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Li X, He J, Du M, Zhang J, Gu Y, Vaccaro L, Liu P. I2/K2S2O8-Promoted ring-opening cyclizations of benzothiazoles and 3-oxo-3-arylpropanenitriles. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.112051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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2
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Balwe SG, Shinde VV, Jeong YT. Iron-catalyzed microwave-promoted expeditious one-pot synthesis of benzo[b][1,4]thiazine-4-carbonitrile under solvent-free condition. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3
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Chu JJ, Hu BL, Liao ZY, Zhang XG. Copper-Catalyzed Three-Component Tandem Cyclization for One-Pot Synthesis of 1,4-Benzothiazines. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8647-52. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Chu
- College of Chemistry and
Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Bo-Lun Hu
- College of Chemistry and
Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Liao
- College of Chemistry and
Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xing-Guo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and
Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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4
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Bisacchi GS, Hale MR. A "Double-Edged" Scaffold: Antitumor Power within the Antibacterial Quinolone. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:520-77. [PMID: 26695512 PMCID: PMC4997924 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666151223095839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the late 1980s, reports emerged describing experimental antibacterial quinolones having significant potency against eukaryotic Type II topoisomerases (topo II) and showing cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines. As a result, several pharmaceutical companies initiated quinolone anticancer programs to explore the potential of this class in comparison to conventional human topo II inhibiting antitumor drugs such as doxorubicin and etoposide. In this review, we present a modern re-evaluation of the anticancer potential of the quinolone class in the context of today's predominantly pathway-based (rather than cytotoxicity-based) oncology drug R&D environment. The quinolone eukaryotic SAR is comprehensively discussed, contrasted with the corresponding prokaryotic data, and merged with recent structural biology information which is now beginning to help explain the basis for that SAR. Quinolone topo II inhibitors appear to be much less susceptible to efflux-mediated resistance, a current limitation of therapy with conventional agents. Recent advances in the biological understanding of human topo II isoforms suggest that significant progress might now be made in overcoming two other treatment-limiting disadvantages of conventional topo II inhibitors, namely cardiotoxicity and drug-induced secondary leukemias. We propose that quinolone class topo II inhibitors could have a useful future therapeutic role due to the continued need for effective topo II drugs in many cancer treatment settings, and due to the recent biological and structural advances which can now provide, for the first time, specific guidance for the design of a new class of inhibitors potentially superior to existing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Bisacchi
- Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India.
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5
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Londhe BS, Padwal SL, Bhosale MR, Mane RA. Novel synthesis of 1,4-benzothiazines in water accelerated by β-cyclodextrin. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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6
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Khalid Z, Aslam S, Ahmad M, Munawar MA, Montero C, Detorio M, Parvez M, Schinazi RF. Anti-HIV activity of new pyrazolobenzothiazine 5,5-dioxide-based acetohydrazides. Med Chem Res 2015; 24:3671-3680. [PMID: 34316244 PMCID: PMC8312988 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of fifteen new 2-[3-(3-chlorophenyl)-5,5-dioxidobenzo[e]pyrazolo[4,3-c][1,2]thiazin-4(2H)-yl]-N'-arylmethyleneacetohydrazides (5a-o) were synthesized and screened for their anti-HIV-1 and cytotoxicity activity. Out of fifteen pyrazolobenzothiazine-based hydrazones, thirteen were found to be active inhibitors of HIV with EC50 values <20 μM. Moreover, the cytotoxicity results showed that most of the compounds were toxic to PBM, CEM and Vero cell lines. This information could be used for structural modifications to acquire good candidates of HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunera Khalid
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sana Aslam
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Catherine Montero
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mervi Detorio
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Masood Parvez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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7
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Ghorai MK, Sayyad M, Nanaji Y, Jana S. A Synthetic Route to Chiral Dihydrobenzothiazines through Ring Opening of Activated Aziridines with 2-Halothiophenols/Copper-Powder-Mediated C−N Cyclization. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:1480-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manas K. Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Masthanvali Sayyad
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Yerramsetti Nanaji
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Sourita Jana
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
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8
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Qiu JW, Hu BL, Zhang XG, Tang RY, Zhong P, Li JH. Copper-catalyzed ring expansion of 2-aminobenzothiazoles with alkynyl carboxylic acids to 1,4-benzothiazines. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3122-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02467b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel copper-catalyzed ring expansion of 2-aminobenzothiazoles to 1,4-benzothiazines is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Bo-Lun Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Xing-Guo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Ri-Yuan Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Ping Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
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9
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Malathi K, Jeyachandran V, Kalaiselvan K, Kumar RR. Synthesis of Novel Dispiro 1,4-Benzothiazine Hybrid Heterocycles Through 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2014.965329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Malathi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veerappan Jeyachandran
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karumpan Kalaiselvan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raju Ranjith Kumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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10
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Mitra S, Chakraborty A, Mishra S, Majee A, Hajra A. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling between 2-Aminobenzothiazole and Terminal Alkyne: Formation of Benzothiazine. Org Lett 2014; 16:5652-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502729c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhanjan Mitra
- Department
of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhajit Mishra
- Department
of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India
| | - Adinath Majee
- Department
of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department
of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India
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11
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Qiao Z, Liu H, Xiao X, Fu Y, Wei J, Li Y, Jiang X. Efficient Access to 1,4-Benzothiazine: Palladium-Catalyzed Double C–S Bond Formation Using Na2S2O3 as Sulfurating Reagent. Org Lett 2013; 15:2594-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol400618k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongjun Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yana Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jianpeng Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yuxue Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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12
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Li J, Sun CL, Tan L, Xie YL, Zhang HL. Investigation of an electrochemically switched heterocyclization reaction on gold surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:5199-5206. [PMID: 23557099 DOI: 10.1021/la400322t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report an investigation of an electrochemically switched heterocyclization reaction on hydroquinone-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). This reaction involves an electrochemically modulated hydroquinone/benzoquinone transformation step in the SAMs and a subsequent heterocyclization step taking place between the electrochemically generated benzoquinone moieties in SAMs and l-cysteine in solution. The reaction process was monitored by XPS and electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-SERS). The surface reaction proceeds as a two-step reaction to give a benzothiazine product, which is in contrast to the much more complicated multiple step reactions in solution. This result suggests that the tight molecular packing in the SAMs does not hinder the intramolecular heterocylization reaction, but prevents the intermolecular coupling reaction from happening. This work provides insights to the control and detection of biomolecule related multistep reactions occurring at solid-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
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13
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Di Virgilio AL, León IE, Franca CA, Henao I, Tobón G, Etcheverry SB. Cu(Nor)2·5H2O, a complex of Cu(II) with Norfloxacin: theoretic approach and biological studies. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in cell cultures. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 376:53-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Ajani OO. Functionalized 1,4-Benzothiazine: A Versatile Scaffold with Diverse Biological Properties. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 345:841-51. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Bertosa B, Aleksić M, Karminiski-Zamola G, Tomić S. QSAR analysis of antitumor active amides and quinolones from thiophene series. Int J Pharm 2010; 394:106-14. [PMID: 20472047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
QSAR models for predicting antitumor activity of heterocyclic amides and quinolones from benzo[b]thiophene-, thieno[3,2-b]thiophene- and thieno[2,3-b], thiophene series against MiaPaCa-2 and MCF-7 cells were built. Complete dataset consisted of 59 compounds and several QSAR models with different predictive ability were derived. Beside standard approaches for building QSAR models, the approach based on a small dataset of 10 compounds selected regarding the results of principal component analysis was tested. The latter approach was shown as successful and can be useful for planning future experiments in order to speed up and simplify the search for new drug candidates. Based on the derived QSAR models, the most important properties for compound's antitumor activity against MiaPaCa-2 and MCF-7 cells were identified. Volume, sum of the hydrophobic surfaces and presence of the group that can be easily ionized in the pH range from 4 to 9, were found to be highly important for successful antitumor activity of the examined heterocyclic amides and quinolones. New compounds, with potentially higher biological activity against MiaPaCa-2 and MCF-7 cells, were proposed. Their activities were predicted using the derived QSAR models and the proposed compounds were shown as promising antitumor candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bertosa
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruder Bosković Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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16
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Teague SJ. Synthesis of heavily substituted 2-aminopyridines by displacement of a 6-methylsulfinyl group. J Org Chem 2009; 73:9765-6. [PMID: 18855484 DOI: 10.1021/jo801303v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Aminopyridines, with a variety of polar 6-substituents, were elaborated by displacement of a methylsulfinyl group from the 6-position of the pyridine ring. The requisite 6-thiomethyl pyridines were synthesized by reaction of 2-(1-phenylethylidene)propanedinitriles with dimethyl N-cyanodithioiminocarbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Teague
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, UK.
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17
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Barrett JF. Section Reviews; Anti-infectives: Section Review Anti-infectives: Quinolone antibacterials and derivatives as antineoplastic agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.8.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John F Barrett
- The RW Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Raritan, NJ, 08869, USA
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18
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Peters M, Kogan NM. HU-331: a cannabinoid quinone, with uncommon cytotoxic properties and low toxicity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:1405-13. [PMID: 17714026 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.9.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of cannabis constituents has given rise to their corresponding quinones, which have been identified as cytotoxic agents. Out of these molecules the quinone of cannabidiol--the most abundant non-psychoactive cannabinoid in Cannabis sativa--has shown the highest cytotoxicity. This compound was named HU-331 and it exerts antiangiogenic properties, induces apoptosis to endothelial cells and inhibits topoisomerase II in nanomolar concentrations. Unlike other quinones, it is not cardiotoxic and does not induce the formation of free radicals. A comparative in vivo study in mice has shown HU-331 to be less toxic and more effective than the commonly used doxorubicin. This review summarises the properties of HU-331 and compares it with doxorubicin and other topoisomerase II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Peters
- The Hebrew University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Jerusalem, Israel
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19
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M. El-Abadelah M, H. Al-Huniti M, A. Zahra J, M. El-Abadelah M. Heterocycles [h]Fused on 4-Oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic Acid, II. A Facile Synthesis of Some 2,7-Dioxo[1,4]thiazin[2,3-h]quinoline-8-carboxylic Acids. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-06-10930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Itoh T, Mitsumori K, Kawaguchi S, Sasaki YF. Genotoxic potential of quinolone antimicrobials in the in vitro comet assay and micronucleus test. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2006; 603:135-44. [PMID: 16384725 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the genotoxicity of quinolone antimicrobials. We investigated the genotoxic potential of eight quinolones, namely nalidixic acid (NA), pipemidic acid (PPA), oxolinic acid (OA), piromidic acid (PA), enoxacin (ENX), ofloxacin (OFLX), norfloxacin (NFLX) and ciprofloxacin (CPFX), by the in vitro alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay at pH>13. WTK-1 cells (mutant p53) were treated with each of the eight quinolones at 62.5-1000 microg/mL for 2, 4 and 20 h. NFLX and CPFX significantly induced DNA damage concentration-dependently after 4 and 20 h treatment, but this damage was recoverable. On the other hand, DNA was not damaged in the cells treated with six other quinolones. In the cells treated with NFLX and CPFX for 20 h, DNA migration was compared by the comet assay at pH 10, 12.1 and >13. The comet assay both at pH 12.1 and >13 showed increased DNA migration, but there was no positive response in the comet assay at pH 10. In the in vitro micronucleus (MN) test, WTK-1 cells were treated with each of four quinolones (NA, PPA, NFLX and CPFX) at 15.63-125 microg/mL for 20 h. NFLX significantly increased MNs in the cells, but no changes were noted in the cells treated with three other quinolones. These results suggest that NFLX and CPFX induced DNA single strand breaks (SSBs), and that NFLX-induced SSBs resulted in chromosome aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Itoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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21
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Dartois V, Sanchez-Quesada J, Cabezas E, Chi E, Dubbelde C, Dunn C, Granja J, Gritzen C, Weinberger D, Ghadiri MR, Parr TR. Systemic antibacterial activity of novel synthetic cyclic peptides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:3302-10. [PMID: 16048940 PMCID: PMC1196229 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.8.3302-3310.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic peptides with an even number of alternating d,l-alpha-amino acid residues are known to self-assemble into organic nanotubes. Such peptides previously have been shown to be stable upon protease treatment, membrane active, and bactericidal and to exert antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and other gram-positive bacteria. The present report describes the in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of selected members of this cyclic peptide family. The intravenous (i.v.) efficacy of six compounds with MICs of less than 12 microg/ml was tested in peritonitis and neutropenic-mouse thigh infection models. Four of the six peptides were efficacious in vivo, with 50% effective doses in the peritonitis model ranging between 4.0 and 6.7 mg/kg against methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). In the thigh infection model, the four peptides reduced the bacterial load 2.1 to 3.0 log units following administration of an 8-mg/kg i.v. dose. Activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus was similar to MSSA. The murine pharmacokinetic profile of each compound was determined following i.v. bolus injection. Interestingly, those compounds with poor efficacy in vivo displayed a significantly lower maximum concentration of the drug in serum and a higher volume of distribution at steady state than compounds with good therapeutic properties. S. aureus was unable to easily develop spontaneous resistance upon prolonged exposure to the peptides at sublethal concentrations, in agreement with the proposed interaction with multiple components of the bacterial membrane canopy. Although additional structure-activity relationship studies are required to improve the therapeutic window of this class of antimicrobial peptides, our results suggest that these amphipathic cyclic d,l-alpha-peptides have potential for systemic administration and treatment of otherwise antibiotic-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Dartois
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Rd., #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670.
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22
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Mitscher LA. Bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors: quinolone and pyridone antibacterial agents. Chem Rev 2005; 105:559-92. [PMID: 15700957 DOI: 10.1021/cr030101q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lester A Mitscher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and The Chemical Methodologies and Library Development Center of Excellence, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, USA.
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23
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Fecik RA, Devasthale P, Pillai S, Keschavarz-Shokri A, Shen L, Mitscher LA. Chiral DNA Gyrase Inhibitors. 3. Probing the Chiral Preference of the Active Site of DNA Gyrase. Synthesis of 10-Fluoro-6-methyl-6,7-dihydro-9-piperazinyl- 2H-benzo[a]quinolizin-20-one-3-carboxylic Acid Analogues. J Med Chem 2005; 48:1229-36. [PMID: 15715489 DOI: 10.1021/jm0401356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In pursuit of an apparent literature anomaly, S- and R-6-methyl-6,7-dihydro-2H-benzo[a]quinolizin-2-one-3-carboxylic acids (12 and 22) were synthesized by an unambiguous route from optically active norephedrines, and their antibacterial potencies were measured. Against Gram-negative microorganisms and DNA gyrase a preference for S-absolute configuration was found whereas R-absolute stereochemistry was more active against Gram-positives. These results are in partial conflict with an earlier report. In an attempt to enhance potency, racemic 10-fluoro-9-piperazinyl (35) and related analogues were synthesized by a novel route. The latter analogues were surprisingly unimproved in potency. The implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Fecik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 4010 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, USA
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Fringuelli R, Schiaffella F, Utrilla Navarro MP, Milanese L, Santini C, Rapucci M, Marchetti C, Riccardi C. 1,4-benzothiazine analogues and apoptosis: structure-activity relationship. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:3245-54. [PMID: 12837534 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown 1,4-benzothiazine (1,4-B) derivatives induce thymocyte apoptosis in vitro and thymus cell loss in vivo. Apoptosis is mediated through a complex of biochemical events including phosphatidylcholine specific-phospholipase C (PC-PLC) activation, acidic sphingomyelinase (aSMase) activation and ceramide generation, caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation. As preliminary analysis of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) suggested some structural features were responsible for apoptosis, we synthesised several derivatives and tested for apoptosis activity at equimolar concentrations. In particular, we synthesised analogues that differed in the nature of skeleton (1,4-benzothiazine, 1,4-benzoxazine and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline) and in the nature of side chain (imidazole, benzimidazole or piperazine as azole substituent; presence, absence or transformation of alcoholic group). Results of apoptosis induction indicate that transforming the 1,4-benzothiazine skeleton into 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline does not result in significant change. Transformation into 1,4-benzoxazine decreased activity. Replacing imidazole at the side chain with different piperazines also decreased activity while replacing it with benzimidazole does not change apoptotic activity. Finally, removal of the alcoholic group by dehydration to olefin, or by transforming it into ether, increased activity. Moreover, in an attempt to analyse further the SAR characteristics that are responsible for 1,4-B-activated apoptosis we tested the effect on caspase-8,-9 and-3 activation. 1,4-B analogues activate caspases and the structural requirements correlate with those responsible for apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Fringuelli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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Marchetti C, Ulisse S, Bruscoli S, Russo FP, Migliorati G, Schiaffella F, Cifone MG, Riccardi C, Fringuelli R. Induction of apoptosis by 1,4-benzothiazine analogs in mouse thymocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:1053-62. [PMID: 11861815 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.3.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
1,4-benzothiazine (1,4-B) derivatives exert numerous effects in vivo and in vitro, including neurotoxicity and antitumor cytotoxicity. To analyze the mechanisms responsible for 1,4-B-induced cytotoxicity, we performed experiments to evaluate the possible apoptotic effect. For that purpose, we used mouse thymocytes, a cell population well sensitive to induction of apoptosis that has been used to assay apoptosis in many experimental systems. Results indicate that a number of 1,4-B analogs are able to induce both thymocyte apoptosis in vitro and thymus cell loss in vivo. Moreover, analysis of the structure-activity relationship indicate that the sulfur (S) oxidation state, the presence of the carbonyl group, and the nature and position of the side chain modulate the apoptotic efficacy. Moreover, results of in vitro experiments show that the 1,4-B-induced apoptosis associates with different biochemical events including phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C activation, acidic sphingomyelinase activation and ceramide generation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) and cytochrome c release, and caspase-8, -9, and -3 activation. These results indicate that 1,4-B analogs induce apoptosis through a complex of biochemical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Fringuelli R, Schiaffella F, Vecchiarelli A. Antifungal and immunomodulating activities of 1,4-benzothiazine azole derivatives: review. J Chemother 2001; 13:9-14. [PMID: 11233807 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2001.13.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed the studies on the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of 1,4-benzothiazine azole derivatives (1,4-BT). A number of different 1,4-BT have been tested for anti-Candida activity, investigating their N-4 substitution, sulfur oxidation state, presence of the carbonyl group in C-3, insertion of the side chain on C-6, C-7 or C-8 of benzothiazine nucleus, the nature of azolic substituent (triazole or imidazole), which tend to differ. Moreover, benzoxazine analogues have been tested to evaluate the effect of sulfur bioisosteric substitution on their activity. We found that their antifungal activity correlates with well-defined chemical characteristics including the presence of ether substitution at the side chain. In fact, ether derivatives are the most active compounds in vivo, although they have little anti-Candida effect in vitro. This discrepancy could be attributed to the fact that 1,4-BT are metabolized to active antifungal compounds and may have in vivo activity through improvement of protective immune response and direct antifungal effects. In fact, 1,4-BT also show immunomodulating activity so that the direct antifungal activity, in combination with the capability to stimulate the immune response, could result in a significant increase in in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fringuelli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University of Perugia, Italy.
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Anderson VE, Zaniewski RP, Kaczmarek FS, Gootz TD, Osheroff N. Quinolones inhibit DNA religation mediated by Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV. Changes in drug mechanism across evolutionary boundaries. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:35927-32. [PMID: 10585479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.50.35927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolones are the most active oral antibacterials in clinical use and act by increasing DNA cleavage mediated by prokaryotic type II topoisomerases. Although topoisomerase IV appears to be the primary cytotoxic target for most quinolones in Gram-positive bacteria, interactions between the enzyme and these drugs are poorly understood. Therefore, the effects of ciprofloxacin on the DNA cleavage and religation reactions of Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV were characterized. Ciprofloxacin doubled DNA scission at 150 nM drug and increased cleavage approximately 9-fold at 5 microM. Furthermore, it dramatically inhibited rates of DNA religation mediated by S. aureus topoisomerase IV. This inhibition of religation is in marked contrast to the effects of antineoplastic quinolones on eukaryotic topoisomerase II, and suggests that the mechanistic basis for quinolone action against type II topoisomerases has not been maintained across evolutionary boundaries. The apparent change in quinolone mechanism was not caused by an overt difference in the drug interaction domain on topoisomerase IV. Therefore, we propose that the mechanistic basis for quinolone action is regulated by subtle changes in drug orientation within the enzyme.drug.DNA ternary complex rather than gross differences in the site of drug binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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Perni RB, Wentland MP, Huang JI, Powles RG, Aldous S, Klingbeil KM, Peverly AD, Robinson RG, Corbett TH, Jones JL, Mattes KC, Rake JB, Coughlin SA. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 4-aminomethylthioxanthenone and 5-aminomethylbenzothiopyranoindazole derivatives. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3645-54. [PMID: 9733489 DOI: 10.1021/jm9708083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two new series of antitumor agents, 4-aminomethylthioxanthenones (6-50) and 5-aminomethylbenzothiopyranoindazoles (51-61), are described and compared. Nearly all members of both series display excellent in vivo activity versus murine pancreatic adenocarcinoma 03 (Panc03) although there is little to distinguish the two series from each other. In both series there is no discernible relationship between structure and in vivo efficacy. Selected analogues were evaluated in vitro; all were observed to have moderate to strong DNA binding via intercalation. However, varying degrees of in vitro P388 cytotoxicity and topoisomerase II inhibition were seen. In general, those molecules which exhibited strong topoisomerase II inhibition were significantly more cytotoxic than those which did not. In both series, those derivatives (48-50, 60, and 61) having a phenolic hydroxy substitution exhibited the most potent P388 cytotoxicity and topoisomerase II inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Perni
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Oncopharmacology, Sanofi Winthrop Inc., 9 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, USA
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