1
|
Sangsuriya P, Charoensapsri W, Chomwong S, Senapin S, Tassanakajon A, Amparyup P. A shrimp pacifastin light chain-like inhibitor: molecular identification and role in the control of the prophenoloxidase system. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:32-45. [PMID: 26271600 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pacifastin is a recently classified family of serine proteinase inhibitors that play essential roles in various biological processes, including in the regulation of the melanization cascade. Here, a novel pacifastin-related gene, termed PmPacifastin-like, was identified from a reverse suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA library created from hemocytes of the prophenoloxidase PmproPO1/2 co-silenced black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. The full-length sequences of PmPacifastin-like and its homologue LvPacifastin-like from the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were determined. Sequence analysis revealed that both sequences contained thirteen conserved pacifastin light chain domains (PLDs), followed by two putative kunitz domains. Expression analysis demonstrated that the PmPacifastin-like transcript was expressed in all tested shrimp tissues and larval developmental stages, and its expression responded to Vibrio harveyi challenge. To gain insight into the functional roles of PmPacifastin-like protein, the in vivo RNA interference experiment was employed; the results showed that PmPacifastin-like depletion strongly increased PO activity. Interestingly, suppression of PmPacifastin-like also down-regulated the expression of the proPO-activating enzyme PmPPAE2 transcript; the PmPacifastin-like transcript was down-regulated after the PmproPO1/2 transcripts were silenced. Taken together, these results suggest that PmPacifastin-like is important in the shrimp proPO system and may play an essential role in shrimp immune defense against bacterial infection. These results also expand the knowledge of how pacifastin-related protein participates in the negative regulation of the proPO system in shrimp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Charoensapsri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sudarat Chomwong
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang S, Cui Z, Liu Y, Li Q, Song C. The first homolog of pacifastin-related precursor in the swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus): characterization and potential role in immune response to bacteria and fungi. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:331-338. [PMID: 22154999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among all the serine proteinase inhibitor families (SPIs), the pacifastin-related inhibitor is seldom isolated. A pacifastin-related SPI named as PtPLC was identified from the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus in this study. The full-length of PtPLC was cloned from haemocytes cDNA library by the combination of homology cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The PtPLC contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1098 bp encoding a putative pacifastin-related precursor of 365 amino acids, a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 33 bp, and a 3'-UTR of 524 bp. The estimated molecular weight of mature PtPLC was 40.51 kDa and its isoelectric point was 5.04. Eight PLD domains in PtPLC shared a common characteristic of conserved array of six cysteine residues (Cys-Xaa(9-12)-Cys-Asn-Xaa-Cys-Xaa- Cys-Xaa(2-3)-Gly-Xaa(3-4)-Cys-Thr-Xaa(3)-Cys). The mRNA expression of PtPLC transcripts was highly detected in haemocytes, gill, hepatopancreas and stomach. The temporal expression levels of PtPLC transcripts in haemocytes showed different expression patterns after challenged by Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio alginolyticus, Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus and fungus Pichia pastoris. There were two peaks in the mRNA expression profile after M. luteus stimulation. And after V. alginolyticus and P. pastoris stimulation, there were three peaks in the mRNA expression profiles. These findings suggest that PtPLC is involved in the antibacterial defense mechanism of P. tritubercualtus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyan Wang
- EMBL, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rai S, Aggarwal KK, Mitra B, Das TK, Babu CR. Purification, characterization and immunolocalization of a novel protease inhibitor from hemolymph of tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta. Peptides 2010; 31:474-81. [PMID: 19723549 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A novel serine protease inhibitor (AmPI) was purified from larval hemolymph of tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta by two-step process of trypsin-affinity and gel-filtration (FPLC) chromatography. AmPI was active against larval midgut and commercial bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin. The extent of purification was determined by SDS and Native PAGE. The protease inhibitor had an apparent molecular weight of approximately 14.5 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. Its activity was stable over a pH range of 4.5-9 and temperatures range of 4-65 degrees C. Molecular weight as determined by MALDITOF-MS was between 13241.63 and 13261.66 Da. MS profile of AmPI also suggests two isoforms of AmPI because of glycosylation by heptose (C(7)H(14)O(7)). This confirmed the result of Native PAGE showing two bands. N-terminal amino acid sequence of this protein did not show similarity to any known protease inhibitor. To study the functional implications of AmPI in insect, it was localized in insect body tissue of different larval instars by immunogold labeling technique using GAR-gold conjugate as secondary antibody. The pattern of localization suggests constitutive nature of AmPI, which may have role in insect's defense mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Rai
- School of Biotechnology, GGS Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi 110006, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Franssens V, Simonet G, Breugelmans B, Van Soest S, Van Hoef V, Vanden Broeck J. The role of hemocytes, serine protease inhibitors and pathogen-associated patterns in prophenoloxidase activation in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Peptides 2008; 29:235-41. [PMID: 18207608 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prophenoloxidase-activating system is an important component of the innate immune response of insects, involved in wound healing and melanotic encapsulation. In this paper we show that in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, hemocytes, challenged with microbial elicitors, are indispensable for the limited proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase (proPO) in plasma. In addition, we assessed the influence of serine protease inhibitors on the induction of PO-activity in plasma. While soybean Bowman-Birk inhibitor (SBBI) inhibited the PO activation by laminarin-treated hemocytes, the endogenous pacifastin-related inhibitors, SGPI-1 (S. gregaria pacifastin-related inhibitor-1) and SGPI-2 did not affect the PO-activity under similar conditions. On the other hand, real-time PCR analysis revealed that the transcripts, encoding SGPI-1-3, were more abundant in the fat body of immune challenged animals, as compared to control animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Franssens
- Laboratory of Developmental Physiology, Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Simonet G, Claeys I, Huybrechts J, De Loof A, Vanden Broeck J. Bacterial production and purification of SGPI-1 and SGPI-2, two peptidic serine protease inhibitors from the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 31:188-96. [PMID: 14550636 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(03)00170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The last decade, a new serine protease inhibitor family has been described in arthropods. Eight members were purified from the locusts Locusta migratoria (LMPI-1-2 and HI) and Schistocerca gregaria (SGPI-1-5) and 11 additional locust peptides were identified by cDNA cloning. Furthermore, the light chain of the 155-kDa heterodimeric protease inhibitor pacifastin, from the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, was found to be composed of nine consecutive inhibitory domains (PLDs). These domains share a pattern of 6 conserved cysteine residues (Cys-Xaa(9-12)-Cys-Asn-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Cys-Xaa(2-3)-Gly-Xaa(3-4)-Cys-Thr-Xaa3-Cys) with the locust inhibitors. So far, for most of the PLD-related peptides the biological functions remain obscure. To obtain sufficient amounts of material to perform physiological experiments, we have optimised the production of SGPI-1-2 via a bacterial (Escherichia coli) expression system. The cDNA sequences encoding these peptides were inserted in the pMAL-2pX vector, downstream of the gene encoding the maltose-binding protein (including a signal peptide). As a consequence, both peptides were expressed as fusion proteins (2-3 mg/l) and targeted to the periplasmic space. Following a one-step affinity purification, both fusion proteins were successfully cleaved by Factor Xa and after a methanol extraction, it took only one additional RP-HPLC run to purify both peptides to homogeneity. Finally, the formation of the disulphide bridges and the biological activity of the recombinant peptides were verified by mass spectrometry and a spectrophotometric protease inhibitor assay, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gert Simonet
- Laboratory for Developmental Physiology and Molecular Biology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Simonet G, Claeys I, November T, Wataleb S, Janssen T, Maes R, De Loof A, Vanden Broeck J. Cloning of two cDNAs encoding isoforms of a pacifastin-related precursor polypeptide in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria: analysis of stage- and tissue-dependent expression. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 11:353-360. [PMID: 12144701 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel serine protease inhibitor peptide family, designated as the 'pacifastin family', has recently been described in insects (locusts, lepidopterans) and crustaceans (crayfish). This study presents the cDNA cloning of two isoforms of SGPP-3, a novel pacifastin-related precursor in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, which codes for three putative inhibitor peptides. The precursor isoforms differ at a single amino acid position in the third, C-terminal peptide. Northern blot analysis confirmed the presence of two different transcripts (0.75 and 0.90 kb). Both transcripts are most abundant in the fat body and appear to be strongly regulated during the moulting cycle. In addition, the amount of transcript proved to be strictly regulated in the ovaries during the female reproductive cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Simonet
- Laboratory for Developmental Physiology and Molecular Biology, Zoological Institute, K.U.Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Simonet G, Claeys I, Vanderperren H, November T, De Loof A, Vanden Broeck J. cDNA cloning of two different serine protease inhibitor precursors in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 11:249-256. [PMID: 12000644 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel serine protease-inhibiting peptide family, designated as the 'pacifastin family', has been described in locusts and crayfish. All members of this family possess a characteristic cysteine-rich domain. The present study describes the cDNA cloning, sequencing and transcript distribution of two novel pacifastin-related peptide precursors in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Only one of the encoded peptides (HI) was identified previously, whereas six others represent new members of the pacifastin family. Northern blot analysis showed that both precursor transcripts are present in adult locust fat body. These could not be detected in the midgut. Interestingly, an in silico data mining approach of the expressed sequence tags (EST) database revealed the existence of Manduca sexta and Bombyx mori cDNAs that display pronounced sequence similarities with these locust pacifastin-related transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Simonet
- Laboratory for Developmental Physiology and Molecular Biology, Zoological Institute, K.U.Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Simonet G, Claeys I, Broeck JV. Structural and functional properties of a novel serine protease inhibiting peptide family in arthropods. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 132:247-55. [PMID: 11997226 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several arthropod peptides that belong to a new serine protease inhibitor family were discovered. Three members (HI, PMP-D2=LMCI-1 and PMP-C=LMCI-2) were isolated from the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Five additional members (SGPI-1-5) were identified in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria, and a heterodimeric serine protease inhibitor (pacifastin) was isolated from the hemolymph of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. The light chain of pacifastin constitutes the inhibitory subunit that has nine cysteine-rich domains (PLDs) that are homologous with the locust inhibitors. These locust inhibitors and PLDs share a conserved array of six cysteine residues (Cys-Xaa(9-12)-Cys-Asn-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Cys-Xaa(2-3)-Gly-Xaa(3-4)-Cys-Thr-Xaa(3)-Cys), which are involved in an identical disulfide bridge pattern (Cys(1)-Cys(4), Cys(2)-Cys(6), Cys(3)-Cys(5)). The solution structures of LMCI-1 and LMCI-2 showed a similar, compact, globular folding, which is unique within the group of the small 'canonical' inhibitors. Moreover, the reactive site, including the P1-P'1 bond was thoroughly investigated by means of synthetic variants. However, the biological function(s) of the locust inhibitors is (are) not fully understood. LMCI-1 and LMCI-2 were shown to inhibit the endogenous proteolytic activating cascade of prophenoloxidase. Northern blot analysis indicated that the genes encoding the SGPI precursors are differentially expressed in a time-, stage- and hormone-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gert Simonet
- Laboratory for Developmental Physiology and Molecular Biology, K.U. Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cherqui A, Cruz N, Simões N. Purification and characterization of two serine protease inhibitors from the hemolymph of Mythimna unipuncta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 31:761-769. [PMID: 11378411 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two serine protease inhibitors, trypsin inhibitor and alpha-chymotrypsin inhibitor, were isolated from the hemolymph of Mythimna unipuncta. Mythimna trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin inhibitors were purified by gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. They displayed molecular masses of 52 kDa and 43 kDa, respectively, as determined by electrophoresis under reducing and non-reducing conditions on denaturing polyacrylamide gels. Their isoelectric points were evaluated by isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Their N-terminal sequences have been analyzed as APSDTTIAETLTITEEFFPD and FDESFGFQGPSTYEKTPLGEP, respectively. The role of these inhibitors in the regulation of the defense reaction of the insect is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Cherqui
- Departamento da Biologia, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Mãe Deus, 9500 Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nirmala X, Kodrík D, Zurovec M, Sehnal F. Insect silk contains both a Kunitz-type and a unique Kazal-type proteinase inhibitor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:2064-73. [PMID: 11277929 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Insect silk is made up of structural fibrous (fibroins) and sticky (sericins) proteins, and contains a few small peptides of hitherto unknown functions. We demonstrate that two of these peptides inhibit bacterial and fungal proteinases (subtilisin, proteinase K and pronase). These 'silk proteinase inhibitors' 1 and 2 (SPI 1 and 2) are produced in the middle section of the silk-secreting glands prior to cocoon spinning and their production is controlled at transcription level. The full length cDNA of pre-SPI 1 contains 443 nucleotides and encodes a peptide of 76 amino-acid residues, of which 20 make up a signal sequence. The mature SPI 1 (6056.7 Da, 56 residues) is a typical thermostable Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor with Arg in P1 position. The cDNA of pre-SPI 2 consists of 260 nucleotides and yields a putative secretory peptide of 58 amino-acid residues. The functional SPI 2 (3993 Da, 36 residues) is a single-domain Kazal-type proteinase inhibitor with unique structural features: free segment of the N-terminus is reduced to a single amino-acid residue, lack of CysI and CysV precludes formation of the A-ring and provides increased flexibility to the C-ring, and absence of several residues around the normal position of CysV shortens and changes the alpha helix segment of the protein. The structure reveals that the length and arrangement of the B-ring, including exposure of the P1 residue, and the position of the C-terminus relative to the B-loop, are essential for the activity of the Kazal-type inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Nirmala
- Entomological Institute, Academy of Sciences, and the Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branisovská, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
da Silva CC, Dunphy GB, Rau ME. Interaction of Xenorhabdus nematophilus (Enterobacteriaceae) with the antimicrobial defenses of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. J Invertebr Pathol 2000; 76:285-92. [PMID: 11112374 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.2000.4975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fifth instar Acheta domesticus nymphs exhibited a decline in total hemocyte counts during the first hour of exposure to dead Xenorhabdus nematophilus; the bacterial level in the hemolymph also declined during this time. Thereafter bacterial numbers in the hemolymph increased as the level of damaged hemocytes increased. The bacteria lowered phenoloxidase activity in vivo by initially reducing the number of hemocytes containing prophenoloxidase and later by inhibiting enzyme activation. Preincubating X. nematophilus in hemolymph with active phenoloxidase in vitro accelerated the removal of the bacteria from the hemolymph in vivo which may be due to modification of the bacterial surface by serine proteases. Lysozyme activity increased in bacteria-injected insects in parallel with an increase in counts of damaged hemocytes; most of the enzyme was located in hemocytes. Lipopolysaccharides of X. nematophilus caused changes in hemocyte counts and phenoloxidase and lysozyme levels comparable to whole bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides also slowed the removal rate of the bacteria from, and accelerated bacterial emergence into, the hemolymph.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C da Silva
- EMBRAPA-Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia, SAIN Parque Rural, Av. W5 Norte, Brasilia DF, 70770-900, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boigegrain RA, Pugnière M, Paroutaud P, Castro B, Brehélin M. Low molecular weight serine protease inhibitors from insects are proteins with highly conserved sequences. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 30:145-152. [PMID: 10696590 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(99)00109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A low molecular weight protease inhibitor peptide found in ovaries of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (SGPI-2), was purified from plasma of the same locust and sequenced. It was named SGCI. It was found active towards chymotrypsin and human leukocyte elastase. SGCI was synthesized using a solid-phase procedure and the sequence of its reactive site for chymotrypsin was determined. Compared with an inhibitor purified earlier from another locust species, the total sequence of SGCI showed 88% identity. In particular, the sequence of the reactive site of these inhibitors was identical. Our search for a closely related peptide in an insect species far removed from locusts, the lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis, was unfruitful but a different chymotrypsin inhibitor, belonging to the Kazal family, was found whose mass is greater than that of SGCI (20 vs 3.6 kDa). Its N-terminal sequence shares 80% identity with that of a chymotrypsin inhibitor purified earlier from the haemolymph of another lepidopteran. Conservation of the amino acid sequence in the reactive site seems to be an exception among protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Boigegrain
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Comparée, INRA-CNRS, UMR 5087, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Duvic B, Brehélin M. Two major proteins from locust plasma are involved in coagulation and are specifically precipitated by laminarin, a beta-1,3-glucan. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 28:959-967. [PMID: 9887512 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(98)00084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of plasma of the locust Locusta migratoria, with laminarin induced the precipitation of two major proteins with molecular masses of about 260,000 (P260) and 85,000 Da (P85). This precipitation was not observed when other polysaccharides, such as curdlan, dextran, chitin, cellulose or mannan were used. P260 and P85 were purified to homogeneity by a single step on heparin-sepharose chromatography. Since all attempts to separate P260 from P85, other than the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate, were unsuccessful, it is likely that these two molecules form a complex non-covalently associated. Treatment of P260-P85 complex with N-glycosidase F showed that P260 did not appear to be glycosylated whereas 6% of P85 molecular mass was due to N-linked carbohydrates. On the other hand, no change in molecular masses of P260 or P85 was observed once the complex had been treated with lipase. SDS-PAGE and Western blots of plasma and serum stained with blue Coomassie for proteins or with highly specific polysera to P260 or P85, respectively, showed that P260 was only present in plasma and P85 remained in both samples. This indicates that P260 is likely to be one of the most abundant plasma proteins directly involved in the coagulation process in Locusta migratoria. The addition of plasma or P260-P85 complex to a hemocyte lysate supernatant prior to its activation by laminarin induced a lower protease as well as phenoloxidase activity compared with the control. This reduction of activities was not observed in the presence of serum or when P260-P85 complex was added to a fully activated proPO system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Duvic
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Comparée, URA INRA-CNRS 2209, Université de Montpellier II, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Paskewitz SM, Riehle M. A factor preventing melanization of sephadex CM C-25 beads in Plasmodium-susceptible and refractory anopheles gambiae. Exp Parasitol 1998; 90:34-41. [PMID: 9709028 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1998.4305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One major quantitative trait locus controls melanization of both malaria ookinetes and Sephadex CM beads in a refractory strain of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Hemolymph transferred from a nonmelanizing, Plasmodium-susceptible strain (4arr) to a melanizing, Plasmodium-refractory strain (L35) caused a reduction in the melanization of CM beads. In addition, when beads were first incubated in vivo in susceptible mosquitoes and then recovered, washed, and transferred to refractory mosquitoes, a strong reduction in melanization was observed. No changes in melanization were observed when beads or hemolymph were transferred in the opposite direction or within a strain. Incubation of beads in vitro in refractory or susceptible hemolymph resulted in a reduction of melanization when these beads were subsequently transferred to refractory mosquitoes. This reduction was significantly stronger when susceptible hemolymph was used as the incubating medium. Protection from melanization was observed after 3-, 6-, and 24-h incubations of beads in susceptible mosquitoes with longer incubations resulting in greater protection. Treatment of protected beads with 1 M NaOH resulted in the loss of the protection but treatment with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 1% SDS/DTT/boiling, or 1 M NaOAc (pH 8.9) did not. These results show that a melanization-preventing factor covalently binds to the surface of CM beads in susceptible mosquitoes and can subsequently prevent melanization in refractory mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Paskewitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Roch P, Ville P, Cooper EL. Characterization of a 14 kDa plant-related serine protease inhibitor and regulation of cytotoxic activity in earthworm coelomic fluid. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 22:1-12. [PMID: 9617579 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(97)00047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have purified and characterized the serine protease inhibitor activity contained in the coelomic fluid of the earthworms, Eisenia. Serine protease inhibitor activity was stable between pH3 and 9.5, not flocculable by pH 3.0 and resistant to 100 degrees C for 15 min. or to 4 degrees C for 24 h. Ten microL of coelomic fluid was sufficient to inhibit in vitro the protease activity of 0.12 microgram of trypsin. Injection of living bacteria into earthworms resulted in increased serine protease activity 1-2 days post-injection, and increased serine protease inhibitor activity on day 4, suggesting that serine protease inhibitor is responsible for serine protease neutralization. Purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on trypsin, the serine protease inhibitor of Eisenia is a monomer of 14 kDa. Its partial NH2 amino acid sequence revealed a basic hydrophobic fragment which shared 68-75% homologies and 47-60% identities with several plant serine protease inhibitors. Eisenia cytotoxic activity due to the two fetidins of 40 and 45 kDa was stimulable in vitro by several serine proteases. Incubation with soybean trypsin inhibitor variant a (STIa) resulted in less cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effect occurred only when STIa was added before cell disruption. Interpretative cytotoxic scheme involving the release of intracellular cytotoxic proteins, intracellular trypsin-like activator and extracellular serine protease inhibitor suggests regulatory mechanisms for cellular/humoral immune system of earthworms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Roch
- Défense et Resistance chez les Invertébrés Marins (DRIM), IFREMER-CNRS-Université de Montpellier, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Proteinase Inhibitors in the Nonvenomous Defensive Secretion of Grasshoppers: Antiproteolytic Range and Possible Significance. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(97)00045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
17
|
Hubert F, Cooper EL, Roch P. Structure and differential target sensitivity of the stimulable cytotoxic complex from hemolymph of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1361:29-41. [PMID: 9247087 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(97)00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A cytotoxic protein complex of 320 kDA was isolated from dialyzed plasma of the edible mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Constituted by the assembly of several different proteins, the complex exhibits selective killing against eukaryotic cells, including erythrocytes, mouse tumor cells and protozoan parasites. High variability, which was not correlated with protein concentration, suggested that the immune response of naive mussels was in various stages of activation. Stimulation assays by different treatments in vivo resulted in significant increases in the activity of the plasma suggesting that cytotoxic complexes are involved in immune defense. Lytic activity appears to involve binding of cytotoxic complexes onto target cell membranes and the formation of transmembrane pores. This research provides more evidence that the innate immune system of invertebrates involves large cytotoxic proteins with a broad range of recognitive specificities in addition to small antibacterial, antifungal peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Hubert
- Défense et Résistance chez les Invertébrés Marins (DRIM), IFREMER-CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hörler E, Briegel H. Chymotrypsin inhibitors in mosquitoes: activity profile during development and after blood feeding. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 36:315-333. [PMID: 9366013 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6327(1997)36:4<315::aid-arch5>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chymotrypsin and trypsin inhibitors persist throughout all developmental instars of Aedes aegypti. After a blood meal, inhibitor activity against chymotrypsin was more than double that of sugar-fed females, but only weak activity was detected in midguts where proteinase inhibitors has been thought to regulate proteinases during blood digestion. A fourfold increase in the ratio of abdominal/thoracic inhibitor activity after the blood meal strongly suggested that fat body, or other abdominal tissues, represent the major source of inhibitor. Chymotrypsin inhibitor activity was deposited in maturing oocytes. Similar results were obtained with blood-fed Anopheles albimanus. Chymotrypsin inhibitor was active against different mosquito proteinases and against bovine alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin, but not against subtilisin, pancreatic elastase, or fungal proteases; chymotrypsin inhibitors did not interfere with bacterial growth. The hypothesis on the regulation of blood digestion through the action of proteinase inhibitors during the gonotrophic cycle was abandoned and its involvement in the phenoloxidase cascade in the mosquito egg chorion is suggested instead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Hörler
- Zoologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Johansson MW, Söderhäll K. The prophenoloxidase activating system and associated proteins in invertebrates. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 15:46-66. [PMID: 8963465 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79735-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present arguments indicating that prophenoloxidase (proPO) activating system acts as a pattern recognition and defence system in invertebrate blood. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity has been found in the blood of many invertebrates. At least in arthropods, echinoderms and urochordates, the inactive pro-form, proPO has been found to be elicited by the microbial cell-wall components beta-1, 3-glucans, lipopolysaccharide and/or peptidoglycan. This activation seems to involve elicitor-binding proteins and serine protease(s). ProPO, the proPO-activating enzyme (ppA) and plasma elicitor-binding proteins, have been purified from some arthropods, and proPO and the beta-1, 3-glucan binding protein (beta GBP) have been cloned and sequenced from crayfish. Arthropod proPO has a molecular mass of 70-90 kDa and PO has a molecular mass of 60-70 kDa. The beta GBP also stimulates phagocytosis of fungal cells and, after reacting with beta-1, 3-glucan, blood-cell degranulation (and release of the proPO system). In addition, a cell-adhesion protein (of 70-100 kDa), apparently associated with the proPO system, has been purified from arthropods. This mediates blood-cell adhesion, degranulation, phagocytosis and encapsulation. The cell-adhesion protein and beta GBP bind to a common blood-cell membrane receptor. It would be interesting to see the sequences of more proPO system components and investigate whether the scheme for cellular communication and defence, involving the cell-adhesion protein, elicitor-binding proteins and the membrane receptor described in arthropods, applies to invertebrates in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Johansson
- Department of Physiological Botany, University of Uppsala, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee MJ, Anstee JH. Phenoloxidase and its zymogen from the haemolymph of larvae of the lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)00159-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Hinks C, Hupka D, Olfert O. Nutrition and the protein economy in grasshoppers and locusts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(93)90020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
Boigegrain RA, Mattras H, Brehélin M, Paroutaud P, Coletti-Previero MA. Insect immunity: two proteinase inhibitors from hemolymph of Locusta migratoria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 189:790-3. [PMID: 1472051 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)92271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two protease inhibitors were isolated from the plasma of Locusta migratoria and sequenced. They were 35 and 36 amino acids long and revealed very little similitude for the protease inhibitors isolated from other arthropods. They inhibit the proPhenoloxidase Phenoloxidase proteolytic activation cascade in hemocyte extracts of the same insect. This inhibiting activity resulted in a lower production of PO, a key enzyme for the defence mechanism in arthropods. Both peptides however showed a strong in vitro inhibiting activity toward alpha-chymotrypsin and elastase, LMCI I inhibits the human leukocyte enzyme while LMCI II mostly the pancreatic one, a difference explainable on the basis of the active site sequence changes.
Collapse
|