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Giannakidis A, Gullberg GT. Transmural Remodeling of Cardiac Microstructure in Aged Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats by Diffusion Tensor MRI. Front Physiol 2020; 11:265. [PMID: 32296341 PMCID: PMC7136532 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-standing high blood pressure (also known as hypertension) overworks the heart. Microstructural remodeling is a key factor of hypertensive heart disease progression. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) is a powerful tool for the rapid noninvasive nondestructive delineation of the cardiomyocyte organization. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is a well-established model of genetic hypertension. The goal of this study was to employ high-resolution DT-MRI and the SHR animal model to assess the transmural layer-specific remodeling of myocardial microstructure associated with hypertension. Ex vivo experiments were performed on excised formalin-fixed hearts of aged SHRs (n = 4) and age-matched controls (n = 4). The DT-MRI-derived fractional anisotropy (FA), longitudinal diffusivity (λL), transversal diffusivity (λT), and mean diffusivity (MD) served as the readout parameters investigated at three transmural zones (i.e., endocardium, mesocardium, and epicardium). The helix angles (HAs) of the aggregated cardiomyocytes and the orientation of laminar sheetlets were also studied. Compared with controls, the SHRs exhibited decreased epicardial FA, while FA changes in the other two transmural regions were insignificant. No substantial differences were observed in the diffusivity parameters and the transmural course of HAs between the two groups. A consistent distribution pattern of laminar sheetlet orientation was not identified for either group. Our findings are in line with the known cellular microstructure from early painstaking histological studies. Biophysical explanations of the study outcomes are provided. In conclusion, our experimental findings indicate that the epicardial microstructure is more vulnerable to high blood pressure leading to more pronounced changes in this region during remodeling. DT-MRI is well-suited for elucidating these alterations. The revealed transmural nonuniformity of myocardial reorganization may shed light on the mechanisms of the microstructure-function relationship in hypertension progression. Our results provide insights into the management of patients with systemic arterial hypertension, thus prevent the progression toward heart failure. The findings of this study should be acknowledged by electromechanical models of the heart that simulate the specific cardiac pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archontis Giannakidis
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grant T Gullberg
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Mele L, Maskell LJ, Stuckey DJ, Clark JE, Heads RJ, Budhram-Mahadeo VS. The POU4F2/Brn-3b transcription factor is required for the hypertrophic response to angiotensin II in the heart. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:621. [PMID: 31413277 PMCID: PMC6694165 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adult hearts respond to increased workload such as prolonged stress or injury, by undergoing hypertrophic growth. During this process, the early adaptive responses are important for maintaining cardiac output whereas at later stages, pathological responses such as cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrosis cause adverse remodelling, that can progress to heart failure. Yet the factors that control transition from adaptive responses to pathological remodelling in the heart are not well understood. Here we describe the POU4F2/Brn-3b transcription factor (TF) as a novel regulator of adaptive hypertrophic responses in adult hearts since Brn-3b mRNA and protein are increased in angiotensin-II (AngII) treated mouse hearts with concomitant hypertrophic changes [increased heart weight:body weight (HW:BW) ratio]. These effects occur specifically in cardiomyocytes because Brn-3b expression is increased in AngII-treated primary cultures of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) or foetal heart-derived H9c2 cells, which undergo characteristic sarcomeric re-organisation seen in hypertrophic myocytes and express hypertrophic markers, ANP/βMHC. The Brn-3b promoter is activated by known hypertrophic signalling pathways e.g. p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK1/2) or calcineurin (via NFAT). Brn-3b target genes, e.g. cyclin D1, GLUT4 and Bax, are increased at different stages following AngII treatment, supporting distinct roles in cardiac responses to stress. Furthermore, hearts from male Brn-3b KO mutant mice display contractile dysfunction at baseline but also attenuated hypertrophic responses to AngII treatment. Hearts from AngII-treated male Brn-3b KO mice develop further contractile dysfunction linked to extensive fibrosis/remodelling. Moreover, known Brn-3b target genes, e.g. GLUT4, are reduced in AngII-treated Brn-3b KO hearts, suggesting that Brn-3b and its target genes are important in driving adaptive hypertrophic responses in stressed heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mele
- Molecular Biology Development and Disease, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK
| | - Lauren J Maskell
- Molecular Biology Development and Disease, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK
| | - Daniel J Stuckey
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), Division of Medicine, UCL Faculty of Medical Sciences, London, UK
| | - James E Clark
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - Richard J Heads
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, London, UK
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3
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Blaustein MP. The pump, the exchanger, and the holy spirit: origins and 40-year evolution of ideas about the ouabain-Na + pump endocrine system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 314:C3-C26. [PMID: 28971835 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00196.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two prescient 1953 publications set the stage for the elucidation of a novel endocrine system: Schatzmann's report that cardiotonic steroids (CTSs) are all Na+ pump inhibitors, and Szent-Gyorgi's suggestion that there is an endogenous "missing screw" in heart failure that CTSs like digoxin may replace. In 1977 I postulated that an endogenous Na+ pump inhibitor acts as a natriuretic hormone and simultaneously elevates blood pressure (BP) in salt-dependent hypertension. This hypothesis was based on the idea that excess renal salt retention promoted the secretion of a CTS-like hormone that inhibits renal Na+ pumps and salt reabsorption. The hormone also inhibits arterial Na+ pumps, elevates myocyte Na+ and promotes Na/Ca exchanger-mediated Ca2+ gain. This enhances vasoconstriction and arterial tone-the hallmark of hypertension. Here I describe how those ideas led to the discovery that the CTS-like hormone is endogenous ouabain (EO), a key factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension and heart failure. Seminal observations that underlie the still-emerging picture of the EO-Na+ pump endocrine system in the physiology and pathophysiology of multiple organ systems are summarized. Milestones include: 1) cloning the Na+ pump isoforms and physiological studies of mutated pumps in mice; 2) discovery that Na+ pumps are also EO-triggered signaling molecules; 3) demonstration that ouabain, but not digoxin, is hypertensinogenic; 4) elucidation of EO's roles in kidney development and cardiovascular and renal physiology and pathophysiology; 5) discovery of "brain ouabain", a component of a novel hypothalamic neuromodulatory pathway; and 6) finding that EO and its brain receptors modulate behavior and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mordecai P Blaustein
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Blaustein MP. How does pressure overload cause cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction? High-ouabain affinity cardiac Na + pumps are crucial. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H919-H930. [PMID: 28733446 PMCID: PMC5792198 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00131.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy is frequently observed in hypertensive patients and is believed to be due to the pressure overload and cardiomyocyte stretch. Three recent reports on mice with genetically engineered Na+ pumps, however, have demonstrated that cardiac ouabain-sensitive α2-Na+ pumps play a key role in the pathogenesis of transaortic constriction-induced hypertrophy. Hypertrophy was delayed/attenuated in mice with mutant, ouabain-resistant α2-Na+ pumps and in mice with cardiac-selective knockout or transgenic overexpression of α2-Na+ pumps. The latter, seemingly paradoxical, findings can be explained by comparing the numbers of available (ouabain-free) high-affinity (α2) ouabain-binding sites in wild-type, knockout, and transgenic hearts. Conversely, hypertrophy was accelerated in α2-ouabain-resistant (R) mice in which the normally ouabain-resistant α1-Na+ pumps were mutated to an ouabain-sensitive (S) form (α1S/Sα2R/R or "SWAP" vs. wild-type or α1R/R α2S/S mice). Furthermore, transaortic constriction-induced hypertrophy in SWAP mice was prevented/reversed by immunoneutralizing circulating endogenous ouabain (EO). These findings show that EO and its receptor, ouabain-sensitive α2, are critical factors in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. This complements reports linking elevated plasma EO to hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and failure in humans and elucidates the underappreciated role of the EO-Na+ pump pathway in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mordecai P. Blaustein
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Leenen FHH, Blaustein MP, Hamlyn JM. Update on angiotensin II: new endocrine connections between the brain, adrenal glands and the cardiovascular system. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:R131-R145. [PMID: 28855243 PMCID: PMC5613704 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, angiotensinergic pathways play a major role in chronic regulation of cardiovascular and electrolyte homeostasis. Increases in plasma angiotensin II (Ang II), aldosterone, [Na+] and cytokines can directly activate these pathways. Chronically, these stimuli also activate a slow neuromodulatory pathway involving local aldosterone, mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), epithelial sodium channels and endogenous ouabain (EO). This pathway increases AT1R and NADPH oxidase subunits and maintains/further increases the activity of angiotensinergic pathways. These brain pathways not only increase the setpoint of sympathetic activity per se, but also enhance its effectiveness by increasing plasma EO and EO-dependent reprogramming of arterial and cardiac function. Blockade of any step in this slow pathway or of AT1R prevents Ang II-, aldosterone- or salt and renal injury-induced forms of hypertension. MR/AT1R activation in the CNS also contributes to the activation of sympathetic activity, the circulatory and cardiac RAAS and increase in circulating cytokines in HF post MI. Chronic central infusion of an aldosterone synthase inhibitor, MR blocker or AT1R blocker prevents a major part of the structural remodeling of the heart and the decrease in LV function post MI, indicating that MR activation in the CNS post MI depends on aldosterone, locally produced in the CNS. Thus, Ang II, aldosterone and EO are not simply circulating hormones that act on the CNS but rather they are also paracrine neurohormones, locally produced in the CNS, that exert powerful effects in key CNS pathways involved in the long-term control of sympathetic and neuro-endocrine function and cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans H H Leenen
- Brain and Heart Research GroupUniversity of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mordecai P Blaustein
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John M Hamlyn
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Souders CA, Bowers SLK, Banerjee I, Fuseler JW, Demieville JL, Baudino TA. c-Myc is required for proper coronary vascular formation via cell- and gene-specific signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1308-19. [PMID: 22402364 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.244590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although significant research has detailed angiogenesis during development and cancer, little is known about cardiac angiogenesis, yet it is critical for survival following pathological insult. The transcription factor c-Myc is a target of anticancer therapies because of its mitogenic and proangiogenic induction. In the current study, we investigate its role in cardiac angiogenesis in a cell-dependent and gene-specific context. METHODS AND RESULTS Angiogenesis assays using c-Myc-deficient cardiac endothelial cells and fibroblasts demonstrate that c-Myc is essential to vessel formation, and fibroblast-mediated vessel formation is dependent on c-Myc expression in fibroblasts. Gene analyses revealed that c-Myc-mediated gene expression is unique in cardiac angiogenesis and varies in a cell-dependent manner. In vitro 3-dimensional cultures demonstrated c-Myc's role in the expression of secreted angiogenic factors, while also providing evidence for c-Myc-mediated cell-cell interactions. Additional in vivo vascular analyses support c-Myc's critical role in capillary formation and vessel patterning during development and also in response to a pathological stimulus where its expression in myocytes is required for angiogenic remodeling. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that proper c-Myc expression in cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes is essential to cardiac angiogenesis. These results have the potential for novel therapeutic applications involving the angiogenic response during cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby A Souders
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cocaine users can have as much as a 69% increase in left ventricular muscle mass without associated increases in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, renin, aldosterone, or cortisol. We determined whether cocaine directly increases cardiomyocyte protein content and whether protein kinase C is important in this process. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult rat cardiomyocytes were isolated and grown in cultures. In Series I experiments, cocaine, 10(-8) to 10(-6) M, or vehicle, in the absence or presence of phentolamine or metoprolol, was added to each culture and the cells were subsequently harvested. In Series II, cocaine, 10(-6) M, cocaine, 10(-6) M, plus bisindolylmaleimide, 10(-6) M, a protein kinase C inhibitor, or vehicle were added to each culture and the cells subsequently harvested. We determined the total protein content, the content of alpha-myosin and fetal beta-myosin heavy-chain protein, and the presence of protein kinase C isoforms in the cardiomyocyte soluble and particulate fractions. Protein kinase C translocation from the soluble to particulate fraction is indicative of activation. In Series III, we determined the cocaine effects on ERK, SAPK/JNK, and p38. In Series I, cocaine, 10(-8) to 10(-6) M, dose-dependently increased myocyte protein content by as much as 28%+/-2% (P<.001) and fetal beta-myosin heavy-chain protein content by 80%+/-2% (P<.001). Neither phentolamine nor metoprolol inhibited this process. In Series II, we determined that ventricular myocytes contain alpha (alpha), beta (beta), delta (delta), epsilon (epsilon), and zeta (zeta) protein kinase C isoforms. Cocaine, 10(-6) M, caused a 45+/-5% increase (P<.001) in protein kinase Calpha in the particulate fraction. The addition of a protein kinase C inhibitor to the myocyte cultures prevented the cocaine-induced translocation of protein kinase Calpha and limited the increase in beta-myosin heavy-chain protein content by >75% (P<.001). However, cocaine did not increase the phosphorylation of ERK, SAPK/JNK or p38 in Series III. CONCLUSIONS Cocaine increases adult cardiomyocyte protein content by protein kinase Calpha-dependent mechanisms, and this process can contribute to the cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy that results from chronic cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Henning
- Department of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine and the James A. Haley Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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8
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Baldwin KM, Haddad F. Effects of different activity and inactivity paradigms on myosin heavy chain gene expression in striated muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001; 90:345-57. [PMID: 11133928 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.1.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this mini-review is to summarize findings concerning the role that different models of muscular activity and inactivity play in altering gene expression of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) family of motor proteins in mammalian cardiac and skeletal muscle. This was done in the context of examining parallel findings concerning the role that thyroid hormone (T(3), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) plays in MHC expression. Findings show that both cardiac and skeletal muscles of experimental animals are initially undifferentiated at birth and then undergo a marked level of growth and differentiation in attaining the adult MHC phenotype in a T(3)/activity level-dependent fashion. Cardiac MHC expression in small mammals is highly sensitive to thyroid deficiency, diabetes, energy deprivation, and hypertension; each of these interventions induces upregulation of the beta-MHC isoform, which functions to economize circulatory function in the face of altered energy demand. In skeletal muscle, hyperthyroidism, as well as interventions that unload or reduce the weight-bearing activity of the muscle, causes slow to fast MHC conversions. Fast to slow conversions, however, are seen under hypothyroidism or when the muscles either become chronically overloaded or subjected to intermittent loading as occurs during resistance training and endurance exercise. The regulation of MHC gene expression by T(3) or mechanical stimuli appears to be strongly regulated by transcriptional events, based on recent findings on transgenic models and animals transfected with promoter-reporter constructs. However, the mechanisms by which T(3) and mechanical stimuli exert their control on transcriptional processes appear to be different. Additional findings show that individual skeletal muscle fibers have the genetic machinery to express simultaneously all of the adult MHCs, e.g., slow type I and fast IIa, IIx, and IIb, in unique combinations under certain experimental conditions. This degree of heterogeneity among the individual fibers would ensure a large functional diversity in performing complex movement patterns. Future studies must now focus on 1) the signaling pathways and the underlying mechanisms governing the transcriptional/translational machinery that control this marked degree of plasticity and 2) the morphological organization and functional implications of the muscle fiber's capacity to express such a diversity of motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Baldwin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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9
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Del Rizzo DF, Goldman BS, Christakis GT, David TE. Hemodynamic benefits of the Toronto Stentless Valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 112:1431-45; discussion 1445-6. [PMID: 8975834 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(96)70001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on 254 consecutive patients (170 male, 84 female) undergoing aortic valve replacement with the Toronto SPV Stentless Valve (St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Paul, Minn.). Mean age (+/- standard deviation) was 62.1 +/- 11.6 years. Three patients (1%) received sizes 21 or 22 mm, 24 (9%) received size 23 mm, and 227 patients (89%) received sizes 25, 27, or 29 mm. Serial echocardiography was used to assess valve performance during a 3-year follow-up. Mean gradient decreased by 35.8% (p < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval -39.6%, -31.7%) from postoperative values to the 3- to 6-month follow-up and by 6.1% (p = 0.004; 95% confidence interval -10.1%, -2%) at each subsequent interval; effective orifice area increased by 17.2% (p = 0.0001; 95% confidence interval 12.0%, 22.6%) initially and by 4.4% (p < 0.001; 95% confidence interval 1.8%, 7.0%) thereafter. At 2 years of follow-up, mean gradient was 3.3 +/- 2.1 mm Hg and mean effective orifice area was 2.2 +/- 0.8 cm2. Studies on left ventricular mass were carried out on 84 patients. Left ventricular mass decreased by 14.3% (37.8 +/- 57.9 gm; p < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval -53.7, -21.9 gm) and left ventricular mass index decreased by 15.2% (21.1 +/- 30.5 gm/m2; p < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval -29.5, -12.7 gm/m2) from postoperative values to the 3- to 6-month follow-up interval. The reduction in residual gradient and potential regression in left ventricular hypertrophy may have a beneficial prognostic implication. We believe that the unique stentless design of the Toronto SPV Stentless Valve allows this to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Del Rizzo
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
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Doud SK, Pan LX, Carleton S, Marmorstein S, Siddiqui MA. Adaptational response in transcription factors during development of myocardial hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995; 27:2359-72. [PMID: 8576950 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2828(95)92019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is characterized, among others, by the molecular events which selectively activate the expression of genes for contractile proteins within individual myocardial cells. As such, myosin light chain 2 (MLC-2), which is upregulated in the hypertrophic state in both rat and human, serves as a marker for hypertrophy. In an attempt to investigate the gene regulatory mechanisms of this phenomenon, we tested the hypothesis that certain transcription factors are directly involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy by demonstrating the presence of cardiac tissue-specific regulatory elements in the 5'-flanking region of the MLC-2 promoter and testing them in the gel mobility shift assay for their binding activity to nuclear proteins from hypertrophied and normal cardiac tissue. In nuclear extracts from the ventricular tissues of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), distinctive changes in two families of activator proteins, the A/T-rich DNA-binding transcription factors, myocyte enhancer factor (MEF-2) and CArG-binding factor, manifested in a developmentally dictated manner paralleling the evolution of cardiac hypertrophy in these animals. Extracts isolated from brains and skeletal muscle tissues from the same animals did not exhibit the changes in binding activity. Also, the changes were not apparent when a distal negative regulatory element (CSS), which confers cardiac-specific expression, was tested in gel mobility shift assays. The ubiquitous TATA-binding proteins remained unchanged in comparing SHR with the control strain WKY in the same assay. These data support the notion that the expression of specific transcription factors is modulated in response to hypertrophy related signals which execute changes at the gene level effecting the enrichment of certain contractile proteins in an effort discrete and estranged from the basal transcription machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Doud
- Center for Cardiovascular and Muscle Research, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn 11203, USA
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Pelouch V, Milerová M, Ostádal B, Hucín B, Samánek M. Differences between atrial and ventricular protein profiling in children with congenital heart disease. Mol Cell Biochem 1995; 147:43-9. [PMID: 7494553 DOI: 10.1007/bf00944782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare protein profiling of atria and ventricles in children operated for congenital heart disease. Tissue samples were obtained during surgery from patients with normoxemic (ventricular and atrial septal defects) and hypoxemic (tetralogy of Fallot) diseases. Protein fractions were isolated by stepwise extraction from both right ventricular and atrial musculature. The concentration of total atrial protein in the normoxemic patients exceeded the ventricular value (110 +/- 2.1 vs 99.9 +/- 4.0 mg.g-1 wet weight, respectively); in the hypoxemic group this atrio-ventricular difference disappeared. The concentration of contractile proteins in all cardiac samples was significantly higher in the ventricles as compared with atria, while the concentration of collagenous proteins was significantly higher in the atria (due to a higher amount of the insoluble collagenous fraction). The concentration of sarcoplasmic proteins (containing predominantly enzyme systems for aerobic and anaerobic substrate utilization), however did not differ between ventricles and atria. Furthermore, ventricular contractile fractions obtained from both normoxemic and hypoxemic patients were contaminated with the myosin light chain of atrial origin. Soluble collagenous fractions (containing newly synthesized collagenous proteins, predominantly collagen I and III), derived from all ventricular samples, were contaminated by low molecular weight fragments (mol. weight 29-35 kDa). The proportion of the soluble collagenous fraction was significantly higher in atrial but not in ventricular myocardium of hypoxemic children as compared with the normoxemic group. It seems, therefore, that lower oxygen saturation affects the synthesis of collagen preferentially in atrial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pelouch
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
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12
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Hannan RD, Stennard FA, West AK. Localization of c-myc protooncogene expression in the rat heart in vivo and in the isolated, perfused heart following treatment with norepinephrine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1217:281-90. [PMID: 8148373 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(94)90287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the expression of the protooncogene c-myc in rat hearts following exposure to norepinephrine, both in vivo and in isolated perfused preparations. Both chronic and acute norepinephrine treatment produced a rapid, transient elevation of c-myc mRNA in adult rat hearts, but chronic infusion produced a second, larger increase. This expression profile was characteristic for c-myc since it was not found for four other protooncogenes. In the isolated, perfused heart, addition of norepinephrine to the perfusion buffer and elevation of perfusion pressure separately increase c-myc mRNA suggesting both direct hormonal and hemodynamic factors might be important in vivo. Immunocytochemistry showed that Myc protein accumulated predominantly in the nuclei of non-myocyte cells following norepinephrine treatment indicating that expression at the mRNA level culminated in protein synthesis. These findings suggest that the c-myc expression observed in the hypertrophying adult heart following exposure to norepinephrine may be associated with proliferating cells like fibroblasts rather than cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Hannan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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13
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Milting H, Thies WR, Breymann T, Léger J, Léger JJ, Meyer H, Körfer R, Jockusch H. Coexpression of alpha and beta myosin heavy-chain isoforms in atria of neonates and infants with congenital heart disease. Basic Res Cardiol 1993; 88:371-7. [PMID: 8240229 DOI: 10.1007/bf00800643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The relative amounts of cardiac myosin heavy-chain isoforms (MyHC) in right atrial tissue (RA) of 16 neonates and children suffering from congenital heart disease have been investigated. Quantification of MyHC was based on one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and on histometrical evaluation of cyro-sections stained with monoclonal antibodies against alpha- and beta-MyHC. The mean right atrial pressures ranged from 2 to 14 Hg. The RA load was normal in eight patients (5.1 +/- 1.3 mm Hg) and overloaded in eight cases (10 +/- 2.5 mm Hg). The arterial oxygen saturation was normal in 12 and ranged between 85% and 89% in four cases. In all patients a large proportion of atrial myocytes coexpressed alpha- and beta-MyHC. However, in the cases with pressure overloaded RA the amount of beta-MyHC was found to be 1.6 times higher than in the cases with normal pressure. This indicates an adaptational response to overload, as was previously described for the adult human heart. In light of this finding, it seems important to conserve as much as possible of the trained right atrial wall during a Fontan type of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Milting
- Developmental Biology Unit, University of Bielefeld, FRG
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14
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Abstract
Understanding of heart failure has developed through 3 paradigms involving organ, cell, and gene. The first views heart failure as an abnormality of organ (pump) function leading to salt and water retention and vasoconstriction. Therapy to correct these circulatory abnormalities is well accepted and effective. The second considers heart failure as a disordered cellular function, mainly impaired contraction and relaxation. Efforts to correct the biochemical and biophysical abnormalities responsible for these disorders of myocardial performance have, however, been less successful. Recent emphasis on efforts to improve prognosis as well as symptoms in patients with chronic heart failure demonstrates that it is a lethal disease with problems of survival similar to those in malignancies. The third paradigm of abnormal gene expression, which in the failing heart represents a cardiomyopathy of overload, appears to be a major cause of poor prognosis in these patients. Evidence that the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have important effects on cell growth, as well as on vascular tone, suggests that their ability to prolong survival in patients with heart failure may be due largely to the inhibition of detrimental effects of angiotensin II on cardiac gene expression. Thus, it seems likely that work focused on the third paradigm will uncover specific abnormalities of gene expression that are responsible for poor survival of patients with heart failure. By 2001, I predict that heart failure will be viewed as an abnormality of cell growth and this will lead to the development of therapies to retard, if not reverse, the clinical deterioration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Katz
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington 06030
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