1
|
Goettig P, Koch NG, Budisa N. Non-Canonical Amino Acids in Analyses of Protease Structure and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14035. [PMID: 37762340 PMCID: PMC10531186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
All known organisms encode 20 canonical amino acids by base triplets in the genetic code. The cellular translational machinery produces proteins consisting mainly of these amino acids. Several hundred natural amino acids serve important functions in metabolism, as scaffold molecules, and in signal transduction. New side chains are generated mainly by post-translational modifications, while others have altered backbones, such as the β- or γ-amino acids, or they undergo stereochemical inversion, e.g., in the case of D-amino acids. In addition, the number of non-canonical amino acids has further increased by chemical syntheses. Since many of these non-canonical amino acids confer resistance to proteolytic degradation, they are potential protease inhibitors and tools for specificity profiling studies in substrate optimization and enzyme inhibition. Other applications include in vitro and in vivo studies of enzyme kinetics, molecular interactions and bioimaging, to name a few. Amino acids with bio-orthogonal labels are particularly attractive, enabling various cross-link and click reactions for structure-functional studies. Here, we cover the latest developments in protease research with non-canonical amino acids, which opens up a great potential, e.g., for novel prodrugs activated by proteases or for other pharmaceutical compounds, some of which have already reached the clinical trial stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goettig
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nikolaj G. Koch
- Biocatalysis Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
- Bioanalytics Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Nediljko Budisa
- Bioanalytics Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
N-sulfonyl peptide-hybrids as a new class of dengue virus protease inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115227. [PMID: 36893626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) from the Flaviviridae family causes an epidemic disease that seriously threatens human life. The viral serine protease NS2B-NS3 is a promising target for drug development against DENV and other flaviviruses. We here report the design, synthesis, and in-vitro characterization of potent peptidic inhibitors of DENV protease with a sulfonyl moiety as N-terminal cap, thereby creating sulfonamide-peptide hybrids. The in-vitro target affinities of some synthesized compounds were in the nanomolar range, with the most promising derivative reaching a Ki value of 78 nM against DENV-2 protease. The synthesized compounds did not have relevant off-target activity nor cytotoxicity. The metabolic stability of compounds against rat liver microsomes and pancreatic enzymes was remarkable. In general, the integration of sulfonamide moieties at the N-terminus of peptidic inhibitors proved to be a promising and attractive strategy for further drug development against DENV infections.
Collapse
|
3
|
Dólleman SC, Agten SM, Spronk HMH, Hackeng TM, Bos MHA, Versteeg HH, van Zonneveld AJ, de Boer HC. Thrombin in complex with dabigatran can still interact with PAR-1 via exosite-I and instigate loss of vascular integrity. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:996-1007. [PMID: 35037739 PMCID: PMC9306515 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) can lead to the loss of microvascular integrity thereby enhancing AF progression. Mechanistically, the pro-coagulant state that drives the risk of stroke in patients with AF may also play a causal role in microvascular loss. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), the preferred anticoagulants for AF, can target factors upstream (factor Xa [FXa]) or downstream (thrombin) in the coagulation cascade and mediate differential vascular effects through interaction with protease-activated receptors (PARs). OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential effect of different DOACs on vascular integrity. METHODS To model the impact of DOACs on vascular integrity, we utilized platelet-free plasma in thrombin generation assays and endothelial barrier assays under identical experimental conditions. These multifactorial systems provide all coagulation factors and their respective natural inhibitors in physiological ratios in combination with the pro-coagulant endothelial surface on which coagulation is initiated. Furthermore, the system provides pro- and anti-barrier factors and monitoring both assays simultaneously permits coupling of thrombin kinetics to endothelial barrier dynamics. RESULTS We provide evidence that the anti-FXa DOAC rivaroxaban and the anti-thrombin DOAC dabigatran are efficient in blocking their target proteases. However, while rivaroxaban could preserve endothelial barrier function, dabigatran failed to protect endothelial integrity over time, which could be prevented in the presence of a custom-made peptide that blocks thrombin's exosite-I. CONCLUSIONS Proteolytically inactive thrombin in complex with dabigatran evokes loss of barrier function that can be prevented by a protease-activated receptor-1 mimicking peptide blocking thrombin's exosite-I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C. Dólleman
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology)Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Stijn M. Agten
- Department of BiochemistryCardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Henri M. H. Spronk
- Department of BiochemistryCardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Tilman M. Hackeng
- Department of BiochemistryCardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Mettine H. A. Bos
- Division of Thrombosis and HemostasisLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Henri H. Versteeg
- Division of Thrombosis and HemostasisLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Anton Jan van Zonneveld
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology)Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Hetty C. de Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology)Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineLeidenthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kovach IM. Proton Bridging in Catalysis by and Inhibition of Serine Proteases of the Blood Cascade System. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:396. [PMID: 33925363 PMCID: PMC8146069 DOI: 10.3390/life11050396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inquiries into the participation of short hydrogen bonds in stabilizing transition states and intermediate states in the thrombin, factor Xa, plasmin and activated protein C-catalyzed reactions revealed that specific binding of effectors at Sn, n = 1-4 and S'n, n = 1-3 and at remote exosites elicit complex patterns of hydrogen bonding and involve water networks. The methods employed that yielded these discoveries include; (1) kinetics, especially partial or full kinetic deuterium solvent isotope effects with short cognate substrates and also with the natural substrates, (2) kinetic and structural probes, particularly low-field high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), of mechanism-based inhibitors and substrate-mimic peptide inhibitors. Short hydrogen bonds form at the transition states of the catalytic reactions at the active site of the enzymes as they do with mechanism-based covalent inhibitors of thrombin. The emergence of short hydrogen bonds at the binding interface of effectors and thrombin at remote exosites has recently gained recognition. Herein, I describe our contribution, a confirmation of this discovery, by low-field 1H NMR. The principal conclusion of this review is that proton sharing at distances below the sum of van der Waals radii of the hydrogen and both donor and acceptor atoms contribute to the remarkable catalytic prowess of serine proteases of the blood clotting system and other enzymes that employ acid-base catalysis. Proton bridges also play a role in tight binding in proteins and at exosites, i.e., allosteric sites, of enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko M Kovach
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Basavaraj MG, Krishnaswamy S. Exosite binding drives substrate affinity for the activation of coagulation factor X by the intrinsic Xase complex. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15198-15207. [PMID: 32859749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor X activation by the intrinsic Xase complex, composed of factor IXa bound to factor VIIIa on membranes, is essential for the amplified blood coagulation response. The biological significance of this step is evident from bleeding arising from deficiencies in factors VIIIa or IXa in hemophilia. Here, we assess the mechanism(s) that enforce the distinctive specificity of intrinsic Xase for its biological substrate. Active-site function of IXa was assessed with a tripeptidyl substrate (PF-3688). The reversible S1 site binder, 4-aminobenzamidine (pAB), acted as a classical competitive inhibitor of PF-3688 cleavage by Xase. In contrast, pAB acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor of factor X activation. This disconnect between peptidyl substrate and protein substrate cleavage indicates a major role for interactions between factor X and extended sites on Xase in determining substrate affinity. Accordingly, an uncleavable factor X variant, not predicted to engage the active site of IXa within Xase, acted as a classical competitive inhibitor of factor X activation. Fluorescence studies confirmed the binding of factor X to Xase assembled with IXa with a covalently blocked active site. Our findings suggest that the recognition of factor X by the intrinsic Xase complex occurs through a multistep "dock-and-lock" pathway in which the initial interaction between factor X and intrinsic Xase occurs at exosites distant from the active site, followed by active-site docking and bond cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sriram Krishnaswamy
- Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen J, Gao Y, Hu X, Qin D, Lu X. Descriptor selection based on variable stability for predicting inhibitor activity. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633617500742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) has been a technique to study the relationship between chemical structures and properties, and variable selection is an important problem for finding the informative variables and building reliable models. A variable selection method based on variable stability is proposed and used for selecting the informative descriptors in the QSAR model of inhibitors. In the method, a series of models are built by leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV), and variable stability is defined as the ratio of the absolute mean value and standard deviation of the regression coefficients in the models for a descriptor. Therefore, the descriptors with larger stabilities are more informative to the model. To further enhance the difference among the descriptors, an exponential parameter is used to modify the standard deviation. The results show that 13 descriptors are selected as informative ones from 1217 descriptors for the QSAR model of inhibitors. An effective prediction model can be constructed by them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Yunjing Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dabigatran and Argatroban Diametrically Modulate Thrombin Exosite Function. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157471. [PMID: 27305147 PMCID: PMC4909201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a highly plastic molecule whose activity and specificity are regulated by exosites 1 and 2, positively-charged domains that flank the active site. Exosite binding by substrates and cofactors regulates thrombin activity by localizing thrombin, guiding substrates, and by inducing allosteric changes at the active site. Although inter-exosite and exosite-to-active-site allostery have been demonstrated, the impact of active site ligation on exosite function has not been examined. To address this gap, we used surface plasmon resonance to determine the effects of dabigatran and argatroban, active site-directed inhibitors, on thrombin binding to immobilized γA/γA-fibrin or glycoprotein Ibα peptide via exosite 1 and 2, respectively, and thrombin binding to γA/γ′-fibrin or factor Va, which is mediated by both exosites. Whereas dabigatran attenuated binding, argatroban increased thrombin binding to γA/γA- and γA/γ′-fibrin and to factor Va. The results with immobilized fibrin were confirmed by examining the binding of radiolabeled thrombin to fibrin clots. Thus, dabigatran modestly accelerated the dissociation of thrombin from γA/γA-fibrin clots, whereas argatroban attenuated dissociation. Dabigatran had no effect on thrombin binding to glycoprotein Ibα peptide, whereas argatroban promoted binding. These findings not only highlight functional effects of thrombin allostery, but also suggest that individual active site-directed thrombin inhibitors uniquely modulate exosite function, thereby identifying potential novel mechanisms of action.
Collapse
|
8
|
Feuring M, van Ryn J. The discovery of dabigatran etexilate for the treatment of venous thrombosis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:717-31. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1188077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
9
|
Weigel LF, Nitsche C, Graf D, Bartenschlager R, Klein CD. Phenylalanine and Phenylglycine Analogues as Arginine Mimetics in Dengue Protease Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7719-33. [PMID: 26367391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus is an increasingly global pathogen. One of the promising targets for antiviral drug discovery against dengue and related flaviviruses such as West Nile virus is the viral serine protease NS2B-NS3. We here report the synthesis and in vitro characterization of potent peptidic inhibitors of dengue virus protease that incorporate phenylalanine and phenylglycine derivatives as arginine-mimicking groups with modulated basicity. The most promising compounds were (4-amidino)-L-phenylalanine-containing inhibitors, which reached nanomolar affinities against dengue virus protease. The type and position of the substituents on the phenylglycine and phenylalanine side chains has a significant effect on the inhibitory activity against dengue virus protease and selectivity against other proteases. In addition, the non-natural, basic amino acids described here may have relevance for the development of other peptidic and peptidomimetic drugs such as inhibitors of the blood clotting cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena F Weigel
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Graf
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Heidelberg University , D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian D Klein
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Franco FM, Jones DE, Harris PK, Han Z, Wildman SA, Jarvis CM, Janetka JW. Structure-based discovery of small molecule hepsin and HGFA protease inhibitors: Evaluation of potency and selectivity derived from distinct binding pockets. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2328-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
During recent years, three new anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban) have been introduced to the market, probably with one more anticoagulant (edoxaban) in the next 2 years. This review is not intended to compare the efficacy and risks of these new agents, but rather to detail the advantages and limitations. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of these drugs have few drug and food interactions, predictable dose responses, and rapid onset and offset, thus resulting in simplified management of the patient requiring anticoagulant therapy. No routine laboratory monitoring is required. A somewhat unexpected, but exciting observation involving the new anticoagulants, is the uniform reduction in intracranial bleeding by one-half compared with warfarin. The potential limitations of the new anticoagulants include uncertainty regarding assessment of drug levels, safe drug levels for major surgery, management of major bleeding, renal dependence, multiple dose regimens, adherence in the absence of frequent monitoring and unknown, rare side effects that were not captured in the trials. This review should clarify some of these concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Schulman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kovach IM, Kakalis L, Jordan F, Zhang D. Proton bridging in the interactions of thrombin with hirudin and its mimics. Biochemistry 2013; 52:2472-81. [PMID: 23517305 DOI: 10.1021/bi301625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is the pivotal serine protease enzyme in the blood cascade system and thus a target of drug design for control of its activity. The most efficient nonphysiologic inhibitor of thrombin is hirudin, a naturally occurring small protein. Hirudin and its synthetic mimics employ a range of hydrogen bonding, salt bridging, and hydrophobic interactions with thrombin to achieve tight binding with K(i) values in the nano- to femtomolar range. The one-dimensional (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum recorded at 600 MHz reveals a resonance 15.33 ppm downfield from silanes in complexes between human α-thrombin and r-hirudin in pH 5.6-8.8 buffers and between 5 and 35 °C. There is also a resonance between 15.17 and 15.54 ppm seen in complexes of human α-thrombin with hirunorm IV, hirunorm V, an Nα(Me)Arg peptide, RGD-hirudin, and Nα-2-naphthylsulfonyl-glycyl-DL-4-amidinophenylalanyl-piperidide acetate salt (NAPAP), while there is no such low-field resonance observed in a complex of porcine trypsin and NAPAP. The chemical shifts suggest that these resonances represent H-bonded environments. H-Donor-acceptor distances in the corresponding H-bonds are estimated to be <2.7 Å. Addition of Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethylketone (PPACK) to a complex of human α-thrombin with r-hirudin results in an additional signal at 18.03 ppm, which is 0.10 ppm upfield from the observed signal [Kovach, I. M., et al. (2009) Biochemistry 48, 7296-7304] for thrombin covalently modified with PPACK. In contrast, the peak at 15.33 ppm remains unchanged. The fractionation factors for the thrombin-hirudin complexes are near 1.0 within 20% error. The most likely site of the short H-bond in complexes of thrombin with the hirudin family of inhibitors is in the hydrophobic patch of the C-terminus of hirudin where Glu(57') and Glu(58') are embedded and interact with Arg(75) and Arg(77) and their solvate water (on thrombin). Glu(57') and Glu(58') present in the hirudin family of inhibitors make up a key binding epitope of fibrinogen, thrombin's prime substrate, which lends substantial interest to the short hydrogen bond as a binding element at the fibrinogen recognition site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko M Kovach
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
van Ryn J, Goss A, Hauel N, Wienen W, Priepke H, Nar H, Clemens A. The discovery of dabigatran etexilate. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:12. [PMID: 23408233 PMCID: PMC3569592 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Thromboembolic disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the developed world and is caused by an excessive stimulation of coagulation. Thrombin is a key serine protease in the coagulation cascade and numerous efforts have been made to develop safe and effective orally active direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs). Current anticoagulant therapy includes the use of indirect thrombin inhibitors (e.g., heparins, low-molecular-weight-heparins) and vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin. However there are several caveats in the clinical use of these agents including narrow therapeutic window, parenteral delivery, and food- and drug-drug interactions. Dabigatran is a synthetic, reversible DTI with high affinity and specificity for its target binding both free and clot-bound thrombin, and offers a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. Large randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that dabigatran provides comparable or superior thromboprophylaxis in multiple thromboembolic disease indications compared to standard of care. This minireview will highlight the discovery and development of dabigatran, the first in a class of new oral anticoagulant agents to be licensed worldwide for the prevention of thromboembolism in the setting of orthopedic surgery and stroke prevent in atrial fibrillation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne van Ryn
- Department of CardioMetabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberach an der Riss, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Ashley Goss
- Department of CardioMetabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc.Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Norbert Hauel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberach an der Riss, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wienen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberach an der Riss, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Henning Priepke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberach an der Riss, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Nar
- Department of Lead Identification and Optimization Support, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberach an der Riss, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Clemens
- Global Clinical Development and Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGIngelheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Coppens
- From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.I.W., J.H.); Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.W.E., J.I.W.); AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (D.G.); and the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.)
| | - John W. Eikelboom
- From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.I.W., J.H.); Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.W.E., J.I.W.); AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (D.G.); and the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.)
| | - David Gustafsson
- From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.I.W., J.H.); Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.W.E., J.I.W.); AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (D.G.); and the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.)
| | - Jeffrey I. Weitz
- From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.I.W., J.H.); Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.W.E., J.I.W.); AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (D.G.); and the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.)
| | - Jack Hirsh
- From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.C., J.W.E., J.I.W., J.H.); Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.W.E., J.I.W.); AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (D.G.); and the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Steinmetzer T, Baum B, Biela A, Klebe G, Nowak G, Bucha E. Beyond Heparinization: Design of Highly Potent Thrombin Inhibitors Suitable for Surface Coupling. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1965-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
Hepsin is a type II transmembrane serine protease that is expressed in several human tissues. Overexpression of hepsin has been found to correlate with tumour progression and metastasis, which is so far best studied for prostate cancer, where more than 90% of such tumours show this characteristic. To enable improved future patient treatment, we have developed a monoclonal humanized antibody that selectively inhibits human hepsin and does not inhibit other related proteases. We found that our antibody, hH35, potently inhibits hepsin enzymatic activity at nanomolar concentrations. Kinetic characterization revealed non-linear, slow, tight-binding inhibition. This correlates with the crystal structure we obtained for the human hepsin-hH35 antibody Fab fragment complex, which showed that the antibody binds hepsin around α3-helix, located far from the active centre. The unique allosteric mode of inhibition of hH35 is distinct from the recently described HGFA (hepatocyte growth factor activator) allosteric antibody inhibition. We further explain how a small change in the antibody design induces dramatic structural rearrangements in the hepsin antigen upon binding, leading to complete enzyme inactivation.
Collapse
|
17
|
The role of structural information in the discovery of direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:279-88. [PMID: 22503439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The quest for novel medications to treat thromboembolic disorders such as venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and stroke received a boost when the 3D structures of two major players in the blood coagulation cascade were determined in 1989 and 1993. Structure-guided design of inhibitors of thrombin (factor IIa, fIIa) and factor Xa (fXa) eventually led to the discovery of potent, selective, efficacious, orally active and safe compounds that proved successful in clinical studies. In 2008, the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate developed by Boehringer Ingelheim became the first novel antithrombotic molecular entity to enter the market in 50 years. Additional compounds targeting factor Xa were subsequently granted marketing authorization or are in late-stage clinical studies. In this review, I use selected case studies to describe the discovery of novel fIIa and fXa inhibitors, with a particular emphasis on the pre-eminent role that structural information played in this process.
Collapse
|
18
|
Bachovchin DA, Cravatt BF. The pharmacological landscape and therapeutic potential of serine hydrolases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:52-68. [PMID: 22212679 PMCID: PMC3665514 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Serine hydrolases perform crucial roles in many biological processes, and several of these enzymes are targets of approved drugs for indications such as type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and infectious diseases. Despite this, most of the human serine hydrolases (of which there are more than 200) remain poorly characterized with respect to their physiological substrates and functions, and the vast majority lack selective, in vivo-active inhibitors. Here, we review the current state of pharmacology for mammalian serine hydrolases, including marketed drugs, compounds that are under clinical investigation and selective inhibitors emerging from academic probe development efforts. We also highlight recent methodological advances that have accelerated the rate of inhibitor discovery and optimization for serine hydrolases, which we anticipate will aid in their biological characterization and, in some cases, therapeutic validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bachovchin
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ramírez-Galicia G, Garduño-Juárez R, Correa-Basurto J, Deeb O. Exploring QSARs for inhibitory effect of a set of heterocyclic thrombin inhibitors by multilinear regression refined by artificial neural network and molecular docking simulations. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 27:174-86. [PMID: 21635208 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.582467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several non-peptide heterocyclic compounds reported as potent thrombin inhibitors in vitro were chosen to carry out a QSAR study upon them using MLR and ANN analysis. In order to identify the best QSAR models, the input for ANN consisted of those subsets of descriptors used in the MLR models. The best QSAR models contained the SIC₀ descriptor as the main topological descriptor. To identify the physical and chemical properties involved in the ligand-thrombin complexes, an automated ligand-flexible docking procedure was used. The docking results suggest that the thrombin inhibition by these heterocyclic compounds is driven by π-π, hydrogen bonds and salt bridge interactions. The best Gibbs free energy of ligand binding was found at the thrombin sites S1 and D. We have shown that it is possible to build MLR models with geometries taken from two different sources (semi-empirical and MD geometries) and obtain similar results.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carboxylesterases play major roles in the hydrolysis of numerous therapeutically active compounds. This is, in part, due to the prevalence of the ester moiety in these small molecules. However, the impact these enzymes may play on drug stability and pharmacokinetics is rarely considered prior to molecule development. Therefore, the application of selective inhibitors of this class of proteins may have utility in modulating the metabolism, distribution and toxicity of agents that are subjected to enzyme hydrolysis. AREAS COVERED This review details the development of all such compounds dating back to 1986, but principally focuses on the very recent identification of selective human carboxylesterases inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION The implementation of carboxylesterase inhibitors may significantly revolutionize drug discovery. Such molecules may allow for improved efficacy of compounds inactivated by this class of enzymes and/or reduce the toxicity of agents that are activated by these proteins. Furthermore, since lack of carboxylesterase activity appears to have no obvious biological consequence, these compounds could be applied in combination with virtually any esterified drug. Therefore, inhibitors of these proteins may have utility in altering drug hydrolysis and distribution in vivo. The characteristics, chemical and biological properties and potential uses of such agents are discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jason Hatfield
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Straub A, Roehrig S, Hillisch A. Oral, Direct Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibitors: The Replacement for Warfarin, Leeches, and Pig Intestines? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4574-90. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
22
|
Orale, direkte Thrombin- und Faktor-Xa-Hemmer: Kommt die Ablösung für Warfarin, Blutegel und Schweinedärme? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
23
|
Eisert WG, Hauel N, Stangier J, Wienen W, Clemens A, van Ryn J. Dabigatran: An Oral Novel Potent Reversible Nonpeptide Inhibitor of Thrombin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1885-9. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.203604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dabigatran is a highly selective, reversible, and potent thrombin inhibitor and is orally available as the prodrug, dabigatran etexilate. It has shown antithrombotic efficacy in animal models of thrombosis, with a rapid onset of action and predictable pharmacodynamic response. Peak plasma concentrations of dabigatran occur 1 to 2 hours after ingestion of the prodrug. The terminal half-life of dabigatran is 12 to 14 hours in elderly volunteers. Dabigatran is not metabolized by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and does not interact with food. Dabigatran has a low potential for drug-drug interactions and is predominantly renally excreted. Dabigatran etexilate as chronic therapy effectively prevents the recurrence of venous thromboembolism and cardioembolic stroke. For the first time, it has been demonstrated clinically that there may be an effective and safe alternative to warfarin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang G. Eisert
- From the Clinical Development and Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany (W.G.E., A.C.); Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (N.H.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.S.), Pulmonary Research (W.W.), Drug Discovery Support (J.v.R.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Norbert Hauel
- From the Clinical Development and Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany (W.G.E., A.C.); Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (N.H.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.S.), Pulmonary Research (W.W.), Drug Discovery Support (J.v.R.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Joachim Stangier
- From the Clinical Development and Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany (W.G.E., A.C.); Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (N.H.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.S.), Pulmonary Research (W.W.), Drug Discovery Support (J.v.R.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wienen
- From the Clinical Development and Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany (W.G.E., A.C.); Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (N.H.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.S.), Pulmonary Research (W.W.), Drug Discovery Support (J.v.R.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Andreas Clemens
- From the Clinical Development and Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany (W.G.E., A.C.); Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (N.H.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.S.), Pulmonary Research (W.W.), Drug Discovery Support (J.v.R.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Joanne van Ryn
- From the Clinical Development and Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany (W.G.E., A.C.); Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (N.H.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.S.), Pulmonary Research (W.W.), Drug Discovery Support (J.v.R.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nicolotti O, Giangreco I, Miscioscia TF, Convertino M, Leonetti F, Pisani L, Carotti A. Screening of benzamidine-based thrombin inhibitors via a linear interaction energy in continuum electrostatics model. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 24:117-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-010-9320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
25
|
ten Brink T, Exner TE. Influence of protonation, tautomeric, and stereoisomeric states on protein-ligand docking results. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:1535-46. [PMID: 19453150 DOI: 10.1021/ci800420z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present a systematical investigation of the influence of ligand protonation states, stereoisomers, and tautomers on results obtained with the two protein-ligand docking programs GOLD and PLANTS. These different states were generated with a fully automated tool, called SPORES (Structure PrOtonation and Recognition System). First, the most probable protonations, as defined by this rule based system, were compared to the ones stored in the well-known, manually revised CCDC/ASTEX data set. Then, to investigate the influence of the ligand protonation state on the docking results, different protonation states were created. Redocking and virtual screening experiments were conducted demonstrating that both docking programs have problems in identifying the correct protomer for each complex. Therefore, a preselection of plausible protomers or the improvement of the scoring functions concerning their ability to rank different molecules/states is needed. Additionally, ligand stereoisomers were tested for a subset of the CCDC/ASTEX set, showing similar problems regarding the ranking of these stereoisomers as the ranking of the protomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim ten Brink
- Department of Chemistry and Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hicks LD, Hyatt JL, Stoddard S, Tsurkan L, Edwards CC, Wadkins RM, Potter PM. Improved, selective, human intestinal carboxylesterase inhibitors designed to modulate 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin (Irinotecan; CPT-11) toxicity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3742-52. [PMID: 19534556 DOI: 10.1021/jm9001296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CPT-11 is an antitumor prodrug that is hydrolyzed by carboxylesterases (CE) to yield SN-38, a potent topoisomerase I poison. However, the dose limiting toxicity delays diarrhea that is thought to arise, in part, from activation of the prodrug by a human intestinal CE (hiCE). Therefore, we have sought to identify selective inhibitors of hiCE that may have utility in modulating drug toxicity. We have evaluated one such class of molecules (benzene sulfonamides) and developed QSAR models for inhibition of this protein. Using these predictive models, we have synthesized a panel of fluorene analogues that are selective for hiCE, demonstrating no cross reactivity to the human liver CE, hCE1, or toward human cholinesterases, and have K(i) values as low as 14 nM. These compounds prevented hiCE-mediated hydrolysis of the drug and the potency of enzyme inhibition correlated with the clogP of the molecules. These studies will allow the development and application of hiCE-specific inhibitors designed to selectively modulate drug hydrolysis in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latorya D Hicks
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li H, Zhang H, Zheng M, Luo J, Kang L, Liu X, Wang X, Jiang H. An effective docking strategy for virtual screening based on multi-objective optimization algorithm. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10:58. [PMID: 19210777 PMCID: PMC2753843 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Development of a fast and accurate scoring function in virtual screening remains a hot issue in current computer-aided drug research. Different scoring functions focus on diverse aspects of ligand binding, and no single scoring can satisfy the peculiarities of each target system. Therefore, the idea of a consensus score strategy was put forward. Integrating several scoring functions, consensus score re-assesses the docked conformations using a primary scoring function. However, it is not really robust and efficient from the perspective of optimization. Furthermore, to date, the majority of available methods are still based on single objective optimization design. Results In this paper, two multi-objective optimization methods, called MOSFOM, were developed for virtual screening, which simultaneously consider both the energy score and the contact score. Results suggest that MOSFOM can effectively enhance enrichment and performance compared with a single score. For three different kinds of binding sites, MOSFOM displays an excellent ability to differentiate active compounds through energy and shape complementarity. EFMOGA performed particularly well in the top 2% of database for all three cases, whereas MOEA_Nrg and MOEA_Cnt performed better than the corresponding individual scoring functions if the appropriate type of binding site was selected. Conclusion The multi-objective optimization method was successfully applied in virtual screening with two different scoring functions that can yield reasonable binding poses and can furthermore, be ranked with the potentially compromised conformations of each compound, abandoning those conformations that can not satisfy overall objective functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Li
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nicolotti O, Miscioscia TF, Carotti A, Leonetti F, Carotti A. An Integrated Approach to Ligand- and Structure-Based Drug Design: Development and Application to a Series of Serine Protease Inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2008; 48:1211-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ci800015s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Nicolotti
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, I-70125 bari, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Carotti
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, I-70125 bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, I-70125 bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Carotti
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, I-70125 bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Macedo-Ribeiro S, Almeida C, Calisto BM, Friedrich T, Mentele R, Stürzebecher J, Fuentes-Prior P, Pereira PJB. Isolation, cloning and structural characterisation of boophilin, a multifunctional Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor from the cattle tick. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1624. [PMID: 18286181 PMCID: PMC2230226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of coagulation factors from blood-feeding animals display a wide variety of structural motifs and inhibition mechanisms. We have isolated a novel inhibitor from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, one of the most widespread parasites of farm animals. The inhibitor, which we have termed boophilin, has been cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Mature boophilin is composed of two canonical Kunitz-type domains, and inhibits not only the major procoagulant enzyme, thrombin, but in addition, and by contrast to all other previously characterised natural thrombin inhibitors, significantly interferes with the proteolytic activity of other serine proteinases such as trypsin and plasmin. The crystal structure of the bovine α-thrombin·boophilin complex, refined at 2.35 Å resolution reveals a non-canonical binding mode to the proteinase. The N-terminal region of the mature inhibitor, Q16-R17-N18, binds in a parallel manner across the active site of the proteinase, with the guanidinium group of R17 anchored in the S1 pocket, while the C-terminal Kunitz domain is negatively charged and docks into the basic exosite I of thrombin. This binding mode resembles the previously characterised thrombin inhibitor, ornithodorin which, unlike boophilin, is composed of two distorted Kunitz modules. Unexpectedly, both boophilin domains adopt markedly different orientations when compared to those of ornithodorin, in its complex with thrombin. The N-terminal boophilin domain rotates 9° and is displaced by 6 Å, while the C-terminal domain rotates almost 6° accompanied by a 3 Å displacement. The reactive-site loop of the N-terminal Kunitz domain of boophilin with its P1 residue, K31, is fully solvent exposed and could thus bind a second trypsin-like proteinase without sterical restraints. This finding explains the formation of a ternary thrombin·boophilin·trypsin complex, and suggests a mechanism for prothrombinase inhibition in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Almeida
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara M. Calisto
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Fuentes-Prior
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Institut Català de Ciències Cardiovasculars (ICCC), Barcelona, Spain
- *E-mail: (PF); (PP)
| | - Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *E-mail: (PF); (PP)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The presence of water molecules plays an important role in the accuracy of ligand-protein docking predictions. Comprehensive docking simulations have been performed on a large set of ligand-protein complexes whose crystal structures contain water molecules in their binding sites. Only those water molecules found in the immediate vicinity of both the ligand and the protein were considered. We have investigated whether prior optimization of the orientation of water molecules in either the presence or absence of the bound ligand has any effect on the accuracy of docking predictions. We have observed a statistically significant overall increase in accuracy when water molecules are included during docking simulations and have found this to be independent of the method of optimization of the orientation of water molecules. These results confirm the importance of including water molecules whenever possible in a ligand-protein docking simulation. Our findings also reveal that prior optimization of the orientation of water molecules, in the absence of any bound ligand, does not have a detrimental effect on the improved accuracy of ligand-protein docking. This is important, given the use of docking simulations to predict the binding modes of new ligands or drug molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Roberts
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kottmann ST. Harmonic averaging of smooth permittivity functions in finite-difference Poisson–Boltzmann Electrostatics. Theor Chem Acc 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-007-0397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
32
|
Spyrakis F, Amadasi A, Fornabaio M, Abraham DJ, Mozzarelli A, Kellogg GE, Cozzini P. The consequences of scoring docked ligand conformations using free energy correlations. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:921-33. [PMID: 17346861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ligands from a set of 19 protein-ligand complexes were re-docked with AutoDock, GOLD and FlexX using the scoring algorithms native to these programs supplemented by analysis using the HINT free energy force field. A HINT scoring function was calibrated for this data set using a simple linear regression of total HINT score for crystal-structure complexes vs. measured free energy of binding. This function had an r(2) of 0.84 and a standard error of +/-0.42 kcal mol(-1). The free energies of binding were calculated for the best poses using the AutoDock, GOLD and FlexX scoring functions. The AutoDock and GoldScore algorithms estimated more than half of the binding free energies within the reported calibration standard errors for these functions, while that of FlexX did not. In contrast, the calibrated HINT scoring function identified optimized poses with standard errors near +/-0.5 kcal mol(-1). When the metric of success is minimum RMSD (vs. crystallographic coordinates) the three docking programs were more successful, with mean RMSDs for the top-ranking poses in the 19 complexes of 3.38, 2.52 and 2.62 A for AutoDock, GOLD and FlexX, respectively. Two key observations in this study have general relevance for computational medicinal chemistry: first, while optimizing RMSD with docking score functions is clearly of value, these functions may be less well optimized for free energy of binding, which has broader applicability in virtual screening and drug discovery than RMSD; second, scoring functions uniquely calibrated for the data set or sets under study should nearly always be preferable to universal scoring functions. Due to these advantages, the poses selected by the HINT score also required less post-docking structure optimization to produce usable molecular models. Most of these features may be achievable with other scoring functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Landrum GA, Penzotti JE, Putta S. Feature-map vectors: a new class of informative descriptors for computational drug discovery. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2007; 20:751-62. [PMID: 17205374 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-006-9085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop robust machine-learning or statistical models for predicting biological activity, descriptors that capture the essence of the protein-ligand interaction are required. In the absence of structural information from X-ray or NMR experiments, deriving informative descriptors can be difficult. We have developed feature-map vectors (FMVs), a new class of descriptors based on chemical features, to address this challenge. FMVs, which are derived from the conformational models of a few actives, are low dimensional, problem specific, and highly interpretable. By using shape-based alignments and scoring with chemical features, FMVs can combine information about a molecule's shape and the pharmacophores it can match. In five validation studies, bag classifiers built using FMVs have shown high enrichments for identifying actives for five diverse targets: CDK2, 5-HT(3), DHFR, thrombin, and ACE. The interpretability of these descriptors has been demonstrated for CDK2 and 5-HT(3), where the method automatically discovers the standard literature pharmacophore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Landrum
- Novartis Institutes For BioMedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Benzamidine-based coatings: Implication of inhibitor structure on the inhibition of coagulation enzymes in solution andin vitrohemocompatibility assessment. Biointerphases 2006; 1:146-55. [DOI: 10.1116/1.2431753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
35
|
Truhlar SME, Croy CH, Torpey JW, Koeppe JR, Komives EA. Solvent accessibility of protein surfaces by amide H/2H exchange MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:1490-7. [PMID: 16934999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
One advantage of detecting amide H/2H exchange by mass spectrometry instead of NMR is that the more rapidly exchanging surface amides are still detectable. In this study, we present quench-flow amide H/2H exchange experiments to probe how rapidly the surfaces of two different proteins exchange. We compared the amide H/2H exchange behavior of thrombin, a globular protein, and IkappaBalpha, a nonglobular protein, to explore any differences in the determinants of amide H/2H exchange rates for each class of protein. The rates of exchange of only a few of the surface amides were as rapid as the "intrinsic" exchange rates measured for amides in unstructured peptides. Most of the surface amides exchanged at a slower rate, despite the fact that they were not seen to be hydrogen bonded to another protein group in the crystal structure. To elucidate the influence of the surface environment on amide H/2H exchange, we compared exchange data with the number of amides participating in hydrogen bonds with other protein groups and with the solvent accessible surface area. The best correlation with amide H/2H exchange was found with the total solvent accessible surface area, including side chains. In the case of the globular protein, the correlation was modest, whereas it was well correlated for the nonglobular protein. The nonglobular protein also showed a correlation between amide exchange and hydrogen bonding. These data suggest that other factors, such as complex dynamic behavior and surface burial, may alter the expected exchange rates in globular proteins more than in nonglobular proteins where all of the residues are near the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M E Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0378, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Murcia M, Morreale A, Ortiz AR. Comparative Binding Energy Analysis Considering Multiple Receptors: A Step toward 3D-QSAR Models for Multiple Targets. J Med Chem 2006; 49:6241-53. [PMID: 17034130 DOI: 10.1021/jm060350h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Comparative binding energy analysis, a technique to derive receptor-based three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSAR), is herein extended to consider both affinity and selectivity in the derivation of the QSAR model. The extension is based on allowing multiple structurally related receptors to enter the X-matrix employed in the derivation of the structure-activity model. As a result, a single model common to all of them is obtained that considers both intra- and inter-receptor affinity differences for a given congeneric series. We applied the technique to a series of 88 3-amidinophenylalanines, binding to thrombin, trypsin, and factor Xa (fXa). A single predictive regression model for the three receptors involving 202 complexes, with a leave-one out (LOO) cross-validated Q(2) of 0.689, was obtained, and selectivity requirements were investigated. We find that total or partial occupancy of any of the three main pockets in the binding site (D-site, P-site, and the rim of the S1-site) leads to higher affinity across the family. However, the fact that thrombin can make stronger interactions in the P-site, as a result of its exclusive 60-loop, makes of this site a specificity pocket for this thrombin. Occupancy of the D-site leads to more active inhibitors toward fXa for the same reason, but the model does not highlight strongly the D-box because inhibitors are too short to fully occupy it. Negative charge density in the neighborhood of position 88 (a Lys insertion in thrombin) is found to be a determinant for thrombin recognition. These results were consistent with previous studies on selectivity in the thrombin/trypsin/fXa system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Murcia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, P.O. Box 1218, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bode W. Structure and interaction modes of thrombin. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 36:122-30. [PMID: 16480903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Any vascular injury triggers the burst-like release of the trypsin-like serine proteinase alpha-thrombin. Thrombin, the main executioner of the coagulation cascade, exhibits procoagulant as well as anticoagulant and antifibrinolytic properties, very specifically interacting with a number of protein substrates, receptors, cofactors, inhibitors, carbohydrates, and modulators. A large number of crystal structures of alpha-thrombin have shown that the thrombin surface can be subdivided into several functional regions, which recognize different substrates, inhibitors, and mediators with high specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Bode
- Proteinase Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Affiliation(s)
- W Bode
- Proteinase Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz, Martinsried, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Friedrich R, Panizzi P, Kawabata SI, Bode W, Bock PE, Fuentes-Prior P. Structural basis for reduced staphylocoagulase-mediated bovine prothrombin activation. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:1188-95. [PMID: 16230338 PMCID: PMC2292465 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507957200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylocoagulase (SC) is a protein secreted by the human pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, that activates human prothrombin (ProT) by inducing a conformational change. SC-bound ProT efficiently clots fibrinogen, thus bypassing the physiological blood coagulation pathway. The crystal structure of a fully active SC fragment, SC-(1-325), bound to human prethrombin 2 showed that the SC-(1-325) N terminus inserts into the Ile(16) pocket of prethrombin 2, thereby inducing expression of a functional catalytic site in the cognate zymogen without peptide bond cleavage. As shown here, SC-(1-325) binds to bovine and human ProT with similar affinity but activates the bovine zymogen only very poorly. By contrast to the approximately 2-fold difference in chromogenic substrate kinetic constants between human thrombin and the SC-(1-325).human (pro)thrombin complexes, SC-(1-325).bovine ProT shows a 3,500-fold lower k(cat)/K(m) compared with free bovine thrombin, because of a 47-fold increase in K(m) and a 67-fold decrease in k(cat). The SC-(1-325).bovine ProT complex is approximately 5,800-fold less active compared with its human counterpart. Comparison of human and bovine fibrinogen as substrates of human and bovine thrombin and the SC-(1-325).(pro)thrombin complexes indicates that the species specificity of SC-(1-325) cofactor activity is determined primarily by differences in conformational activation of bound ProT. These results suggest that the catalytic site in the SC-(1-325).bovine ProT complex is incompletely formed. The current crystal structure of SC-(1-325).bovine thrombin reveals that SC would dock similarly to the bovine proenzyme, whereas the bovine (pro)thrombin-characteristic residues Arg(144) and Arg(145) would likely interfere with insertion of the SC N terminus, thus explaining the greatly reduced activation of bovine ProT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Friedrich
- Proteinase Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Panizzi
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561
| | | | - Wolfram Bode
- Proteinase Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Paul E. Bock
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, C3321A Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2561. Tel.: 615-343-9863; Fax: 615-322-1855; E-mail:
| | - Pablo Fuentes-Prior
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institut Català de Ciències Cardiovasculars-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Redinbo MR, Potter PM. Mammalian carboxylesterases: from drug targets to protein therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2005; 10:313-25. [PMID: 15749280 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the detailed recognition and processing of clinically useful therapeutic agents has grown rapidly in recent years, and we are now able to begin to apply this knowledge to the rational treatment of disease. Mammalian carboxylesterases (CEs) are enzymes with broad substrate specificities that have key roles in the metabolism of a wide variety of clinical drugs, illicit narcotics and chemical nerve agents. Here, the functions, mechanism of action and structures of human CEs are reviewed, with the goal of understanding how these proteins are able to act in such a non-specific fashion, yet catalyze a remarkably specific chemical reaction. Current approaches to harness these enzymes as protein-based therapeutics for drug and chemical toxin clearance are described, as well as their uses for targeted chemotherapeutic prodrug activation. Also included is an outline of how selective CE inhibitors could be used as co-drugs to improve the efficacy of clinically approved agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Toyota E, Sekizaki H, Takahashi YU, Itoh K, Tanizawa K. Amidino-Containing Schiff Base Copper(II) and Iron(III) Chelates as a Thrombin Inhibitor. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 53:22-6. [PMID: 15635223 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.53.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four series of Schiff base copper(II) and iron(III) chelates were synthesized from 4-formyl-3-hydroxybenzamidine or 3-formyl-4-hydroxybenzamidine and various L- or D-amino acids. Their inhibitory activities for bovine alpha-thrombin (abbreviated as thrombin) were determined. The most potent thrombin inhibitor in this series is copper(II) chelate (1g') derived from 4-formyl-3-hydroxybenzamidine and D-Trp. Its Ki value, 2.7x10(-8) M, is comparable to that of Argatroban (MD-805), which is a clinically used compound. The iron(III) chelates derived from 4-formyl-3-hydroxybenzamidine and hydrophobic L-amino acids (Val, Ile, Leu, Phe, Trp, Met) also exhibited higher inhibitory potency. It appears that coordination geometry composed of metal ion, amidino group, amino acid side chain is well accommodated to the thrombin active site. From the Ki values of Schiff base metal chelates for thrombin, the structure-activity relationships between the chelates and active site of thrombin were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Toyota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Henriques ES, Fonseca N, Ramos MJ. On the modeling of snake venom serine proteinase interactions with benzamidine-based thrombin inhibitors. Protein Sci 2004; 13:2355-69. [PMID: 15322279 PMCID: PMC2280023 DOI: 10.1110/ps.04746804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 05/31/2004] [Accepted: 05/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pit viper venoms contain a number of serine proteinases that exhibit one or more thrombin-like activities on fibrinogen and platelets, this being the case for the kinin-releasing and fibrinogen-clotting KN-BJ from the venom of Bothrops jararaca. A three-dimensional structural model of the KN-BJ2 serine proteinase was built by homology modeling using the snake venom plasminogen activator TSV-PA as a major template and porcine kallikrein as additional structural support. A set of intrinsic buried waters was included in the model and its behavior under dynamic conditions was molecular dynamics simulated, revealing a most interesting similarity pattern to kallikrein. The benzamidine-based thrombin inhibitors alpha-NAPAP, 3-TAPAP, and 4-TAPAP were docked into the refined model, allowing for a more insightful functional characterization of the enzyme and a better understanding of the reported comparatively low affinity of KN-BJ2 toward those inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa S Henriques
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências do Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wadkins RM, Hyatt JL, Yoon KJP, Morton CL, Lee RE, Damodaran K, Beroza P, Danks MK, Potter PM. Discovery of Novel Selective Inhibitors of Human Intestinal Carboxylesterase for the Amelioration of Irinotecan-Induced Diarrhea: Synthesis, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis, and Biological Activity. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 65:1336-43. [PMID: 15155827 DOI: 10.1124/mol.65.6.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dose-limiting toxicity of the highly effective anticancer agent 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxy-camptothecin (irinotecan; CPT-11) is delayed diarrhea. This is thought to be caused by either bacteria-mediated hydrolysis of the glucuronide conjugate of the active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) or direct conversion of CPT-11 to SN-38 by carboxylesterases (CE) in the small intestine. After drug administration, a very high level of CPT-11 is present in the bile; this is deposited into the duodenum, the region of the gut with the highest levels of CE activity. Hence, it is likely that direct conversion of the drug to SN-38 is partially responsible for the diarrhea associated with this agent. In an attempt to ameliorate this toxicity, we have applied Target-Related Affinity Profiling to identify novel CE inhibitors that are selective inhibitors of the human intestinal enzyme (hiCE). Seven inhibitors, all sulfonamide derivatives, demonstrated greater than 200-fold selectivity for hiCE compared with the human liver CE hCE1, and none was an inhibitor of human acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis demonstrated excellent correlations with the predicted versus experimental Ki values (r2 = 0.944) for hiCE. Additionally, design and synthesis of a tetrafluorine-substituted sulfonamide analog, which QSAR indicated would demonstrate improved inhibition of hiCE, validated the computer predictive analyses. These and other phenyl-substituted sulfonamides compounds are regarded as lead compounds for the development of effective, selective CE inhibitors for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randy M Wadkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hoerer S, Schmid A, Heckel A, Budzinski RM, Nar H. Crystal structure of the human liver X receptor beta ligand-binding domain in complex with a synthetic agonist. J Mol Biol 2004; 334:853-61. [PMID: 14643652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
LXRbeta belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Its natural ligands are supposed to be oxidised derivatives of cholesterol. Stimulation of LXRbeta by agonists activates a number of genes that are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism and cholesterol efflux from cells. Therefore, LXRbeta may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis.Here, we report the X-ray crystal structure of the LXRbeta ligand-binding domain in complex with a synthetic agonist, T-0901317. This compound occupies the ligand-binding pocket of the receptor, forms numerous lipophilic contacts with the protein and one crucial hydrogen bond to His435 and stabilises the agonist conformation of the receptor ligand-binding domain. The recruitment of the AF2-region of the protein is not achieved via direct polar interactions of the ligand with protein side-chains of this helical segment, but rather via few hydrophobic contacts and probably more importantly via indirect effects involving the pre-orientation of side-chains that surround the ligand-binding pocket and form the interface to the AF2-helix. On the basis of these results we propose a binding mode and a mechanism of action for the putative natural ligands, oxidised derivatives of cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hoerer
- Department of Lead Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Flinn C, Poirier RA, Sokalski WA. Ab Initio Study of the Deamination of Formamidine. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035677y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Flinn
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3X7
| | - Raymond A. Poirier
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3X7
| | - W. Andrzej Sokalski
- Molecular Modelling Laboratory, Institute of Physical & Theoretical Chemistry I-30, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Leherte L, Dury L, Vercauteren DP. Structural Identification of Local Maxima in Low-Resolution Promolecular Electron Density Distributions. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp022641h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Leherte
- Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Informatique, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Laurent Dury
- Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Informatique, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Daniel P. Vercauteren
- Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Informatique, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
De Simone G, Menchise V, Omaggio S, Pedone C, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Design of weakly basic thrombin inhibitors incorporating novel P1 binding functions: molecular and X-ray crystallographic studies. Biochemistry 2003; 42:9013-21. [PMID: 12885234 DOI: 10.1021/bi020512l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To prepare weakly basic thrombin inhibitors with modified S1 anchoring groups, two series of compounds were synthesized by reaction of guanidine or aminoguanidine with acyl halides and N,N-disubstituted carbamoyl chlorides. pK(a) measurements of these acylated guanidines/aminoguanidines showed a reduced basicity, with pK(a) values in the range of 8.4-8.7. These molecules typically showed inhibition constants in the range of 150-425 nM against thrombin and 360-965 nM against trypsin, even though some bulky derivatives, such as N,N-diphenylcarbamoylguanidine/aminoguanidine and their congeners, showed much stronger thrombin inhibitory activity, with inhibition constants in the range of 24-42 nM. Unexpectedly, very long incubation times with both proteases revealed that aminoguanidine derivatives behaved as irreversible inhibitors. To assess the molecular basis responsible for the high affinity observed for these molecules toward thrombin, the crystal structure of the thrombin-hirugen-N,N-diphenylcarbamoylaminoguanidine complex has been solved at 1.90 A resolution. The structural analysis of the complex revealed an unexpected interaction mode with the protease, resulting in an N,N-diphenylcarbamoyl intermediate covalently bound to the catalytic serine as a consequence of its hydrolysis together with the release of the aminoguanidine moiety. Surprisingly, in this covalent adduct a phenyl group was found in the S1 specificity pocket, which usually recognizes positively charged residues. These findings provide new insights in the design of low basicity serine protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina De Simone
- Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi, via della Lastruccia 3, Rm 188, Polo Scientifico, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Reyda S, Sohn C, Klebe G, Rall K, Ullmann D, Jakubke HD, Stubbs MT. Reconstructing the binding site of factor Xa in trypsin reveals ligand-induced structural plasticity. J Mol Biol 2003; 325:963-77. [PMID: 12527302 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate issues of selectivity and specificity in protein-ligand interactions, we have undertaken the reconstruction of the binding pocket of human factor Xa in the structurally related rat trypsin by site-directed mutagenesis. Three sequential regions (the "99"-, the "175"- and the "190"- loops) were selected as representing the major structural differences between the ligand binding sites of the two enzymes. Wild-type rat trypsin and variants X99rT and X(99/175/190)rT were expressed in yeast, and analysed for their interaction with factor Xa and trypsin inhibitors. For most of the inhibitors studied, progressive loop replacement at the trypsin surface resulted in inhibitory profiles akin to factor Xa. Crystals of the variants were obtained in the presence of benzamidine (3), and could be soaked with the highly specific factor Xa inhibitor (1). Binding of the latter to X99rT results in a series of structural adaptations to the ligand, including the establishment of an "aromatic box" characteristic of factor Xa. In X(99/175/190)rT, introduction of the 175-loop results in a surprising re-orientation of the "intermediate helix", otherwise common to trypsin and factor Xa. The re-orientation is accompanied by an isomerisation of the Cys168-Cys182 disulphide bond, and burial of the critical Phe174 side-chain. In the presence of (1), a major re-organisation of the binding site takes place to yield a geometry identical to that of factor Xa. In all, binding of (1) to trypsin and its variants results in significant structural rearrangements, inducing a binding surface strongly reminiscent of factor Xa, against which the inhibitor was optimised. The structural data reveal a plasticity of the intermediate helix, which has been implicated in the functional cofactor dependency of many trypsin-like serine proteinases. This approach of grafting loops onto scaffolds of known related structures may serve to bridge the gap between structural genomics and drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Reyda
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D35032, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kairys V, Gilson MK. Enhanced docking with the mining minima optimizer: acceleration and side-chain flexibility. J Comput Chem 2002; 23:1656-70. [PMID: 12395431 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.10168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ligand-protein docking algorithm based on the Mining Minima method has been substantially enhanced. First, the basic algorithm is accelerated by: (1) adaptively determining the extent of each energy well to help avoid previously discovered energy minima; (2) biasing the search away from ligand positions at the surface of the receptor to prevent the ligand from staying at the surface when large sampling regions are used; (3) quickly testing multiple different ligand positions and orientations for each ligand conformation; and (4) tuning the source code to increase computational efficiency. These changes markedly shorten the time needed to discover an accurate result, especially when large sampling regions are used. The algorithm now also allows user-selected receptor sidechains to be treated as mobile during the docking procedure. The energies associated with the mobile side chains are computed as if they belonged to the ligand, except that atoms at the boundary between side chains and the rigid backbone are treated specially. This new capability is tested for several well-known ligand/protein systems, and preliminary application to an enzyme whose substrate is unknown--the recently solved hypothetical protein YecO (HI0319) from Haemophilus influenzae--indicates that side-chains relaxations allow candidate substrates of various sizes to be accommodated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Visvaldas Kairys
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 9600 Gudelsky Dr., Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Krauser JA, Potempa J, Travis J, Powers JC. Inhibition of arginine gingipains (RgpB and HRgpA) with benzamidine inhibitors: zinc increases inhibitory potency. Biol Chem 2002; 383:1193-8. [PMID: 12437105 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We assayed several benzamidine derivatives for inhibition potency with HRgpA and RgpB gingipains, enzymes which are involved in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontal disease. The benzamidine derivatives proved to be effective inhibitors of HRgpA and RgpB, with the best inhibitor being a bis-benzamidine with a urea linker (Ki=30 microM). The inhibition potency was increased 2-3 fold in the presence of low concentrations of zinc with the benzamidines containing a urea moiety linking the two aromatic rings. We propose an inhibition model involving a tetrahedral zinc atom coordinated with the active site Cys and His of gingipain and the urea linker in the benzamidine inhibitor. In summary, we have discovered a new series of effective inhibitors for the gingipains and found a novel way to increase inhibitor potency with the HRgpA and RgpB gingipains using zinc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Krauser
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30093-0400, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|