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Watts AG. Structure and function in the conceptual development of mammalian neuroendocrinology between 1920 and 1965. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 66:174-204. [PMID: 20637232 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the growing realization in the 1930s that the brain played a crucial role in regulating the secretions of the pituitary gland, neuroendocrinology as we now know it developed from two rather separate directions. One approach relied heavily on morphological techniques to define neurosecretion; a novel, but for many years flawed model that was originally developed to explain the presence of gland-like cells in the diencephalon. During its first 20 years neurosecretion, as a concept, made no significant contribution to our understanding of how the pituitary was controlled. Then, following the identification by Sanford Palay and Wolfgang Bargmann of a continuous neurosecretory pathway from the hypothalamus to the neural lobe, neurosecretion became incorporated into a more broadly based concept of pituitary function, particularly regarding the neural lobe. The second approach integrated structural and functional methods to investigate neural regulation of the pituitary. This work eventually explained how the pituitary was controlled by the brain. It led directly to our understanding of the control of vasopressin and oxytocin release by neuroendocrine terminals in the neural lobe, the neurohumoral control of the pars distalis, and eventually to a detailed description of the neural networks that control pituitary function. As increasingly sophisticated morphological, neurophysiological, and eventually molecular biological techniques were applied to the problem, the original notion of the diencephalic gland and neurosecretion became unsustainable. The gland-nerve cells of the 1930s became the neurosecretory cells of the 1940s and 1950s, and then finally neuroendocrine neurons in the 1960s. From then on neuroendocrinology developed into the more unified discipline we know today. The chronology of these two approaches will be examined here using examples from research that occurred approximately between 1920 and 1965. The goal is not to give a comprehensive history of pituitary function or neuroendocrinology. Instead, the focus will be to compare the rationales and effectiveness of two contrasting experimental approaches: predominantly structural analyses as opposed to more integrated approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, The USC College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2520, USA.
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Clarac F, Pearlstein E. Invertebrate preparations and their contribution to neurobiology in the second half of the 20th century. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:113-61. [PMID: 17500093 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review summarized the contribution to neurobiology achieved through the use of invertebrate preparations in the second half of the 20th century. This fascinating period was preceded by pioneers who explored a wide variety of invertebrate phyla and developed various preparations appropriate for electrophysiological studies. Their work advanced general knowledge about neuronal properties (dendritic, somatic, and axonal excitability; pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms). The study of invertebrates made it possible to identify cell bodies in different ganglia, and monitor their operation in the course of behavior. In the 1970s, the details of central neural circuits in worms, molluscs, insects, and crustaceans were characterized for the first time and well before equivalent findings were made in vertebrate preparations. The concept and nature of a central pattern generator (CPG) have been studied in detail, and the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) is a fine example, having led to many major developments since it was first examined. The final part of the review is a discussion of recent neuroethological studies that have addressed simple cognitive functions and confirmed the utility of invertebrate models. After presenting our invertebrate "mice," the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, our conclusion, based on arguments very different from those used fifty years ago, is that invertebrate models are still essential for acquiring insight into the complexity of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Clarac
- P3M, CNRS, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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Whittle AC, Golding DW. Further observations on the fine structure of the infracerebral gland inNereis(Annelida; Polychaeta) - C2and C3cells; centripetal and centrifugal fibers. J Morphol 2005; 150:1-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051500102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Newcomb RW, Scheller RH. Regulated release of multiple peptides from the bag cell neurons of Aplysia californica. Brain Res 1990; 521:229-37. [PMID: 2207662 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91547-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The bag cell neurons of Aplysia californica synthesize and store large amounts of peptides derived from the egg-laying-hormone (ELH) neuropeptide precursor. Different sets of peptides derived from the amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions of the prohormone possess unique biological activities, and are packaged in distinct sets of secretory granules. We report here quantitative measurements of the amounts of the peptide products stored in and released from the bag cell neurons using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and amino acid composition analysis. These studies demonstrate that both the autocrine acting bag cell peptides (BCPs) and ELH are released coincident with electrical activity in the bag cell cluster. The composition of the released peptide mixture is similar to that stored in the bag cells. ELH and other carboxy-terminal derived peptides are most often present at 5-fold greater levels than the BCPs. These results provide further insight into the use of multiple chemical messengers by the bag cell neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Newcomb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305
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Cooke IM. Studies on the crustacean cardiac ganglion. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1988; 91:205-18. [PMID: 2905221 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(88)90188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. An overview of studies on the decapod crustacean cardiac ganglion is given emphasizing contributions to questions of general interest in cellular neurophysiology. 2. John Welsh, in 1951, introduced this 9-celled, semi-autonomous ganglion as a preparation offering physiologists unique experimental possibilities. 3. It exhibits remarkable reliability and stability in rhythmic pattern generation. The neurons show endogenous burst-forming capability mediated by "driver potentials". 4. These regenerative, Ca-mediated potentials are restricted to the soma, while impulse-generating membrane is segregated to the distal axon. 5. Thus, voltage-clamp analysis of the ionic currents underlying the burst-forming potentials is possible by isolating the soma with a ligature. 6. The isolated ganglion is spontaneously active, but the normal mechanism of pacemaking remains to be clarified, including the possible contribution of stretch-sensitive dendrites. 7. The activity of the ganglion is subject to modulation by neurohumors. These include the transmitter at intraganglionic synapses, transmitters of the pair of inhibitory and the two pairs of acceleratory fibers, and neurohormones released from the pericardial organs. The transmitters are not established. 8. Effects on the ganglion of substances isolated from the pericardial organs have been described. 9. These include 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, octopamine, and two peptides. 10. One of these, proctolin, produces a long-lasting sequence of effects. 11. The work continues to raise new questions for which the ganglion offers excellent research material.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Cooke
- Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822
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Wilkens JL. Cardiac and circulatory control in decapod Crustacea with comparisons to molluscs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01952215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bloemen R, Beenakkers A, de Vlieger T. Influences of the ncc axons on electrical activity in the glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(86)90622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Benson JA, Sullivan RE, Watson WH, Augustine GJ. The neuropeptide proctolin acts directly on Limulus cardiac muscle to increase the amplitude of contraction. Brain Res 1981; 213:449-54. [PMID: 6113877 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The pentapeptide proctolin increases the amplitude of contraction but not heart beat frequency of the isolated heart of Limulus polyphemus. It acts directly on the heart muscle and has no effects on the neurones of the cardiac ganglion or on the cardiac neuromuscular EJPs. A peptide with molecular weight, enzymatic susceptibilities and physiological effects similar to those of proctolin occurs in the Limulus cardiac ganglion. It is suggested that proctolin, or a family of proctolin-like peptides, may modulate muscle contraction in more than one subphylum of the Arthropoda.
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Livingstone MS, Schaeffer SF, Kravitz EA. Biochemistry and ultrastructure of serotonergic nerve endings in the lobster: serotonin and octopamine are contained in different nerve endings. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1981; 12:27-54. [PMID: 6782192 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480120104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this article we report that the distribution of serotonin in the lobster nervous system parallels the distribution of octopamine and that the same tissues that contain endogenous serotonin can synthesize it from tryptophan. Octopamine and serotonin are highly concentrated in a neurosecretory region of the second thoracic roots in association with a group of neurosecretory cells. The roots possess separate high-affinity uptake systems for both serotonin and tryptophan. Radioactive serotonin, accumulated in tissues during incubations with either tritiated serotonin or tritiated tryptophan, can be released, in a calcium-dependent manner, by depolarization with potassium. A detailed morphological examination of the second thoracic roots shows four distinct categories of nerve endings in the vicinity of the neurosecretory cells. Octopamine is synthesized in one of these types of endings and serotonin in another. The high-affinity uptake systems for serotonin and tryptophan are found only in association with the endings that make serotonin. These endings and all the biochemical parameters of serotonin metabolism in the roots are selectively destroyed by previous injection of animals with the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine.
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Benson JA. Synaptic and regenerative responses of cardiac muscle fibres in the crab,Portunus sanguinolentus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00611172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sullivan RE. Stimulus-coupled 3H-serotonin release from identified neurosecretory fibers in the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus. Life Sci 1978; 22:1429-38. [PMID: 672407 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(78)90637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Berlind A. Cellular dynamics in invertebrate neurosecretory systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1977; 49:171-251. [PMID: 324940 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Orchard I, Finlayson LH. The electrical activity of mechanoreceptive and neurosecretory neurons in the stick insectCarausim morosus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00656741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Berlind A. Neurohemal organ extracts effect the ventilation oscillator in crustaceans. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1976; 195:165-70. [PMID: 1255120 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401950117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of the pericardial organs of crabs injected into intact animals cause an increase in the frequency of scaphognathite beating. The active factor is not dopamine of 5-hydroxytryptamine, which are present in pericardial organs; it is probably a peptide. The factor may represent a hormonal mechanism of coordinating heart rate and ventilation.
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Finlayson LH, Osborne MP. Secretory activity of neurons and related electrical activity. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 6:165-258. [PMID: 1092143 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-011506-8.50009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Central control of cardiac and scaphognathite pacemakers in the crab,Cancer magister. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00698370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Peripherally and centrally generated action potentials in neurons with both a motor and a neurosecretory function in the insectRhodnius prolixus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00694269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Andrews PM. Ultrastructural study of the pericardial organ-anterior ramifications complex neurosecretory terminals. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 144:309-24. [PMID: 4362200 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Berlind A, Cooke IM. The role of divalent cations in electrically elicited release of a neurohormone from crab pericardial organs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1971; 17:60-72. [PMID: 5559135 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(71)90154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Iwasaki S, Satow Y. Sodium- and calcium-dependent spike potentials in the secretory neuron soma of the X-organ of the crayfish. J Gen Physiol 1971; 57:216-36. [PMID: 5543419 PMCID: PMC2203075 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.57.2.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane characteristics of neuron somata in the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ of crayfish have been investigated with intracellular glass microelectrodes. The soma membrane developed action potentials with 10-20 mv of overshoot. Delayed rectification appeared at 10-20 mv above resting membrane potential. In 50% of the neuron somata examined, action potentials were observed in Na-free medium or TTX medium. The peak potential level of the spike in these media depended on the extracellular concentration of Ca ion. It increased with the Ca concentration. In low calcium media, the peak potential level of the spike varied with Na concentration. Action potentials of the X-organ-sinus gland tract disappeared after bathing in Na-free or TTX medium, suggesting that the conductive action potential was dependent on Na ions. From these results, it is concluded that there are two systems in the neuron soma, one of which responds to the Na ion and the other, to the Ca ion. Inhibitory innervation of the X-organ by the cerebral ganglion was manifested by IPSP's when the optic peduncle was stimulated. A postulated connection between the Ca-dependent spike and the release of hormone in X-organ neuron somata is discussed.
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Terwilliger RC, Terwilliger NB, Clay GA, Belamarich FA. The subcellular localization of a cardioexcitatory peptide in the pericardial organs of the crab, Cancer borealis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1970; 15:70-9. [PMID: 5457019 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(70)90098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Taylor EW. Spontaneous activity in the cardioaccelerator nerves of the crayfish, Astacus pallipes lereboullet. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1970; 33:859-69. [PMID: 4316218 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(70)90034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Normann TC, Duve H. Experimentally induced release of a neurohormone influencing hemolymph trehalose level in Calliphora erythrocephala (Diptera). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1969; 12:449-59. [PMID: 5769934 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(69)90161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Berlind A, Cooke IM. Effect of calcium omission on neurosecretion and electrical activity of crab pericardial organs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1968; 11:458-63. [PMID: 5682917 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(68)90100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Rózsa KS, Nagy IZ. Physiological and histochemical evidence for neuroendocrine regulation of heart activity in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis L. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1967; 23:373-82. [PMID: 6080501 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(67)90393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Cottrell GA, Welsh ME. Effects of synthetic eledoisin and bradykinin on certain invertebrate preparations and the isolated frog heart. Nature 1966; 212:838-9. [PMID: 5988221 DOI: 10.1038/212838a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Fridberg G, Iwasaki S, Yagi K, Bern HA, Wilson DM, Nishioka RS. Relation of impulse conduction to electrically induced release of neurosecretory material from the urophysis of the teleost fish Tilapia mossambica. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1966; 161:137-49. [PMID: 5916402 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401610113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Yagi K, Bern HA. Electrophysiologic analysis of the response of the caudal neurosecretory system of Tilapia mossambica to osmotic manipulations. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1965; 5:509-26. [PMID: 5865354 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(65)90040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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