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The roles of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in cryopreservation. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20191601. [PMID: 31371631 PMCID: PMC6712439 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation has facilitated advancement of biological research by allowing the storage of cells over prolonged periods of time. While cryopreservation at extremely low temperatures would render cells metabolically inactive, cells suffer insults during the freezing and thawing process. Among such insults, the generation of supra-physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) could impair cellular functions and survival. Antioxidants are potential additives that were reported to partially or completely reverse freeze-thaw stress-associated impairments. This review aims to discuss the potential sources of cryopreservation-induced ROS and the effectiveness of antioxidant administration when used individually or in combination.
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Shavandi A, Bekhit AEDA, Saeedi P, Izadifar Z, Bekhit AA, Khademhosseini A. Polyphenol uses in biomaterials engineering. Biomaterials 2018; 167:91-106. [PMID: 29567389 PMCID: PMC5973878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are micronutrients obtained from diet that have been suggested to play an important role in health. The health benefits of polyphenols and their protective effects in food systems as antioxidant compounds are well known and have been extensively investigated. However, their functional roles as a "processing cofactor" in tissue engineering applications are less widely known. This review focuses on the functionality of polyphenols and their application in biomaterials. Polyphenols have been used to stabilize collagen and to improve its resistance to degradation in biological systems. Therefore, they have been proposed to improve the performance of biomedical devices used in cardiovascular systems by improving the mechanical properties of grafted heart valves, enhancing microcirculation through the relaxation of the arterial walls and improving the capillary blood flow and pressure resistance. Polyphenols have been found to stimulate bone formation, mineralization, as well as the proliferation, differentiation, and the survival of osteoblasts. These effects are brought about by the stimulatory effect of polyphenols on osteoblast cells and their protective effect against oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. In addition, polyphenols inhibit the differentiation of the osteoclast cells. Collectively, these actions lead to promote bone formation and to reduce bone resorption, respectively. Moreover, polyphenols can increase the cross-linking of dentine and hence its mechanical stability. Overall, polyphenols provide interesting properties that will stimulate further research in the bioengineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shavandi
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | | | - Pouya Saeedi
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zohreh Izadifar
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adnan A Bekhit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt; Pharmacy Program, Allied Health Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Bahrain, P.O. Box 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Effects of reproductive aging and postovulatory aging on the maintenance of biological competence after oocyte vitrification: insights from the mouse model. Theriogenology 2011; 76:864-73. [PMID: 21705053 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of female reproductive cells allows preservation of fertility and provides materials for research. Although freezing protocols have been optimized, and there is a high survival rate after thawing, the in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy rate is still lower in cycles with cryopreserved oocytes, thus highlighting the importance of identifying intrinsic limiting factors characterizing the cells at time of freezing. The aim of the present study is to investigate in the mouse model the impact of reproductive aging and postovulatory aging on oocyte biological competence after vitrification. Metaphase II oocytes were vitrified soon after retrieval from young and reproductively old mice. Part of the oocytes from young animals was vitrified after 6 h incubation (in vitro aged oocytes). All classes of oocytes showed similar survival rate after vitrification. Moreover, vitrification did not alter chromosomal organization in young cells, whereas in vitro aged and old oocytes presented an increase of slightly aberrant metaphase configurations. Compared to fresh young oocytes, in vitro aged and old oocytes showed increased ROS levels which remained unchanged after vitrification. By contrast, cryopreservation significantly increased ROS production in young oocytes. Both the aging processes negatively impacted oocyte ability to undergo pronucleus formation and first cleavage after vitrification by stimulating cellular fragmentation. These results could be helpful for establishing the correct time table for cryopreservation in the laboratory routine and improving its application in reproductively old females. Moreover, our observations highlight the importance of oxidative stress protection during vitrification procedures.
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Han DW, Park HK, Park YH, Kim TS, Yoon WS, Kim JK, Park JC. Beneficial Effects of Freezing Rate Determined by Indirect Thermophysical Calculation on Cell Viability in Cryopreserved Tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 34:205-21. [PMID: 16537175 DOI: 10.1080/10731190600581742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Many types of mammalian cells, such as sperm, blood, embryos, etc., have been successfully cryopreserved for the last few decades, while no optimal method for the cryopreservation of mammalian tissues or organs has been established, showing a poor survival after thawing with a low recovery of function. In this study, the freezing rate was determined by indirect thermodynamic calculation, and its potential effect on the cryoprotection of human saphenous veins and tissue-engineered bones was investigated. The vein segments were frozen according to the calculated freezing rate, using rate-controlled freezing devices, with a freezing solution composed of 10% dimethylsulphoxide and 20% fetal bovine serum in RPMI 1640 media. The efficacy of indirect calculation was assessed by the cell viability measured using fluorescence double-staining methods. The results indicated that the freezing rate determined by indirect calculation significantly (P < 0.05) maintained the post-thaw cellular viability of the blood vessel, particularly in terms of the endothelial cells. However, it exerted relatively less protective effect on the osteoblastic cell-cultured scaffolds. These results suggest that freezing-induced injuries may occur in tissues, and the freezing rate determined by indirect thermophysical calculation can be used for the optimization of tissue cryopreservation by minimizing the injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Stevenson DJ, Morgan C, McLellan LI, Helen Grant M. Reduced glutathione levels and expression of the enzymes of glutathione synthesis in cryopreserved hepatocyte monolayer cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 21:527-32. [PMID: 17196364 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of monolayers of hepatocytes in a freezing medium containing 10% (v/v) dimethylsulfoxide, 90% (v/v) foetal calf serum retains cell morphology and viability, but cells lose up to 50% of their intracellular reduced glutathione. This is accompanied by a small increase in glutamate cysteine ligase expression in cryopreserved cultures, but glutathione synthetase expression is undetectable post-cryopreservation. Inclusion of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol in the freezing medium improves maintenance of reduced glutathione content post-cryopreservation at 84% of the levels in non-cryopreserved monolayer cultures, but does not restore glutathione synthetase expression. The inability to synthesise reduced glutathione will mean that cryopreserved hepatocyte monolayers are more susceptible to toxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Stevenson
- Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NW, UK
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Han DW, Kim HH, Lee MH, Baek HS, Lee KY, Hyon SH, Park JC. Protection of osteoblastic cells from freeze/thaw cycle-induced oxidative stress by green tea polyphenol. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:655-60. [PMID: 15977073 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-3677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Green tea polyphenol (GTP) together with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) were added to a freezing solution of osteoblastic cells (rat calvarial osteoblasts and human osteosarcoma cells) exposed to repeated freeze/thaw cycles (FTC) to induce oxidative stress. When cells were subjected to 3 FTCs, freezing medium containing 10% (v/v) DMSO and 500 mug GTP ml(-1) significantly (p<0.05) suppressed cell detachment and growth inhibition by over 63% and protected cell morphology. Furthermore, the alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblastic cells was appreciably maintained after 2 and 3 FTCs in this mixture. Polyphenols may thus be of use as a cell cryopreservant and be advantageous in such fields as cell transplantation and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
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Fleck RA, Benson EE, Bremner DH, Day JG. Studies of free radical-mediated cryoinjury in the unicellular green alga Euglena gracilis using a non-destructive hydroxyl radical assay: a novel approach for developing protistan cryopreservation strategies. Free Radic Res 2000; 32:157-70. [PMID: 10653486 DOI: 10.1080/10715760000300161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of cryoconservation methods for the long-term storage of algal cultures is important for the ex situ preservation of biological diversity and the maintenance of genetic stability within this group of important organisms. However, as many unicellular algae are recalcitrant to cryogenic storage, this study aims to evaluate the role of oxidative stress in cryoinjury. A non-invasive, non-destructive assay method previously applied to animal cells has been developed to evaluate free radical mediated oxidative stress in Euglena gracilis exposed to different cryopreservation treatments. The procedure employs dimethyl sulphoxide as a probe for the hydroxyl radical. Adopting this approach it was possible to identify those components of the cryopreservation protocol which were the most damaging. These were identified as preparative centrifugation and sub-zero freezing treatments. Poststorage survival in E. gracilis was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced when the chelating agent desferrioxamine was included in the recovery medium whilst methane production was significantly (P < 0.004) reduced, suggesting that the additive was capable of ameliorating oxidative stress. The potential of using novel, exogenous antioxidant treatments developed for medical applications and applying them to enhance cryopreservation tolerance in recalcitrant unicellular algae is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Fleck
- Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, NERC Institute of Freshwater Ecology, Windermere Laboratory, Ambleside, Cumbria, UK
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Limaye LS. Bone marrow cryopreservation: improved recovery due to bioantioxidant additives in the freezing solution. Stem Cells 1997; 15:353-8. [PMID: 9323797 DOI: 10.1002/stem.150353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
One hypothesis of cryoinjury is the damaging effect of oxygen-free radicals formed during freezing and thawing. Addition of physiologically acceptable antioxidants into the preservation solution improved the cryoprotection of bone marrow cells. Bone marrow nucleated cells were frozen using rate-controlled freezing devices. Antioxidants used in combination with 10% dimethylsulfoxide were alpha tocopheryl acetate, catalase, ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione. The parameters used to assess the efficacy of cryopreservation were viability, nucleated cell recovery, and colony-forming unit assays: granulocyte-macrophage and granulocyte-erythroid-macrophage-megakaryocyte. Results obtained indicate that the first three antioxidants increase the post-thaw recovery of cells, particularly in terms of early and late progenitors. Superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione, however, have no beneficial effect on the preservation. The response of cryopreserved cells to suboptimal concentrations of colony-stimulating factors in in vitro assays was also restored to some extent when the cells were frozen with antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Limaye
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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Dulioust E, Toyama K, Busnel MC, Moutier R, Carlier M, Marchaland C, Ducot B, Roubertoux P, Auroux M. Long-term effects of embryo freezing in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:589-93. [PMID: 7831335 PMCID: PMC42787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.2.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryo cryopreservation does not induce clear-cut anomalies at detectable rates, but several mechanisms exist for nonlethal damage during the freeze-thaw process, and the risk of moderate or delayed consequences has not been extensively investigated. In a long-term study including senescence, we compared cryopreserved and control mice for several quantitative traits. Significant differences were seen in morphophysiological and behavioral features, some of them appearing in elderly subjects. Thus, apart from its immediate toxicity, embryo cryopreservation, without being severely detrimental, may have delayed effects. These results, consistent with other findings, question the neutrality of artificial reproductive technologies and draw attention to the preimplantation stages in developmental toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dulioust
- CHU Bicêtre, Université Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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