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Martínez Banaclocha M. N-acetylcysteine elicited increase in complex I activity in synaptic mitochondria from aged mice: implications for treatment of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2000; 859:173-5. [PMID: 10720628 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that thiolic groups are essential for complex I activity and other respiratory mitochondrial enzymes. Recent experiments showed that the thiolic antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can protect against age-related decrease in complex I activity in mice hepatic mitochondria. The present paper shows that NAC enhances complex I activity in vitro in synaptic mitochondria isolated from old mice. The optimum NAC concentration for maximum complex I activity was 10 mM in old synaptic preparations. Our data suggest that mitochondrial thiolic groups, which are essentials to oxidative phosphorylation, are impaired by aging. Based on the finding of decreased mitochondrial complex I activity in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease, we propose that the thiol-containing antioxidant NAC could be beneficial for treatment of the disease.
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Martínez Banaclocha M, Martínez N. N-acetylcysteine elicited increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity in mice synaptic mitochondria. Brain Res 1999; 842:249-51. [PMID: 10526120 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that thiolic groups are essential for cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity and other respiratory mitochondrial enzymes. Recent experiments showed that the thiolic antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can protect against age-related impairment in COX activity in mice hepatic mitochondria. The present paper shows that NAC enhances COX activity in vitro in synaptic mitochondria isolated from young and old mice. The optimum NAC concentration for maximum COX activity was 5 mM in young and 10 mM in old synaptic preparations. Our data suggest that mitochondrial thiolic groups, which are essentials to oxidative phosphorylation, are impaired by aging.
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Banaclocha MM, Hernández AI, Martínez N, Ferrándiz ML. N-acetylcysteine protects against age-related increase in oxidized proteins in mouse synaptic mitochondria. Brain Res 1997; 762:256-8. [PMID: 9262186 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since it has been proposed that oxidized protein accumulation plays a critical role in brain aging, we have investigated the effect of a thiolic antioxidant on protein carbonyl content in synaptic mitochondria from female OF-1 mice. At 48 weeks of age, a control group was fed standard food pellets and another group received pellets containing 0.3% (w/w) of N-acetylcysteine. A 24-week treatment resulted in a significant decrease in protein carbonyl content in synaptic mitochondria of the N-acetylcysteine-treated animals as compared to age-matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Banaclocha
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zoratti
- CNR Unit for the Physiology of Mitochondria, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Padova, Italy
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Dierks T, Salentin A, Heberger C, Krämer R. The mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate and ADP/ATP carrier switch from obligate counterexchange to unidirectional transport after modification by SH-reagents. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1028:268-80. [PMID: 1977471 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(90)90176-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of various SH-reagents on the aspartate/glutamate carrier was investigated in the reconstituted system. When liposomes carrying partially purified carrier protein were treated with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) or N-ethylmaleimide, antiport activity was strongly reduced. Several mercury compounds exerted a dual effect. They completely blocked the antiport and, in addition, induced an efflux pathway for internal aspartate. The maximum rate of this unidirectional flux was comparable to the original antiport activity. Induction of efflux always was coupled to inhibition of antiport. Efflux was neither due to unspecific leakage of proteoliposomes nor to a possible contamination by porin, but depended on active carrier protein, as elucidated by the sensitivity to proteinases and protein-modifying reagents. Besides efflux of aspartate, HgCl2 and mersalyl also induced a slow efflux of ATP from liposomes carrying coreconstituted aspartate/glutamate and ADP/ATP carrier. The two efflux activities could be discriminated taking advantage of the differential effectiveness of several inhibitors and proteinases. Although basic carrier properties were changed by the applied mercurials (Dierks, T., Salentin, A. and Krämer, R. (1990) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1028, 281), aspartate and ATP efflux could clearly be correlated with the aspartate/glutamate and the ADP/ATP carrier, respectively. When purifying these two translocators the respective efflux activity copurified with the antiporter, thus elucidating that the two different transport functions are mediated by the same protein. These results argue for a participation of the aspartate/glutamate and the ADP/ATP carrier in the generally observed increase of mitochondrial permeability after treatment with SH-reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dierks
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, F.R.G
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Schmucker DL. Hepatocyte fine structure during maturation and senescence. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE 1990; 14:106-25. [PMID: 2406386 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060140205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a myriad of changes in cell structure, function, and composition. The fact that much of the information concerning age-related alterations in cellular morphology is qualitative precludes meaningful correlations with biochemical changes in order to enhance data interpretation. The mammalian liver has been subjected to both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of hepatocyte structure as a function of aging, i.e., development, maturation, and senescence. Although these data are characterized by considerable variability and, in some instances, blatant contradictions, there exists sufficient agreement in several parameters to permit a consensus in the inbred rat model. Certainly the volume of individual hepatocytes increases with age, and many of the organelle compartments reflect this change. While old rats exhibit a high incidence of polyploidy, there is no definitive evidence to demonstrate a concomitant increase in the binuclear hepatocyte index. Several specific hepatocellular organelles undergo changes in their relative volume or surface area that appear to correlate with functional alterations. The volume density of the lysosomal compartment enlarges significantly during senescence and is accompanied by increased activities of several constituent hydrolases. The hepatic concentration of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum declines markedly with aging, as does the yield of liver microsomes and the activities of several microsomal enzymes, e.g., mono-oxygenases and glucose-6-phosphatase. However, the responses of the majority of hepatocyte organelles to aging is varied and inconsistent based on the limited data currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Schmucker
- Cell Biology & Aging Section, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121
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Garlid KD, Beavis AD. Evidence for the existence of an inner membrane anion channel in mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 853:187-204. [PMID: 2441746 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(87)90001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria normally exhibit very low electrophoretic permeabilities to physiologically important anions such as chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, succinate, citrate, etc. Nevertheless, considerable evidence has accumulated which suggests that heart and liver mitochondria contain a specific anion-conducting channel. In this review, a postulated inner membrane anion channel is discussed in the context of other known pathways for anion transport in mitochondria. This anion channel exhibits the following properties. It is anion-selective and inhibited physiologically by protons and magnesium ions. It is inhibited reversibly by quinine and irreversibly by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. We propose that the inner membrane anion channel is formed by inner membrane proteins and that this pathway is normally latent due to regulation by matrix Mg2+. The physiological role of the anion channel is unknown; however, this pathway is well designed to enable mitochondria to restore their normal volume following pathological swelling. In addition, the inner membrane anion channel provides a potential futile cycle for regulated non-shivering thermogenesis and may be important in controlled energy dissipation.
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Leblondel G, Allain P. A thiol oxidation interpretation of the Cu2+ effects on rat liver mitochondria. J Inorg Biochem 1984; 21:241-51. [PMID: 6432960 DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(84)83007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of the Cu2+ effects, binding and reduction, has been performed on rat liver mitochondria. In the first minutes, Cu2+ (less than or equal to 50 micron) is massively bound and reduced to the extent of 70%-80% while a simultaneous activation of respiration takes place. Then the remaining 20% or so of Cu2+ are progressively bound and reduced while respiratory inhibition, Ca2+ and Mg2+ effluxes, and swelling are observed. EDTA, used as a copper chelator, prevents or reduces the copper effects and removes part of the bound copper, according to the time of introduction in the incubation medium after Cu2+. The results suggest that the two steps of the copper binding and the effects following involve mainly first the outer (cytosol side) proteins of the inner membrane and then those of the inner membrane. 100 microM dithiothreitol and 100 microM glutathione used as antioxidant thiol reagents prevent, as does EDTA, but do not reverse the 25 microM copper effects. They also decrease the copper binding; however, no relationship between binding and preventive action is observed. It is shown that glutathione and dithiothreitol have a specific potent ability to reduce Cu2+, which explains that in presence of these reagents copper may react with mitochondria partly or entirely in the form of Cu+. These findings suggest that Cu2+ in its Cu+ form has no mitochondrial effect. A mechanism of copper action involving oxidation of some membrane thiol groups is discussed.
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Christensen K, Chwalibog A, Thorbek G, Eggum BO. Total body gas-exchange and liver mitochondrial respiration in rats from 5 weeks to 5 months of age. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1983; 33:301-15. [PMID: 6615226 DOI: 10.1080/17450398309425683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Toninello A, Siliprandi N. Restoration of membrane potential in mitochondria deenergized with carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 682:289-92. [PMID: 7171582 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(82)90110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The membrane potential (delta psi) of rat liver mitochondria dropped upon addition of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) but was gradually and fully restored to the original value by the subsequent addition of dithioerythritol. Concomitantly, Ca2+ released from mitochondria was reaccumulated and the oxidative phosphorylation process completely recoupled. Neither of these effects has been observed with dinitro-o-cresol or 2,4-dinitrophenol, uncouplers which, unlike FCCP, do not react with thiols. Delta psi abolished by FCCP was also restored, though incompletely, by albumin; a prompt and complete restoration was however achieved upon subsequent addition of dithioerythritol. Dithioerythritol also completely and rapidly restored the delta psi decreased by addition of diazene dicarboxylic acid bisdimethylamide (diamide).
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Doggett DL, Chang MP, Makinodan T, Strehler BL. Cellular and molecular aspects of immune system aging. Mol Cell Biochem 1981; 37:137-56. [PMID: 7024781 DOI: 10.1007/bf02354883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We begin with a brief discussion of the importance and advantages of immune studies to the problem of aging. This is followed by a short over-view of immune system aging at the systemic level. The major portion of the article is a review of observation, both at the cellular and molecular level, of changes in aging immune cells, with sections on intercellular communication, membrane phenomena, cyclic nucleotides, and molecular genetic changes.
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Kara TC, Patnaik BK. Age-related changes in endogenous respiration, respiration control ratio and malonate inhibition of oxygen consumption of liver homogenate of male garden lizards. Exp Gerontol 1981; 16:31-3. [PMID: 7215477 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(81)90005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Parce JW, Spach PI, Cunningham CC. Deterioration of rat liver mitochondria under conditions of metabolite deprivation. Biochem J 1980; 188:817-22. [PMID: 6258562 PMCID: PMC1161966 DOI: 10.1042/bj1880817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study [Parce, Cunningham & Waite (1978) Biochemistry 17, 1634-1639] changes in mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism and energy-linked functions were monitored as coupled mitochondria were aged in iso-osmotic sucrose solution at 18 degrees C. The sequence of events that occur in mitochondrial deterioration under the above conditions have been established more completely. Total adenine nucleotides are depleted early in the aging process, and their loss parallels the decline in respiratory control. Related to the loss of total adenine nucleotides is a dramatic decrease in ADP and ATP translocation (uptake). The decline of respiratory control is due primarily to a decrease in State-3 respiration; loss of this respiratory activity can be related to the decline in ADP translocation. Mitochondrial ATPase activity does not increase significantly until State-4 respiration has increased appreciably. At the time of loss of respiratory control the ATPase activity increases to equal the uncoupler-stimulated activity. The H+/O ratio and P/O ratios do not decrease appreciably until respiratory control is lost. Similarly, permeability of the membrane to the passive diffusion of protons increases only after respiratory control is lost. There observations reinforce our earlier conclusion that there are two main phases in mitochondrial aging. The first phase is characterized by loss of the ability to translocate adenine nucleotides. The second phase is characterized by a decline in the ability of the mitochondrion to conserve energy (i.e. maintain a respiration-driven proton gradient) and to synthesize ATP.
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Bliznakov EG. Suppression of immunological responsiveness in aged mice and its relationship with coenzyme Q deficiency. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1980; 121:361-9. [PMID: 547730 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3593-1_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
A pronounced suppression of the humoral, hemolytic, primary immune response in old (22 months) mice was demonstrated as compared with this response in young (10 weeks) mice. The suppression is associated with a lower thymus weight:body weight ratio. In contrast, the ratios spleen weight:body weight and liver weight:body weight in 10 weeks and 22 months old mice remain almost constant. A single administration of coenzyme Q10--a non-toxic, non-specific stimulant of the host defense system--partly compensates the age-determined suppression of the humoral, immune response. This suppression probably results from an age-dependent imbalance of T cells: B cells ratio and a decline of their immunological responsiveness which is compensated by the administration of coenzyme Q10.
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Siliprandi D, Toninello A, Zoccarato F, Rugolo M, Siliprandi N. Synergic action of calcium ions and diamide on mitochondrial swelling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 66:956-61. [PMID: 810147 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Romslo I. Energy-dependent accumulation of iron by isolated rat liver mitochondria. IV. Relationship to the energy state of the mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 387:69-79. [PMID: 1125288 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(75)90052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The energy-dependent accumulation of iron by isolated rat liver mitochondria, respiring on endogenous substrates, is strongly dependent on the efficiency of energy coupling in the respiratory chain as measured by respiratory control with ADP and the endogenous energy dissipation. The accumulation reached a saturation level at respiratory control with ADP values (with succinate as the substrate) of approx. 4.0. 2. In the presence of exogenous substrate, the energy-dependent accumulation of iron was markedly reduced, primarily due to binding of iron as carboxylate complexes having less favourable constants than the iron (III)-sucrose complex(es). 3. The effect of added ATP was at least 2-fold, i.e. that of providing energy and that of chelating iron. When the mitochondria respired on endogenous substrate, the energy-dependent accumulation of iron increased at low concentrations of ATP, whereas higher concentrations (greater than 50 mu M) gradually inhibited the uptake. 4. Energization of the mitochondria by the generation of an artificial K-+ gradient across the inner membrane with valinomycin in a K-+-free medium increased the energy-dependent accumulation iron.
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Siliprandi D, Scutari G, Zoccarato F, Siliprandi N. Action of 'diamide' on some energy linked processes of rat liver mitochondria. FEBS Lett 1974; 42:197-9. [PMID: 4368366 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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