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Lee K, Niku S, Koo SJ, Belezzuoli E, Guma M. Molecular imaging for evaluation of synovitis associated with osteoarthritis: a narrative review. Arthritis Res Ther 2024; 26:25. [PMID: 38229205 PMCID: PMC10790518 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence highlights the role of low-grade synovial inflammation in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Inflamed synovium of OA joints detected by imaging modalities are associated with subsequent progression of OA. In this sense, detecting and quantifying synovitis of OA by imaging modalities may be valuable in predicting OA progressors as well as in improving our understanding of OA progression. Of the several imaging modalities, molecular imaging such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has an advantage of visualizing the cellular or subcellular events of the tissues. Depending on the radiotracers used, molecular imaging method can potentially detect and visualize various aspects of synovial inflammation. This narrative review summarizes the recent progresses of imaging modalities in assessing inflammation and OA synovitis and focuses on novel radiotracers. Recent studies about imaging modalities including ultrasonography (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and molecular imaging that were used to detect and quantify inflammation and OA synovitis are summarized. Novel radiotracers specifically targeting the components of inflammation have been developed. These tracers may show promise in detecting inflamed synovium of OA and help in expanding our understanding of OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanghoon Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Soheil Niku
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Jennifer Moreno VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sonya J Koo
- Department of Radiology, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Belezzuoli
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Jennifer Moreno VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Monica Guma
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Verweij N, Zwezerijnen G, Ter Wee M, de Jongh J, Yaqub M, van Schaardenburg D, Lammertsma A, Voskuyl A, Lems W, Boers M, van der Laken C. Early prediction of treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis by quantitative macrophage PET. RMD Open 2022; 8:rmdopen-2021-002108. [PMID: 35149604 PMCID: PMC8845317 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2021-002108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether macrophage positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging using (R)-[11C]PK11195 at 0 and 2 weeks is associated with clinical response at 13 weeks in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Whole-body (R)-[11C]PK11195 PET/CT scans were performed at baseline and after 2 weeks of COBRA-light (combination therapy of methotrexate and prednisone) treatment in 35 patients with clinically active early RA. Clinical assessment (Disease Activity Score of 44 joints (DAS44)) was performed at 0, 2 and 13 weeks of treatment. PET/CT scans were assessed visually by two blinded, experienced readers, and by calculating standardised uptake values (SUVs) for shoulders, elbows, hips, knees, and hand and feet joints. Clinical and PET variables were compared using (multivariate) linear regression. Results 18 males and 17 females were included (baseline DAS44=3.2 ± 1.0). 171 out of 1470 joints were visually PET positive at baseline, decreasing to 100 joints after 2 weeks. In general, small feet joints showed the highest uptake at baseline, and the largest decrease after 2 weeks (Δ0-2). Neither baseline nor Δ0-2 PET measures correlated with DAS44 at 13 weeks. However, at 2 weeks, average SUV of the feet significantly correlated with DAS44 at 13 weeks (R2=0.14, p=0.04). In a multivariable model, DAS44 and average SUV of the feet at 2 weeks showed substantial combined predictive value (combined R2=0.297, p<0.01). Conclusion Quantitative macrophage PET assessment of feet joints, together with DAS44, after 2 weeks of COBRA light treatment in patients with early RA correlates with clinical response after 3 months of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicki Verweij
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Zwezerijnen
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Ter Wee
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jerney de Jongh
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Adriaan Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Voskuyl
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Lems
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Boers
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conny van der Laken
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ben Shimol J, Amital H, Lidar M, Domachevsky L, Shoenfeld Y, Davidson T. The utility of PET/CT in large vessel vasculitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17709. [PMID: 33077771 PMCID: PMC7572466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
18F-FDG PET/CT occupies a growing role in the diagnosis of large vessel vasculitis (LVV), illustrating enhanced uptake in the lining of large vessels. A retrospective single center study was conducted of patients who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT scans between 2009 and 2019 at Sheba Medical Center, Israel. The imaging results were analyzed for evidence of LVV. We reviewed the PET/CT scans of 126 patients and identified 57 studies that either showed evidence of active LVV or that had been performed in patients previously treated for systemic vasculitis. In 6 patients with fevers of unknown origin and elevated inflammatory markers, PET/CT revealed LVV. Six of 13 patients previously treated for systemic vasculitis demonstrated persistent large vessel uptake. LVV was identified in 8 patients with other autoimmune diseases, and in 4 diagnosed with infectious aortitis. In 26 patients who underwent malignancy surveillance, PET/CT revealed more localized large vessel wall inflammation. Our results illustrate that PET/CT may identify large vessel wall inflammation in patients with a suspicion of LVV, and incidentally in patients who undergo malignancy surveillance. PET/CT may also help delineate the presence and extent of vessel inflammation in patients with LVV and in those with other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ben Shimol
- Department of Medicine, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Howard Amital
- Department of Medicine, 'B' and Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Merav Lidar
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liran Domachevsky
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Tima Davidson
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Schniering J, Benešová M, Brunner M, Haller S, Cohrs S, Frauenfelder T, Vrugt B, Feghali-Bostwick C, Schibli R, Distler O, Müller C, Maurer B. 18F-AzaFol for Detection of Folate Receptor-β Positive Macrophages in Experimental Interstitial Lung Disease-A Proof-of-Concept Study. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2724. [PMID: 31824505 PMCID: PMC6883947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common and severe complication in rheumatic diseases. Folate receptor-β is expressed on activated, but not resting macrophages which play a key role in dysregulated tissue repair including ILD. We therefore aimed to pre-clinically evaluate the potential of 18F-AzaFol-based PET/CT (positron emission computed tomography/computed tomography) for the specific detection of macrophage-driven pathophysiologic processes in experimental ILD. Methods: The pulmonary expression of folate receptor-β was analyzed in patients with different subtypes of ILD as well as in bleomycin (BLM)-treated mice and respective controls using immunohistochemistry. PET/CT was performed at days 3, 7, and 14 after BLM instillation using the 18F-based folate radiotracer 18F-AzaFol. The specific pulmonary accumulation of the radiotracer was assessed by ex vivo PET/CT scans and quantified by ex vivo biodistribution studies. Results: Folate receptor-β expression was 3- to 4-fold increased in patients with fibrotic ILD, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and connective tissue disease-related ILD, and significantly correlated with the degree of lung remodeling. A similar increase in the expression of folate receptor-β was observed in experimental lung fibrosis, where it also correlated with disease extent. In the mouse model of BLM-induced ILD, pulmonary accumulation of 18F-AzaFol reflected macrophage-related disease development with good correlation of folate receptor-β positivity with radiotracer uptake. In the ex vivo imaging and biodistribution studies, the maximum lung accumulation was observed at day 7 with a mean accumulation of 1.01 ± 0.30% injected activity/lung in BLM-treated vs. control animals (0.31 ± 0.06% % injected activity/lung; p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our preclinical proof-of-concept study demonstrated the potential of 18F-AzaFol as a novel imaging tool for the visualization of macrophage-driven fibrotic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Schniering
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Benešová
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Brunner
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Haller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Susan Cohrs
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frauenfelder
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bart Vrugt
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Müller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Britta Maurer
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Lin P. FDG PET imaging in large vessel vasculitis: Stuck at the first hurdle? Int J Rheum Dis 2019; 22:1357-1360. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET; Liverpool Hospital; Liverpool NSW Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Medicine; Western Sydney University; Sydney NSW Australia
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Bhoola NH, Mbita Z, Hull R, Dlamini Z. Translocator Protein (TSPO) as a Potential Biomarker in Human Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082176. [PMID: 30044440 PMCID: PMC6121633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TSPO is a receptor involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis and mitochondrial functions. Previous studies showed that the expression of TSPO protein correlated positively with tumour malignancy and negatively with patient survival. The aim of this study was to determine the transcription of Tspo mRNA in various types of normal and cancer tissues. In situ hybridization was performed to localise the Tspo mRNA in various human normal and cancer tissues. The relative level of Tspo mRNA was quantified using fluorescent intensity and visual estimation of colorimetric staining. RT-PCR was used to confirm these mRNA levels in normal lung, lung cancer, liver cancer, and cervical cancer cell lines. There was a significant increase in the level of transcription in liver, prostate, kidney, and brain cancers while a significant decrease was observed in cancers of the colon and lung. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that the mRNA levels of Tspo are higher in a normal lung cell line than in a lung cancer cell line. An increase in the expression levels of Tspo mRNA is not necessarily a good diagnostic biomarker in most cancers with changes not being large enough to be significantly different when detected by in situ hybridisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha H Bhoola
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Zukile Mbita
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.
| | - Rodney Hull
- Research, Innovation & Engagements Portfolio, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban 4031, South Africa.
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- Research, Innovation & Engagements Portfolio, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban 4031, South Africa.
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7
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Jiemy WF, Heeringa P, Kamps JA, van der Laken CJ, Slart RH, Brouwer E. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of macrophages in large vessel vasculitis: Current status and future prospects. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:715-726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Chen YF, Xie JD, Jiang YC, Chen DT, Pan JH, Chen YH, Yuan YF, Wen ZS, Zeng WA. The Prognostic Value of Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Cancer 2017; 8:3343-3355. [PMID: 29158807 PMCID: PMC5665051 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) has previously been reported as an oncogene in prostate, breast and colorectal cancers, but its prognostic value, biological behavior and function in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been investigated. Methods: qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect PBR expression in ESCC and matched non-cancerous tissues. Based on all of the significantly independent factors, a nomogram was established to predict the prognosis of ESCC patients. In addition, we performed comprehensive in vitro experiments to study the functions of PBR in cell growth, colony formation, and migration ability, as well as its relationship with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related proteins in ESCC cells. Results: The mRNA and protein expression levels of PBR in ESCC were higher than those in adjacent non-tumor esophageal epithelial tissues. The IHC results demonstrated that PBR expression was an independent prognostic factor in ESCC survival, patients with higher PBR expression had a poorer survival than those with low expression, and PBR expression was significantly associated with lymphoid nodal status. Furthermore, a nomogram was established to reliably predict the probability of death in ESCC patients, with a Harrell's c-index of 0.696. In the vitro experiments, knocking down the expression of PBR inhibited proliferation, colony formation and migration of ESCC cells, and regulated EMT-associated proteins (up-regulation of E-cadherin, ZO-1 and β-catenin and concomitant with down-regulation of Fibronectin and N-cadherin). Conclusions: PBR is an independent prognostic factor in ESCC, and it promotes ESCC progression and metastasis. Basing on PBR expression level, a nomogram is established and performs a well in predicting survival of ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Fang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing-Dun Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Chuan Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Tai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Hao Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Hua Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun-Fei Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Wen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-An Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou510060, Guangdong, China
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Development of Diagnostic Techniques for Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Using Positron Emission Tomography with [11C]PK11195 and [11C]Ketoprofen Tracers. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 19:746-753. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Ammirati E, Moroni F, Pedrotti P, Scotti I, Magnoni M, Bozzolo EP, Rimoldi OE, Camici PG. Non-invasive imaging of vascular inflammation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:399. [PMID: 25183963 PMCID: PMC4135304 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In large-vessel vasculitides, inflammatory infiltrates may cause thickening of the involved arterial vessel wall leading to progressive stenosis and occlusion. Dilatation, aneurysm formation, and thrombosis may also ensue. Activated macrophages and T lymphocytes are fundamental elements in vascular inflammation. The amount and density of the inflammatory infiltrate is directly linked to local disease activity. Additionally, patients with autoimmune disorders have an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk compared with age-matched healthy individuals as a consequence of accelerated atherosclerosis. Molecular imaging techniques targeting activated macrophages, neovascularization, or increased cellular metabolic activity can represent effective means of non-invasive detection of vascular inflammation. In the present review, novel non-invasive imaging tools that have been successfully tested in humans will be presented. These include contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, which allows detection of neovessels within the wall of inflamed arteries; contrast-enhanced CV magnetic resonance that can detect increased thickness of the arterial wall, usually associated with edema, or mural enhancement using T2 and post-contrast T1-weighted sequences, respectively; and positron emission tomography associated with radio-tracers such as [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose and the new [11C]-PK11195 in combination with computed tomography angiography to detect activated macrophages within the vessel wall. Imaging techniques are useful in the diagnostic work-up of large- and medium-vessel vasculitides, to monitor disease activity and the response to treatments. Finally, molecular imaging targets can provide new clues about the pathogenesis and evolution of immune-mediated disorders involving arterial vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ammirati
- Cardiothoracic Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University , Milan , Italy ; Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, AO Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda , Milan , Italy
| | - Francesco Moroni
- Cardiothoracic Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University , Milan , Italy
| | - Patrizia Pedrotti
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, AO Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda , Milan , Italy
| | - Isabella Scotti
- Cardiothoracic Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University , Milan , Italy
| | - Marco Magnoni
- Cardiothoracic Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University , Milan , Italy
| | - Enrica P Bozzolo
- Unit of Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University , Milan , Italy
| | - Ornella E Rimoldi
- Cardiothoracic Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University , Milan , Italy ; CNR Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare , Segrate, Milan , Italy
| | - Paolo G Camici
- Cardiothoracic Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University , Milan , Italy
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Fairweather D, Coronado MJ, Garton AE, Dziedzic JL, Bucek A, Cooper LT, Brandt JE, Alikhan FS, Wang H, Endres CJ, Choi J, Pomper MG, Guilarte TR. Sex differences in translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) in the heart: implications for imaging myocardial inflammation. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 7:192-202. [PMID: 24402571 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis is more severe in men than in women and difficult to diagnose due to a lack of imaging modalities that directly detect myocardial inflammation. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is used extensively to image brain inflammation due to its presence in CD11b(+) brain microglia. In this study, we examined expression of TSPO and CD11b in mice with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) myocarditis and biopsy sections from myocarditis patients in order to determine if it could be used to image myocarditis. We found that male mice with CVB3 myocarditis upregulated more genes associated with TSPO activation than female mice. TSPO expression was increased in the heart of male mice and men with myocarditis compared with female subjects due to testosterone, where it was expressed predominantly in CD11b(+) immune cells. We show that TSPO ligands detect myocardial inflammation using microSPECT, with increased uptake of [(125)I]-IodoDPA-713 in male mice with CVB3 myocarditis compared with undiseased controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeLisa Fairweather
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,
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12
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Molecular imaging to identify the vulnerable plaque--from basic research to clinical practice. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 14:523-33. [PMID: 22983911 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still the leading cause of death in the Western World. Adverse outcomes of CVD include stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Atherosclerosis is considered to be the major cause of CVD and is estimated to cause half of all deaths in developed countries. Atherosclerotic lesions of the vessel wall may obstruct blood flow mechanically through stenosis, but rupture of atherosclerotic plaques causing formation of occlusive thrombi is far more prevalent. Unfortunately, conventional diagnostic tools fail to assess whether a plaque is vulnerable to rupture. Research over the past decade identified the biological processes that are implicated in the course towards plaque rupture, like cell death and inflammation. Knowledge about plaque biology propelled the development of imaging techniques that target biologic processes in order to predict the vulnerable plaque. This paper discusses novel and existing molecular imaging targets and addresses advantages and disadvantages of these targets and respective imaging techniques in respect of clinical application and socio-economic impact.
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13
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Fuchs K, Kohlhofer U, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Lamparter D, Kötter I, Reischl G, Röcken M, Pichler BJ, Kneilling M. In vivo imaging of cell proliferation enables the detection of the extent of experimental rheumatoid arthritis by 3'-deoxy-3'-18f-fluorothymidine and small-animal PET. J Nucl Med 2012; 54:151-8. [PMID: 23213198 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.106740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this work was to study the feasibility of measuring cell proliferation noninvasively in vivo during different stages of experimental arthritis using the PET proliferation tracer 3'-deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT). METHODS We injected mice with serum containing glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase-specific antibodies to induce experimental arthritis, and we injected control mice with control serum. Animals injected with (18)F-FLT 1, 3, 6, and 8 d after the onset of disease were analyzed in vivo by PET, PET/CT, or PET/MR imaging followed by autoradiography analysis. The (18)F-FLT uptake in the ankles and forepaws was quantified on the basis of the PET images by drawing standardized regions of interest. To correlate the in vivo PET data with cell proliferation, we performed Ki-67 immunohistochemistry of diseased and healthy joints at the corresponding time points. RESULTS Analysis of the different stages of arthritic joint disease revealed enhanced (18)F-FLT uptake in arthritic ankles (2.2 ± 0.2 percentage injected dose per gram [%ID/g]) and forepaws (2.1 ± 0.3 %ID/g), compared with healthy ankles (1.4 ± 0.3 %ID/g) and forepaws (1.5 ± 0.5 %ID/g), as early as 1 d after the glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase serum injection, a time point characterized by clear histologic signs of arthritis but only slight ankle swelling. The (18)F-FLT uptake in the ankles (3.5 ± 0.3 %ID/g) reached the maximum observed level at day 8. Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining of the arthritic ankles and forepaws revealed a strong correlation with the in vivo (18)F-FLT PET data. PET/CT and PET/MR imaging measurements enabled us to identify whether the (18)F-FLT uptake was located in the bone or the soft tissue. CONCLUSION Noninvasive in vivo measurement of cell proliferation in experimental arthritis using (18)F-FLT PET is a promising tool to investigate the extent of arthritic joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Fuchs
- Laboratory for Preclinical Imaging and Imaging Technology of the Werner Siemens-Foundation, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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Camici PG, Rimoldi OE, Gaemperli O, Libby P. Non-invasive anatomic and functional imaging of vascular inflammation and unstable plaque. Eur Heart J 2012; 33:1309-17. [PMID: 22507974 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last several decades, basic cardiovascular research has significantly enhanced our understanding of pathobiological processes leading to formation, progression, and complications of atherosclerotic plaques. By harnessing these advances in cardiovascular biology, imaging has advanced beyond its traditional anatomical domains to a tool that permits probing of particular molecular structures to image cellular behaviour and metabolic pathways involved in atherosclerosis. From the nascent atherosclerotic plaque to the death of inflammatory cells, several potential molecular and micro-anatomical targets for imaging with particular selective imaging probes and with a variety of imaging modalities have emerged from preclinical and animal investigations. Yet, substantive barriers stand between experimental use and wide clinical application of these novel imaging strategies. Each of the imaging modalities described herein faces hurdles-for example, sensitivity, resolution, radiation exposure, reproducibility, availability, standardization, or costs. This review summarizes the published literature reporting on functional imaging of vascular inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques emphasizing those techniques that have the greatest and/or most immediate potential for broad application in clinical practice. The prospective evaluation of these techniques and standardization of protocols by multinational networks could serve to determine their added value in clinical practice and guide their development and deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo G Camici
- Vita-Salute University and Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy.
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Bruijnen STG, van der Weijden MAC, Klein JP, Hoekstra OS, Boellaard R, van Denderen JC, Dijkmans BAC, Voskuyl AE, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, van der Laken CJ. Bone formation rather than inflammation reflects ankylosing spondylitis activity on PET-CT: a pilot study. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R71. [PMID: 22471910 PMCID: PMC3446444 DOI: 10.1186/ar3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Positron Emission Tomography - Computer Tomography (PET-CT) is an interesting imaging technique to visualize Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) activity using specific PET tracers. Previous studies have shown that the PET tracers [18F]FDG and [11C](R)PK11195 can target inflammation (synovitis) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and may therefore be useful in AS. Another interesting tracer for AS is [18F]Fluoride, which targets bone formation. In a pilot setting, the potential of PET-CT in imaging AS activity was tested using different tracers, with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and conventional radiographs as reference. Methods In a stepwise approach different PET tracers were investigated. First, whole body [18F]FDG and [11C](R)PK11195 PET-CT scans were obtained of ten AS patients fulfilling the modified New York criteria. According to the BASDAI five of these patients had low and five had high disease activity. Secondly, an extra PET-CT scan using [18F]Fluoride was made of two additional AS patients with high disease activity. MRI scans of the total spine and sacroiliac joints were performed, and conventional radiographs of the total spine and sacroiliac joints were available for all patients. Scans and radiographs were visually scored by two observers blinded for clinical data. Results No increased [18F]FDG and [11C](R)PK11195 uptake was noticed on PET-CT scans of the first 10 patients. In contrast, MRI demonstrated a total of five bone edema lesions in three out of 10 patients. In the two additional AS patients scanned with [18F]Fluoride PET-CT, [18F]Fluoride depicted 17 regions with increased uptake in both vertebral column and sacroiliac joints. In contrast, [18F]FDG depicted only three lesions, with an uptake of five times lower compared to [18F]Fluoride, and again no [11C](R)PK11195 positive lesions were found. In these two patients, MRI detected nine lesions and six out of nine matched with the anatomical position of [18F]Fluoride uptake. Conventional radiographs showed structural bony changes in 11 out of 17 [18F]Fluoride PET positive lesions. Conclusions Our PET-CT data suggest that AS activity is reflected by bone activity (formation) rather than inflammation. The results also show the potential value of PET-CT for imaging AS activity using the bone tracer [18F]Fluoride. In contrast to active RA, inflammation tracers [18F]FDG and [11C](R)PK11195 appeared to be less useful for AS imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan T G Bruijnen
- Department of Rheumatology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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Time course of metabolic activity and cellular infiltration in a murine model of acid-induced lung injury. Intensive Care Med 2012; 38:694-701. [PMID: 22278592 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates whether positron emission tomography (PET) can be used to monitor the inflammatory response and its correlation with the later fibroproliferative phase in an experimental model of acute lung injury. METHODS Hydrochloric acid (0.1 N, pH 1, 1.5 ml/kg) was instilled into the right bronchus of mice. A group of mice underwent a micro-computed tomography (CT) scan 1 h after lung injury and a series of 2-[(18)F]fluorine-2-deoxy-D: -glucose (FDG)-PET scans (6, 24 and 48 h and 7 days after surgery). After 21 days respiratory static compliance was assessed and lung tissue was collected in order to measure the hydroxy (OH)-proline content. Other groups of mice underwent micro-CT and micro-PET scans at the same time points, and then were immediately killed to assess arterial blood gases and histology. RESULTS Histological analysis showed the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages into the damaged lung, reaching the peak at 24 and 48 h, respectively. The time course of the [(18)F]FDG signal, used as a marker of inflammation, correlated with that of recruited inflammatory cells. In mice killed 21 days after the surgery, a correlation was found between reduced respiratory static compliance and high PET signal 7 days after lung injury. The PET signal also correlated with the OH-proline content. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that PET imaging is a valid means of tracking the inflammatory response, also in longitudinal studies. Moreover, a correlation was found between persistence of the inflammatory response and fibrotic evolution of the injury.
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Gaemperli O, Shalhoub J, Owen DRJ, Lamare F, Johansson S, Fouladi N, Davies AH, Rimoldi OE, Camici PG. Imaging intraplaque inflammation in carotid atherosclerosis with 11C-PK11195 positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Eur Heart J 2011; 33:1902-10. [PMID: 21933781 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We sought to determine whether intraplaque inflammation could be measured with positron emission tomography/computed tomography angiography (PET/CTA) using (11)C-PK11195, a selective ligand of the translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) which is highly expressed by activated macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients (n = 32; mean age 70 ± 9 years) with carotid stenoses (n = 36; 9 symptomatic and 27 asymptomatic) underwent (11)C-PK11195 PET/CTA imaging. (11)C-PK11195 uptake into carotid plaques was measured using target-to-background ratios (TBR). On CTA images, plaque composition was assessed by measuring CT attenuation of the carotid plaque. Eight patients underwent carotid endarterectomy and ultrathin contiguous sections were processed for TSPO and CD68 (using immunohistochemical staining, (3)H-PK11195 autoradiography, and confocal fluorescence microscopy). Carotid plaques associated with ipsilateral symptoms (stroke or transient ischaemic attack) had higher TBR (1.06 ± 0.20 vs. 0.86 ± 0.11, P = 0.001) and lower CT attenuation [(median, inter-quartile range) 37, 24-40 vs. 71, 56-125 HU, P = 0.01] than those without. On immunohistochemistry and confocal fluorescence microscopy, CD68 and PBR co-localized with (3)H-PK11195 uptake at autoradiography. There was a significant correlation between (11)C-PK11195 TBR and autoradiographic percentage-specific binding (r = 0.77, P = 0.025). Both TBR and CT plaque attenuation had high negative predictive values (91 and 92%, respectively) for detecting symptomatic patients. However, the best positive predictive value (100%) was achieved when TBR and CT attenuation were combined. CONCLUSION Imaging intraplaque inflammation in vivo with (11)C-PK11195 PET/CTA is feasible and can distinguish between recently symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques. Patients with a recent ischaemic event had ipsilateral plaques with lower CT attenuation and increased (11)C-PK11195 uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gaemperli
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre and National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
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van der Laken CJ, Elzinga EH, Kropholler MA, Molthoff CFM, van der Heijden JW, Maruyama K, Boellaard R, Dijkmans BAC, Lammertsma AA, Voskuyl AE. Noninvasive imaging of macrophages in rheumatoid synovitis using 11C-(R)-PK11195 and positron emission tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:3350-5. [PMID: 18975347 DOI: 10.1002/art.23955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Noninvasive imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) of macrophages in inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may allow early detection of disease activity. We undertook this study to investigate whether rheumatoid synovitis can be visualized by PET using the tracer 11C-(R)-PK11195, which binds to peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) on macrophages. METHODS Knee joints of 11 RA patients with active arthritis of at least 1 knee joint were imaged with 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET. Tissue uptake of 11C-(R)-PK11195 was quantified. PET was followed by arthroscopy of the most inflamed knee joint of each RA patient. Synovial tissue samples were subjected to immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS 11C-(R)-PK11195 uptake on the PET scans was significantly higher in severely inflamed joints than in joints with moderate or mild signs of inflammation. In addition, tracer uptake in contralateral uninflamed knee joints of RA patients was significantly higher than in uninflamed joints of control patients without inflammatory joint disease, suggesting the presence of subclinical disease activity. PET tracer uptake in joints correlated significantly with PBR staining in the sublining of synovial tissue. PBR staining correlated significantly with CD68 staining of macrophages. CONCLUSION 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET imaging allows noninvasive in vivo imaging of macrophages in rheumatoid synovitis and possibly even in subclinical synovitis. Noninvasive visualization of macrophages may be useful both for detecting early synovitis and for monitoring synovitis activity during treatment.
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Liao CH, Lin SZ, Tseng CP, Day YJ, Chang CS, Chang YH, Kuo SC. A benzodiazepines derived compound, 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydronaphtho [2,3-b][1,4]diazepin-2-one (ND700C), inhibits fMLP-induced superoxide anion release by activating protein phosphatase 2A in human neutrophils. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:1728-39. [PMID: 18823951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We studied the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of a benzodiazepines derivative, 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydronaphtho [2,3-b][1,4]diazepin-2-one (ND700C), on superoxide anion production induced by formly-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) in human neutrophils. ND700C inhibited the fMLP-induced superoxide anion production and cathepsin G release in a concentration-dependent manner with respective IC50 values of 5.0+/-0.5 and 8.7+/-0.8muM. In addition, ND700C was found to suppress fMLP-induced intracellular calcium mobilization and the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt. In another study, ND700C was observed to cause a rapid increase in intracellular cAMP level by up to threefold. Furthermore, when H89 was used to inhibit cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), we discovered that ND700C's suppressive effects on calcium mobilization, phosphorylation, and superoxide anion production were abrogated. ND700C demonstrated additive effect on the PGE1-induced increase in cAMP. However, this additive effect was not demonstrated with the IBMX-induced rise in cAMP. Our results indicated that ND700C did not directly inhibit the activity of phosphodiesterase 4. In another set of experiments, calyculin A and okadaic acid (both protein phosphatase 2A inhibitors) were found to reverse ND700C's positive effect on cAMP level. This observation suggested the involvement of protein phosphatase 2A in ND700C's cAMP-elevating mechanism. We found that the activity of protein phosphatase 2A was activated by ND700C. Furthermore, protein phosphatase 2A was co-immunoprecipitated with phosphodiesterase 4 after ND700C treatment in human neutrophils. CONCLUSION ND700C inhibited fMLP-induced superoxide anion production through a PKA-dependent pathway. ND700C increased cAMP by activating protein phosphatase 2A, which subsequently inhibited phosphodiesterase 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hui Liao
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Tumor cell targeted therapies, by induction or enhancement of apoptosis, constitute recent promising approaches achieving more specific anti-tumor efficacy. The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), which belongs to the permeability transition pore (PTP), the central regulatory complex of apoptosis, is a potential target. A number of findings argue in favor of the development of PBR targeting approaches: (i) overexpression of PBR has been described in a large range of human cancers, (ii) PTP-mediated regulation of programmed cell death is an apoptotic-inducing factor-independent check-point that could be modulated by various conventional cancer therapies, and (iii) PBR ligation enhances apoptosis induction in many types of tumors and reverses Bcl-2 cytoprotective effects. Altogether, these observations support the use of PBR-directed drugs, particularly PBR ligands such as Ro5-4864, in the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Decaudin
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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Giusti L, Betti L, Giannaccini G, Mascia G, Bazzichi L, Lucacchini A. [3H]PK11195 binding sites in human neutrophils: effect of fMLP stimulation and modulation in rheumatic diseases. Clin Biochem 2004; 37:61-6. [PMID: 14675564 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to evaluate the [3H]PK11195 binding parameters in a model of acute inflammation, the N-formylmethionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP)-stimulated neutrophil cell membranes, and to analyze if alterations of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) characteristics occurred in neutrophil cell membranes of patients affected by osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriasic arthritis (PA). DESIGN AND METHODS Neutrophils were obtained from 15 patients with OA, 15 patients with RA, and 15 patients with PA. fMLP stimulation was performed to aliquots of neutrophils from six healthy individuals. Evaluation of kinetic parameters of PBR was performed using [3H]PK11195, as specific radioligand compared with 15 healthy volunteers. RESULTS The results showed a significant decrease of Kd and Bmax in fMLP-stimulated neutrophil membranes. Moreover, an increase of PBR binding sites and affinity value was observed in neutrophils membranes from PA patients. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested a fMLP modulation on [3H]PK11195 binding in human neutrophils. Moreover, our results showed an up-regulation of PBR in neutrophils of PA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Giusti
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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DalBó S, Nardi GM, Ferrara P, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM, Farges RC. Antinociceptive effects of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. Pharmacology 2004; 70:188-94. [PMID: 15001819 DOI: 10.1159/000075547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2003] [Accepted: 09/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment of mice with Ro5-4864 or PK11195 inhibited the first- and second-phase responses in the formalin test and this effect was significantly reversed by aminoglutethimide, an inhibitor of pregnenolone synthesis, suggesting that the antinociceptive effect of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor ligands is dependent on steroid formation. Doses of Ro5-4864 that did not produce an antinociceptive effect when injected by the intraperitoneal route presented an analgesic effect, if infected by the intracerebroventricular, intrathecal or intraplantar routes. PK11195 pretreatments with intrathecal, intracerebroventricular or intraplantar doses had no effect in the formalin test. These results suggest that the antinociceptive effect of Ro5-4864 reflects the influence of this ligand on steroid production not only in many nonneuronal peripheral tissues but also in the nervous system, while the antinociceptive action of PK11195 may be due to the stimulation of steroid synthesis only in nonnervous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia DalBó
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Ko CH, Shen SC, Chen YC. Hydroxylation at C4' or C6 is essential for apoptosis-inducing activity of flavanone through activation of the caspase-3 cascade and production of reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:897-910. [PMID: 15019974 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2003] [Revised: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that hydroxyl groups play important roles in the antioxidative activities of flavonoids; however, the importance of structurally related hydroxylation in their apoptosis-inducing activities is still undefined. In the present study, flavanone with hydroxylation at C4' and C6 had a significant cytotoxic effect in human leukemia HL-60 cells accompanied by the occurrence of DNA ladders, apoptotic bodies, and hypodiploid cells, characteristics of apoptosis. The replacement of a hydroxyl group (OH) by a methoxyl (OCH3) group at C4' or C6 attenuated the apoptotic effect in cells, and there was no significant cytotocity of flavanone or flavanone with OH or OCH3 in C7-treated HL-60 cells. Induction of enzyme activity of caspase-3 and -9, but not caspase-1 and -8, accompanied by release of cytocrome C from mitochondria to cytosol and the appearance of cleaved of PARP (85 kDa), D4-GDI (23 kDa), and caspase-3 (p17/p15) fragments, was identified in 4'-OH- or 6-OH- flavanone-treated HL-60 cells. Caspase-3 and -9 inhibitors Ac-DEVD-FMK and Ac-LEHD-FMK, but not caspase-1 and -8 inhibitors Ac-YVAD-FMK and Ac-LETD-FMK, attenuated 4'-OH- or 6-OH-flavanone-induced cell death. And, inhibition of capsase-9 activity by Ac-LEHD-FMK suppresses caspase-3 protein procession induced by 4'-OH- and 6-OH-flavanone, indicative of caspase-9 activation locating upstream of caspase-3. A decrease in the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 and increases in the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bad were found in 4'-OH- or 6-OH-flavanone-treated HL-60 cells. Induction of endogenous ROS production was detected in 4'-OH- or 6-OH-flavanone-treated HL-60 cells by the DCHF-DA assay. Antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and allopurinol (ALL), but not pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or diphenylene iodonium (DPI), significantly inhibited 4'-OH- or 6-OH-flavanone-induced ROS production, with blocking of the apoptosis induced by 4'-OH- or 6-OH-flavanone. The apoptosis-inducing activity of 4'-OH- or 6-OH-flavanone was also observed in another leukemia cell line (Jurkat), but was not found in mature monocytic cells (THP-1) and normal human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). This suggests that hydroxylation at C4' or C6 is important to the apoptosis-inducing activities of flavanone through ROS production, and that activation of the caspase-3 cascade, downstream of caspase-9 activation, is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Huai Ko
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bribes E, Carrière D, Goubet C, Galiègue S, Casellas P, Simony-Lafontaine J. Immunohistochemical assessment of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in human tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:19-28. [PMID: 14688214 DOI: 10.1177/002215540405200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaustive analysis of the location of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) both at the subcellular and the tissue level is warranted to gain a better understanding of its biological roles. To date, many studies have been performed in animal models, such as rat, mouse, and pig, that yielded important information. However, only a few reports were dedicated to the analysis of PBR expression in humans. To enlarge on previous studies, we investigated PBR expression in different human organs using the monoclonal antibody 8D7 that specifically recognized the human PBR. First, we performed electron microscopic analysis that for the first time unambiguously demonstrated the localization of the PBR on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Second, focusing our analysis on human tissues for which information on PBR expression is sparse (lung, stomach, small intestine, colon, thyroid, adrenal gland, pancreas, breast, prostate, ovary), we found that PBR exhibits selective localization. This characterization of PBR localization in human tissues should provide important insights for the understanding of PBR functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Bribes
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Sanofi Synthelabo, Montpellier, France
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Farges RC, Torres SR, Ferrara P, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM. Involvement of steroids in anti-inflammatory effects of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Life Sci 2004; 74:1387-95. [PMID: 14706569 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mouse paw oedema induced by carrageenan is used to determine if glucocorticoids are involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands. The anti-inflammatory responses elicited by i.p. treatment with 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N (1-methyl-propyl)-3-isoquinoline carboxamide (PK11195) and 7-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2-H-1, 4-benzodiazepin-2 (Ro5-4864) were reversed by aminoglutethimide, an inhibitor of steroidal synthesis. Intraplantar injection into the ipsilateral paw of Ro5-4864, but not PK11195, inhibited the formation of paw oedema and this effect was reversed by aminoglutethimide. These results suggest that glucocorticoids are involved in the systemic and local anti-inflammatory effects of Ro5-4864 and only in the systemic response to PK11195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli C Farges
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua Ferreira Lima, 82, Florianópolis, SC, 88015-420, Brazil.
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da Silva FR, Lazzarini R, de Sá-Rocha LC, Morgulis MSFA, de Oliveira Massoco C, Palermo-Neto J. Effects of acute and long-term diazepam administrations on neutrophil activity: a flow cytometric study. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 478:97-104. [PMID: 14575793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of acute and long-term diazepam treatments on rat peripheral blood neutrophil activity and cortisol serum levels. Rats were acutely and long-term (21 days, once daily) treated with diazepam (10 mg/kg) or its vehicle (1.0 ml/kg). Blood was collected 1 h after treatments for flow cytometric analysis of neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytosis. Corticosterone and diazepam concentrations were also determined. Results showed that: (1) both diazepam treatments increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced neutrophil oxidative burst; (2) the increase in oxidative burst after Staphylococcus aureus induction in acutely treated animals was higher than that observed after long-term treatment; (3) phagocytosis is increased by acute diazepam treatment and decreased by a long-term regimen; (4) acute, but not long-term, diazepam treatment increased corticosterone levels; (5) diazepam plasmatic levels after acute and long-term treatments were not different. These results indicate the development of tolerance to diazepam effects on corticosterone serum levels but not on neutrophil activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Ribeiro da Silva
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Massoco C, Palermo-Neto J. Effects of midazolam on equine innate immune response: a flow cytometric study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 95:11-9. [PMID: 12969632 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BDZ) are among the most frequently used class of psychotropic drugs employed in veterinary medicine in Brazil and worldwide due to their anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant effects [J. Clin. Pharmacol. 33 (1993) 124]. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) sites were described in peripheral organs, endocrine steroidogenic tissues and immune organs and cells. Midazolam is a mixed-type agonist of PBRs. The present study is focused on the effects of midazolam on equine peripheral blood neutrophils, peritoneal macrophages and cortisol levels in plasma. Adult horses were treated with a single dose of midazolam (0.06 or 0.1 mg/kg) or with 0.9% NaCl. Immune cells were collected 24 h after treatment for flow cytometry analysis of Staphylococcus aureus-induced phagocytosis and oxidative burst. Plasma cortisol concentration was measured 30, 90, 180 and 360 min after midazolam treatment. Midazolam induced a dose-dependent reduction on: (1) peripheral blood neutrophil and peritoneal macrophage oxidative burst; (2) the capacity of both peripheral blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages to phagocyte S. aureus. Increments on plasma cortisol concentration were not found after 0.06 and 0.1 mg/kg of midazolam. The effects on oxidative burst of neutrophils and macrophages from horses treated with midazolam were interpreted as a consequence of an impairment of S. aureus-induced phagocytosis. The present data suggest that midazolam, most probably acting on PBRs present on equine macrophage and neutrophil membranes, might have changed some mechanisms related to both phagocytosis and oxidative burst. These results support the use of flow cytometry to identify functional properties and dysfunction of equine immune cells. They also confirm the notion that changes in the functional capacity of the immune system may represent an important hazard of exposure to drugs or chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Massoco
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bribes E, Bourrie B, Casellas P. Ligands of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor have therapeutic effects in pneumopathies in vivo. Immunol Lett 2003; 88:241-7. [PMID: 12941483 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we documented the effects of different peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) ligands: PK 11195, Ro5-4864 and the newly described SSR 180575 on the development of pulmonary inflammation in vivo. To this aim, we used MRL/lpr mice that develop pathological signs similar to the human lupus erythematosus (LE) signs. We found that a chronic treatment (at 3 mg/kg per i.p. for 30 days) with PBR ligands had a significant beneficial therapeutic action and decreased the inflammatory pulmonary responses and alveolitis onset. When analyzing PBR expression in inflamed tissues, we observed that in addition to the infiltrated leukocytes, PBR was expressed in the bronchial epithelium, and especially we evidenced for the first time that PBR in expressed in Clara cells. Interestingly, we observed that PBR expression in those cells was reduced when MRL/lpr mice developed the pathology and restored upon PBR ligand treatment. These original findings support a role of PBR in pulmonary inflammatory process and suggest new therapeutic applications in auto immune disorders for specific potent PBR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Bribes
- Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo Recherche, 371, rue du Prof. Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 04, France.
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Bressan E, Farges RC, Ferrara P, Tonussi CR. Comparison of two PBR ligands with classical antiinflammatory drugs in LPS-induced arthritis in rats. Life Sci 2003; 72:2591-601. [PMID: 12672505 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The antinociceptive and anti-edematogenic effects of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) ligands, Ro5-4864 (7-chloro-5- (4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2-H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2) and PK11195 (1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinoline carboxamide), were studied in an experimental model of carrageenan/LPS -induced arthritis in rats. These effects were compared with those of indomethacin and dexamethasone. Both pre and post-treatments with PK11195 were found to be anti-edematogenic and antinociceptive. The lower dose (0.01 mg/kg) exhibited the higher anti-edematogenic effect. On the other hand, the higher dose (0.5 mg/kg) produced antinociception, but with a decreased anti-edematogenic effect. Ro5-4864 produced a negligible antinociception and anti-edematogenic effect as pretreatment, but a pro-edematogenic effect when given as post-treatment. Dexamethasone and indomethacin presented parallel and dose-dependent antinociceptive and anti-edematogenic effects. In conclusion, PK11195 can effectively diminish arthritic nociception and edema elicited by LPS, but probably by mechanisms different from those of dexamethasone or indomethacin. RO5-4864 seemed to have opposite effect on this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisângela Bressan
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rua Ferreira Lima, 82, 88015-420, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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30
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Bazzichi L, Betti L, Giannaccini G, Rossi A, Lucacchini A. Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in human mononuclear cells of patients affected by osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasic arthritis. Clin Biochem 2003; 36:57-60. [PMID: 12554061 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(02)00408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the kinetic parameters at equilibrium of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBR) in human mononuclear cells from patients affected by osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasic arthritis (PA). DESIGN AND METHODS Mononuclear cells were obtained from 10 patients with OA, 10 patients with RA and 10 patients with PA. Evaluation of kinetic parameters of PBR was performed using [(3)H]PK 11195, a specific radioligand for this receptor, and compared with 10 healthy controls. RESULTS The results show a statistically significant decrease (37.5%, as an absolute percentage) in the maximal number of binding sites (B(max)) of patients with OA, compared with healthy controls; however, the values of the dissociation constant (K(d)) at equilibrium do not show any statistically significant variations. CONCLUSIONS These data further confirm the presence of peripheral biochemical alterations in OA. As peripheral benzodiazepine receptors appear to be involved in the immune function, and in the protection of hematopoietic cells against oxygen radical damage, the observed decrease in B(max) might be related to cellular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bazzichi
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Medica Santa Chiara Hospital, University of Pisa, Italy
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31
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Martini C, Chelli B, Betti L, Montali M, Mancuso M, Giannaccini G, Rocchi A, Murri L, Siciliano G. Peripheral Benzodiazepine Binding Sites in Platelets of Patients Affected by Mitochondrial Diseases and Large Scale Mitochondrial DNA Rearrangements. Mol Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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32
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Maaser K, Höpfner M, Jansen A, Weisinger G, Gavish M, Kozikowski AP, Weizman A, Carayon P, Riecken EO, Zeitz M, Scherübl H. Specific ligands of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human colorectal cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1771-80. [PMID: 11742501 PMCID: PMC2363981 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) has been implicated in growth control of various tumour models. Although colorectal cancers were found to overexpress PBR, the functional role of PBR in colorectal cancer growth has not been addressed to date. Using primary cell cultures of human colorectal cancers and the human colorectal carcinoma cell lines HT29, LS174T, and Colo320 DM we studied the involvement of PBR in the growth control and apoptosis of colorectal cancers. Both mRNA and protein expression of PBR were detected by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy and immunohistochemistry the PBR was localized in the mitochondria. The specific PBR ligands FGIN-1-27, PK 11195, or Ro5-4864 inhibited cell proliferation dose-dependently. FGIN-1-27 decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, which indicates an early event in apoptosis. Furthermore, FGIN-1-27, PK 11195 or Ro5-4864 increased caspase-3 activity. In addition to their apoptosis-inducing effects, PBR ligands induced cell cycle arrest in the G(1)/G(0)-phase. Thus, our data demonstrate a functional involvement of PBR in colorectal cancer growth and qualify the PBR as a possible target for innovative therapeutic approaches in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Maaser
- Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology/Infectious Diseases/Rheumatology, Benjamin Franklin University Hospital, Free University of Berlin, Germany
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Torres SR, Fröde TS, Nardi GM, Vita N, Reeb R, Ferrara P, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM, Farges RC. Anti-inflammatory effects of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands in two mouse models of inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 408:199-211. [PMID: 11080527 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vivo treatment of mice with peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands exerts an inhibitory effect on the inflammatory response in two models of acute inflammation. In the first model, pretreatment of the animals (24 h) with 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinoline carboxamide (PK11195) and 7-chloro-5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1, 3-dihydro-1-methyl-2-H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2 (Ro5-4864), at different doses (0.00001-10 mg/kg, i.p.) dose dependently inhibited the formation of mouse paw oedema induced by carrageenan with mean ID(50s) of 0.009 (95% confidence limits=0.0076-0.013) and 0.04 (95% confidence limits=0.025-0.0086) mg/kg, respectively. Both ligands (0. 1 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited in the same way the mouse paw oedema induced by carrageenan in animals with and without adrenal glands. PK11195 and Ro5-4864 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the mouse paw oedema induced by several inflammatory mediators. In the second model, the pretreatment (24 h) with peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) exerted an inhibitory effect on neutrophil influx and produce a marked inhibition of carrageenan-produced interleukin-13 and interleukin-6 in pleural exudation. Our results extend previous findings that peripheral benzodiazepine receptor is involved in the inflammatory response, and suggest that this action may be linked to the action of different inflammatory mediators, probably mainly by the inhibition of the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Torres
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua Ferreira Lima, 82, SC, 88015-420, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Klegeris A, McGeer EG, McGeer PL. Inhibitory action of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxam ide (PK 11195) on some mononuclear phagocyte functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:1305-14. [PMID: 10736431 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) are widely distributed throughout the body, but their functions are unknown. They are found on mononuclear phagocytes, and they are up-regulated in a number of neurological and other disease states. We explored the functional consequences of PBR ligand binding to mononuclear-derived cells using the high-affinity ligands 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxam ide (PK 11195) and 4'-chlorodiazepam (7-chloro-5-(4'-chlorophenyl)-1, 3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one; Ro 5-4864). The functions were the following: respiratory burst; secretion of glutamate, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha); toxicity of culture supernatants towards SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells; and expression of the inflammatory surface markers HLA-DR and Fcgamma RII (CDw32). PK 11195 inhibited the respiratory burst response, reduced release of glutamate and IL-1beta, and suppressed secretion of products cytotoxic to neuronal cells. Selectivity was suggested by the failure of PK 11195 to influence TNF-alpha secretion or expression of HLA-DR and CDw32. Powerful ligands of PBRs, such as PK 11195, may be useful inhibitors of selective macrophage functions, retarding both local and systemic inflammation. Since PK 11195 readily enters the brain, it may be beneficial in treating central as well as peripheral inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Klegeris
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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35
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Stoebner PE, Carayon P, Penarier G, Fréchin N, Barnéon G, Casellas P, Cano JP, Meynadier J, Meunier L. The expression of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in human skin: the relationship with epidermal cell differentiation. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140:1010-6. [PMID: 10354064 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is a protein of mitochondrial outer membranes utilizing porphyrins as endogenous ligands. PBR is part of a heteromeric receptor complex involved in the formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores and in the early events of apoptosis. PBR may function as an oxygen-dependent signal generator; recent data indicate that these receptors may preserve the mitochondria of haematopoietic cell lines from damage caused by oxygen radicals. To identify PBRs in human skin, we used a specific monoclonal antibody directed against the C-terminus fragment of the human receptor. PBR immunoreactivity was found in keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, hair follicles and dermal vascular endothelial cells. Interestingly, confocal microscopic examination of skin sections revealed that PBR expression was strongly upregulated in the superficial differentiated layers of the epidermis. Ultrastructurally, PBRs were distributed throughout the cytoplasm but were selectively expressed on the mitochondrial membranes of epidermal cells. The elevated level of PBRs in the spinous layer was not associated with an increased number of mitochondria nor with an increased amount of mRNA as assessed by in situ hybridization on microautoradiographed skin sections. The present work provides, for the first time, evidence of PBR immunoreactivity in human skin. This mitochondrial receptor may modulate apoptosis in the epidermis; its increased expression in differentiated epidermal layers may represent a novel mechanism of natural skin protection against free radical damage generated by ultraviolet exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Stoebner
- Department of Dermatology-Allergology-Photobiology, Hôpital St-Eloi, 2 Avenue Bertin Sans, 34295 Montpellier, Cedex 05, France
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36
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Messmer K, Reynolds GP. Increased peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites in the brain of patients with Huntington's disease. Neurosci Lett 1998; 241:53-6. [PMID: 9502214 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary disorder associated with the development of dyskinesias and dementia, characterised by profound atrophy of the striatum and, to a lesser extent, other brain areas. A relative gliosis has been described. One marker for such inflammatory gliosis is an elevation of peripheral type benzodiazepine binding sites (PTBBS); these have also been shown to be increased following acute experimental and chronic degenerative neuronal damage. The present study investigates [3H]PK11195 binding to PTBBS in three brain areas of HD patients. We found a highly significant increase in PTBBS density in the putamen, a moderate but significant increase in the frontal cortex of HD patients and no significant change in the temporal cortex. Comparing these results to findings in other neurodegenerative diseases, e.g. Alzheimer's disease, where inflammation is discussed as a possible primary as well as a secondary pathological mechanism, our observations point to a possible involvement of inflammation in the neurodegenerative process in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Messmer
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, UK
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37
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Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies suggest that the central and peripheral benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors together with their ligands form the molecular basis of a novel regulatory network that contributes to the effects of anxiety on immune status. The peripheral-type receptors located on phagocytes and glial cells appear to play a key role in mediating the effects of endogenous and exogenous BDZs both on the defence mechanisms that protect the host against pathogens and on inflammatory reactions that take place within the periphery and the brain in response to injury. In addition, the central-type receptor, which forms part of the gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor complex, may contribute to the regulation of T-cell function by modulating the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis or the sympathoadrenal system or both, which, in turn, exert a significant effect on immune function. Thus, anxiogenic BDZs in general suppress the immune response, whereas anxiolytic BDZs may protect the individual from stress-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zavala
- INSERM U25, Hospital Necker, Paris, France
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38
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Siripurkpong P, Harnyuttanakorn P, Chindaduangratana C, Kotchabhakdi N, Wichyanuwat P, Casalotti SO. Dexamethasone, but not stress, induce measurable changes of mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor mRNA levels in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 331:227-35. [PMID: 9274984 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor gene was assayed by a semi-quantitative non-radioactive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. The level of amplified mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor mRNA was expressed as a ratio of either glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) or beta-actin mRNA co-amplified in the same RT-PCR assay. The relative amounts of mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor RNA in several rat tissues were found to be similar to the previously reported relative amount of mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor binding sites. The level of these binding sites has also been reported to be altered by stress stimuli. In this study we specifically measured the effect of stress on the mRNA levels of the mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor as an alternative method to the binding assay in an attempt to understand the mechanism by which stress alters binding. Sprague-Dawley male rats were either forced to swim for 15 min in 18 degrees C water or restrained in a plastic cylinder for 45 min either once, or twice daily for 7 days. Neither the swim stress, nor acute or chronic restraint stress, caused a measurable statistically significant relative change in mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor mRNA in the adrenal gland, kidney, testis and olfactory bulb. However, daily treatment of rats for 7 days with 4 mg/kg of dexamethasone caused a significant decrease in mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor gene expression in adrenal glands. This finding and the measurement of the relative levels of mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor mRNA in the various tissues indicate that mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor density is regulated to some extent at the gene expression level. However, the lack of detectable stress-induced changes in mRNA levels for this receptor seem to indicate that either mRNA changes were below detectable levels or that other mechanisms may be involved in the previously reported stress-induced changes of mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor density. Because the focus of this work was on the regulation of mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor gene expression, ligand binding studies to determine changes in receptor densities were not performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Siripurkpong
- Neuro-Behavioural Biology Center, Institute of Science and Technology for Research and Development, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
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39
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Davies LP, Barlin GB, Selley ML. New imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine ligands for peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors on mitochondria and monocytes. Life Sci 1995; 57:PL381-6. [PMID: 7491086 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(95)02233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Several 6-chloro-2,3-disubstituted imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines, selected from a number of synthetic imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines which lacked significant binding activity at central benzodiazepine receptors, potently inhibit [3H]diazepam, [3H]Ro5-4864 and [3H]PK11195 binding to rat kidney mitochondrial membranes. In membrane preparations from cultures of THP-1 cells, a human monocytic leukaemia cell line, the isoquinoline carboxamide PK11195 is strongly bound but the benzodiazepine ligands, diazepam and Ro5-4864, are much more weakly bound. The imidazopyridazine compounds which bind strongly to mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptors are very potent displacers of [3H]PK11195 bound to the THP-1 membranes. It appears that the binding properties of these new imidazopyridazine ligands at 'peripheral-type' benzodiazepine receptors resemble those of the isoquinoline carboxamides more than those of the benzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Davies
- Visual Sciences Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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40
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Camins A, Diez-Fernandez C, Camarasa J, Escubedo E. Cell surface expression of heat shock proteins in dog neutrophils induced by mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor ligands. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1995; 29:159-66. [PMID: 7775158 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(94)00055-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of peripheral-type benzodiazepines on dog neutrophil stimulation was studied. Ro 5-4864 (a specific ligand of mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor) and diazepam (which binds both to mitochondrial and central benzodiazepine receptors) did not show any direct toxic effect against neutrophils. PK 11195, a putative antagonist of the mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor and an isoquinoline derivative, had a direct toxic effect at a concentration of 5 x 10(-5) M (72% of cells were viable). Ro 5-4864 (10(-6)-10(-4) M) and diazepam (10(-6)-2.5 x 10(-4) M) induced an intracellular oxidative stress in dog neutrophils. These compounds, in a micromolar range, also induced a concentration-dependent cell surface expression of heat shock protein (HSP) families. The percentages of positive cells that express these proteins were: 76.2% for HSP 27 kDa; 54.3% for HSP 72 kDa and 69.6% for HSP 90 kDa for Ro 5-4864 (10(-4) M), and 66.7% for HSP 27 kDa; 45.4% for HSP 72 kDa and 78.3 for HSP 90 kDa for diazepam (2.5 x 10(-4) M). It appears that this HSP expression, induced by peripheral-type benzodiazepines could be mediated by an intracellular oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Camins
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Spain
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