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Barak R, Chet I. Lectin ofSclerotium rolfsii: its purification and possible function in fungal-fungal interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb02917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wu CH, Wen CY, Shieh JY, Ling EA. Down-regulation of membrane glycoprotein in amoeboid microglia transforming into ramified microglia in postnatal rat brain. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1994; 23:258-69. [PMID: 8035208 DOI: 10.1007/bf01275530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the ultrastructural localization and labelling pattern of lectin in different microglial cell phenotypes in the postnatal rat brain using the isolectin, GSA I-B4. The nascent round and amoeboid microglial cells (round cells and cells displaying short processes) were labelled at their cytoplasmic membrane and the membrane of the subplasmalemmal vacuoles. In the course of their transformation into ramified forms with age, dense lectin labelling was observed successively at different sites in the differentiating cells. The most striking feature was the staining of the Golgi saccules on the trans face, the trans tubular network and associated vesicles and vacuoles in the 'intermediate' ramified microglia (ramified cells bearing thick and long processes and those with thin and long processes). The vacuoles with accumulated reaction products were closely associated with many microtubules extending into the cytoplasmic processes. At the surface, the lectin-labelled vacuoles and vesicles appeared to fuse with the membrane and their contents communicated with the exterior. In the advanced or most differentiated ramified microglial cells (cells bearing attenuated processes), the lectin staining at all the above mentioned sites became diminished. In conclusion, in the transformation of the round microglia into their ramified derivatives, the glycoconjugates at the cytoplasmic membrane are progressively reduced. It is postulated from this study that the down-regulation of the glycoconjugates of the microglial plasma membrane is due primarily to their internalization during endocytosis. This process would trigger a de novo galactosyl protein synthesis and/or modification at the trans Golgi saccules and trans tubular network probably in an attempt to degrade the internalized membrane glycoproteins or to replenish the consumption of the membrane glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Wu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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Abstract
Both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are considered to have arisen from a common progenitor cell. The plasma membrane of the prokaryotic cell became specialized to carry out functions that the eukaryotic cell delegated to cellular organelles. Thus the plasma membrane of the eukaryotic cell remained flexible to evolutionary influences. Thus, provided the structural integrity of the plasma membrane was maintained, alterations within this infrastructure could be tolerated. This gave rise to basic speciation at the cellular level. Such differences in the plasma membrane of these primitive eukaryotic cells were of no importance until the dawn of sexual reproduction, then only like-cells could associate to exchange genetic information. Thus in the protozoa cell-surface, antigens are demonstrable in mating, whereas alloincompatability is intracellular. With the evolution of the Metazoa, in order for like-cells to identify each other, alloincompatability changed from intracellular expression to become expressed on the plasma membrane. Like-cell identification was derived and evolved from the basic feeding mechanism of primitive eukaryotic cells, which involved the induction of lectins that were expressed at the cell-surface. These lectins were induced by the RNA that was complementary to, and complexed with cell surface components of the organisms upon which the eukaryotic cells fed. This RNA was also inserted along with the lectin in the eukaryotic cell plasma membrane, and acted as a template for DNA synthesis. This DNA was then incorporated into the genome of the eukaryotic cell and it became an inheritable characteristic. Thus these lectins could be expressed intracellularly as well as on the plasma membrane. The intracellular expression of these inheritable lectins may have constituted intracellular-alloincompatibility, as well as being used for feeding by agglutination of the organism on the plasma membrane of the eukaryotic cell. With the development of colony formation and the true metazoa, the cell-surface lectins became incorporated into cell-surface components for the identification of like-cells. This represents, in part, the histocompatability antigens of the organisms. At the same time, the lectins were also being increasingly used for the regulation of differentiation, and for what we would classify as immunological reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B Daunter
- University of Queensland, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston
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Erdos GW, Whitaker D. Failure to detect immunocytochemically reactive endogenous lectin on the cell surface of Dictyostelium discoideum. J Cell Biol 1983; 97:993-1000. [PMID: 6352713 PMCID: PMC2112617 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.97.4.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous lectins of Dictyostelium discoideum, called discoidins I and II, have been implicated in cell cohesion during the associative phase of this organism. In an effort to repeat and extend the studies of these putative cell-surface proteins, we attempted a variety of immunocytochemical techniques. Antibodies to a mixture of the purified discoidins were raised in rabbit. Both living and fixed cells were examined by indirect immunoferritin labeling using whole antiserum and by direct immunolabeling using purified specific IgG adsorbed to colloidal gold. Cells, at the appropriate stage, of strains A3, NC-4, and WS-582 were tested. In no instance were cell surface antigens detected despite meticulous efforts to duplicate the published techniques and to extend and refine them. Specific localization was found only in the cytosol and on the cytoplasmic face of certain endomembrane vesicles, and much less so on outer nuclear and mitochondrial membranes, in inadvertently disrupted cells. In no case was specific label found on either side of the plasma membrane or on food vacuoles. Exogenously supplied discoidins, bound to cells, were successfully localized by our technique. We conclude that the discoidins are not present on the cell surface, or are there in undetectable quantities, during the associative phase. We suggest that previous demonstrations of these proteins at the cell surface were artifacts resulting from the way in which the cells were handled, which caused the binding of externalized discoidins, possibly those released from lysed cells. We believe that the current notion that the discoidins play a direct role in cell cohesion by virtue of their carbohydrate-binding capacity should be reexamined. We suggest that the true role of the discoidins is solely intracellular.
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Discoidin I-membrane interactions III. Interaction of discoidin I with living Dictyostelium discoideum cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(82)90539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Drake DK, Rosen SD. Identification and purification of an endogenous receptor for the lectin pallidin from Polysphondylium pallidum. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1982; 93:383-9. [PMID: 6896517 PMCID: PMC2112866 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.93.2.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the identification and purification of an endogenous carbohydrate-containing receptor of pallidin, the cell surface lectin implicated in mediating cell-cell adhesion in the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium pallidum. The receptor is identified in an aqueous extract of crude P. pallidum membranes as a potent inhibitor of the hemagglutination activity of pallidin. The inhibitor is purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity precipitation with pallidin followed by fractionation of the solubilized precipitate on Sepharose 4B. The hemagglutination inhibitor (HAI) is metabolically radiolabeled, indicating that it is a biosynthetic product of the amoebae and not an ingested food substance. The HAI is released into the extracellular medium by living, differentiated amoebae. This release is markedly facilitated by the addition of D-galactose, a specific saccharide that binds to pallidin. Hence, the HAI appears to have an in situ association with pallidin at the cell surface. Exogenously added HAI promotes the agglutination of differentiated amoebae in a gyrated suspension at very low concentrations. The results are consistent with a model of cell-cell adhesion in which the HAI is a multivalent, extracellular aggregation factor that is recognized by pallidin molecules on adjacent cells. The HAI would then be analogues to the aggregation factors identified in marine sponges.
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Armant DR, Berger EA. Immunochemical analysis of discoidins I and II at the cell surface in wild type and aggregation-defective mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum. J Cell Biochem 1982; 18:169-80. [PMID: 7040429 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1982.240180205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous lectins discoidins I and II are believed to be primary components of the morphogenetic cell cohesion system of D discoideum. We have developed two immunochemical methods to analyze the association of the discoidins with the cell surface. One method is a two-state specific antibody binding assay in which intact cells are incubated on ice with rabbit serum (either control serum or antidiscoidin I and II), washed, then incubated with 125I-Protein A. Specific antibody binding is defined as the difference between percent radioactivity bound with antidiscoidin versus control serum during the first stage. Substantial specific binding was observed with developed A3 cells but not with vegetative cells, and nearly all of the activity could be removed by preadsorption of the antiserum with discoidin-Sepharose. As a complementary method, quantitative immunoadsorption analysis was performed in which we tested the ability of intact cells to remove antibodies reactive with purified 125I-discoidin I or II. Developed cells, but not vegetative cells, were capable of adsorbing antibodies reactive with discoidin I as well as those reactive with discoidin II. This represents the first demonstration that both lectins are present on the surface of cohesive cells. These procedures, coupled with other methods to analyze soluble discoidin in cell extracts, were used to study discoidin expression in wild type cells and in two newly isolated aggregation-defective mutants. Strain EB-32 fails to aggregate and displays little or no discoidin in cell extracts or at the cell surface. On the other hand, strain EB-18 forms loose amorphous mounds, and expresses substantial quantities of the discoidins, both in cell extracts and at the cell surface. These mutants should prove valuable in studying the organization and regulation of discoidins I and II at the surface of aggregating cells.
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Labelling of Dictyostelium
and Polysphondylium
plasma membranes with a photosensitive hydrophobic probe. FEBS Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cooper D, Barondes S. Isolectins from Dictyostelium purpureum. Purification and characterization of seven functionally distinct forms. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Schrével J, Gros D, Monsigny M. Cytochemistry of cell glycoconjugates. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1981; 14:1-269. [PMID: 6175992 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(81)80005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Etemadi AH. Membrane asymmetry. A survey and critical appraisal of the methodology. I. Methods for assessing the asymmetric orientation and distribution of proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 604:347-422. [PMID: 7008847 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(80)90578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This and the companion article are aimed at surveying the methods used for the study of membrane asymmetry. The techniques employed for the assessment of the asymmetric distribution and orientation of membrane proteins are reviewed in this article, whereas those pertaining to the unequal distribution of lipids are detailed in the companion paper. The use of immunological techniques and lectins, functions of proteins and their perturbations, chemical reagents, enzymatic isotopic labeling and enzymatic cleavage of membrane proteins and physical techniques are discussed and illustrated using recent examples of their application. Whenever appropriate, problems involving crypticity and non-availability or non-reactivity of functional sites, relevant chemical functions or protein fragments to appropriate ligands, reagents or modifying enzymes are envisaged and possible modification of the exposure of proteins during preparation of ghosts and other drawbacks are discussed, the use of different techniques and control experiments in conjunction is recommended for a more realistic assessment of the distribution and orientation of proteins.
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The asparagine-linked sugar chains of the glycoproteins in calf thymocyte plasma membrane. Structural studies of acidic oligosaccharides. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Geltosky JE, Birdwell CR, Weseman J, Lerner RA. A glycoprotein involved in aggregation of D. discoideum is distributed on the cell surface in a nonrandom fashion favoring cell junctions. Cell 1980; 21:339-45. [PMID: 7407916 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We studied the distribution on the cell surface of a glycoprotein (gp150) involved in the aggregation process of Dictyostelium discoideum. Using immunohemocyanin labeling of intact aggregates and visualization by scanning elecron microscopy (SEM), we found a distribution gradient of gp150 wherein the concentration was enriched at or near sites of cell contact. When the distribution of gp150 on the cell surface was examined with immunoferritin and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we found that gp150 was closely associated with the plasma membrane.
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Bartles J, Frazier W. Preparation of 125I-discoidin I and the properties of its binding to Dictyostelium discoideum cells. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Gerisch G. Univalent antibody fragments as tools for the analysis of cell interactions in Dictyostelium. Curr Top Dev Biol 1980; 14:243-70. [PMID: 6257450 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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McDonough JP, Springer WR, Barondes SH. Species-specific cell cohesion in cellular slime molds. Demonstration by several quantitative assays and with multiple species. Exp Cell Res 1980; 125:1-14. [PMID: 6766101 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(80)90182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hintermann R, Parish RW. Synthesis of plasma membrane proteins and antigens during development of the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium pallidum. FEBS Lett 1979; 108:219-25. [PMID: 574834 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)81214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Rosen S, Kaur J, Clark D, Pardos B, Frazier W. Purification and characterization of multiple species (isolectins) of a slime mold lectin implicated in intercellular adhesion. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Barbondes SH, Haywood PL. Comparison of developmentally regulated lectins from three species of cellular slime mold. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 550:297-308. [PMID: 758950 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of the cohesive forms of the cellular slime molds Dictyosteliym discoideum, Dictyostelium mucoroides and Dictyostelium purpureum contain lectin activity, assayed as hemagglutination activity. The lectin activity from each species binds quantitatively to Sepharose 4B and can be eluted with D-galactose. The resultant purified lectins are abundant proteins representing, in the case of D. purpureum, up to 5% of the total soluble protein of cohesive cells. The preparations from each species are similar but distinct in amino acid composition and other properties. Each purified preparation gives rise to two protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with the major band representing as little at 77% (D. purpureum) and as much as 96% (D. mucoroides) of the total protein in the two bands. The molecular weights of the pair of bands were different for each species, ranging between about 23 000 and 26 000. The two bands are believed to represent subunits of lectins made up of either one or a combination of these two proteins. The apparent molecular weights of the purified lectin activities determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation were all in the range of 100 000. N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine was a potent inhibitor of the hemagglutination activity of each perparation; but there were some differences in the relative inhibitory potency of a number of other saccharides. Antiserum raised against each preparation, as well as univalent antibody fragments derived from these antisera, reacted best with the antigens to which they were raised; but showed some cross reaction measured both by precipitin reactions and by inhibition of hemagglutination activity of the purified lectins. The differences between the lectins from the different species could be trivial; but they also could be important for defining specific properties of these three species which reliably segregate into colonies of a single species when grown in mixed culture.
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Nosek J. Changes in the cell surface coat during the development ofXenopus laevis embryos, detected by lectins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978; 184:181-193. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00848253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/1977] [Accepted: 02/15/1978] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Barondes SH, Simpson DL, Rosen SD, Haywood PL. Polysphondylium pallidum agglutinin (pallidin). Methods Enzymol 1978; 50:312-6. [PMID: 566368 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(78)50034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rosen SD, Chang CM, Barondes SH. Intercellular adhesion in the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium pallidum inhibited by interaction of asialofetuin or specific univalent antibody with endogenous cell surface lectin. Dev Biol 1977; 61:202-13. [PMID: 73482 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(77)90292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bowles DJ, Hanke DE. Evidence for lectin activity associated with glycophorin, the major glycoprotein of human erythrocyte membranes. Implications for the structure of membranes. FEBS Lett 1977; 82:34-8. [PMID: 913570 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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