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Hu J, Liao K, Feng X, Jiang D, Liu H, Zheng Q, Qiu H, Hua F, Xu G, Xu C. Surgical treatment of a patient with live intracranial sparganosis for 17 years. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:353. [PMID: 35397512 PMCID: PMC8994396 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of sparganosis, especially intracranial live sparganosis is very low in China. Due to the lack of typical clinical manifestations, it is difficult to make a clear preoperative diagnosis of the disease, which often leads to delays the disease and serious consequences. Case presentation A 23-year-old man presented with a 17-year history of intermittent seizures and right extremity numbness and weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed patchy, nodular and line-like enhancement. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected positive antibodies to Spirometra mansoni in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In addition, during the operation, an ivory-colored live sparganosis was removed under the precise positioning of neuronavigation, and the patient was diagnosed with cerebral sparganosis. The patient began praziquantel and sodium valproate treatment after the operation, and was followed up for 3 months. There was no recurrence of epilepsy, and the weakness and numbness of the right limb improved. Conclusion Nonspecific clinical manifestations often make the diagnosis of cerebral sparganosis difficult, and a comprehensive diagnosis should be made based on epidemiological history, clinical manifestations, ELISA results and imaging findings. Surgery is the preferred method for the treatment of cerebral sparganosis, and more satisfactory results can be achieved under the precise positioning of neuronavigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07293-7.
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Deng L, Xiong P, Qian S. Diagnosis and stereotactic aspiration treatment of cerebral sparganosis: summary of 11 cases. J Neurosurg 2011; 114:1421-5. [PMID: 20486898 DOI: 10.3171/2010.4.jns1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Cerebral sparganosis is a rare but underestimated parasitic disease caused by infestation by sparganum. It is difficult to make a confirmed preoperational diagnosis of this disease given the absence of characteristic clinical manifestations. A detailed protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral sparganosis is still lacking in the literature. In this article the authors set out comprehensive procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral sparganosis, describing the use of a stereotactic aspiration technique complemented by microsurgery based on experience gained from multiple cases.
Methods
The disease history, clinical manifestations, imaging features, and therapeutic procedures for 11 patients with cerebral sparganosis were retrospectively analyzed. Stereotactic aspiration procedures were performed in all 11 patients and were complemented by microsurgeries in 3 patients. The learning and experience gained from these treatments were summarized, and a comprehensive protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral sparganosis was reviewed.
Results
Larvae of Spirometra mansoni were taken from all 11 patients: completely removed in 10 cases and partially removed in 1 case (discovered later). After surgery, clinical symptoms in all 11 patients were significantly improved. All epileptic symptoms were successfully cured, although in 1 case occasional seizures still occurred because of the incomplete removal of the larva. Muscle strength in the 4 patients who had hemiparesis prior to surgery recovered to normal. Symptoms in the 1 patient who had presented with partial body sensory disturbance resolved after surgery. There were no complications or deaths.
Conclusions
The authors concluded that an effective preoperative diagnosis of cerebral sparganosis can be made by detailed inquiry into the possible infection history and disease symptoms as well as careful scrutiny of characteristic radiological features and immunological testing results. In stereotactic operations performed to remove the larva, priority should be given to image-guided stereotactic aspiration given that it causes the smallest wounds. In cases in which stereotactic aspiration fails, stereotactic microsurgery should be performed to remove the larva. The surgeon must carefully avoid breaking the larva and leaving behind any larva residue during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, No. 94 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengju Xiong
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, No. 94 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Suokai Qian
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, No. 94 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
AbstractA 24-kDa collagenase was localized in the Gymnorhynchus gigas plerocercoid immunohistochemically by peroxidase complex staining using polyclonal antibodies from NMRI mouse sera immunized with purified enzyme. Immunoreactivity was determined at different parts of the body (scolex, vesicle and caudal region) and mainly localized in microtriches and parenchymal tissues of the scolex and vesicle. These results, along with the absence of the enzyme in the plerocercoid excretion–secretion products, suggest that the 24-kDa collagenase is produced by parenchymal cells in the anterior region and transported to the outer regions of the worm It is possible that the enzyme plays an important role in degrading parasite tissues during the moulting process.
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Tort J, Brindley PJ, Knox D, Wolfe KH, Dalton JP. Proteinases and associated genes of parasitic helminths. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1999; 43:161-266. [PMID: 10214692 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Many parasites have deployed proteinases to accomplish some of the tasks imposed by a parasitic life style, including tissue penetration, digestion of host tissue for nutrition and evasion of host immune responses. Information on proteinases from trematodes, cestodes and nematode parasites is reviewed, concentrating on those worms of major medical and economical importance. Their biochemical characterization is discussed, along with their putative biological roles and, where available, their associated genes. For example, proteinases expressed by the various stages of the schistosome life-cycle, in particular the well-characterized cercarial elastase which is involved in the penetration of the host skin and the variety of proteinases, such as cathepsin B (Sm31), cathepsin L1, cathepsin L2, cathepsin D, cathepsin C and legumain (Sm32), which are believed to be involved in the catabolism of host haemoglobin. The various endo- and exoproteinases of Fasciola hepatica, the causative agent of liver fluke disease, are reviewed, and recent reports of how these enzymes have been successfully employed in cocktail vaccines are discussed. The various proteinases of cestodes and of the diverse superfamilies of parasitic nematodes are detailed, with special attention being given to those parasites for which most is known, including species of Taenia, Echinococcus, Spirometra, Necator, Acylostoma and Haemonchus. By far the largest number of papers in the literature and entries to the sequence data bases dealing with proteinases of parasitic helminths report on enzymes belonging to the papain superfamily of cysteine proteinases. Accordingly, the final section of the review is devoted to a phylogenetic analysis of this superfamily using over 150 published sequences. This analysis shows that the papain superfamily can be divided into two major branches. Branch A contains the cathepin Bs, the cathepsin Cs and a novel family termed cathepsin Xs, while Branch B contains the cruzipains, cathepsin Ls, papain-like and aleurain/cathepsin H-like proteinases. The relationships of the helminth proteinases, and similar proteinases from protozoan parasites and other organisms, within these groups are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tort
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Republic of Ireland
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Liu DW, Kato H, Nakamura T, Sugane K. Molecular cloning and expression of the gene encoding a cysteine proteinase of Spirometra erinacei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1996; 76:11-21. [PMID: 8919991 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(95)02522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA library constructed from plerocercoid of Spirometra erinacei (SEP) was immunoscreened using rabbit anti-plerocercoid proteinase polyclonal antibody. A 1.0-kb cDNA clone encoding a cysteine proteinase composed of 336 amino acids was isolated. The amino acid sequence predicted from the cDNA showed significant homology with human and mouse cathepsin L. N-terminal amino acid sequence of the native cysteine proteinase extracted from SEP was the same as that of mature proteinase predicted from the cloned gene. The gene encoding the proteinase was characterized by Southern and Northern blot analysis using the cDNA as a probe. The proteinase with a molecular mass of 34 kDa was demonstrated in in vitro translation products using anti-proteinase polyclonal antibody. A fusion protein derived from the cDNA synthesized by Escherichia coli (TB1) using the expression vector, pMAL-c2 was identified as an immunodominant antigen by epitope-selection method and had no cross-reactivity with other parasite-infected sera. A genomic DNA library derived from SEP was screened by the colony hybridization technique using the cDNA probe. A gene with 4.5 kb encoding the proteinase was obtained, which comprised three exons and two introns.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto City, Japan
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Polzer M, Conradt U. Identification and partial characterization of the proteases from different developmental stages of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidae). Int J Parasitol 1994; 24:967-73. [PMID: 7883448 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(94)90161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic activities of extracts prepared from procercoids and plerocercoids as well as adults of the pseudophyllidean cestode Schistocephalus solidus were examined using several proteins and synthetic peptides as substrates. Whole bodies of procercoids and the isolated syncytial tegument of plerocercoids and adults prepared by freeze-thaw were studied. Extracts of procercoids contained a chymotrypsin-like proteinase exhibiting a molecular weight of 23,500 determined by gel filtration chromatography. The proteinase showed collagenolytic activity and had a pH optimum at 8. Such a proteinase was absent in plerocercoids and adults. In these developmental stages leucine aminopeptidases were detected in the isolated syncytial tegument having molecular weights of 93,500 (plerocercoids) and 89,000 (adults), respectively. The aminopeptidases in both stages displayed optimal activity at pH 8.5. The chymotrypsin-like proteinase of the procercoid is possibly necessary for the penetration of the host's intestinal wall, whereas the aminopeptidases of the plerocercoid and the adult of S. solidus may aid in parasite nutrition by degrading oligopeptides at the tegumental surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Polzer
- Lehrstuhl für Spezielle Zoologie und Parasitologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
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Polzer M, Overstreet RM, Taraschewski H. Proteinase activity in the plerocercoid of Proteocephalus ambloplitis (Cestoda). Parasitology 1994; 109 ( Pt 2):209-13. [PMID: 8084667 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000076320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Host invasion and tissue migration of several helminths have been linked to expression and release of parasite-derived proteinases. The plerocercoid of the cestode Proteocephalus ambloplitis can migrate into the visceral organs or, in the case of bass, from them into the intestinal tract of the same individual fish. It does this within a few hours, aided by secretion of a substance from its apical gland. Proteinase activity in this plerocercoid, obtained from the host liver, was defined by pH optimum, by substrate and inhibitor specificity, and by electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques. Homogenates of plerocercoid contained a metalloproteinase exhibiting a molecular weight of 30,000 determined by gelatin substrate gel electrophoresis. Peak activity of this proteolytic enzyme in gel filtration fractions when azocoll was used as substrate then corresponded to a molecular weight of 31,500. The proteinase showed collagenolytic, haemoglobinolytic and slight elastinolytic activity, and it had a pH optimum at 9.0. Enzyme activity could be inhibited by various chelating agents. The metalloproteinase identified in this study constitutes the only enzyme class present in this larval stage of P. ambloplitis. We suggest that the plerocercoid's metalloproteinase is the substance secreted from the apical organ, necessary for the previously recognized tissue migration phase. This enzyme might also have a nutritional function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Polzer
- Lehrstuhl für Spezielle Zoologie und Parasitologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
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Kong Y, Chung YB, Cho SY, Choi SH, Kang SY. Characterization of three neutral proteases of Spirometra mansoni plerocercoid. Parasitology 1994; 108 ( Pt 3):359-68. [PMID: 8022661 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000076204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of sparganosis, proteases have been considered to play important roles in tissue migration and parasite feeding. Several bands of proteolysis were observed when crude extracts of Spirometra mansoni plerocercoid (sparganum) were examined using gelatin substrate gel at neutral pH, of which two proteases of 198 and 104 kDa were purified by two chromatographic steps, and a 36 kDa protease was purified by gelatin-affinity and DEAE-anion exchange chromatography. All the purified proteases exhibited optimal activity at pH 7.5 and 0.1 M Tris-HCl. Proteolytic activities at 198 and 104 kDa were inhibited specifically by serine protease inhibitors and 4-(amidinophenyl)methanesulfonyl fluoride (APMSF, 0.5 mM) and N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK, 1 mM), which strongly suggested that these two proteases were trypsin-like proteases. The activity of the 36 kDa protease was inhibited by N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK, 1 mM) and chymostatin (0.1 mM), and was potentiated in 10 mM Ca2+ which showed that the protease had a chymotrypsin-like property. All the proteases were Schiff (PAS) positive. Proteases of 198 and 104 kDa degraded collagen completely within 24 h. The 36 kDa enzyme cleaved human recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN gamma) and bovine myelin basic protein. In addition, all the purified proteins elicited strong antibody responses in the infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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Song CY, Choi DH, Kim TS, Lee SH. Isolation and partial characterization of cysteine proteinase from sparganum. KISAENGCH'UNGHAK CHAPCHI. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1992; 30:191-9. [PMID: 1420032 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1992.30.3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A proteolytic enzyme was purified from the tissue extract of spargana (plerocercoids of Spirometra erinacei) by DEAE-Trisacryl M ion exchange chromatography and thiopropyl-sepharose affinity chromatography resulted in a 21-fold purification. The proteinase activity was assayed with a synthetic fluorescent substrate, carbobenzoxy-phenylalanyl-7-amino-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified materials revealed a single 28,000 dalton band. Inhibitor profiles of the band indicated that it belonged to cysteine endopeptidases. It exhibited identical pH curves with optimum at pH 5.5, and 50% activity from pH 4.7 to 8. It could completely degrade collagen chains to three identical products. It also showed some activity on hemoglobin. Furthermore, the band on immunoblots was reactive to the sera of sparganosis patients. These results suggest that the proteolytic enzyme belongs to cysteine proteinase which plays a role in the tissue penetration. Also it may be used as the antigen for diagnosis of active sparganosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Song
- Department of Biology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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Lectin analysis of glycoconjugate distribution during differentiation and strobilization of Bothriocephalus gregarius metacestode in a paratenic host. Int J Parasitol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(90)90123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Pappas PW. Hymenolepis diminuta: interactions of the isolated brush border membrane with proteolytic enzymes. Exp Parasitol 1987; 64:38-47. [PMID: 3301386 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(87)90006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the isolated brush border membrane of Hymenolepis diminuta were hydrolyzed in vitro by chymotrypsin, papain, pepsin, subtilopeptidase A (= subtilisin Carlsberg), and trypsin. Neither proteolytic nor amidase activity was demonstrable in the isolated membrane using proteinaceous (casein and hemoglobin) or chromogenic (benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide and succinyl-alanyl-alanyl-propyl-phenylalanine p-nitroanilide) substrates, and the membrane preparation did not inhibit the proteolytic and amidase activities of these enzymes. Thus, the isolated tegumental membrane of H. diminuta is not inherently resistant to the action of proteolytic enzymes, and it does not inhibit proteolytic activity. In control incubations containing only buffer, the alkaline phosphatase activity of the brush border membrane decreased in a time dependent manner, but in the presence of chymotrypsin, subtilopeptidase A, and trypsin, the membrane retained greater alkaline phosphatase activity (pepsin and papain could not be tested for this effect on alkaline phosphatase activity). A similar time dependent decrease in activity was also noted for each of the proteolytic enzymes in control assays, but subtilopeptidase A and papain retained greater activity in the presence of the isolated membrane preparation when these assays were compared to controls.
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Tegument and apical end organ fine structure in the metacestode and adult Proteocephalus ambloplitis. Int J Parasitol 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(80)90042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Coggins JR. Apical end organ structure and histochemistry in plerocercoids of Proteocephalus ambloplitis. Int J Parasitol 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(80)90018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidae): Studies on the properties of proteolytic and protease inhibitor activities of plerocercoid larvae. Int J Parasitol 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(79)90032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fried B, Gilbert JJ, Feese RC. A gelatin film procedure for the localization of proteolytic activity in Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae (Trematoda) adults. Int J Parasitol 1976; 6:311-3. [PMID: 955775 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(76)90052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kwa BH. Studies on the sparganum of Spirometra erinacei. 3. The fine structure of the tegument in the scolex. Int J Parasitol 1972; 2:35-43. [PMID: 4652915 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(72)90032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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