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Ramírez-Flores CJ, Tibabuzo Perdomo AM, Gallego-López GM, Knoll LJ. Transcending Dimensions in Apicomplexan Research: from Two-Dimensional to Three-Dimensional In Vitro Cultures. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0002522. [PMID: 35412359 PMCID: PMC9199416 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00025-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites belonging to the Apicomplexa phylum are among the most successful pathogens known in nature. They can infect a wide range of hosts, often remain undetected by the immune system, and cause acute and chronic illness. In this phylum, we can find parasites of human and veterinary health relevance, such as Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, and Eimeria. There are still many unknowns about the biology of these pathogens due to the ethical and practical issues of performing research in their natural hosts. Animal models are often difficult or nonexistent, and as a result, there are apicomplexan life cycle stages that have not been studied. One recent alternative has been the use of three-dimensional (3D) systems such as organoids, 3D scaffolds with different matrices, microfluidic devices, organs-on-a-chip, and other tissue culture models. These 3D systems have facilitated and expanded the research of apicomplexans, allowing us to explore life stages that were previously out of reach and experimental procedures that were practically impossible to perform in animal models. Human- and animal-derived 3D systems can be obtained from different organs, allowing us to model host-pathogen interactions for diagnostic methods and vaccine development, drug testing, exploratory biology, and other applications. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the use of 3D systems applied to apicomplexans. We show the wide array of strategies that have been successfully used so far and apply them to explore other organisms that have been less studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. Ramírez-Flores
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrés M. Tibabuzo Perdomo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gina M. Gallego-López
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Laura J. Knoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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In Vitro Assessment of Anticoccidials: Methods and Molecules. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071962. [PMID: 34209100 PMCID: PMC8300270 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Coccidiosis is a major problem in poultry production, leading to significant economic losses. Due to the outbreak of resistance to the available treatments, research is focusing on finding new molecules that work against the pathogen. Botanical compounds represent promising alternatives, but reliable in vitro tests are needed for their screening and to understand their mechanism of action. Research in vitro involves studies on the environmental phase of the parasite and studies on the endogenous development, which occurs inside the host cells and that requires cell cultures or in ovo models to be studied. This review aims to summarize the protocols that have been successfully applied so far, as well as to suggest potential cues to improve research on this field. Moreover, as the surge of botanicals as anticoccidial molecules is on the rise, the intent is to provide an overview of the methods to assess their effectiveness in vitro in comparison with conventional drugs. Abstract Avian coccidiosis is a disease causing considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. It is caused by Eimeria spp., protozoan parasites characterized by an exogenous–endogenous lifecycle. In vitro research on these pathogens is very complicated and lacks standardization. This review provides a description of the main in vitro protocols so far assessed focusing on the exogenous phase, with oocyst viability and sporulation assays, and on the endogenous phase, with invasion and developmental assays in cell cultures and in ovo. An overview of these in vitro applications to screen both old and new remedies and to understand the relative mode of action is also discussed.
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Taha S, Nguyen-Ho-Bao T, Daugschies A, Rentería-Solís Z. In vitro infection of Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells with Eimeria acervulina sporozoites: quantitative analysis of parasite cellular invasion and replication using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2689-2693. [PMID: 34146126 PMCID: PMC8263444 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Poultry coccidiosis causes considerable economical losses to the livestock industry. Eimeria parasites are responsible for this disease. On a global scale, E. acervulina and E. tenella are amongst the most common Eimeria spp. infecting broilers. E. tenella is commonly used as infection model in in vivo and in vitro studies. On the other hand, E. acervulina has barely been studied under in vitro conditions. A well established and widely used in vitro model for E. tenella infection is the Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell line (MDBK); however, little is known regarding suitability of MDBK cells as host cells for E. acervulina. We infected MDBK monolayers with two different doses, 5 × 104 and 2 × 105, of E. acervulina sporozoites and evaluated cultures at 24 and 96 h post infection (hpi). For comparison, we ran an identical infection assay using E. tenella sporozoites. To assess parasite reproduction, the number of DNA copies of E. acervulina SCAR marker and E. tenella ITS-1 gene was quantified using real-time quantitative PCR. We found that the number of E. acervulina copies increased significantly at 24 hpi in comparison to E. tenella (p < 0.05). After 96 hpi, E. acervulina gene copies were considerably reduced while E. tenella continued to multiply (p < 0.05). Our results show that MDBK monolayers could be used for in vitro research aimed to study E. acervulina sporozoite cell invasion. Nevertheless, modifications of in vitro cultivation appear necessary to allow qualitative and quantitative studies over longer periods of parasite reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahinaz Taha
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Preventive Medicine and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, PO Box 32, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan.
| | - Tran Nguyen-Ho-Bao
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, 900000, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Albrecht-Daniel-Thaer Institute, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zaida Rentería-Solís
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Albrecht-Daniel-Thaer Institute, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Martorelli Di Genova B, Knoll LJ. Comparisons of the Sexual Cycles for the Coccidian Parasites Eimeria and Toxoplasma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:604897. [PMID: 33381466 PMCID: PMC7768002 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.604897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria spp. are widely prevalent Coccidian parasites that undergo sexual reproduction during their life cycle. T. gondii can infect any warm-blooded animal in its asexual cycle; however, its sexual cycle is restricted to felines. Eimeria spp. are usually restricted to one host species, and their whole life cycle is completed within this same host. The literature reviewed in this article comprises the recent findings regarding the unique biology of the sexual development of T. gondii and Eimeria spp. The molecular basis of sex in these pathogens has been significantly unraveled by new findings in parasite differentiation along with transcriptional analysis of T. gondii and Eimeria spp. pre-sexual and sexual stages. Focusing on the metabolic networks, analysis of these transcriptome datasets shows enrichment for several different metabolic pathways. Transcripts for glycolysis enzymes are consistently more abundant in T. gondii cat infection stages than the asexual tachyzoite stage and Eimeria spp. merozoite and gamete stages compared to sporozoites. Recent breakthroughs in host-pathogen interaction and host restriction have significantly expanded the understating of the unique biology of these pathogens. This review aims to critically explore advances in the sexual cycle of Coccidia parasites with the ultimate goal of comparing and analyzing the sexual cycle of Eimeria spp. and T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura J. Knoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Bussière FI, Niepceron A, Sausset A, Esnault E, Silvestre A, Walker RA, Smith NC, Quéré P, Laurent F. Establishment of an in vitro chicken epithelial cell line model to investigate Eimeria tenella gamete development. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:44. [PMID: 29347990 PMCID: PMC5774133 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eimeria tenella infection leads to acute intestinal disorders responsible for important economic losses in poultry farming worldwide. The life-cycle of E. tenella is monoxenous with the chicken as the exclusive host; infection occurs in caecal epithelial cells. However, in vitro, the complete life-cycle of the parasite has only been propagated successfully in primary chicken kidney cells, which comprise undefined mixed cell populations; no cell line model has been able to consistently support the development of the sexual stages of the parasite. We therefore sought to develop a new model to study E. tenella gametogony in vitro using a recently characterised chicken cell line (CLEC-213) exhibiting an epithelial cell phenotype. Methods CLEC-213 were infected with sporozoites from a precocious strain or with second generation merozoites (merozoites II) from wild type strains. Sexual stages of the parasite were determined both at the gene and protein levels. Results To our knowledge, we show for the first time in CLEC-213, that sporozoites from a precocious strain of E. tenella were able to develop to gametes, as verified by measuring gene expression and by using antibodies to a microgamete-specific protein (EtFOA1: flagellar outer arm protein 1) and a macrogamete-specific protein (EtGAM-56), but oocysts were not observed. However, both gametes and oocysts were observed when cells were infected with merozoites II from wild type strains, demonstrating that completion of the final steps of the parasite cycle is possible in CLEC-213 cells. Conclusion The epithelial cell line CLEC-213 constitutes a useful avian tool for studying Eimeria epithelial cell interactions and the effect of drugs on E. tenella invasion, merogony and gametogony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise I Bussière
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Alisson Niepceron
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alix Sausset
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Evelyne Esnault
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Silvestre
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Robert A Walker
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas C Smith
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Pascale Quéré
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Fabrice Laurent
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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Observations on the growth of Eimeria tenella in cultured cells from the parasitized chorioallantoic membranes of the developing chick embryo. Parasitology 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000070293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella infections were established in the chorioallantoic membranes CAM) of developing chick embryos. At different times after infection the CAM ells were cultured in vitro in modified 199 medium. Different types of schizont were grown, some similar to those occurring in infections of the usual in vivo site and others markedly different. In schizogony of one type the merozoites appeared to develop by growing out from the periphery of cellular masses; a process similar to that described by Hammond et al. (1966) for E. bovis.Gametocytes and infective oocysts were also grown by the tissue culture of CAM cells but only in cells infected 4–6 days previously in embryo; CAM cells infected for only 3 days before culture supported the growth of large numbers of schizonts of different types.The majority of the stages grown developed within densely populated areas of epithelial-like cells. A temperature of 41 °C was found to be necessary for the growth of the parasite. The nutritional requirements for the growth of E. tenella are fairly well provided by the medium used. The relatively simple procedure described should be of value for the observation of E. tenella at various stages of its growth and provide a means of in vitro testing of antiparasitic substances.I wish to thank Dr P. P. Levine for his interest and encouragement during the course of the work and Mr D. L'Amoreaux for technical assistance.
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In Vitro Cultivation of the Avian Coccidia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-007905-6.50013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Quantitative studies of coccidial development in miniature cultures of animal cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02082866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jensen JB. Ultrastructure of the invasion of Eimeria magna sporozoites into cultured cells. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1975; 22:411-5. [PMID: 51083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1975.tb05193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monolayers of bovine kidney cells were overlaid with Eimeria magna sporozoites and observed with phase-contrast optics until penetration of the cells by the parasites had begun. Cells and penetrating parasites were fixed with glutaraldehyde and OsO4-containing ruthenium red, dehydrated, and embedded in situ. Cells being penetrated were selected for study in the electron microscope. The lack of intracellular staining with ruthenium red and intact plasmalemmas of cells being penetrated, was accepted as evidence that the sporozoites did not disrupt the plasma membranes. The sporozoite caused invagination of the host cell plasmalemma until the parasite was entirely within the cell, after which the invagination was sealed off by short pseudopodia enclosing the sporozoite within a membrane=lined vacuole inside the cell. Often myelin-forms, apparently of host cell origin, were seen in the space between the sporozoite and the cell.
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Patton WH. Toluidine blue staining of cultured animal cells to demonstrate presence of coccidia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01352625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Patton WH. Toluidine blue staining of coccidia in cultured animal cells. STAIN TECHNOLOGY 1974; 49:161-4. [PMID: 4135796 DOI: 10.3109/10520297409116969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hilali M. Studies on globidial schizonts in the abomasum of Norwegian sheep. The fine structure of one of the four merozoite forms investigated. Acta Vet Scand 1973. [PMID: 4729707 DOI: 10.1186/bf03547408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Clark WN, Hammond DM. Development of Eimeria auburnensis in cell cultures. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1969; 16:646-54. [PMID: 4903096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1969.tb02323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Strout RG, Ouellette CA. Eimeria tenella: temperature and asexual development in cell culture. Exp Parasitol 1969; 25:324-8. [PMID: 5362593 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(69)90078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Mature male and female gametocytes of Eimeria tenella, a coccidium of the chicken ceca, developed in primary cultures of chick embryonic kidney cells inoculated with sporozoites. Immature gametocytes appeared in the cultures after approximately 144 hours of incubation at 41 degrees C. Mature micro-and macrogametes were present from 160 to 190 hours after inoculation.
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Honigberg BM. Some recent advances in our understanding of parasitic protozoa. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1968; 15:223-30. [PMID: 4973782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1968.tb02114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Herman R. Acriflavin-induced dyskinetoplastic Leishmania donovani grown in monkey kidney cell culture. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1968; 15:35-44. [PMID: 4966878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1968.tb02087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Long PL, Horton-Smith C. Coccidia and coccidiosis in the domestic fowl. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1968; 6:313-25. [PMID: 4892507 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Scholtyseck E. [New insights in the parasite-host relationships with the help of electron microscopy]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1968; 31:67-84. [PMID: 5719583 DOI: 10.1007/bf00716428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Scholtyseck E, Strout RG. [Electron microscope studies of the nutrition of coccidia in cell cultures (Eimeria tenella)]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1968; 30:291-300. [PMID: 5746889 DOI: 10.1007/bf00259573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Fayer R, Hammond DM. Development of first-generation schizonts of Eimeria bovis in cultured bovine cells. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1967; 14:764-72. [PMID: 4883444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1967.tb02076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Doran DJ, Vetterling JM. Comparative cultivation of poultry coccidia in mammalian kidney cell cultures. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1967; 14:657-62. [PMID: 5629077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1967.tb02058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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