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Effects of Dufulin on Oxidative Stress and Metabolomic Profile of Tubifex. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060381. [PMID: 34208357 PMCID: PMC8231163 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dufulin is a highly effective antiviral pesticide used in plants. In this study, a seven-day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Dufulin at five different concentrations (1 × 10−4, 1 × 10−3, 1 × 10−2, 0.1, and 1 mg/L) on Tubifex. LC-MS-based metabolome analysis detected a total of 5356 features in positive and 9110 features in negative, of which 41 showed significant changes and were identified as differential metabolites. Four metabolic pathways were selected for further study. Detailed analysis revealed that Dufulin exposure affected the urea cycle of Tubifex, probably via argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) inhibition. It also affected the fatty acid metabolism, leading to changes in the concentration of free fatty acids in Tubifex. Furthermore, the changes in metabolites after exposure to Dufulin at 1 × 10−2 mg/L were different from those at the other concentrations.
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Abstract
Metabolism consists of a series of reactions that occur within cells of living organisms to sustain life. The process of metabolism involves many interconnected cellular pathways to ultimately provide cells with the energy required to carry out their function. The importance and the evolutionary advantage of these pathways can be seen as many remain unchanged by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. In eukaryotes, the metabolic pathways occur within the cytosol and mitochondria of cells with the utilisation of glucose or fatty acids providing the majority of cellular energy in animals. Metabolism is organised into distinct metabolic pathways to either maximise the capture of energy or minimise its use. Metabolism can be split into a series of chemical reactions that comprise both the synthesis and degradation of complex macromolecules known as anabolism or catabolism, respectively. The basic principles of energy consumption and production are discussed, alongside the biochemical pathways that make up fundamental metabolic processes for life.
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Arginase Activity in Eisenia andrei Coelomocytes: Function in the Earthworm Innate Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073687. [PMID: 33916228 PMCID: PMC8037997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase is the manganese metalloenzyme catalyzing the conversion of l-arginine to l-ornithine and urea. In vertebrates, arginase is involved in the immune response, tissue regeneration, and wound healing and is an important marker of alternative anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages. In invertebrates, data concerning the role of arginase in these processes are very limited. Therefore, in the present study, we focused on the changes in arginase activity in the coelomocytes of Eisenia andrei. We studied the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), heavy metals ions (e.g., Mn2+), parasite infection, wound healing, and short-term fasting (5 days) on arginase activity. For the first time in earthworms, we described arginase activity in the coelomocytes and found that it can be up-regulated upon in vitro stimulation with LPS and H2O2 and in the presence of Mn2+ ions. Moreover, arginase activity was also up-regulated in animals in vivo infected with nematodes or experiencing segment amputation, but not in fasting earthworms. Furthermore, we confirmed that the activity of coelomocyte arginase can be suppressed by l-norvaline. Our studies strongly suggest that similarly to the vertebrates, also in the earthworms, coelomocyte arginase is an important element of the immune response and wound healing processes.
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Zeibich L, Guhl J, Drake HL. Impact of water content and dietary organic carbon richness on gut bacteria in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. FEMS MICROBES 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTMany higher and lower animal gut ecosystems have complex resident microbial communities. In contrast, ingested soil is the primary source of the gut microbial diversity of earthworms, invertebrates of fundamental importance to the terrestrial biosphere. Earthworms also harbor a few endemic bacteria including Tenericutes-affiliated Candidatus Lumbricincola of unknown function. Gut microbes are subject to nutrient fluctuations due to dilution effects during gut passage, the nutrient richness of the anoxic gut, and dietary organic carbon, factors that could alter their activity/detection. This study's objective was to assess the potential impact of these factors on the occurrence and activity of ingested and endemic bacteria in gut content of Lumbricus terrestris. Fermentation product profiles of anoxic undiluted and diluted gut content treatments were similar, suggesting that experimental increase in water content and nutrient dilution had marginal impact on fermentation. However, 16S ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (16S rRNA) sequence abundances indicated that stimulated bacterial taxa were not identical in undiluted and diluted treatments, with dominate potentially functionally redundant phylotypes being affiliated to the Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria. Although the earthworm-associated Tenericutes were not stimulated in these treatments, the occurrence of three Tenericutes-affiliated phylotypes varied with the organic carbon richness of the earthworm diet, with two phylotypes being associated with high organic carbon richness. 16S rRNA sequence abundances indicated that other dominant gut taxa also varied with dietary organic carbon richness. These findings illustrate that functionally redundant ingested bacteria and earthworm-associated Tenericutes might be influenced by nutrient fluctuations in the gut and organic carbon richness of the earthworm diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Zeibich
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Dr.-Hans-Frisch Strasse 1-3, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jennifer Guhl
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Dr.-Hans-Frisch Strasse 1-3, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Harold L Drake
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Dr.-Hans-Frisch Strasse 1-3, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Larsen EH, Deaton LE, Onken H, O'Donnell M, Grosell M, Dantzler WH, Weihrauch D. Osmoregulation and Excretion. Compr Physiol 2014; 4:405-573. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Srivastava S, Ratha BK. Unusual hepatic mitochondrial arginase in an Indian air-breathing teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis: purification and characterization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012. [PMID: 23195132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A functional urea cycle with both cytosolic (ARG I) and mitochondrial (ARG II) arginase activity is present in the liver of an ureogenic air-breathing teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis. Antibodies against mammalian ARG II showed no cross-reactivity with the H. fossilis ARG II. ARG II was purified to homogeneity from H. fossilis liver. Purified ARG II showed a native molecular mass of 96 kDa. SDS-PAGE showed a major band at 48 kDa. The native enzyme, therefore, appears to be a homodimer. The pI value of the enzyme was 7.5. The purified enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 10.5 and 55 °C. The K(m) of purified ARG II for l-arginine was 5.25±1.12 mM. L-Ornithine and N(ω)-hydroxy-L-arginine showed mixed inhibition with K(i) values 2.16±0.08 and 0.02±0.004 mM respectively. Mn(+2) and Co(+2) were effective activators of arginase activity. Antibody raised against purified H. fossilis ARG II did not cross-react with fish ARG I, and mammalian ARG I and ARG II. Western blot with the antibodies against purified H. fossilis hepatic ARG II showed cross reactivity with a 96 kDa band on native PAGE and a 48 kDa band on SDS-PAGE. The molecular, immunological and kinetic properties suggest uniqueness of the hepatic mitochondrial ARG II in H. fossilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpee Srivastava
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.
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Bayley M, Overgaard J, Høj A, Malmendal A, Nielsen N, Holmstrup M, Wang T. Metabolic Changes during Estivation in the Common Earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa. Physiol Biochem Zool 2010; 83:541-50. [DOI: 10.1086/651459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Srivastava S, Ratha B. Does fish represent an intermediate stage in the evolution of ureotelic cytosolic arginase I? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 391:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Haskins N, Panglao M, Qu Q, Majumdar H, Cabrera-Luque J, Morizono H, Tuchman M, Caldovic L. Inversion of allosteric effect of arginine on N-acetylglutamate synthase, a molecular marker for evolution of tetrapods. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2008; 9:24. [PMID: 18801197 PMCID: PMC2566978 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The efficient conversion of ammonia, a potent neurotoxin, into non-toxic metabolites was an essential adaptation that allowed animals to move from the aquatic to terrestrial biosphere. The urea cycle converts ammonia into urea in mammals, amphibians, turtles, snails, worms and many aquatic animals and requires N-acetylglutamate (NAG), an essential allosteric activator of carbamylphosphate synthetase I (CPSI) in mammals and amphibians, and carbamylphosphate synthetase III (CPSIII) in fish and invertebrates. NAG-dependent CPSI and CPSIII catalyze the formation of carbamylphosphate in the first and rate limiting step of ureagenesis. NAG is produced enzymatically by N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS), which is also found in bacteria and plants as the first enzyme of arginine biosynthesis. Arginine is an allosteric inhibitor of microbial and plant NAGS, and allosteric activator of mammalian NAGS. Results Information from mutagenesis studies of E. coli and P. aeruginosa NAGS was combined with structural information from the related bacterial N-acetylglutamate kinases to identify four residues in mammalian NAGS that interact with arginine. Substitutions of these four residues were engineered in mouse NAGS and into the vertebrate-like N-acetylglutamate synthase-kinase (NAGS-K) of Xanthomonas campestris, which is inhibited by arginine. All mutations resulted in arginine losing the ability to activate mouse NAGS, and inhibit X. campestris NAGS-K. To examine at what point in evolution inversion of arginine effect on NAGS occur, we cloned NAGS from fish and frogs and examined the arginine response of their corresponding proteins. Fish NAGS were partially inhibited by arginine and frog NAGS were activated by arginine. Conclusion Difference in arginine effect on bacterial and mammalian NAGS most likely stems from the difference in the type of conformational change triggered by arginine binding to these proteins. The change from arginine inhibition of NAGS to activation was gradual, from complete inhibition of bacterial NAGS, to partial inhibition of fish NAGS, to activation of frog and mammalian NAGS. This change also coincided with the conquest of land by amphibians and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantaporn Haskins
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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McDonald MD, Smith CP, Walsh PJ. The physiology and evolution of urea transport in fishes. J Membr Biol 2007; 212:93-107. [PMID: 17264987 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-006-0869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes what is currently known about urea transporters in fishes in the context of their physiology and evolution within the vertebrates. The existence of urea transporters has been investigated in red blood cells and hepatocytes of fish as well as in renal and branchial cells. Little is known about urea transport in red blood cells and hepatocytes, in fact, urea transporters are not believed to be present in the erythrocytes of elasmobranchs nor in teleost fish. What little physiological evidence there is for urea transport across fish hepatocytes is not supported by molecular evidence and could be explained by other transporters. In contrast, early findings on elasmobranch renal urea transporters were the impetus for research in other organisms. Urea transport in both the elasmobranch kidney and gill functions to retain urea within the animal against a massive concentration gradient with the environment. Information on branchial and renal urea transporters in teleost fish is recent in comparison but in teleosts urea transporters appear to function for excretion and not retention as in elasmobranchs. The presence of urea transporters in fish that produce a copious amount of urea, such as elasmobranchs and ureotelic teleosts, is reasonable. However, the existence of urea transporters in ammoniotelic fish is curious and could likely be due to their ability to manufacture urea early in life as a means to avoid ammonia toxicity. It is believed that the facilitated diffusion urea transporter (UT) gene family has undergone major evolutionary changes, likely in association with the role of urea transport in the evolution of terrestriality in the vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D McDonald
- NIEHS Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149-1098, USA.
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Ratner S. Enzymes of arginine and urea synthesis. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 39:1-90. [PMID: 4355767 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122846.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hiong KC, Loong AM, Chew SF, Ip YK. Increases in urea synthesis and the ornithine-urea cycle capacity in the giant African snail,Achatina fulica, during fasting or aestivation, or after the injection with ammonium chloride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 303:1040-53. [PMID: 16254923 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to determine whether a full complement of ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) enzymes is present in the hepatopancreas of the giant African snail Achatina fulica, and to investigate whether the rate of urea synthesis and the OUC capacity can be up-regulated during 23 days of fasting or aestivation, or 24 hr post-injection with NH(4)Cl (10 micromol g(-1) snail) into the foot muscle. A. fulica is ureotelic and a full complement of OUC enzymes, including carbamoyl phosphate synthetase III (CPS III), was detected from its hepatopancreas. There were significant increases in the excretion of NH(4)(+), NH(3) and urea in fasting A. fulica. Fasting had no significant effect on the tissue ammonia contents, but led to a progressive accumulation of urea, which was associated with an 18-fold increase in the rate of urea synthesis. Because fasting took place in the presence of water and because there was no change in water contents in the foot muscle and hepatopancreas, it can be concluded that the function of urea accumulation in fasting A. fulica was unrelated to water retention. Aestivation in arid conditions led to a non-progressive accumulation of urea in A. fulica. During the first 4 days and the last 3 days of the 23-day aestivation period, experimental snails exhibited significantly greater rates of urea synthesis compared with fasted snails. These increases were associated with significant increases in activities of various OUC enzymes, except CPS III, in the hepatopancreas. However, the overall urea accumulation in snails aestivated and snails fasted for 23 days were comparable. Therefore, the classical hypothesis that urea accumulation occurred to prevent water loss through evaporation during aestivation in terrestrial pulmonates may not be valid. Surprisingly, there were no accumulations of ammonia in the foot muscle and hepatopancreas of A. fulica 12 or 24 hr after NH(4)Cl was injected into the foot muscle. In contrast, the urea content in the foot muscle of A. fulica increased 4.5- and 33-fold at hour 12 and hour 24, respectively, and the respective increases in the hepatopancreas were 4.9- and 32-fold. The exogenous ammonia injected into A. fulica was apparently detoxified completely to urea. The urea synthesis rate increased 148-fold within the 24-hr experimental period, which could be the greatest increase known among animals. Simultaneously, there were significant increases in activities of glutamine synthetase (2.5-fold), CPS III (3.1-fold), ornithine transcarbamoylase (2.3-fold), argininosuccinate synthetase+lyase (13.6-fold) and arginase (3.5-fold) in the hepatopancreas 12 hr after the injection of NH(4)Cl. Taken altogether, our results support the view that the primary function of urea synthesis through the OUC in A. fulica is to defend against ammonia toxicity, but suggest that urea may have more than an excretory role in terrestrial pulmonates capable of aestivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kum Chew Hiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Hiong KC, Peh WYX, Loong AM, Wong WP, Chew SF, Ip YK. Exposure to air, but not seawater, increases the glutamine content and the glutamine synthetase activity in the marsh clamPolymesoda expansa. J Exp Biol 2004; 207:4605-14. [PMID: 15579556 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYPolymesoda expansa spends a considerable portion of its life exposed to air in mangrove swamps where salinity fluctuates greatly. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerial exposure (transfer from 10‰ brackish water directly to air) or salinity changes (transfer from 10‰ brackish water directly to 30‰ seawater) on nitrogen metabolism in P. expansa. We concluded that P. expansa is non-ureogenic because carbamoyl phosphate (CPS) III activity was undetectable in the adductor muscle, foot muscle, hepatopancreas and mantle when exposed to brackish water (control), seawater or air for 17 days. It is ammonotelic as it excretes nitrogenous wastes mainly as ammonia in brackish water or seawater. After transfer to seawater for 17 days, the contents of total free amino acids(TFAA) in the adductor muscle, foot muscle, hepatopancreas and mantle increased significantly. This could be related to an increase in protein degradation because exposure to seawater led to a greater rate of ammonia excretion on days 15 and 17, despite unchanged tissue ammonia contents. Alanine was the major free amino acid (FAA) in P. expansa. The contribution of alanine to the TFAA pool in various tissues increased from 43–48% in brackish water to 62–73% in seawater. In contrast, in clams exposed to air for 17 days there were no changes in alanine content in any of the tissues studied. Thus, the functional role of alanine in P. expansa is mainly connected with intracellular osmoregulation. Although 8.5–16.1% of the TFAA pool of P. expansa was attributable to glutamine, the glutamine contents in the adductor muscle, foot muscle,hepatopancreas and mantle were unaffected by 17 days of exposure to seawater. However, after exposure to air for 17 days, there were significant increases in ammonia content in all these tissues in P. expansa, accompanied by significant increases in glutamine content (2.9-, 2.5-, 4.5- and 3.4-fold,respectively). Simultaneously, there were significant increases in glutamine synthetase activities in the adductor muscle (1.56-fold) and hepatopancreas(3.8-fold). This is the first report on the accumulation of glutamine associated with an upregulation of glutamine synthetase in a bivalve species in response to aerial exposure, and these results reveal that the evolution of glutamine synthesis as a means for detoxification of ammonia first occurred among invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kum C Hiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
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Ip YK, Tam WL, Wong WP, Loong AM, Hiong KC, Ballantyne JS, Chew SF. A comparison of the effects of environmental ammonia exposure on the Asian freshwater stingray Himantura signifer and the Amazonian freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro. J Exp Biol 2003; 206:3625-33. [PMID: 12966054 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The white-edge whip tail ray Himantura signifer inhabits a freshwater environment but has retained the capability to synthesize urea de novo through the arginine-ornithine-urea cycle (OUC). The present study aimed to elucidate whether the capacity of urea synthesis in H. signifer could be upregulated in response to environmental ammonia exposure. When H. signifer was exposed to environmental ammonia, fairly high concentrations of ammonia were accumulated in the plasma and other tissues. This would subsequently reduce the net influx of exogenous ammonia by reducing the NH(3) partial pressure gradient across the branchial and body surfaces. There was also an increase in the OUC capacity in the liver. Since the ammonia produced endogenously could not be excreted effectively in the presence of environmental ammonia, it was detoxified into urea through the OUC. In comparison, the South American freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro, which has lost the capability to synthesize urea de novo, was unable to detoxify ammonia to urea during ammonia loading. No increase in glutamine was observed in the various tissues of H. signifer exposed to environmental ammonia despite a significant increase in the hepatic glutamine synthetase activity. These results indicate that the excess glutamine formed was channelled completely into urea formation through carbamoyl phosphate synthetase III. It has been reported elsewhere that both urea synthesis and urea retention were upregulated in H. signifer exposed to 20 per thousand water for osmoregulatory purposes. By contrast, for H. signifer exposed to environmental ammonia in freshwater, the excess urea formed was excreted to the external medium instead. This suggests that the effectiveness of urea synthesis de novo as a strategy to detoxify ammonia is determined not simply by an increase in the capacity of urea synthesis but, more importantly, by the ability of the animal to control the direction (i.e. absorption or excretion) and rate of urea transport. Our results suggest that such a strategy began to develop in those elasmobranchs, e.g. H. signifer, that migrate into a freshwater environment from the sea but not in those permanently adapted to a freshwater environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen K Ip
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.
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Natesan S, Jayasundaramma B, Ramamurthi R, Reddy SR. Presence of a partial urea cycle in the leech, Poecilobdella granulosa. EXPERIENTIA 1992; 48:729-31. [PMID: 1516677 DOI: 10.1007/bf02124288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) and arginase, but not arginine synthetase (AS), were detected in the body wall and gut tissues of the leech. The activities of these enzymes were not altered by starvation. The high activity of arginase in body wall is probably due to the association of the latter with botryoidal tissue. Hirudineans, which evolved from oligochaete ancestors, appear to have lost the citrulline-arginine segment of the urea cycle due to their ammonotelic mode of nitrogen excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Natesan
- Department of Zoology, University of Poona, Pune, India
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Evolution of mitochondrial enzyme systems in fish: the mitochondrial synthesis of glutamine and citrulline. PHYLOGENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVES 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-89124-2.50007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Prentø P. Distribution of glutamate dehydrogenase in the intestine of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris), and some physiological implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Distribution of arginase and other ornithine cycle enzymes in the gut of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L., and some physiological and comparative implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(89)90368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Prentø P. Distribution of 20 enzymes in the midgut region of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L., with particular emphasis on the physiological role of the chloragog tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(87)90436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Iino T, Shimadate T. Purification and properties of gut arginase from earthworm Pheretima communissima. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(86)90335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stankiewicz AJ. Direct deamination of AMP, ADP, ATP and NADH by non-specific adenylate deaminase in the foot muscle of the snail Helix pomatia. Biochem J 1983; 215:39-44. [PMID: 6626180 PMCID: PMC1152361 DOI: 10.1042/bj2150039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous adenylate deaminase from snail foot muscle deaminated 5'-AMP, 5'-ADP, 5'-ATP and NADH with similar velocity and affinity to all substrates. At millimolar concentration NAD+ was also deaminated to a comparable extent, but NADP+, NADPH and FAD were not substrates for the snail enzyme. The amount of deaminase activity per g of fresh tissue is 5-10 times greater than in the muscle of any other species studied. The activity of the snail deaminase is regulated by pH, KCl and buffer concentrations, and Pi; however, regulation seems to be very poor in comparison with that of muscle deaminases from other species, specific to 5'-AMP. Snail enzyme appears as the first animal deaminase so far described that has such characteristics. It offers also some opportunities as an analytical tool as a consequence of its very high affinity toward adenylates.
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Mathieu M, Bergeron JP, Alayse Danet AM. L'aspartate transcarbamylase, indice d'activité gametogénétique chez la mouleMytilus edulisL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1080/01651269.1982.10553487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Horne FB, Beck S. Purine production during fasting in the slug,Limax flavus linne. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402090211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Becker W, Schmale H. The ammonia and urea excretion of Biomphalaria glabrata under different physiological conditions: starvation, infection with Schistosoma mansoni, dry keeping. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 59:75-9. [PMID: 299641 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(78)90273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Becker
- Zoological Institute, Hamburg University, Germany
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Yamin M, Crawford DR, Minor M, Bishop SH. Arginine and urea biosynthesis in the lugworm, Arenicola cristata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(77)90148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Schmale H, Becker W. Studies on the urea cycle of Biomphalaria glabrata during normal feeding activity, in starvation and with infection of schistosoma mansoni. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(77)90176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Crandall DE, Tremblay GC. Pyrimidine biosynthesis and its regulation in embryos of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 55:571-81. [PMID: 11941 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(76)90020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wright DJ. Studies on nitrogen catabolism in Panagrellus redivivus, Goodey, 1945 (Nematoda: Cephalobidae). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 52:255-60. [PMID: 1175353 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(75)90061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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O'Malley KL, Terwilliger RC. Aspects of nitrogen metabolism in the terebellid polychaete Pista pacifica Berkeley. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1975; 52:367-9. [PMID: 240595 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(75)80102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Koechlin N. Micropuncture studies of urine formation in a marine invertebrate Sabella pavonina savigny (polychaeta: Annelida). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(75)80066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kurelec B. Aspartate transcarbamylase in some parasitic platyhelminths. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 47:33-40. [PMID: 4810368 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(74)90088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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MacDonnell PC, Tillinghast EK. Metabolic sources of ammonia in the earthworm,Lumbricus terrestris L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401850202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tillinghast EK, MacDonnell PC. The distribution of ammonia-generating enzymes along the intestine of the earthworm,Lumbricus terrestris L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401850203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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JONES MARYELLEN. Regulation of Uridylic Acid Biosynthesis in Eukaryotic Cells. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152806-5.50014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hartenstein R. Characteristics of arginase from the freshwater crayfish, Cambarus bartoni. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 40:781-95. [PMID: 5133346 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(71)90152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Jones ME. Regulation of pyrimidine and arginine biosynthesis in mammals. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1971; 9:19-49. [PMID: 4941903 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(71)80036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Tillinghast E, McInnes D, Duffill R. The effect of temperature and water availability on the output of ammonia and urea by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(69)91012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Reddy SR, Campbell JW. Arginine metabolism in insects: Properties of insect fat body arginase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(69)92087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kameyama A, Miura K. Occurrence of arginase in the blowfly, Aldrichina grahami, and changes in its activity in the life cycle. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1968; 76:615-23. [PMID: 4178033 DOI: 10.3109/13813456809058729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Reddy SR, Campbell JW. A low molecular weight arginase in the earthworm. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 159:557-60. [PMID: 5657874 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(68)90145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Campbell JW, Speeg KV. Arginine biosynthesis and metabolism in terrestrial snails. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1968; 25:3-32. [PMID: 5657217 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(68)90911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Watts DC. Variation in enzyme structure and function: the guidelines of evolution. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1968; 3:1-114. [PMID: 4874872 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-395512-8.50007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Campbell JW. A comparative study of molluscan and mammalian arginases. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1966; 18:179-99. [PMID: 6007423 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(66)90343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Campbell JW. Arginine and urea biosynthesis in the land planarian: its significance in biochemical evolution. Nature 1965; 208:1299-301. [PMID: 5870186 DOI: 10.1038/2081299a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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