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Alhaidari LM, Spain SG. Synthesis of 5-Fluorouracil Polymer Conjugate and 19F NMR Analysis of Drug Release for MRI Monitoring. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071778. [PMID: 37050392 PMCID: PMC10097235 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To monitor the release of fluorinated drugs from polymeric carriers, a novel 19F MRI enzyme-responsive contrast agent was developed and tested. This contrast agent was prepared by conjugation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to hyperbranched poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (HB-PDMA) via an enzyme-degradable peptide linker. Due to the different molecular sizes, the release of 5-FU from the 5-FU polymer conjugate resulted in a sufficiently substantial difference in spin-spin T2 19F NMR/MRI relaxation time that enabled differentiating between attached and released drug states. The 5-FU polymer conjugate exhibited a broad signal and short T2 relaxation time under 19F NMR analysis. Incubation with the enzyme induced the release of 5-FU, accompanied by an extension of T2 relaxation times and an enhancement in the 19F MRI signal. This approach is promising for application in the convenient monitoring of 5-FU drug release and can be used to monitor the release of other fluorinated drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila M. Alhaidari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Majmaah, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sebastian G. Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
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2
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Preparation, In Vitro Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Polymeric pH-Responsive Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Release. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091864. [PMID: 36145612 PMCID: PMC9506008 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current investigation was based on the development of pH-responsive hydrogels of chondroitin sulfate, carbopol, and polyvinyl alcohol polymerized with acrylic acid in the presence of ammonium persulfate and ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate for controlled drug delivery. A free radical polymerization technique was used for the preparation of these pH-responsive hydrogels. The gel fraction of the prepared hydrogels was increased with the increase in the chondroitin sulfate, carbopol, polyvinyl alcohol, and acrylic acid content, while the sol-fraction was decreased. Swelling and drug release studies were performed in various pH conditions. Greater swelling and drug release were observed at high pH values (pH 4.6 and 7.4) as compared to low pH value (pH 1.2), representing the pH-responsive nature of the synthesized hydrogels. Porosity and drug loading were increased with the incorporation of high concentrations of hydrogel contents except polyvinyl alcohol, which showed reverse effects. Similarly, biodegradation study reported a slow degradation rate of the prepared hydrogels with the increase in hydrogel constituents. Cytotoxicity study proved the safe use of developed hydrogels as no toxic effect was shown on T84 human colon cancer cells. Similarly, various characterizations, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, were performed for prepared hydrogels. Hence, we could demonstrate that the prepared hydrogels can be used as a promising drug carrier for the controlled delivery of drugs.
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3
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Kopeček J, Yang J. Polymer nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 156:40-64. [PMID: 32735811 PMCID: PMC7736172 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymer nanomedicines (macromolecular therapeutics, polymer-drug conjugates, drug-free macromolecular therapeutics) are a group of biologically active compounds that are characterized by their large molecular weight. This review focuses on bioconjugates of water-soluble macromolecules with low molecular weight drugs and selected proteins. After analyzing the design principles, different structures of polymer carriers are discussed followed by the examination of the efficacy of the conjugates in animal models and challenges for their translation into the clinic. Two innovative directions in macromolecular therapeutics that depend on receptor crosslinking are highlighted: a) Combination chemotherapy of backbone degradable polymer-drug conjugates with immune checkpoint blockade by multivalent polymer peptide antagonists; and b) Drug-free macromolecular therapeutics, a new paradigm in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Abdullah O, Usman Minhas M, Ahmad M, Ahmad S, Ahmad A. Synthesis of hydrogels for combinatorial delivery of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium in colon cancer: optimization, in vitro characterization and its toxicological evaluation. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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5
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Guan X. Metabolic Activation and Drug Targeting. Drug Deliv 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118833322.ch17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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6
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Impact of the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) Effect and Cathepsins Levels on the Activity of Polymer-Drug Conjugates. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6082186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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7
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Preclinical Evaluation of Linear HPMA-Doxorubicin Conjugates with pH-Sensitive Drug Release: Efficacy, Safety, and Immunomodulating Activity in Murine Model. Pharm Res 2009; 27:200-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Kapp T, Francke P, Gust R. Investigations on Surface Modified Dendrimers: Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Uptake into MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:635-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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10
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Paranjpe PV, Stein S, Sinko PJ. Tumor-targeted and activated bioconjugates for improved camptothecin delivery. Anticancer Drugs 2005; 16:763-75. [PMID: 16027527 DOI: 10.1097/01.cad.0000172834.78068.7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Earlier reports from our laboratory described bioconjugates of camptothecin (CPT) for tumor targeting. In the current work, the rate and site of CPT release from the bioconjugates were modulated using increasingly sterically hindered amino acids and cysteine proteinase-sensitive peptide linkers, respectively. Polyethylene glycol served as a spacer/scaffold between CPT and folic acid. The folic acid receptor, overexpressed on many cancer cells, was targeted using folate. The delivery system was tested in vitro for hydrolytic stability, enzyme-mediated cleavage, cytotoxicity and targeting potential. The linkers successfully modulated the hydrolysis rate (around 1--100 h) and potential site (tumor microenvironment) of CPT release. Preliminary molecular modeling approaches were utilized to assess the influence of molecular volume on hydrolysis half-life (i.e. CPT release). There was a clear, but non-linear, relationship between in vitro CPT release and increasing steric hindrance offered by the peptide linker. The efficacy of four conjugates was studied in a syngeneic rat breast cancer model. Histopathological analysis on treated tumors was performed to evaluate disease prognosis. The results demonstrate that programmed bioconjugates may provide superior efficacy and greater control over the rate and site of CPT release, resulting in higher anti-tumor efficacy and lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj V Paranjpe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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11
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Schoenmakers RG, van de Wetering P, Elbert DL, Hubbell JA. The effect of the linker on the hydrolysis rate of drug-linked ester bonds. J Control Release 2004; 95:291-300. [PMID: 14980777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2003] [Revised: 11/30/2003] [Accepted: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tailoring the length of a sulfide containing linker adjusts the hydrolysis of a drug-linked ester bond to values appropriate for once-a-week administrations. A model drug of paclitaxel was coupled using a hydrolyzable linker to a poly(ethylene glycol) macromonomer, via a conjugate addition reaction between a thiol and an acrylamide. The macromonomers were synthesized in three steps with an average overall yield of 70%. By changing the length of the linker from 3-sulfanylpropionyl to 4-sulfanylbutyryl, the half-life time of the release of the drug could be increased from 4.2+/-0.1 to 14.0+/-0.2 days. Drug-containing hydrogels were prepared by radical photopolymerization of these macromonomers with either the 3-sulfanylpropionyl or the 4-sulfanylbutyryl linker. The release of the drug from these hydrogels followed similar trends as the release of the drug from the soluble polymer-drug conjugates. The synthetic methodology employed does not involve the use of coupling reagents in the final conjugation between the drug and the polymer, excluding the presence of potential toxic residuals. The conjugation method is relatively simple and is applicable to nearly any hydroxyl-containing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G Schoenmakers
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH and University of Zurich, Moussonstrasse 18, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Lowman AM, Dziubla TD, Bures P, Peppas NA. STRUCTURAL AND DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF NEUTRAL AND INTELLIGENT NETWORKS IN BIOMEDICAL ENVIRONMENTS. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR FOUNDATIONS OF BIOMATERIALS 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2377(03)29004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Toki BE, Cerveny CG, Wahl AF, Senter PD. Protease-mediated fragmentation of p-amidobenzyl ethers: a new strategy for the activation of anticancer prodrugs. J Org Chem 2002; 67:1866-72. [PMID: 11895404 DOI: 10.1021/jo016187+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new anticancer prodrug activation strategy based on the 1,6-elimination reaction of p-aminobenzyl ethers is described. Model studies were undertaken with the N-protected peptide benzyloxycarbonyl-valine-citrulline (Z-val-cit), which was attached to the amino groups of p-aminobenzyl ether derivatives of 1-naphthol and N-acetylnorephedrine. The amide bond that formed was designed for hydrolysis by cathepsin B, a protease associated with rapidly growing and metastatic carcinomas. Upon treatment with the enzyme, the Z-val-cit-p-amidobenzyl ether of 1-naphthol (2) underwent peptide bond hydrolysis with the rapid release of 1-naphthol. The aliphatic Z-val-cit-p-amidobenzyl ether of N-acetylnorephedrine (5) also underwent amide bond hydrolysis, but without the ensuing elimination of N-acetylnorephedrine. On the basis of these results, the phenolic anticancer drugs etoposide (6) and combretastatin A-4 (7) were attached to the Z-val-cit-p-amidobenzyl alcohol through ether linkages, forming the peptide-drug derivatives 8 and 9, respectively. Both compounds were stable in aqueous buffers and serum and underwent ether fragmentation upon treatment with cathepsin B, resulting in the release of the parent drugs in chemically unmodified forms. The released drugs were 13-50 times more potent than were the prodrug precursors on a panel of cancer cell lines. In contrast, the corresponding carbonate derivative of combretastatin A-4 (13) was unstable in aqueous environments and was as cytotoxic as combretastatin A-4. This result extends the use of the self-immolative p-aminobenzyl group for the fragmentation of aromatic ethers and provides a new strategy for anticancer prodrug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Toki
- Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, USA
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Whitaker MJ, Quirk RA, Howdle SM, Shakesheff KM. Growth factor release from tissue engineering scaffolds. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53:1427-37. [PMID: 11732745 DOI: 10.1211/0022357011777963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic scaffold materials are used in tissue engineering for a variety of applications, including physical supports for the creation of functional tissues, protective gels to aid in wound healing and to encapsulate cells for localized hormone-delivery therapies. In order to encourage successful tissue growth, these scaffold materials must incorporate vital growth factors that are released to control their development. A major challenge lies in the requirement for these growth factor delivery mechanisms to mimic the in-vivo release profiles of factors produced during natural tissue morphogenesis or repair. This review highlights some of the major strategies for creating scaffold constructs reported thus far, along with the approaches taken to incorporate growth factors within the materials and the benefits of combining tissue engineering and drug delivery expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Whitaker
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Nottingham, UK
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15
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Caiolfa VR, Zamai M, Fiorino A, Frigerio E, Pellizzoni C, d'Argy R, Ghiglieri A, Castelli MG, Farao M, Pesenti E, Gigli M, Angelucci F, Suarato A. Polymer-bound camptothecin: initial biodistribution and antitumour activity studies. J Control Release 2000; 65:105-19. [PMID: 10699275 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) is a potent, antitumour drug acting mainly through inhibition of topoisomerase I during the S-phase of the cell cycle. Despite its impressive antitumour activity, clinical development was halted for unpredictable toxic events. Two soluble N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers were synthesised to contain CPT (5 wt.% and 10 wt.%). CPT was covalently linked at its alpha-hydroxyl group to the polymers through a Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly- spacer. In-vitro, CPT-conjugates were fairly resistant to hydrolysis in plasma as in buffer at neutral pH (0.2-0. 4% free CPT/h), while elastase and cysteine-proteases were able to release the active drug. Plasma levels in mice after intravenous administration of CPT-conjugates confirmed the modest hydrolysis in plasma. Plasma levels were approximately 5-fold lower than those observed at the highest tolerated dose of CPT administered in classical vehicles. Biodistribution in HT29 human colon carcinoma bearing mice was carried out after i.v. injection of [3H]CPT-conjugate and free [3H]CPT. Radioactivity uptake in tumour was evident only after [3H]CPT-conjugate treatment. Repeated intravenous administration of CPT-conjugates to HT29-bearing mice gave more than 90% tumour inhibition, some complete tumour regressions and no toxic deaths. The improved pharmacological profile on HT29 human colon carcinoma xenografts of the first poly(HPMA)-CPT conjugates might be ascribed to their prolonged intra-tumour retention and sustained release of the active drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Caiolfa
- Discovery Research Oncology, Pharmacia & Upjohn, V.le Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, Italy.
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16
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Abstract
Genetic engineering methodology offers the ability to synthesize protein-based polymers with precisely controlled structures. Protein-based polymers synthesized by recombinant techniques have a well-defined monomer composition and sequence, stereochemistry, and a narrow molecular weight distribution. The structure of the polymeric carrier at the molecular level influences its biological disposition and drug release profile. Current methodologies of polymer synthesis (chemical polymerization) result in the production of polymers with heterogeneous molecular weights, and with monomer sequences and compositions defined in terms of statistical distributions. Genetic engineering methodologies can be used to design new polymeric drug carriers with improved properties, such as better-defined biorecognition, pharmacokinetic, biodegradation, and drug release profiles. In this review article the rationale and methodology of polymer synthesis using genetic engineering techniques, the status of such polymers in drug delivery to-date, and the potential of these polymers for the development of new systems in the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagarsekar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and the National Center for the Development of Natural Products, The University of Mississippi, 38677, USA
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Uhrich KE, Cannizzaro SM, Langer RS, Shakesheff KM. Polymeric systems for controlled drug release. Chem Rev 1999; 99:3181-98. [PMID: 11749514 DOI: 10.1021/cr940351u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1807] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K E Uhrich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7-2RD, U.K
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Tanihara M, Suzuki Y, Nishimura Y, Suzuki K, Kakimaru Y, Fukunishi Y. A novel microbial infection-responsive drug release system. J Pharm Sci 1999; 88:510-4. [PMID: 10229641 DOI: 10.1021/js980418j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to construct a novel drug delivery system suitable for controlled release of antibiotics. There is a need for devices that release antibiotics only during microbial infection, because prophylactic or prolonged use of antibiotics leads to serious problems, such as renal and liver toxicity and the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria (e.g., meticillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus). We found previously that Staphylococcus aureus-infected wound fluid showed high thrombin-like activity; therefore, in this study we designed an antibiotic release system triggered by thrombin activity. We synthesized an insoluble polymer-drug conjugate in which gentamicin was bound to poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel through a newly developed thrombin-sensitive peptide linker. The conjugate released gentamicin when it was incubated with Staphylococcus aureus-infected wound fluid, with thrombin and leucine aminopeptidase, or with human plasma and Ca2+, whereas no biologically active gentamicin was released when the conjugate was incubated with noninfected wound fluid, with leucine aminopeptidase alone, with thrombin alone, or with plasma. Furthermore, the conjugate reduced the bacterial number in an animal model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. These results demonstrated that the conjugate has sufficient specificity and excellent potential as a stimulus-responsive, controlled drug release system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tanihara
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
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19
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West JL, Hubbell JA. Polymeric Biomaterials with Degradation Sites for Proteases Involved in Cell Migration. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma981296k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. West
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Jeffrey A. Hubbell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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20
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Suzuki Y, Tanihara M, Nishimura Y, Suzuki K, Kakimaru Y, Shimizu Y. A new drug delivery system with controlled release of antibiotic only in the presence of infection. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1998; 42:112-6. [PMID: 9740013 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199810)42:1<112::aid-jbm14>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An ideal drug delivery system (DDS) releases an appropriate drug at specific locations and times. We tried to create a new antibiotic delivery system that releases gentamicin only when wounds are infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.A.). Exudate from the dorsal pouch of rats infected with P.A. showed significantly higher hydrolytic activity-thrombin-like activity-toward Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-MCA than exudate from noninfected wounds. We therefore constructed a device for controlled release of an antimicrobial drug triggered by thrombin-like activity. Briefly, gentamicin was bound to a polyvinyl alcohol derivative (PVA) hydrogel through a newly developed peptide linker cleavable by the proteinase, PVA-(linker)-gentamicin. In vitro experiments showed that proteinases from wounds infected with P.A. cleaved the linker and gentamicin was released while the exudate from noninfected wounds had no hydrolytic activity toward the linker. This device shows potential as an occlusive dressing with an effective antibiotic delivery system for treating infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suzuki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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Kopecek J, Kopecková P, Konák C. Biorecognizable Polymers: Design, Structure, and Bioactivity. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329708010328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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