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Campbell PC, de Graffenried CL. Morphogenesis in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes proceeds via a highly asymmetric cell division. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011731. [PMID: 37917723 PMCID: PMC10656021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protist parasite that is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease endemic to the Americas. T. cruzi cells are highly polarized and undergo morphological changes as they cycle within their insect and mammalian hosts. Work on related trypanosomatids has described cell division mechanisms in several life-cycle stages and identified a set of essential morphogenic proteins that serve as markers for key events during trypanosomatid division. Here, we use Cas9-based tagging of morphogenic genes, live-cell imaging, and expansion microscopy to study the cell division mechanism of the insect-resident epimastigote form of T. cruzi, which represents an understudied trypanosomatid morphotype. We find that T. cruzi epimastigote cell division is highly asymmetric, producing one daughter cell that is significantly smaller than the other. Daughter cell division rates differ by 4.9 h, which may be a consequence of this size disparity. Many of the morphogenic proteins identified in T. brucei have altered localization patterns in T. cruzi epimastigotes, which may reflect fundamental differences in the cell division mechanism of this life cycle stage, which widens and shortens the cell body to accommodate the duplicated organelles and cleavage furrow rather than elongating the cell body along the long axis of the cell, as is the case in life-cycle stages that have been studied in T. brucei. This work provides a foundation for further investigations of T. cruzi cell division and shows that subtle differences in trypanosomatid cell morphology can alter how these parasites divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Campbell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. de Graffenried
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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Campbell PC, de Graffenried CL. Morphogenesis in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes proceeds via a highly asymmetric cell division. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.24.542100. [PMID: 37293088 PMCID: PMC10245916 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.24.542100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protist parasite that is the causative agent of Chagas' disease, a neglected tropical disease endemic to the Americas. T. cruzi cells are highly polarized and undergo morphological changes as they cycle within their insect and mammalian hosts. Work on related trypanosomatids has described cell division mechanisms in several life-cycle stages and identified a set of essential morphogenic proteins that serve as markers for key events during trypanosomatid division. Here, we use Cas9-based tagging of morphogenic genes, live-cell imaging, and expansion microscopy to study the cell division mechanism of the insect-resident epimastigote form of T. cruzi, which represents an understudied trypanosomatid morphotype. We find that T. cruzi epimastigote cell division is highly asymmetric, producing one daughter cell that is significantly smaller than the other. Daughter cell division rates differ by 4.9 h, which may be a consequence of this size disparity. Many of the morphogenic proteins identified in T. brucei have altered localization patterns in T. cruzi epimastigoes, which may reflect fundamental differences in the cell division mechanism of this life cycle stage, which widens and shortens the cell body to accommodate the duplicated organelles and cleavage furrow rather than elongating the cell body along the long axis of the cell, as is the case in life-cycle stages that have been studied in T. brucei. This work provides a foundation for further investigations of T. cruzi cell division and shows that subtle differences in trypansomatid cell morphology can alter how these parasites divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Campbell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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3
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Logullo J, Diniz-Lima I, Rocha JDB, Cortê-Real S, Silva-Júnior EBD, Guimarães-de-Oliveira JC, Morrot A, Fonseca LMD, Freire-de-Lima L, Decote-Ricardo D, Freire-de-Lima CG. Increased Trypanosoma cruzi Growth during Infection of Macrophages Cultured on Collagen I Matrix. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13041063. [PMID: 37109592 PMCID: PMC10143308 DOI: 10.3390/life13041063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between cell and cellular matrix confers plasticity to each body tissue, influencing the cellular migratory capacity. Macrophages rely on motility to promote their physiological function. These phagocytes are determinant for the control of invasive infections, and their immunological role largely depends on their ability to migrate and adhere to tissue. Therefore, they interact with the components of the extracellular matrix through their adhesion receptors, conferring morphological modifications that change their shape during migration. Nevertheless, the need to use in vitro cell growth models with the conditioning of three-dimensional synthetic matrices to mimic the dynamics of cell-matrix interaction has been increasingly studied. This becomes more important to effectively understand the changes occurring in phagocyte morphology in the context of infection progression, such as in Chagas disease. This disease is caused by the intracellular pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi, capable of infecting macrophages, determinant cells in the anti-trypanosomatid immunity. In the present study, we sought to understand how an in vitro extracellular matrix model interferes with T. cruzi infection in macrophages. Using different time intervals and parasite ratios, we evaluated the cell morphology and parasite replication rate in the presence of 3D collagen I matrix. Nevertheless, microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy were crucial to trace macrophage-matrix interactions. In the present work, we demonstrated for the first time that the macrophage-matrix interaction favors T. cruzi in vitro replication and the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines during macrophage infection, in addition to drastically altering the morphology of the macrophages and promoting the formation of migratory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgete Logullo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Israel Diniz-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dutra B Rocha
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Suzana Cortê-Real
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elias Barbosa da Silva-Júnior
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Morrot
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitogia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Marques da Fonseca
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Debora Decote-Ricardo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Celio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
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Bronia DH, Pereira BMI, Luján HD, Fretes RE, Fernández A, Paglini PA. Ganglioside treatment of acuteTrypanosoma cruziinfection in mice promotes long-term survival and parasitological cure. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1999.11813430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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de Souza W, de Carvalho TMU. Active penetration of Trypanosoma cruzi into host cells: historical considerations and current concepts. Front Immunol 2013; 4:2. [PMID: 23355838 PMCID: PMC3555119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present short review, we analyze past experiments that addressed the interactions of intracellular pathogenic protozoa (Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, and Plasmodium) with host cells and the initial use of the term active penetration to indicate that a protozoan “crossed the host cell membrane, penetrating into the cytoplasm.” However, the subsequent use of transmission electron microscopy showed that, for all of the protozoans and cell types examined, endocytosis, classically defined as involving the formation of a membrane-bound vacuole, took place during the interaction process. As a consequence, the recently penetrated parasites are always within a vacuole, designated the parasitophorous vacuole (PV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Fernandes MC, Andrews NW. Host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi: a unique strategy that promotes persistence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:734-47. [PMID: 22339763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas' disease, a serious disorder that affects millions of people in Latin America. Despite the development of lifelong immunity following infections, the immune system fails to completely clear the parasites, which persist for decades within host tissues. Cardiomyopathy is one of the most serious clinical manifestations of the disease, and a major cause of sudden death in endemic areas. Despite decades of study, there is still debate about the apparent preferential tropism of the parasites for cardiac muscle, and its role in the pathology of the disease. In this review, we discuss these issues in light of recent observations, which indicate that T. cruzi invades host cells by subverting a highly conserved cellular pathway for the repair of plasma membrane lesions. Plasma membrane injury and repair is particularly prevalent in muscle cells, suggesting that the mechanism used by the parasites for cell invasion may be a primary determinant of tissue tropism, intracellular persistence, and Chagas' disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Fernandes
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
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Dvorak JA, Schuette WH, White-House WC. A simple video method for the quantification of microscopic objects. J Microsc 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1974.tb03967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Teixeira ARL, Hecht MM, Guimaro MC, Sousa AO, Nitz N. Pathogenesis of chagas' disease: parasite persistence and autoimmunity. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24:592-630. [PMID: 21734249 PMCID: PMC3131057 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00063-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Trypanosoma cruzi infections can be asymptomatic, but chronically infected individuals can die of Chagas' disease. The transfer of the parasite mitochondrial kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircle to the genome of chagasic patients can explain the pathogenesis of the disease; in cases of Chagas' disease with evident cardiomyopathy, the kDNA minicircles integrate mainly into retrotransposons at several chromosomes, but the minicircles are also detected in coding regions of genes that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and immune responses. An accurate evaluation of the role played by the genotype alterations in the autoimmune rejection of self-tissues in Chagas' disease is achieved with the cross-kingdom chicken model system, which is refractory to T. cruzi infections. The inoculation of T. cruzi into embryonated eggs prior to incubation generates parasite-free chicks, which retain the kDNA minicircle sequence mainly in the macrochromosome coding genes. Crossbreeding transfers the kDNA mutations to the chicken progeny. The kDNA-mutated chickens develop severe cardiomyopathy in adult life and die of heart failure. The phenotyping of the lesions revealed that cytotoxic CD45, CD8(+) γδ, and CD8α(+) T lymphocytes carry out the rejection of the chicken heart. These results suggest that the inflammatory cardiomyopathy of Chagas' disease is a genetically driven autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R L Teixeira
- Chagas Disease Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil.
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9
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Fernandes MC, Cortez M, Flannery AR, Tam C, Mortara RA, Andrews NW. Trypanosoma cruzi subverts the sphingomyelinase-mediated plasma membrane repair pathway for cell invasion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:909-21. [PMID: 21536739 PMCID: PMC3092353 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi takes advantage of a sphingomyelinase-dependent plasma membrane repair pathway to gain access to host cells. Upon host cell contact, the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi triggers cytosolic Ca2+ transients that induce exocytosis of lysosomes, a process required for cell invasion. However, the exact mechanism by which lysosomal exocytosis mediates T. cruzi internalization remains unclear. We show that host cell entry by T. cruzi mimics a process of plasma membrane injury and repair that involves Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of lysosomes, delivery of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, and a rapid form of endocytosis that internalizes membrane lesions. Host cells incubated with T. cruzi trypomastigotes are transiently wounded, show increased levels of endocytosis, and become more susceptible to infection when injured with pore-forming toxins. Inhibition or depletion of lysosomal ASM, which blocks plasma membrane repair, markedly reduces the susceptibility of host cells to T. cruzi invasion. Notably, extracellular addition of sphingomyelinase stimulates host cell endocytosis, enhances T. cruzi invasion, and restores normal invasion levels in ASM-depleted cells. Ceramide, the product of sphingomyelin hydrolysis, is detected in newly formed parasitophorous vacuoles containing trypomastigotes but not in the few parasite-containing vacuoles formed in ASM-depleted cells. Thus, T. cruzi subverts the ASM-dependent ceramide-enriched endosomes that function in plasma membrane repair to infect host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Fernandes
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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10
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Epting CL, Coates BM, Engman DM. Molecular mechanisms of host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:283-91. [PMID: 20599990 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is an obligate intracellular protozoan pathogen. Overlapping mechanisms ensure successful infection, yet the relationship between these cellular events and clinical disease remains obscure. This review explores the process of cell invasion from the perspective of cell surface interactions, intracellular signaling, modulation of the host cytoskeleton and endosomal compartment, and the intracellular innate immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad L Epting
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Herrera C, Vallejos GA, Loaiza R, Zeledón R, Urbina A, Sepúlveda-Boza S. In vitro activity of thienyl-2-nitropropene compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:980-5. [PMID: 20027464 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro activity of four 2-nitropropene derivatives, 1-(3-benzothienyl)-2-nitropropene (N1), 1-(3-thienyl)-2-nitropropene (N2), 1-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)-2-nitropropene (N3) and 1-(4-bromo-2-thienyl)-2-nitropropene (N4), were tested against cultures of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Cytotoxicity studies were performed using Vero cells. The blood trypomastigotes, amastigotes and epimastigotes showed differential degrees of sensitivity towards the four tested compounds; the highest activity against the epimastigotes and blood tripomastigotes was exhibited by N1, followed by N3, N4 and finally N2. In contrast, whereas the compounds N1, N3 and N4 exerted similar magnitudes of activity against amastigotes, N2 was found to be a much less potent compound. According to our results, the compound N1 had the highest level of activity (IC50: 0.6 microM) against epimastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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Araújo-Jorge TC, Waghabi MC, Soeiro MDNC, Keramidas M, Bailly S, Feige JJ. Pivotal role for TGF-beta in infectious heart disease: The case of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and consequent Chagasic myocardiopathy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2008; 19:405-13. [PMID: 18938102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarizes recent data from the literature suggesting that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) participates at least in four different processes influencing development of myocardiopathy in Chagas disease, a major parasitic illness caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection: (a) invasion of cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes; (b) intracellular parasite cycle; (c) regulation of inflammation and immune response; (d) fibrosis and heart remodeling during acute and chronic disease. All these effects point to an important role of TGF-beta in Chagas disease myocardiopathy and suggest that monitoring the circulating levels of this cytokine could be of help in clinical prognosis and management of patients. Moreover, TGF-beta-interfering therapies appear as interesting adjuvant interventions during acute and chronic phases of T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania C Araújo-Jorge
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Araújo-Jorge TC. Biology and ultra-structure of Trypanosoma cruzi: a 90-year old challenge for scientists. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 94 Suppl 1:131-4. [PMID: 10677699 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761999000700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T C Araújo-Jorge
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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Finley RW, Dvorak JA. Trypanosoma cruzi: analysis of the population dynamics of heterogeneous mixtures. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1987; 34:409-15. [PMID: 3323478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing the previously reported inter-clonal differences in total DNA/organism, flow cytometry was used to analyze the population dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi clone mixtures growing in liquid medium or vertebrate cells. The growth of clone mixtures in liquid medium can be described by unique parameters reflecting exponential growth rate (r), stationary phase population density (1/k), and the interaction between the clones (h). The relative numbers of each clone in the population change rapidly with time and the results are in quantitative agreement with mathematical models of competitive population growth. The relationship between the parameters for T. cruzi is such that, in general, there is no dynamic equilibrium with coexistence of clones with different growth rates; under all culture protocols, the faster growing clone will prevail. A computer simulation of the vertebrate cell cycle of T. cruzi suggests that clone mixtures grow relatively independently; the basic attributes of the model were substantiated experimentally. Although wide fluctuations in the proportion of each clone released occurred, the faster growing clone again predominated. Finally, these results underline the importance of working with well-defined clones in the laboratory to avoid inconsistencies and paradoxical results and stress the importance of the rapid isolation of single cell clones from clinical specimens when studying the relationship of the parasite to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Finley
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Crane MS, Schmatz DM, Stevens S, Habbersett MC, Murray PK. Eimeria tenella: in vitro development in irradiated bovine kidney cells. Parasitology 1984; 88 ( Pt 3):521-30. [PMID: 6739137 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000054780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The initial infection and first-generation development of Eimeria tenella was quantified using a cloned MDBK (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney) cell line, irradiated with gamma radiation prior to infection, as the host cell. Irradiated cell cultures were found to be more susceptible to infection and had a greater capacity to support parasite development than non-irradiated cultures. It was suggested that the larger proportion of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the larger individual cell size and the inhibition of cell division in the irradiated cultures were all factors contributing to the increased susceptibility to infection and capacity to support parasite growth and development. The application of this technique (host cell irradiation) to the cultivation of other intracellular, protozoan parasites is discussed.
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16
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Doyle PS, Dvorak JA, Engel JC. Trypanosoma cruzi: quantification and analysis of the infectivity of cloned stocks. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1984; 31:280-3. [PMID: 6381718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb02961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The infection of bovine embryo skin and muscle cells by trypomastigotes of four Trypanosoma cruzi clones (CA-I/71, /72, Miranda/76, /80) was quantified. Stable and reproducible intra-isolate differences were observed; an almost 70-fold difference in infectivity occurred between clones. The CA-I/71 clone was not susceptible to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine at a concentration that inhibits the infection of vertebrate cells by Ernestina and Y-strain parasites. Eight other monosaccharides that are common constituents of vertebrate cell surface glycoproteins also failed to inhibit the infection of vertebrate cells by the CA-I/71 clone.
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18
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Lima MF, Kierszenbaum F. Biochemical requirements for intracellular invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi: protein synthesis. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1982; 29:566-70. [PMID: 6757413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb01337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis by pactamycin in either infective forms of Trypanosoma cruzi or mammalian host cells on cellular invasion by this human pathogen were investigated. Treatment of bloodstream forms of T. cruzi with pactamycin markedly reduced their ability to bind either fibroblast-like cells of monkey origin or myoblasts of rat origin. The number of amastigote forms that could be established intracellularly was also significantly decreased with respect to control values obtained when mock-treated (medium alone) trypomastigotes were incubated with the cells. Pactamycin treatment also reduced the infectivity of T. cruzi trypomastigotes for mice as evidenced by both significantly reduced parasitemia levels and mortality rates when compared with those of control mice infected with mock-treated parasites. Inhibition of protein synthesis in the host cells neither prevented cell infection by untreated trypomastigotes nor altered the percentages of infected cells or the magnitude of the infection in vitro. These results indicate that protein synthesis is a requirement for cell invasion by T. cruzi and that the parasite can establish itself and replicate within cells relying on its own protein synthesis ability.
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LIMA MARIAF, KIERSZENBAUM FELIPE. Biochemical Requirements for Intracellular Invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi: Protein Synthesis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb05443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stewart GL, Giannini SH. Sarcocystis, Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma, Brugia, Ancylostoma, and Trichinella spp.: a review of the intracellular parasites of striated muscle. Exp Parasitol 1982; 53:406-47. [PMID: 6806117 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(82)90083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Andrews NW, Colli W. Adhesion and interiorization of Trypanosoma cruzi in mammalian cells. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1982; 29:264-9. [PMID: 7047731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb04024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative method for experimentally separating the adhesion and interiorization phases of the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with mammalian cells was developed. Incubation of confluent monolayers of mammalian cells with epimastigotes or trypomastigotes at 4 degrees C allowed the evaluation of the number of adhered parasites that do not become interiorized at this temperature. Quantification of interiorized parasites at 34 degrees C was achieved by employing hypotonic lysis to eliminate the extracellularly adhered trypomastigotes. Both adhesion and interiorization were found to be proportional to the time of exposure of cells to parasites and to the multiplicity of infection. These phenomena occur normally for trypomastigotes in the absence of serum with LLC-MK2 cells, HeLa cells, and 3T3 fibroblasts. Moreover, it was possible to obtain trypomastigotes that presented the same infectivity to LLC-MK2 cells as did parasites obtained in the presence of 2% fetal calf serum after 10 serial passages in a medium devoid of serum. Inhibition of adhesion (of epimastigotes and trypomastigotes) and of interiorization (of trypomastigotes) was obtained with inactivated normal serum from several sources, a saturation effect being observed at a final concentration of 20%. Bovine serum albumin, at the concentrations present in the sera, had no inhibitory effect. Trypomastigotes that have been pre-incubated with 40% FCS (45 min at 4 degrees C) showed decreased adhesion and interiorization indices, effects that can be reversed by trypsinization of the parasites prior to exposure of the cells. A progressive internalization of previously attached trypomastigotes was observed on raising the temperature from 4 degrees C to 34 degrees C; no spontaneous detachment of parasites was detected up to 120 min. Approximately 75% of the adhered parasites were found inside the cells after 45 min at 34 degrees C. The presence of normal inactivated calf serum during incubation at 34 degrees C resulted in a certain degree of detachment and in a lower interiorization index.
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Pécora IL, dos Reis GA, Barcinski MA, Dorigo DD. Frequency distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi in macrophages from resistant and susceptible strains of mice. EXPERIENTIA 1980; 36:942-4. [PMID: 6777186 DOI: 10.1007/bf01953805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The frequency distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi inside macrophages from normal or chronically infected resistant and susceptible mice obeys a negative binomial type of distribution. This implies that an "aggregating mechanism" operates in T. cruzi: macrophage interaction.
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Okabe K, Kipnis TL, Calich VL, Dias da Silva W. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity to Trypanosoma cruzi. I. Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity to trypomastigote bloodstream forms. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1980; 16:344-53. [PMID: 6772365 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(80)90140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Crane MS, Dvorak JA. Trypanosoma cruzi: interaction with vertebrate cells. DNA synthesis and growth of intracellular amastigotes and their relationship to host cell DNA synthesis and growth. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1979; 26:599-604. [PMID: 397342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1979.tb04203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA synthesis of intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes, following the infection of bovine embryo skeletal muscle (BESM) cells, was studied by autoradiography. After penetration, there was a prereplicative lag period (similar to or approximately 12 h) followed by a synchronous round of DNA synthesis which was found to be independent of parasite number/BESM cell cand the host cell DNA synthesis cycle. Parasite reproduction occurred, for the first time, at approximately 21 h postinfection. It was concluded that T. cruzi trypomastigotes are in the G1/G0 phase of their cell division cycle and that after penetration parasite reproduction occurs independent of events controlling host cell DNA synthesis and growth. The early synchronous growth of intracellular amastigotes should facilitate further studies on the biochemical events controlling trypomastigote-to-amastigote transformation and amastigote reproduction. A further application is envisaged for studies on the mode of action of drugs with trypanocidal activity.
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O'Daly JA, Aso PM. Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, and L. mexicana: extract factor that lyses mammalian cells. Exp Parasitol 1979; 47:222-31. [PMID: 35361 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(79)90075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dvorak JA, Howe CL. The attraction of Trypanosoma cruzi to vertebrate cells in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1976; 23:534-7. [PMID: 826623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1976.tb03835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A video technic is described that permits a quantification of the degree of attraction of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes to vertebrate cells in vitro. Bovine embryo skeletal muscle cells (BESM), HeLa cells and Vero cells all attract a myotropic strain of T. cruzi trypomastigotes. BESM cells, however, are 2-fold more attractive to trypomastigotes than HeLa cells and 10-fold more attractive than Vero cells. Heat-inactivation of BESM cells abolishes their ability to respire and also to attract T. cruzi trypomastigotes. As there is no difference in the endogenous oxygen consumption between BESM, HeLa, and Vero cells, it is unlikely that differences in the attraction of trypomastigotes to the 3 cell types are due to variations in the magnitude of pO2 or pCO2 gradients in the milieu around the cells.
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Abstract
The mode of entry and intracellular fate of epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi in cultured cells was studied. Electron microscopic observations indicated the uptake by phagocytosis of both forms into mouse peritoneal macrophages and of trypomastigotes and transition forms into other cultured cell types. In each instance the organisms were initially surrounded by a plasma membrane-derived phagosome. Trypsin and chymotrypsin treatment of the macrophages completely abolished attachment and ingestion of both forms, indicating that protease-sensitive structures on the macrophage plasma membrane mediate ingestion. The macrophage Fc or C3b receptors were not essential for uptake of T. cruzi in the conditions used. Cytochalasin B inhibited ingestion but not the attachment of both forms by macrophages. Epimastigotes were not taken up by HeLa, L cells, and calf embryo fibroblasts. In macrophages, epimastigotes were killed and digested within phagolysosomes. In contrast, trypomastigotes and transition forms escaped from the phagocytic vacuole and then multiplied in the cytoplasmic matrix. Amastigotes released from infected cells exhibited properties similar to those of trypomastigotes and were able to enter all cell types studied and multiply intracellularly.
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Dvorak JA, Poore CM. Trypanosoma cruzi: interaction with vertebrate cells in vitro. IV. Environmental temperature effects. Exp Parasitol 1974; 36:150-7. [PMID: 4602119 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(74)90121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Dvorak JA, Hyde TP. Trypanosoma cruzi: interaction with vertebrate cells in vitro. 1. Individual interactions at the cellular and subcellular levels. Exp Parasitol 1973; 34:268-83. [PMID: 4583055 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(73)90087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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