, proteoglycans, and glycan degradation proteins, as well as mucins and carbohydrate-binding proteins, such as the galectins. On the apical glycocalyx, mucin O-glycans promote boundary lubrication, prevent bacterial adhesion and endocytic activity, and maintain epithelial barrier function through interactions with galectins. The emerging roles attributed to glycans are contributing to the appreciation of their biological capabilities at the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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4
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Kim M, Shin DS, Kim J, Lee YS. Substrate screening of protein kinases: detection methods and combinatorial peptide libraries. Biopolymers 2011; 94:753-62. [PMID: 20564046 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The study of protein kinases has become a matter of great importance in the development of new drugs for the treatment of diseases, including cancer and inflammation. Substrate screening is the first step in the fundamental investigation of protein kinases and the development of inhibitors for use in drug discovery. Towards this goal, various studies have been reported regarding the development of phospho-peptide detection methods and the screening of phosphorylated peptide sites by protein kinases. This review introduces the detection methods for phosphorylation events using the reagents with (γ(32)P)ATP, ligand-linked ATP, phospho-peptide-specific antibodies and metal chelating compounds. Chemical modification methods using β-elimination for the detection of phospho-Ser/Thr peptides are introduced as well. In addition, the implementations of combinatorial peptide libraries for screening peptide substrates of protein kinases are discussed. The phage display approach has been suggested as an alternative method of using synthetic peptides for screening the substrate specificities of protein kinase. However, a solid phase assay using a peptide library-bound polymer resin or a peptide-arrayed glass chip is preferred for high throughput screening (HTS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744 Korea
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Malpress FH, Seid-Akhavan M. Studies on human alpha(s)- and kappa-casein fractions and human caseinoglycomacropeptide. Biochem J 2010; 101:764-73. [PMID: 16742457 PMCID: PMC1270185 DOI: 10.1042/bj1010764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. Fractions have been obtained from human whole casein closely resembling the alpha(s)- and kappa-fractions of cow casein. 2. The alpha(s)-fraction (human alpha(s)-casein) is calcium-sensitive, heterogeneous in zone analysis and inert towards rennin. 3. The kappa-fraction (human kappa-casein) is calcium-insensitive, heterogeneous in zone analysis, and forms a soluble glycopeptide when acted upon by rennin. 4. Human kappa-casein stabilizes human alpha(s)-casein in the presence of Ca(2+) ions. 5. The glycopeptides released by rennin from human casein and from cow casein have been compared. There are important differences in both the peptide and non-peptide structures of the two compounds. 6. In both human and bovine glycopeptides some of the carbohydrate residues are joined to the peptide by O-glycosidic links with threonine, and possibly with serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Malpress
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland
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6
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Hwang H, Zhang J, Chung KA, Leverenz JB, Zabetian CP, Peskind ER, Jankovic J, Su Z, Hancock AM, Pan C, Montine TJ, Pan S, Nutt J, Albin R, Gearing M, Beyer RP, Shi M, Zhang J. Glycoproteomics in neurodegenerative diseases. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:79-125. [PMID: 19358229 PMCID: PMC2799547 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation regulates protein function and cellular distribution. Additionally, aberrant protein glycosylations have been recognized to play major roles in human disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Glycoproteomics, a branch of proteomics that catalogs and quantifies glycoproteins, provides a powerful means to systematically profile the glycopeptides or glycoproteins of a complex mixture that are highly enriched in body fluids, and therefore, carry great potential to be diagnostic and/or prognostic markers. Application of this mass spectrometry-based technology to the study of neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) is relatively new, and is expected to provide insight into the biochemical pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, as well as biomarker discovery. In this review, we have summarized the current understanding of glycoproteins in biology and neurodegenerative disease, and have discussed existing proteomic technologies that are utilized to characterize glycoproteins. Some of the ongoing studies, where glycoproteins isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and human brain are being characterized in Parkinson's disease at different stages versus controls, are presented, along with future applications of targeted validation of brain specific glycoproteins in body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jianpeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kathryn A. Chung
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James B. Leverenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cyrus P. Zabetian
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elaine R. Peskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhen Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aneeka M. Hancock
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Catherine Pan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas J. Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sheng Pan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John Nutt
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Roger Albin
- Ann Arbor VAMC GRECC and Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marla Gearing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Richard P. Beyer
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Payza N, Robert M, Herp A. The molecular weight of bovine and porcine submaxillary mucins. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTEIN RESEARCH 2009; 2:109-15. [PMID: 5538384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1970.tb01665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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8
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9
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Mitra N, Sinha S, Ramya TNC, Surolia A. N-linked oligosaccharides as outfitters for glycoprotein folding, form and function. Trends Biochem Sci 2006; 31:156-63. [PMID: 16473013 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation, particularly N-linked glycosylation, profoundly affects protein folding, oligomerization and stability. The increased efficiency of folding of glycosylated proteins could be due to the chaperone-like activity of glycans, which is observed even when the glycan is not attached to the protein. Covalently linked glycans could also facilitate oligomerization by mediating inter-subunit interactions in the protein or stabilizing the oligomer in other ways. Glycosylation also affects the rate of fibril formation in prion proteins: N-glycans reduce the rate of fibril formation, and O-glycans affect the rate either way depending on factors such as position and orientation. It has yet to be determined whether there is any correlation among the sites of glycosylation and the ensuing effect in multiply glycosylated proteins. It is also not apparent whether there is a common pattern in the conservation of glycans in a related family of glycoproteins, but it is evident that glycosylation is a multifaceted post-translational modification. Indeed, glycosylation serves to "outfit" proteins for fold-function balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Mitra
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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10
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Karácsonyi Š, Pätoprstý V, Kubačková M. Structural study on arabinogalactan–proteins from Picea abies L. Karst. Carbohydr Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(98)00052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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CARUBELLI R, BHAVANANDAN P, GOTTSCHALK A. STUDIES ON GLYCOPROTEINS. XI. THE O-GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE OF N-ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE TO SERYL AND THREONYL RESIDUES IN OVINE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND GLYCOPROTEIN. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 101:67-82. [PMID: 14329290 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6534(65)90031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Chapter 2 Primary Structure of Glycoprotein Glycans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
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13
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Chai WG, Hounsell EF, Cashmore GC, Rosankiewicz JR, Bauer CJ, Feeney J, Feizi T, Lawson AM. Neutral oligosaccharides of bovine submaxillary mucin. A combined mass spectrometry and 1H-NMR study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 203:257-68. [PMID: 1730232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb19855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-two neutral O-linked oligosaccharides ranging from monosaccharides to octasaccharides were identified in bovine submaxillary-gland-mucin glycoprotein by a combination of liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry, methylation analysis and 1H-NMR. Only five of these have been previously detected in bovine submaxillary-gland mucin although several have been described from other sources of mucin. The structures include short linear sequences 3-linked to N-acetylgalactosaminitol (GalNAcol) and branched structures based on either a GlcNAc(beta 1-6) [Gal(beta 1-3)]GalNAcol or GlcNAc(beta 1-6)[GlcNAc(beta 1-3)]GalNAcol core region. Oligosaccharides not previously characterised from any source were the disaccharide GalNAc alpha 1-6GalNAcol (GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine and the hexasaccharide GlcNAc(beta 1-6) [GalNAc(alpha 1-3)( Fuc (alpha 1-2)]Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)]GalNAcol (Fuc, L-fucose). Oligosaccharides of the blood-group-A type have not been detected previously in bovine submaxillary-gland mucin although their occurrence on bovine gastric-mucosal glycoproteins has been established by classical immunochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Chai
- Section of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, England
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14
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S��m�nen AM, Tammi M. A sensitive GLC-method for component sugars andO-glycosidic linkage monosaccharides of cartilage proteoglycans. Glycoconj J 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01049084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Basbaum CB, Chow A, Macher BA, Finkbeiner WE, Veissiere D, Forsberg LS. Tracheal carbohydrate antigens identified by monoclonal antibodies. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 249:363-73. [PMID: 3019242 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study we described a family of monoclonal antibodies directed against tracheal antigens having a variety of cellular and subcellular distributions. In the present study, we have extended our findings on four representative antibodies to determine the periodate sensitivity, glycosidase sensitivity, and apparent molecular weight of the corresponding antigens. Since mild periodate oxidation selectively cleaves carbohydrate moiety leaving amino acids intact, loss of antigenicity following this treatment suggests the involvement of sugar residues in the antigenic determinant. This can be confirmed by testing the sensitivity of the antigens to specific glycosidases. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), all four antibodies were found to have highest affinity for void volume components isolated by Bio-Gel A15m chromatography of the total tracheal secretion. Further analysis of this void volume material by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions followed by immunoblot analysis revealed that all antigens were carried by high-molecular-weight species (greater than 200,000) which were periodate-Schiff positive but reacted poorly with Coomassie blue. In parallel experiments using immunofluorescence and ELISA, antibody binding was compared under control conditions and following periodate treatment of antigens under varying intensities (10 mM IO4-, 10 min, 4 degrees C; 50 mM IO4-, 1 h, 4 degrees C; 100 mM IO4-, 12 h, 20 degrees C). Similar results were obtained with the two methods, indicating a partial loss of antigenicity for one of the four antigens following the mildest periodate treatment, and total loss of antigenicity for all four antigens following each of the two prolonged treatments. All four antigens showed marked sensitivity to digestion with mixed exoglycosidases and three antigens were also susceptible to endo-beta-galactosidase digestion. Antigenicity was not decreased during incubation with chondroitinase ABC, heparitinase, or heparinase. Immunofluorescence analysis of tracheal tissue sections showed that the four antibodies recognized determinants in different locations, including gland and goblet cell cytoplasmic granules and the apical epithelial membrane. The characteristic immunofluorescence patterns of all antibodies were abolished by periodate incubation of the tracheal sections. Thus, the four antibodies appear to recognize carbohydrate antigens carried by high-molecular-weight glycoproteins, each with different cellular origins.
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Inoshita E, Amano A, Hanioka T, Tamagawa H, Shizukuishi S, Tsunemitsu A. Isolation and some properties of exohemagglutinin from the culture medium of Bacteroides gingivalis 381. Infect Immun 1986; 52:421-7. [PMID: 3699890 PMCID: PMC261016 DOI: 10.1128/iai.52.2.421-427.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exohemagglutinin was found in the culture medium of Bacteroides gingivalis 381. Exohemagglutinin was purified 3,150-fold from culture fluid by ultracentrifugation followed by gel filtration on Sepharose CL-4B and by affinity chromatography on arginine-agarose. Examination of the final preparation of exohemagglutinin by biochemical analysis and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the isolated exohemagglutinin contained three major proteins but not a detectable lipopolysaccharide. Hemagglutination inhibition experiments showed that the activity of exohemagglutinin was inhibited by L-arginine and the arginine-containing peptides, although the activity was unaffected by the sugars tested. Some protein and glycoproteins that were examined also exhibited the inhibitory activity. When the bovine submaxillary mucin was chemically modified by beta-elimination and bovine serum albumin was modified by guanidination, the inhibitory effects on hemagglutination were significantly enhanced. These results suggest that the hemagglutination of the isolated exohemagglutinin may be involved in arginine residues as components of ligand-binding sites on erythrocytes.
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17
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Purification and characterization of an O-acetylsialic acid-specific lectin from a marine crab Cancer antennarius. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
Previously, we reported that ZP3, one of three different glycoproteins present in the mouse egg's zona pellucida, serves as a sperm receptor. Furthermore, small glycopeptides derived from egg ZP3 retain full sperm receptor activity, suggesting a role for carbohydrate, rather than polypeptide chain in receptor function. Here, we report that removal of O-linked oligosaccharides from ZP3 destroys its sperm receptor activity, whereas removal of N-linked oligosaccharides has no effect. A specific size class of O-linked oligosaccharides, recovered following mild alkaline hydrolysis and reduction of ZP3, is shown to possess sperm receptor activity and to bind to sperm. The results presented strongly suggest that mouse sperm bind to eggs via O-linked oligosaccharides present on ZP3.
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19
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Knight KR, Robinson HC. The structure of the linkage region of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan after beta-elimination and sulfite addition. Connect Tissue Res 1984; 12:119-31. [PMID: 6723307 DOI: 10.3109/03008208408992777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A method of peptide "fingerprinting" has been developed allowing the separation of the majority of the tryptic peptides of purified proteoglycan subunit from bovine nasal cartilage. When this preparation was reacted with 0.2 M sodium sulfite at pH 11.5, beta-elimination of the substituted glycosaminoglycans and O-linked oligosaccharides and the quantitative addition of sulfite occurred in the serine and threonine residues of the linkage region. After elimination-addition studies with sodium [35S] sulfite, 6 radiolabelled linkage peptides were isolated by 2-dimensional "fingerprinting." Five of these peptides were derived from a section of the protein core in which each [35S] cysteic acid residue was separated by an average of 6-10 amino acid residues. Apart from [35S] cysteic acid, the predominant amino acids in the attached peptides were glycine and glutamic acid (or glutamine), suggesting that a combination of these amino acids in the nascent protein core may be important for the initiation of glycosaminoglycan chains during proteoglycan biosynthesis.
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Ono K, Katsuyama T, Hotchi M. Histochemical application of mild alkaline hydrolysis for selective elimination of O-glycosidically linked glycoproteins. STAIN TECHNOLOGY 1983; 58:309-12. [PMID: 6673173 DOI: 10.3109/10520298309066803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A new technique to eliminate O-glycosidically linked glycoprotein (mucin-type glycoprotein) selectively has been developed. Composite paraffin sections were collodionized before and after alkaline treatment with 0.5 M NaOH in 70% ethanol; the effect of this procedure on mucosubstances was examined using the periodic acid-Schiff reaction. Exposure to alkaline hydrolysis for 72 to 144 hours at 4 C led to a complete loss of periodic acid-Schiff reactivity of epithelial mucins in rat sublingual gland, stomach and small intestine, but that of fuzzy coat, thyroid colloid, collagen fibers and tracheal cartilage was well preserved. These results agreed fairly well with biochemical findings. The present study also revealed that materials prepared by freeze-substitution provided the most satisfactory results.
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Abstract
Mucin from the submaxillary glands of goats was isolated by precipitation from an aqueous extract with a cationic detergent, followed by dissolution in CaCl2 solution, and fractionation on a DEAE-cellulose column, Five homogeneous, mucin fractions were isolated by NaCl-gradient elution of the column. One of the fractions was obtained in major yield (46%); it was homogeneous by paper electrophoresis, and contained carbohydrates (46.4%) and protein (48.9%). The sugars were fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid. The principal amino acids were alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine, threonine, and valine. The proportions of these residues were determined.
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22
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Structures of carbohydrate chains of glycoprotein isolated from goat submaxillary mucin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(82)90314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Farwell DC, Dion AS. Methods for the identification of N-asparaginyl and O-seryl/threonyl glycosidic linkages to aminosugars in glycoproteins. Anal Biochem 1981; 113:423-37. [PMID: 6792948 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(81)90097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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24
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Jouanneau J, Fournet B, Bourrillon R. Localization and overall structure of a mannose-rich glycopeptide from a pathologic immunoglobulin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 667:277-84. [PMID: 6783117 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(81)90193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The structure of a mannose-rich glycopeptide from a human pathological IgM has been investigated. It belongs to the group I (simple) glycopeptides and contains only mannose and N-acetylglucosamine residues in a molar ratio of 10:2. The structures of its oligosaccharide moiety and peptide chain have been determined: its molecular localization is specified and the relation between its biosynthesis and the oligosaccharide structure determine is discussed. Based on the alpha- and beta-mannosidase digestions and permethylation studies for the oligosaccharide moiety, and on the results obtained after sequential analysis of the peptide chain, the following structure is proposed for the mannose-rich IgM Du glycopeptide: (Formula: see text). The recovery of one molecule of this glycopeptide per molecule of heavy chain and the determination of the amino acid sequence have led us to locate this glycopeptide on asparagine 402 of the Fc portion of the heavy chain mu of IgM Du.
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25
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Jouanneau J, Bourrillon R. Characterization of a glycopeptide from pathological human IgM with an unusual oligosaccharide core. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 91:1057-61. [PMID: 118749 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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27
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Seno N, Sekizuka E. Quantitative β-elimination-reduction of O-glycosyl linkages in chondroitin sulfates. Carbohydr Res 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)80874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Hara K, Rathnam P, Saxena B. Structure of the carbohydrate moieties of alpha subunits of human follitropin, lutropin, and thyrotropin. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Leleu JB, Fournet B, Morilhat JP, Bonaly R, Montreuil J. [Isolation and structure of an external glycoprotein of the cell wall of Torulopsis candida]. Biochimie 1977; 59:687-92. [PMID: 563739 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(77)80247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The treatment with ethylenediamine of Torulopsis candida yeast cell walls has permitted to isolate a mannoprotein. It has been possible to collect this glycoprotein in a pure state after separation of the different hydrosoluble products by gel filtrations and paper electrophoresis. This compound contains 62 per cent of mannose, 3 per cent of N-acetylglucosamine and 31 per cent of amino acids. The mannose units are attached by 1 leads to 2 linkage, short oligosaccharides are bound to serine of the peptide chain by O-glycosidic linkages while polysaccharides are attached to asparagine of this peptide chain by a N glycosidic linkages probably through the intermediate of chitobiose.
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30
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Structural studies on the oligosaccharides of a glycoprotein isolated from alveoli of patients with alveolar proteinosis. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40637-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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31
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Carlson DM. Chemistry and biosynthesis of mucin glycoproteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 89:251-73. [PMID: 563161 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4172-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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32
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Whitaker JR, Feeney RE. Behavior of O-glycosyl and O-phosphoryl proteins in alkaline solution. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 86B:155-75. [PMID: 20742 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9113-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Jouanneau J, Bourrillon R. Human pathologic IgM glycopeptides. Evidence for a very high mannose content glycopeptide. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1976; 13:991-3. [PMID: 828145 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(76)90270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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34
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Maisonrouge-McAuliffe F, Kabat EA. Immunochemical studies on blood groups. Heterogeneity of oligosaccharides liberated by degradation with alkaline borohydride of two human ovarian cyst fractions differing in B, I, and i activities and in reactivity toward concanavalin A. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 175:81-9. [PMID: 952525 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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35
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Bhattacharyya SN, Sahu S, Lynn WS. Structural studies on a glycoprotein isolated from alveoli of patients with alveolar proteinosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 427:91-106. [PMID: 1260011 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(76)90288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A major glycoprotein 36 000 molecular weight) has been isolated from lung lavage of patients with alveolar proteinosis and found to contain five residues of hydroxyproline, fifty residues of glycine, three residues of methionine, 3 mol of sialic acid, 4.4 mol of mannose, 4.0 mol of galactose, 6.0 mol of glucosamine, and 1 mol of fucose. Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) treatment of the glycoprotein resulted, as expected, in four peptides of apparent molecular weights of 18 000, 12 000, 5000 and 1000, respectively. The chemical compositions of the CNBr peptides indicate the presence of hydroxyproline and high amounts of glycine in all but one of the peptides; two of the four CNBr peptides contain carbohydrate. Gel filtration, acrylamide gel electrophoresis and end-group analyses of the native glycoprotein and its CNBr peptides indicate that the peptides are homogeneous. End-group analyses of the CNBr cleavage products assign the 18 000 molecular weight peptide to the NH2-terminal portion and the 1000 molecular weight peptide to the COOH-terminal portion of the native glycoprotein molecule. Pronase digestion of the 36 000 molecular weight glycoprotein, followed by gel filtration and cation exchange chromatography, resulted in two fractions. One fraction was acidic and contained all the carbohydrate, a high content of aspartic acid and no hydroxyproline. The other fraction was basic and contained 8.4% hydroxyproline, 14% proline, 28% glycine and no carbohydrate, suggesting the presence of collagen-like sequence in the peptide chain. Paper electrophoresis of the basic fraction demonstrated two components, the amino acid compositions of which are identical to those of collagen. Partial amino-terminal sequence analysis of one of the CNBr peptides (18 000 molecular weight) indicated the presence of -Fly-Pro-HyP-Gly-sequence in the peptide chain, which confirms our suggestion that collagen-like regions are present in the native glycoprotein molecule. Limited acid hydrolysis of the acidic fraction and subsequent fractionation of the acid hydrolysate using Dowex column yielded a fraction which produced brown colour with ninhydrin reagent. Paper chromatography of this fraction demonstrated a large component which also stained brown with ninhydrin reagent. After acid hydrolysis, this component was found to consist of equal amounts of asparitic acid and glucosamine, indicating that the N-acetylglucosamine of the oligosaccharides is linked to the asparagine residue of the peptide. No serine or threonine linkages are present.
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36
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Newman W, Kabat EA. Immunochemical studies on blood groups. Immunochemical properties of B-active and non-B-active blood group substances from horse gastric mucosae and the relative size distributions of oligosaccharides liberated by base-borohydride. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 172:524-34. [PMID: 1259419 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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37
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Jouanneau J, Bourrillon R. Préparation et caractérisation des glycopeptides d'une immunoglobuline monoclonale humaine. Biochimie 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(76)80584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Plantner JJ, Carlson DM. Studies of mucin-type glycoproteins. Olefinic amino acids, products of the beta-elimination reaction. Anal Biochem 1975; 65:153-63. [PMID: 236691 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(75)90501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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Hirano S, Ishigami M, Koga Y. Depolymerization and de-N-acetylation of glycosaminoglycuronans by the action of alkali in the presence of sodium borohydride. Connect Tissue Res 1975; 3:73-79. [PMID: 126130 DOI: 10.3109/03008207509152343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Depolymerization of Ch-4-S, Ch-6-S, HA and HP was observed by gel filtration after treatment with 2-10 N NaOH or Ba(OH)2 in the presence of NaBH4 at 80-83 degrees for 1-5 hr. Depolymerized products were isolated after these treatments. 4-Deoxy-alpha-L-threo-4-enohexopyranosyluronic acid residue as the nonreducing end group was demonstrated by the H-1 and H-4 proton signals in the NMR spectra and by the absorption at 225-230 nm. L-Gulonic acid, which was produced from D-glucuronic acid by the action of NaBH4, was detected as the reducing end group in the depolymerized products of Ch-6-S, but no hexosaminitol was detected. De-N-acetylation to the extent of 34-50% occurred after treatment with 2.5 N NaOH in the presence of NaBH4, and almost complete de-N-acetylation accompanied by considerable destruction was observed with Ch-4-S and Ch-6-S after treatment with 5.5-10.0 N NaOH. A reaction mechanism is proposed for the depolymerization of glycosaminoglycuronans by the action of alkali.
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40
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Schrager J, Oates MD. The chemical composition and some structural features of the principal salivary glycoprotein isolated from human mixed saliva. Arch Oral Biol 1974; 19:1215-20. [PMID: 4374914 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(74)90255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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41
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Wakabayashi K, Pigman W. Synthesis of some glycodipeptides containing hydroxyamino acids, and their stabilities to acids and bases. Carbohydr Res 1974; 35:3-14. [PMID: 4854581 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)84828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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42
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43
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Spik G, Vandersyppe R, Montreuil J. Amino acid sequences of two glycopeptides isolated from tryptic and chymotryptic hydrolysates of human lactotransferrin. FEBS Lett 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Downs F, Herp A, Moschera J, Pigman W. Beta-elimination and reduction reactions and some applications of dimethylsulfoxide on submaxillary glycoproteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 328:182-92. [PMID: 4796927 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(73)90344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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45
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Donald A. The products of pronase digestion of purified blood group-specific glycoproteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973; 317:420-36. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(73)90235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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47
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Isemura M, Zahn RK, Schmid K. A new neuraminic acid derivative and three types of glycopeptides isolated from the Cuvierian tubules of the sea cucumber Holothuria forskali. Biochem J 1973; 131:509-21. [PMID: 4720712 PMCID: PMC1177498 DOI: 10.1042/bj1310509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Cuvierian tubules of Holothuria forskali Della Chiaje, a sea cucumber found in the Adriatic Sea, were investigated with regard to their carbohydrate moieties. From a Pronase digest of these tubules three types of carbohydrate units were isolated and characterized. 1. A high-molecular-weight glycopeptide fraction was shown to contain sulphated polyfucose, galactosamine, a uronic acid and a previously unknown neuraminic acid derivative. The sulphate was shown by i.r. analysis to be present as an O-ester. The carbohydrate unit was linked O-glycosidically to threonine and serine residues in the polypeptide chain. The hitherto unknown neuraminic acid derivative (Hf-neuraminic acid) was resistant to enzymic cleavage by neuraminidase, even after mild alkaline hydrolysis for the removal of O-acyl residues. However, the glycosidic linkage of this compound to the other part of the carbohydrate moiety was readily cleaved by mild acid hydrolysis. Its chromatographic properties distinguished Hf-neuraminic acid from other known neuraminic acid derivatives (N-acetyl-, NO-diacetyl-, NOO-triacetyl- and N-glycollyl-neuraminic acid). Further, this acidic sugar was shown to possess neuraminic acid as its basic structure. Thus, an as yet unknown substituent lends the distinct properties to Hf-neuraminic acid. 2. The carbohydrate composition of a second glycopeptide fraction consisting of a derivative of neuraminic acid, galactose, mannose and glucosamine was similar to that of the well-known carbohydrate groups of the globular glycoproteins. 3. The third fraction contained two glycopeptides containing the disaccharide, glucosylgalactose, which was shown to be linked to the hydroxyl group of hydroxylysine residues of a collagen-like protein. Approximately half of these residues were glycosylated. In addition to these glycopeptides, a small amount of a third glycopeptide that carried only a galactosyl residue was detected. The amino acid sequence of the two major compounds were found to be Gly-Ala-Hyl*-Gly-Ser and Gly-Pro-Hyl*-Gly-Asp, where Hyl* represents a glycosylated amino acid residue.
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48
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Lemonnier M, Goussault Y, Bourrillon R. [Interactions of phytoagglutinins with urinary glycopeptides. Analysis of a glycopeptide inhibitor of phytoagglutinin from Robinia pseudo acacia]. Carbohydr Res 1972; 24:323-31. [PMID: 4667564 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)85066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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49
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Baker AP, Sawyer JL, Munro JR, Weiner GP, Hillegass LM. Glycosyltransferases of Canine Respiratory Tissue. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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50
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Bella A, Kim YS. Rat small intestinal mucin: isolation and characterization of a water-soluble mucin fraction. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 150:679-89. [PMID: 5044048 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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