1
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Mazo GE, Kasyanov ED, Nikolishin AE, Rukavishnikov GV, Shmukler AB, Golimbet VE, Neznanov NG, Kibitov AO. [Family history of affective disorders, the gender factor and clinical characteristics of depression]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:75-83. [PMID: 34405661 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112105275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analysis of clinical features of development and course of depression in patients with FH of mood disorders taking into account sex differences. MATERIAL AND METHODS This multicenter cross-sectional study included patients over 18 years of age with depressive episode/recurrent depressive disorder. Clinical characteristics of depression, presence of comorbid mental illness and family history (FH) information were obtained in a structured clinical interview. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-one patients (mean age (M (SD)) 40.87 (15.86) y.o.), including 64.5% of women, were enrolled in the study. FH was revealed in 30.2% of patients. The proportion of FH did not differ in men and women (p=0.375). Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was more frequent in FH positive patients (p=0.016). Logistic regression also revealed that FH is a risk factor for concomitant GAD (p=0.019, OR=2.4). The GLM demonstrated a significant joint effect of FH and sex on the maximum duration of a depressive episode (p=0.044), as well on the number of suicide attempts (p=0.055) and the number of depressive episodes as a trend (p=0.072). CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the specific interaction of FH of mood disorders with sex on clinical course of depression. Thus, the manifestation of a genetic influence on the clinical phenotype of depression can be significantly moderated by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Mazo
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center For Psychiatry And Neurology, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - E D Kasyanov
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center For Psychiatry And Neurology, St Petersburg, Russia.,Saint-Petersburg State University Pirogov Clinic of High Medical Technologies, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A E Nikolishin
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center on Psychiatry and Addictions, Moscow, Russia
| | - G V Rukavishnikov
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center For Psychiatry And Neurology, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - A B Shmukler
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center For Psychiatry And Neurology, St Petersburg, Russia.,Serbsky National Medical Research Center on Psychiatry and Addictions, Moscow, Russia
| | - V E Golimbet
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center For Psychiatry And Neurology, St Petersburg, Russia.,Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - N G Neznanov
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center For Psychiatry And Neurology, St Petersburg, Russia.,Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A O Kibitov
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center For Psychiatry And Neurology, St Petersburg, Russia.,Serbsky National Medical Research Center on Psychiatry and Addictions, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Yang XH, Peng H, Hao QL, Wang JZ, Lu ZG, Niu YW, Xiao ZB, Zhang X. Nano-Aromatic Drugs Based on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Bergamot Essential Oil for Anti-Depression. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1242-1248. [PMID: 34167636 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a mental disorder characterized by low mood as the main pathological feature. Current medications for depression have long treatment cycles and serious side effects. Aromatherapy can alleviate depression in a "moistening things silently" way, but the fast evaporation rate of aromatic drugs weakens the effect of aromatherapy. In this study, we designed and prepared nano-aromatic drugs with slow release for anti-depressant application. We first synthesized rod-shaped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and encapsulated bergamot essential oil. These nanoaromatic drugs were named BEO@MSNs. Subsequently, we analyzed the pore properties of MSNs and BEO@MSNs. Further, we explored the thermal stability, encapsulation efficiency, and slow-release properties of bergamot essential oil in BEO@MSNs. Finally, we used BEO@MSNs to alleviate depression in mice while constructing depression model mice via corticosterone. The results showed that BEO@MSNs had excellent anti-depressant effects and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Lian Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Guo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Wei Niu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Fragrance and Flavor Industry, Shanghai, 200232, P. R. China
| | - Zuo-Bing Xiao
- Shanghai Research Institute of Fragrance and Flavor Industry, Shanghai, 200232, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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3
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Musil R, Seemüller F, Meyer S, Spellmann I, Adli M, Bauer M, Kronmüller KT, Brieger P, Laux G, Bender W, Heuser I, Fisher R, Gaebel W, Schennach R, Möller HJ, Riedel M. Subtypes of depression and their overlap in a naturalistic inpatient sample of major depressive disorder. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2018; 27:e1569. [PMID: 29498147 PMCID: PMC6877097 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtyping depression is important in order to further delineate biological causes of depressive syndromes. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and outcome characteristics of distinct subtypes of depression and to assess proportion and features of patients fulfilling criteria for more than one subtype. Melancholic, atypical and anxious subtypes of depression were assessed in a naturalistic sample of 833 inpatients using DSM-IV specifiers based on operationalized criteria. Baseline characteristics and outcome criteria at discharge were compared between distinct subtypes and their overlap. A substantial proportion of patients (16%) were classified with more than one subtype of depression, 28% were of the distinct anxious, 7% of the distinct atypical and 5% of the distinct melancholic subtype. Distinct melancholic patients had shortest duration of episode, highest baseline depression severity, but were more often early improvers; distinct anxious patients had higher NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) neuroticism scores compared with patients with unspecific subtype. Melancholic patients with overlap of anxious features had worse treatment outcome compared to distinct melancholic and distinct anxious subtype. Distinct subtypes differed in only few variables and patients with overlap of depression subtypes may have independent clinical and outcome characteristics. Studies investigating biological causes of subtypes of depression should take influence of features of other subtypes into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Musil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Seemüller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, kbo-Lech-Mangfall-Klinik, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilja Spellmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Bezirkskliniken Schwaben, Kaufbeuren, Germany
| | - Mazda Adli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus-Thomas Kronmüller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,LWL-Klinikum, Gütersloh, Germany
| | - Peter Brieger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, kbo-Isar-Amper-Klinikum Munich East, Haar, Gemany
| | - Gerd Laux
- kbo-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Wasserburg, Gemany
| | - Wolfram Bender
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, kbo-Isar-Amper-Klinikum Munich East, Haar, Gemany
| | - Isabella Heuser
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Auguste-Viktoria-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany.,South Hackney CMHT, Donald WinniCott Centre, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Gaebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schennach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Schön Klinik Roseneck, Prien, Rosenheim, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Möller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Riedel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Klinik für Psychiatrie & Psychotherapie II, Zentrum für Psychiatrie Calw Klinikum Nordschwarzwald, Calw-Hirsau, Germany
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4
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Colvin A, Richardson GA, Cyranowski JM, Youk A, Bromberger JT. The role of family history of depression and the menopausal transition in the development of major depression in midlife women: Study of women's health across the nation mental health study (SWAN MHS). Depress Anxiety 2017; 34:826-835. [PMID: 28489293 PMCID: PMC5585035 DOI: 10.1002/da.22651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated whether family history of depression predicts major depression in midlife women above and beyond static risk factors (such as personal history of depression prior to midlife) and risks that may change dynamically across midlife (such as menopausal, psychosocial, and health profiles). METHODS Participants were 303 African American and Caucasian women (42-52 years at baseline) recruited into the Study of Women's Health across the Nation (SWAN) Mental Health Study (MHS) in Pittsburgh. Major depression was assessed annually with Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV. Family mental health history was collected at the ninth or tenth annual follow-up. Random effects logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between family history of depression and midlife depression, controlling for baseline sociodemographic characteristics and time-varying risk factors. RESULTS Family history of depression was associated with midlife depression after adjusting for participant's history of major depression prior to midlife, trait anxiety and baseline age, and time-varying menopausal status, body mass index, very upsetting life events, and chronic difficulties (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.17-4.29, P = .02). Higher odds of major depression were found when women were late perimenopausal or postmenopausal relative to when they were premenopausal or early perimenopausal (OR = 3.01, 95% CI = 1.76-5.15, P < .0001). However, menopausal status was only associated with major depression among women without a family history. CONCLUSIONS Family history of depression predicts major depression in midlife women independent of the menopausal transition and other time-varying covariates. Notably, the menopausal transition was associated with increased risk only among women without a family history of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Colvin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gale A. Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Ada Youk
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joyce T. Bromberger
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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5
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Flint J, Chen Y, Shi S, Kendler KS. Epilogue: Lessons from the CONVERGE study of major depressive disorder in China. J Affect Disord 2012; 140:1-5. [PMID: 21955396 PMCID: PMC3387371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the first clinical reports from the CONVERGE consortium: China, Oxford and VCU Experimental Research on Genetic Epidemiology. CONVERGE sets out to investigate the nature and mode of action of the genetic and environmental risk factors for major depressive disorder (MDD). CONVERGE aims to collect 6000 cases of recurrent MDD and 6000 controls. The consortium includes hospitals in 30 cities, all with populations exceeding 5million, and has collected over 2000 cases and controls. High quality phenotype data on MDD collected in China is now available to determine the source and nature of this highly heterogeneous condition. Analyses reported in a series of papers indicate that the clinical features and risk factors of MDD are sufficiently similar to those in the West that we can confidently predict that the results of subsequent analyses will be widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Shenxun Shi
- Fudan University affiliated Huashan Hospital, No. 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, PR China,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine affiliated Shanghai Mental Health Centre, No. 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, United States
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6
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Wang L, Qiao D, Li Y, Wang L, Ren J, He K, Sun J, Wang Z, Tian T, Chen C, Yang L, Hu J, Deng H, Wang Q, Li K, Han J, Rong H, Gan Z, Yang H, Zhou P, Pan J, Zhou C, Cui Y, Song L, Zhu Y, Li Y, Wang X, Ye L, Liang W, Chen Y, Tang Q, Guan J, Shi S, Kendler KS, Flint J, Liu L. Clinical predictors of familial depression in Han Chinese women. Depress Anxiety 2012; 29:10-5. [PMID: 22065525 PMCID: PMC3429856 DOI: 10.1002/da.20878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of clinical features potentially reflect an individual's familial vulnerability to major depression (MD), including early age at onset, recurrence, impairment, episode duration, and the number and pattern of depressive symptoms. However, these results are drawn from studies that have exclusively examined individuals from a European ethnic background. We investigated which clinical features of depressive illness index familial vulnerability in Han Chinese females with MD. METHODS We used lifetime MD and associated clinical features assessed at personal interview in 1,970 Han Chinese women with DSM-IV MD between 30-60 years of age. Odds Ratios were calculated by logistic regression. RESULTS Individuals with a high familial risk for MD are characterized by severe episodes of MD without known precipitants (such as stress life events) and are less likely to feel irritable/angry or anxious/nervous. CONCLUSIONS The association between family history of MD and the lack of a precipitating stressor, traditionally a characteristic of endogenous or biological depression, may reflect the association seen in other samples between recurrent MD and a positive family history. The symptomatic associations we have seen may reflect a familial predisposition to other dimensions of psychopathology, such as externalizing disorders or anxiety states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Shandong Mental Health CenterJinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Qiao
- Shandong Mental Health CenterJinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihan Li
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liwei Wang
- Fudan University affiliated Huashan HospitalShanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianer Ren
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine affiliated Shanghai Mental Health CentreShanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangmei He
- Nanjing Brain HospitalNanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- Nanjing Brain HospitalNanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhoubing Wang
- No. 4 Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Tian
- Tianjin Anding HospitalHexi District, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Chen
- No. 1 Hospital of Medical College of Xian Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- No.1 Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Hu
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityWu Hou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Deng
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityWu Hou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityXicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqing Li
- Hebei Mental Health CenterBaoding, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyang Han
- ShengJing Hospital of China Medical UniversityHeping District Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Rong
- Shenzhen Kangning HospitalLuo Hu, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Gan
- No. 3 Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- No.1 Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingliang Zhou
- Mental Hospital of Jiangxi ProvinceNanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyang Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Wuhan Mental Health CenterWuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Cui
- No.3 Hospital of Heilongjiang ProvinceBeian, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Song
- Jilin Brain HospitalSiping, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhang Zhu
- The First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Dalian No. 7 People's Hospital & Dalian Mental Health CenterDalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyi Wang
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanxian Ye
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liang
- Psychiatric Hospital of Henan ProvinceXin Xiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunchun Chen
- The Fourth Military Medical University affiliated Xijing HospitalXi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjun Tang
- No. 4 People's Hospital of LiaochengLiaocheng, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guan
- Guangzhou Brain Hospital/Guangzhou Psychiatric HospitalGuangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenxun Shi
- Fudan University affiliated Huashan HospitalShanghai, People's Republic of China,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine affiliated Shanghai Mental Health CentreShanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral GeneticsRichmond, Virginia
| | - Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsOxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence to: Jonathan Flint, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom. E-mail: and Jonathan Flint Lanfen Liu, Shandong Mental Health Center, No. 49 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, People's Republic of China. E-mail:
| | - Lanfen Liu
- Shandong Mental Health CenterJinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China,*Correspondence to: Jonathan Flint, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom. E-mail: and Jonathan Flint Lanfen Liu, Shandong Mental Health Center, No. 49 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, People's Republic of China. E-mail:
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Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a serious disorder of mood that is associated with considerable psychosocial and economic morbidity. Even though it is more common than previously thought, it has until relatively recently been somewhat neglected in terms of research when compared to disorders such as schizophrenia and major depression. Recent advances in the fields of nosology, epidemiology, and molecular genetics in particular have begun to unravel some of the complexity of this disorder and the next few years are likely to witness substantial changes to the ways in which the broad spectrum of bipolar disorders is diagnosed and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Smith
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The extant major psychiatric classifications, DSM-IV and ICD-10, are purportedly atheoretical and largely descriptive. Although this achieves good reliability, the validity of a medical diagnosis is greatly enhanced by an understanding of both risk factors and clinical history. In an effort to group mental disorders on the basis of risk factors and clinical manifestations, five clusters have been proposed. The purpose of this paper is to consider the position of bipolar disorder (BPD), which could be either with the psychoses, or with emotional disorders, or in a separate cluster. METHOD We reviewed the literature on BPD, unipolar depression (UPD) and schizophrenia in relation to 11 validating criteria proposed by the DSM-V Task Force Study Group, and then summarized similarities and differences between BPD and schizophrenia on the one hand, and UPD on the other. RESULTS There are differences, often substantial and never trivial, for 10 of the 11 validators between BPD and UPD. There are also important differences between BPD and schizophrenia. CONCLUSION BPD has previously been classified together with UPD, but this is the least justifiable place for it. If it is to be recruited to a 'psychotic cluster', there are several important respects in which it differs from schizophrenia, so the cluster would have a division within it. The alternative would be to allow it to be in an intermediate position in a cluster of its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Goldberg
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.
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9
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Milne BJ, Caspi A, Harrington H, Poulton R, Rutter M, Moffitt TE. Predictive value of family history on severity of illness: the case for depression, anxiety, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:738-47. [PMID: 19581565 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT If family history is associated with clinical features that are thought to index seriousness of disorder, this could inform clinicians predicting patients' prognosis and researchers selecting cases for genetic studies. Although tests of associations between family history and clinical features are numerous for depression, such tests are relatively lacking for other disorders. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that family history is associated with 4 clinical indexes of disorder (recurrence, impairment, service use, and age at onset) in relation to 4 psychiatric disorders (major depressive episode, anxiety disorder, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence). DESIGN Prospective longitudinal cohort study. SETTING New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS A total of 981 members of the 1972 to 1973 Dunedin Study birth cohort (96% retention). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES For each disorder, family history scores were calculated as the proportion of affected family members from data on 3 generations of the participants' families. Data collected prospectively at the study's repeated assessments (ages 11-32 years) were used to assess recurrence, impairment, and age at onset; data collected by means of a life history calendar at age 32 years were used to assess service use. RESULTS Family history was associated with the presence of all 4 disorder types. In addition, family history was associated with a more recurrent course for all 4 disorders (but not significantly for women with depression), worse impairment, and greater service use. Family history was not associated with younger age at onset for any disorder. CONCLUSIONS Associations between family history of a disorder and clinical features of that disorder in probands showed consistent direction of effects across depression, anxiety disorder, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence. For these disorder types, family history is useful for determining patients' clinical prognosis and for selecting cases for genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Milne
- Growing Up in New Zealand, University of Auckland, Tamaki Campus, Auckland, New Zealand.
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10
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Janzing JGE, de Graaf R, ten Have M, Vollebergh WA, Verhagen M, Buitelaar JK. Familiality of depression in the community; associations with gender and phenotype of major depressive disorder. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2009; 44:1067-74. [PMID: 19319457 PMCID: PMC2773369 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-009-0026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although associations between family history and depression have been shown in clinical patients, it is unknown if they also apply to subjects living in the community. The present study considers the relationship between family loading and depression phenotype characteristics in a large community-based sample. METHOD In a Dutch representative population sample of 7,076 individuals, lifetime diagnosis of depression was classified according to severity, course and age of onset. A family loading score of depression (FLSD) was computed by taking the proportion of the first-degree relatives for whom a history of depression was reported. RESULTS There was a strong association between FLSD and lifetime diagnosis of MDD. Severity, recurrence and early onset of depression were the specific phenotypic characteristics associated with familiality. The effects of FLSD and gender were independent. CONCLUSION Associations between family history and risk for depression in the community confirm those reported from clinical-based studies using direct interviewing of relatives. A stronger degree of familiality is associated with specific phenotypic characteristics of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. E. Janzing
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R. de Graaf
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. ten Have
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W. A. Vollebergh
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Utrecht, The Netherlands ,Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. Verhagen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. K. Buitelaar
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Verhagen M, van der Meij A, Franke B, Vollebergh W, de Graaf R, Buitelaar J, Janzing JG. Familiality of major depressive disorder and gender differences in comorbidity. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008; 118:130-8. [PMID: 18410477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gender differences exist in the prevalence and psychiatric comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD). This study investigates whether familiality of MDD contributes to observed gender differences in comorbidity. METHOD Familial (f-MDD) and non-familial (nf-MDD) MDD cases from a population sample were assessed for comorbid dysthymia, anxiety disorders and alcohol-related disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the effect of f-MDD on gender differences in comorbidity, adjusted for confounders. RESULTS Women with f-MDD reported significantly more comorbid dysthymia and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) than their male counterparts; women with nf-MDD reported significantly more comorbid simple phobias and agoraphobia than their male counterparts. Gender differences in comorbid panic disorder and alcohol-related disorders occurred independently of the familial load. Adjustment for age of onset, severity and recurrence of MDD did not change these results. CONCLUSION Models to explain comorbidity patterns of MDD differ by gender. Familiality of MDD should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Verhagen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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12
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Shih RA, Belmonte PL, Zandi PP. A review of the evidence from family, twin and adoption studies for a genetic contribution to adult psychiatric disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry 2004; 16:260-83. [PMID: 16194760 DOI: 10.1080/09540260400014401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Family, twin and adoption studies have provided major evidence for the role of genetics in numerous psychiatric disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. As the search for patterns of inheritance and candidate genes of these complex disorders continues, we review relevant findings from quantitative genetic studies and outline the main challenges for the field of psychiatric genetics to focus on in order to more definitively establish the underpinnings of genetic and environmental influences of adult psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina A Shih
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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13
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Gorwood P. Generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder comorbidity: an example of genetic pleiotropy? Eur Psychiatry 2004; 19:27-33. [PMID: 14969778 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/21/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are the most common type of anxiety-mood comorbidity. Up to 80% of subjects with lifetime GAD also have a comorbid mood disorder during their lifetime. Many hypotheses have been raised to explain such high comorbidity. Pleiotropy, i.e. a single genetic mutation explains (apparently) different disorders, is one of them and is hereby reviewed. Importance and reliability of GAD and MDD comorbidity (1); Evidence in favour of co-aggregation of GAD and MDD within families (the risk of one disorder in a proband increasing the risk for the other in relatives) (2); substantial heredity for both disorders according to twin studies with evidence for genetic correlation of unity between the two disorders (3); existence of numerous mechanisms (4) potentially linking the two disorders to common vulnerability genes, are all in accordance with such a hypothesis. Some examples of potentially shared mechanisms (such as CRF dysregulation or abnormal transcription factors) and possible common vulnerability genes (for example, the serotonin transporter gene) are given to highlight the pleiotropy hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gorwood
- Hôpital Louis Mourier (AP-HP), Service de Psychiatrie, CNRS UMR 7593, 178, rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes cedex, France.
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14
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Holmans P, Zubenko GS, Crowe RR, DePaulo Jr. JR, Scheftner WA, Weissman MM, Zubenko WN, Boutelle S, Murphy-Eberenz K, MacKinnon D, McInnis MG, Marta DH, Adams P, Knowles JA, Gladis M, Thomas J, Chellis J, Miller E, Levinson DF. Genomewide significant linkage to recurrent, early-onset major depressive disorder on chromosome 15q. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:1154-67. [PMID: 15108123 PMCID: PMC1182079 DOI: 10.1086/421333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A genome scan was performed on the first phase sample of the Genetics of Recurrent Early-Onset Depression (GenRED) project. The sample consisted of 297 informative families containing 415 independent affected sibling pairs (ASPs), or, counting all possible pairs, 685 informative affected relative pairs (555 ASPs and 130 other pair types). Affected cases had recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) with onset before age 31 years for probands or age 41 years for other affected relatives; the mean age at onset was 18.5 years, and the mean number of depressive episodes was 7.3. The Center for Inherited Disease Research genotyped 389 microsatellite markers (mean spacing of 9.3 cM). The primary linkage analysis considered allele sharing in all possible affected relative pairs with the use of the Z(lr) statistic computed by the ALLEGRO program. A secondary logistic regression analysis considered the effect of the sex of the pair as a covariate. Genomewide significant linkage was observed on chromosome 15q25.3-26.2 (Zlr=4.14, equivalent LOD = 3.73, empirical genomewide P=.023). The linkage was not sex specific. No other suggestive or significant results were observed in the primary analysis. The secondary analysis produced three regions of suggestive linkage, but these results should be interpreted cautiously because they depended primarily on the small subsample of 42 male-male pairs. Chromosome 15q25.3-26.2 deserves further study as a candidate region for susceptibility to MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Holmans
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - George S. Zubenko
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Raymond R. Crowe
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - J. Raymond DePaulo Jr.
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - William A. Scheftner
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Myrna M. Weissman
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Wendy N. Zubenko
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Sandra Boutelle
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Kathleen Murphy-Eberenz
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Dean MacKinnon
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Melvin G. McInnis
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Diana H. Marta
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Philip Adams
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - James A. Knowles
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Madeleine Gladis
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jo Thomas
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jennifer Chellis
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Erin Miller
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Douglas F. Levinson
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health CRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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15
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Lieb R, Isensee B, Höfler M, Wittchen HU. Parental depression and depression in offspring: evidence for familial characteristics and subtypes? J Psychiatr Res 2002; 36:237-46. [PMID: 12191628 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3956(02)00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this paper were twofold. First, to evaluate in a community sample the age of onset of major depression in adolescents and young adults with and without parental major depression. Second, to examine whether specific clinical characteristics of major depression in adolescents and young adults are associated with elevated rates of major depression among parents. Baseline and 4-year follow-up data were used from the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study (EDSP), a prospective-longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults. Results are based on 470 subjects who completed the follow-up, for whom diagnostic information for both parents was available, and who reported at least one episode of major depression according to DSM-IV-criteria through second follow-up. Diagnostic assessment in respondents was accomplished by using the standardized Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI). Information on major depression in parents was collected as family history information from the respondents, and additionally from M-CIDI diagnostic interviews with parents of the younger cohort. Both recurrence and impairment as clinical characteristics of major depression in adolescents and young adults were associated with elevated rates of major depression among parents. Age of onset as well as overall higher impairment as clinical characteristics of major depression in youth were associated with elevated rates of parental major depression in the univariate, but not in the multiple, analyses. Our findings suggest that clinical features of major depression may indicate familial subtypes of the disorder, most evident for recurrence and impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselind Lieb
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804, Munich, Germany.
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16
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Klein DN, Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Durbin CE. Clinical features of major depressive disorder in adolescents and their relatives: Impact on familial aggregation, implications for phenotype definition, and specificity of transmission. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.111.1.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Connor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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18
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Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. The clinical characteristics of major depression as indices of the familial risk to illness. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 165:66-72. [PMID: 7953060 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.165.1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From both a clinical and an aetiological perspective, major depression (MD) is probably a heterogeneous condition. We attempt to relate these two domains. METHOD We examined which of an extensive series of clinical characteristics in 646 female twins from a population-based register with a lifetime diagnosis of MD predicts the risk for MD in co-twins. MD was defined by DSM-III-R criteria. RESULTS Four variables uniquely predicted an increased risk for MD in the co-twin: number of episodes, degree of impairment and co-morbidity with panic disorder or bulimia. One variable uniquely predicted decreased risk: co-morbidity with phobia. Variables that did not uniquely predict risk of MD in the co-twin included age at onset, number and kind of depressive symptoms, treatment seeking, duration of the longest episode and co-morbidity with generalised anxiety disorder and alcohol dependence. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the clinical features of MD can be meaningfully related to the familial vulnerability to illness, particularly with respect to recurrence, impairment and patterns of co-morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
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19
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Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. Familial influences on the clinical characteristics of major depression: a twin study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 86:371-8. [PMID: 1485527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We sought in this study to clarify the role that familial factors play in influencing the clinical presentation of major depression (MD). We examined the similarity of the historical and symptomatic features of MD in 176 pairs of female-female monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins from a population-based registry, where both members reported a history of MD defined by DSM-III-R criteria. The age at onset and treatment-seeking were significantly correlated in all twin pairs and the correlation in concordant DZ pairs was actually somewhat higher than in concordant MZ twins. The degree of impairment was modestly correlated in all twin pairs with substantially higher correlations in MZ vs DZ twins. No twin resemblance was observed for number of episodes or longest duration of an episode. Twin resemblance for the clinical features of MD was modest, but so was their consistency for the same individual over successive 1-year periods. However, in 5 of the 6 neurovegetative symptoms involving changes in appetite, weight and sleep, MZ twins were significantly correlated and correlations were significantly greater in concordant MZ vs DZ twins. Although the familial factors that cause twin resemblance for the age at onset and treatment seeking appear to be largely environmental, twin resemblance for the degree of impairment and neurovegetative symptoms are probably due largely to genetic factors. Our results suggest that familial factors influence the predisposition to some clinical features of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0710
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Abstract
Early age-of-onset appears to predict higher familial loading in bipolar affective disorder. This finding, coupled with ongoing attention to the importance of genomic heterogeneity for segregation and linkage analyses, underscores the value of research on juvenile samples. This research is reviewed, and implications for future research on genetic classification of bipolar illness are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strober
- UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital 90024
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21
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Maier W, Hallmayer J, Lichtermann D, Philipp M, Klingler T. The impact of the endogenous subtype on the familial aggregation of unipolar depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991; 240:355-62. [PMID: 1831667 DOI: 10.1007/bf02279766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous/non-endogenous distinction of unipolar major depression is widely accepted, as is the family study approach to the validation of diagnostic distinctions. Rates of affective disorders were examined in 689 first-degree relatives of 184 patients with unipolar major depression and were compared with 312 first-degree relatives of 80 healthy controls. Only unipolar depression and alcoholism were more common in families of depressed probands compared with families of healthy controls. As a variety of diagnostic definitions of endogenous depression have been proposed, probands and relatives were diagnosed in a polydiagnostic manner. None of the five diagnostic definitions of endogenous depression was able to identify patients with an increased familial risk of unipolar depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
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22
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Abstract
It has been hypothesised that community cases of depression compared with clinic cases: (a) have fewer symptoms; (b) have milder symptoms; (c) have different symptoms; (d) are of shorter duration; (e) are less incapacitating; (f) are more environmentally and less biologically caused; and (g) respond better to psychological than pharmacological intervention. A review of the literature indicates that some of these hypotheses have not been tested, others have not been adequately tested, and none has been unequivocally confirmed. Further investigations of these important issues are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Costello
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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23
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Rutter M, Macdonald H, Le Couteur A, Harrington R, Bolton P, Bailey A. Genetic factors in child psychiatric disorders--II. Empirical findings. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1990; 31:39-83. [PMID: 2179248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb02273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Rutter
- MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London, U.K
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24
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Abstract
Depressive disorders are more common in the relatives of depressed probands than in the population at large, and there is compelling evidence that the familial aggregation of bipolar disorder and severe unipolar depression is at least partly due to genetic factors. However, the evidence concerning 'non-endogenous' depression is less clear, and family environment probably plays a stronger role. Much current research is focused on two areas: firstly, the mode of inheritance of manic-depressive illness, with the use of molecular biological techniques to detect and localise major genes; and secondly, the ways in which familial predisposition and environmental insults combine to produce depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- P McGuffin
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff
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25
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McGuffin P, Katz R, Bebbington P. The Camberwell Collaborative Depression Study. III. Depression and adversity in the relatives of depressed probands. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 152:775-82. [PMID: 3167463 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.152.6.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between life events and depressive disorder was assessed in 83 families ascertained through depressed probands. Contrary to expectation and to previous suggestions, we found no inverse relationship between the presence of familial loading and reactivity to stress. Thus the relatives of probands whose onset of depression followed life events or chronic difficulties had slightly higher lifetime rates of depression than the relatives of probands whose onset was not associated with adversity. There was only a weak and non-significant relationship between recent life events and current disorder among relatives, and no apparent tendency for life-event-associated depression to 'breed true' within families. Comparison with a community sample showed that the first-degree relatives of depressives had significantly elevated rates both of current depression and of recent threatening life events. This finding still held when proband-associated life events were discounted, suggesting that both liability to depression and propensity to experience life events are familial.
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