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Mitchell GA, Gauthier N, Lesimple A, Wang SP, Mamer O, Qureshi I. Hereditary and acquired diseases of acyl-coenzyme A metabolism. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 94:4-15. [PMID: 18337138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) sequestration, toxicity or redistribution (CASTOR) is predicted to occur in many hereditary and acquired conditions in which the degradation of organic acyl esters of CoA is impaired. The resulting accumulation of CoA esters and reduction of acetyl-CoA and free CoA (CoASH) will then trigger a cascade of reactions leading to clinical disease. Most conditions detected by expanded neonatal screening are CASTOR diseases. We review acyl-CoA metabolism, including CoASH synthesis, transesterification of acyl-CoAs to glycine, glutamate or l-carnitine and hydrolysis of CoA esters. Because acyl-CoAs do not cross biological membranes, their main toxicity is intracellular, primarily within mitochondria. Treatment measures directed towards removal of circulating metabolites do not address this central problem of intracellular acyl-CoA accumulation. Treatments usually involve the restriction of dietary precursors and administration of agents like l-carnitine and glycine, which can accept the transfer of acyl groups from acyl-CoA, liberating CoASH. Many hereditary CASTOR patients are chronically ill, with persistent symptoms and continuously abnormal metabolites in blood and urine despite good compliance with treatment. Conversely, asymptomatic patients are also common in hereditary CASTOR conditions. Future challenges include the understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms in CASTOR diseases, the discovery of reliable predictors of outcome in individual patients and the establishment of therapeutic trials with sufficient numbers of patients to permit solid therapeutic conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Mitchell
- Division of Medical Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine Road, Montréal, Que., Canada H1R 2A6.
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Zhang YM, Chohnan S, Virga KG, Stevens RD, Ilkayeva OR, Wenner BR, Bain JR, Newgard CB, Lee RE, Rock CO, Jackowski S. Chemical knockout of pantothenate kinase reveals the metabolic and genetic program responsible for hepatic coenzyme A homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:291-302. [PMID: 17379144 PMCID: PMC1892532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is the major acyl group carrier in intermediary metabolism. Hopantenate (HoPan), a competitive inhibitor of the pantothenate kinases, was used to chemically antagonize CoA biosynthesis. HoPan dramatically reduced liver CoA and mice developed severe hypoglycemia. Insulin was reduced, glucagon and corticosterone were elevated, and fasting accelerated hypoglycemia. Metabolic profiling revealed a large increase in acylcarnitines, illustrating the role of carnitine in buffering acyl groups to maintain the nonesterified CoASH level. HoPan triggered significant changes in hepatic gene expression that substantially increased the thioesterases, which liberate CoASH from acyl-CoA, and increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1, which prevents the conversion of CoASH to acetyl-CoA. These results identify the metabolic rearrangements that maintain the CoASH pool which is critical to mitochondrial functions, including gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and the tricarboxylic acid and urea cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Shigeru Chohnan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
- *Address correspondence to: Suzanne Jackowski, Ph.D., Department of Infectious Diseases, Protein Science Division St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794, Voice: 901 495-3494, Fax: 901 495-3099,
| | - Kristopher G. Virga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Robert D. Stevens
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27704
| | - Olga R. Ilkayeva
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27704
| | - Brett R. Wenner
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27704
| | - James R. Bain
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27704
| | - Christopher B. Newgard
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27704
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Charles O. Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Suzanne Jackowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
- *Address correspondence to: Suzanne Jackowski, Ph.D., Department of Infectious Diseases, Protein Science Division St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794, Voice: 901 495-3494, Fax: 901 495-3099,
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Yoshioka K, Shimojo N, Nakanishi T, Naka K, Okuda K. Measurements of urinary adipic acid and suberic acid using high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 655:189-93. [PMID: 8081464 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)80022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific method was developed for measuring medium-chain dicarboxylic acids (adipic and suberic acid) in urine. These acids were extracted from urine with diethyl ether and converted into fluorescent derivatives with 9-anthryldiazomethane, which can be separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The reproducibility was high and the recovery from urine was above 90%. Urinary concentrations of adipic acid in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were significantly higher than those in control rats. In diabetic patients, both adipic acid and suberic acid tended to be high, but not significantly. This method should be useful for measuring dicarboxylic acids in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshioka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan
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