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Abstract
Linkage studies have defined at least five bipolar (BP) disorder susceptibility loci that meet suggested guidelines for initial identification and subsequent confirmation. These loci, found on 18p11, 18q22, 21q21, 4p16, and Xq26, are targets for BP candidate gene investigations. Molecular dissection of expressed sequences for these regions is likely to yield specific BP susceptibility alleles in most cases, in all probability, these BP susceptibility alleles will be common in the general population, and, individually, will be neither necessary nor sufficient for manifestation syndrome. Additive or multiplicative oligogenic models involving several susceptibility loci appear most reasonable at present, it is hoped thai these BP susceptibility genes will increase understanding of many mysteries surrounding these disorders, including drug response, cycling patterns, age-of-onset, and modes of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Berrettini
- The department of Psychiatry and the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Meloni R, Biguet NF, Mallet J. Post-genomic era and gene discovery for psychiatric diseases: there is a new art of the trade? The example of the HUMTH01 microsatellite in the Tyrosine Hydroxylase gene. Mol Neurobiol 2002; 26:389-403. [PMID: 12428766 DOI: 10.1385/mn:26:2-3:389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The microsatellite HUMTH01, located in the first intron of the Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) gene (encoding the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines), is characterized by a TCAT repeated motif and has been used in genetic studies of neuropsychiatric and other complex diseases, in which catecholaminergic neurotransmission is implicated. After reporting a positive association between HUMTH01 and bipolar disorder as well as schizophrenia, the authors established that HUMTH01 alleles display the features of regulatory elements. Thereafter, they cloned two proteins (ZNF191 and HBP1), specifically binding to HUMTH01, and demonstrated that allelic variations of HUMTH01 have a quantitative silencing effect on TH gene expression in vitro, and correlate with quantitative and qualitative changes in the binding by ZNF191. The authors aim to characterize the transduction pathway impinging on the HUMTH01 microsatellite and establish its relevance for TH gene regulation in vivo. Since the TCAT repeated sequence is widespread throughout the genome, their approach may lead to the dissection of the mechanisms underlying the quantitative expression of several genes implicated in complex genetic traits, both normal and pathological. Thus, these investigations on the possible contribution and potential role of the HUMTH01 microsatellite in neuro-pathological conditions may represent an example of the different approaches needed to validate genetic targets in the "post-genomic era."
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Meloni
- Laboratoire de Génétique de la Neurotransmissionet des Processus Neurodégénératifs (LGN), CNRS UMR 7091, Bât CERVI Hĵpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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3
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Serretti A, Macciardi F, Cusin C, Lattuada E, Souery D, Lipp O, Mahieu B, Van Broeckhoven C, Blackwood D, Muir W, Aschauer HN, Heiden AM, Ackenheil M, Fuchshuber S, Raeymaekers P, Verheyen G, Kaneva R, Jablensky A, Papadimitriou GN, Dikeos DG, Stefanis CN, Smeraldi E, Mendlewicz J. Linkage of mood disorders with D2, D3 and TH genes: a multicenter study. J Affect Disord 2000; 58:51-61. [PMID: 10760558 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that the dopaminergic system is involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. We conducted a multicenter study of families with mood disorders, to investigate a possible linkage with genes coding for dopamine receptor D2, dopamine receptor D3 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). METHODS Twenty three mood disorder pedigrees collected within the framework of the European Collaborative Project on Affective Disorders were analyzed with parametric and non-parametric linkage methods. Various potential phenotypes were considered, from a narrow (only bipolar as affected) to a broad (bipolar+major depressive+schizoaffective disorders) definition of affection status. RESULTS Parametric analyses excluded linkage for all the candidate genes, even though small positive LOD (Limit of Detection) scores were observed for TH in three families. Non-parametric analyses yielded negative results for all markers. CONCLUSION The D2 and D3 dopamine receptors were, therefore, not a major liability factor for mood disorders in our sample, whereas TH may play a role in a subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serretti
- Istituto Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, University of Milan School of Medicine, Via Luigi Prinetti 29, 20127, Milan, Italy.
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4
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Souery D, Lipp O, Rivelli SK, Massat I, Serretti A, Cavallini C, Ackenheil M, Adolfsson R, Aschauer H, Blackwood D, Dam H, Dikeos D, Fuchshuber S, Heiden M, Jakovljevic M, Kaneva R, Kessing L, Lerer B, Lönnqvist J, Mellerup T, Milanova V, Muir W, Nylander PO, Oruc L, Mendlewicz J. Tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphism and phenotypic heterogeneity in bipolar affective disorder: a multicenter association study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 88:527-32. [PMID: 10490711 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19991015)88:5<527::aid-ajmg17>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of catecholamines, is considered a candidate gene in bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and has been the subject of numerous linkage and association studies. Taken together, most results do not support a major gene effect for the TH gene in BPAD. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity may partially explain the difficulty of confirming the exact role of this gene using both association and linkage methods. Four hundred one BPAD patients and 401 unrelated matched controls were recruited within a European collaborative project (BIOMED1 project in the area of brain research, European Community grant number CT 92-1217, project leader: J. Mendlewicz) involving 14 centers for a case-control association study with a tetranucleotide polymorphism in the TH gene. Patients and controls were carefully matched for geographical origin. Phenotypic heterogeneity was considered and subgroup analyses were performed with relevant variables: age at onset, family history, and diagnostic stability. No association was observed in the total sample or for subgroups according to age at onset (n = 172), family history alone (n = 159), or high degree of diagnostic stability and a positive family history (n = 131). The results of this association study do not confirm the possible implication of TH polymorphism in the susceptibility to BPAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Souery
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinics of Brussels, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
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5
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Furlong RA, Rubinsztein JS, Ho L, Walsh C, Coleman TA, Muir WJ, Paykel ES, Blackwood DH, Rubinsztein DC. Analysis and metaanalysis of two polymorphisms within the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 88:88-94. [PMID: 10050974 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990205)88:1<88::aid-ajmg16>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine and noradrenaline. While positive associations between TH and bipolar affective disorder have been found in several studies, many studies have failed to reproduce these results. In order to clarify this situation, association studies of bipolar and unipolar affective disorder groups and metaanalyses of published data on the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism were done. The association studies used the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 1 and a PstI polymorphism at the 3' end of the gene. The study comprised 124 unrelated bipolar patients, 126 unipolar patients, and 242 controls. There was no significant association of either bipolar or unipolar affective disorder with the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism. However, a weak association (chi2 = 3.946, 1 df, P = 0.047; odds ratio, allele 2 vs. allele 1 = 0.71 (95% CI, 0.51-0.996)) was observed in the unipolar sample with the TH-PstI polymorphism. Three metaanalyses of published data on the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in major affective disorder were performed: bipolar I + II vs. control using 583 cases and 745 controls; unipolar vs. control using 204 cases and 359 controls; and bipolar + unipolar vs. control using 846 cases and 823 controls. In each analysis there was no association of the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism and affective disorder. These results do not support the tyrosine hydroxylase gene having a major role in the etiology of bipolar affective disorder. However, our data suggest that this locus should be examined in larger samples of unipolar affective disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
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Ishiguro H, Arinami T, Saito T, Akazawa S, Enomoto M, Mitushio H, Fujishiro H, Tada K, Akimoto Y, Mifune H, Shiozuka S, Hamaguchi H, Toru M, Shibuya H. Systematic search for variations in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene and their associations with schizophrenia, affective disorders, and alcoholism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980907)81:5<388::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Abstract
This paper reviews the history of molecular genetic linkage studies of bipolar disorder. The topic is introduced with a brief discussion of various genetic concepts, including linkage, lod scores and non-parametric statistics. It is emphasized that criteria for declaring linkage must include independent confirmation by a second group of investigators. Given that the inherited susceptibility for bipolar disorder is most likely explained by multiple genes of small effect, simulations indicate that universal confirmation of valid linkages cannot be expected. With this background, several valid linkages of BP disorder to genomic regions are reviewed. These valid linkages include 18p11, 18q22, 21q21, Xq26 and 4pter. The issue of anticipation and expanding triplet repeats is discussed. Finally, there is a brief section on recommendations for future genetic linkage studies of bipolar disorder.
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MESH Headings
- Bipolar Disorder/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Pedigree
- Reproducibility of Results
- Research Design
- Trinucleotide Repeats
- X Chromosome
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Affiliation(s)
- W Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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8
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Bellivier F, Schürhoff F, Nosten-Bertrand M, Mallet J, Feingold J, Leboyer M. Methodological problems in meta-analysis of association studies between bipolar affective disorders and the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1998; 81:349-52. [PMID: 9674984 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980710)81:4<349::aid-ajmg15>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Papadimitriou GN, Dikeos DG, Karadima G, Avramopoulos D, Daskalopoulou EG, Vassilopoulos D, Stefanis CN. Association between the GABAA receptor ?5 subunit gene locus (GABRA5) and bipolar affective disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980207)81:1<73::aid-ajmg14>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Malafosse A, Leboyer M, d'Amato T, Amadéo S, Abbar M, Campion D, Canseil O, Castelnau D, Gheysen F, Granger B, Henrikson B, Poirier MF, Sabaté O, Samolyk D, Feingold J, Mallet J. Manic depressive illness and tyrosine hydroxylase gene: linkage heterogeneity and association. Neurobiol Dis 1998; 4:337-49. [PMID: 9440122 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.1997.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have implicated the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) locus within the 11p15 region in susceptibility to manic depressive illness (MDI). This possibility was further investigated by both parametric (lod score) and nonparametric (affected-pedigree-member and a case-control study) methods of analysis in 11 French MDI families and in a sample of 200 unrelated subjects. Both types of analyses corroborate the implication of this locus, and positive lod scores were obtained in two families, which most likely reflects genetic heterogeneity. Statistical analyses were also performed including available data from published reports. These analyses, which allowed for genetic heterogeneity, substantiated our findings. The combined maximum lod score for all the families studied was 3.68 at theta = 0.00 (number of families: 36) assuming heterogeneity (alpha = 15%, P = 0.01). Taken together these results converge to suggest that the risk factors for MDI lie in the 11p15 region with TH being the most likely candidate gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malafosse
- CNRS UMR 9923, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France
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11
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Gill M. Genetics and molecular biology of manic-depression. MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY OF HUMAN DISEASES SERIES 1998; 4:173-93. [PMID: 9439749 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0709-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Gill
- Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Turecki G, Rouleau GA, Mari J, Joober R, Morgan K. Lack of association between bipolar disorder and tyrosine hydroxylase: a meta-analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1997; 74:348-52. [PMID: 9259367 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970725)74:4<348::aid-ajmg2>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a candidate gene extensively explored in several association studies of bipolar disorder (BD). However, because of conflicting results of independent studies and low statistical power of individual studies to detect small differences between cases and controls, reliable conclusions are difficult to formulate. A method to obtain more reliable conclusions about the involvement of the TH locus in the etiology of BD is meta-analysis. We undertook a meta-analysis of studies that investigated the association between BD and TH genetic markers. The studies were identified by means of computerized searches of several databases, and the scanning of review articles and the reference lists of the primary articles identified. More than 60 publications were reviewed, and 9 relevant articles were included in this meta-analysis, with an overall sample of 1,069 subjects (547 cases and 522 normal controls). The overall odds ratio (and confidence interval) based on combining the results of the studies was 1.02 (0.68-1.54). Test of the null hypothesis that the mean log odds ratio equals zero (chi2 = 0.11; 5 df; P > 0.05) indicated that there was no overall association between bipolar disorder and tyrosine hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Turecki
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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13
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Lobos EA, Todd RD. Cladistic analysis of disease association with tyrosine hydroxylase: application to manic-depressive disease and alcoholism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1997; 74:289-95. [PMID: 9184313 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970531)74:3<289::aid-ajmg10>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the involvement of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mutations in susceptibility to manic-depressive disease (MDD) and alcoholism (ALC) with a cladistics-based association analysis. Eighty-one probands with MDD, 113 probands with alcoholism, and 80 normal controls were tested for differences in frequency of nine haplotypes at the TH locus. The haplotypes were comprised of four restriction fragment length polymorphisms spanning the TH gene. A cladogram constructed from the haplotypes provided the evolutionary context for a nested statistical analysis. Statistically significant evidence was found for association of a subgroup of the sample for each of the disorders with different branches of the gene tree, but the findings were sensitive to minor changes in estimated haplotype frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Lobos
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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14
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Alda M. Bipolar disorder: from families to genes. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 1997; 42:378-87. [PMID: 9161762 DOI: 10.1177/070674379704200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors are known to contribute to the etiology of bipolar illness, but the actual genetic mechanisms remain to be clarified. METHODS This paper reviews the research undertaken to establish the genetic basis of bipolar illness and to elucidate the nature of its genetic predisposition. RESULTS The presented findings suggest that bipolar affective disorder is a heterogeneous condition characterized by a complex relationship between the genetic susceptibility and the clinical presentation. Linkage studies have generated promising and replicated findings on chromosomes 18 and 21. CONCLUSION In spite of the methodological difficulties inherent in the genetic study of psychiatric disorders recent investigations have made important advances and promise to identify specific susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ontario.
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15
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Oruc L, Verheyen GR, Furac I, Jakovljević M, Ivezić S, Raeymaekers P, Van Broeckhoven C. Analysis of the tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine D4 receptor genes in a Croatian sample of bipolar I and unipolar patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1997; 74:176-8. [PMID: 9129719 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970418)74:2<176::aid-ajmg12>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We selected 83 patients with bipolar disorder type I or unipolar recurrent major depression and 71 healthy controls for genetic analysis of the tyrosine hydroxylase and the dopamine D4 receptor gene. No significant association was found between bipolar disorder type I and unipolar recurrent major depression and the polymorphisms located near these genes. Therefore, the hypothesis that the tyrosine hydroxylase and the dopamine D4 receptor genes may be involved in the etiology of bipolar disorder and unipolar recurrent major depression is not supported in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Oruc
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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16
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Abstract
SummaryThe present article reviews the recent molecular genetic findings in affective disorders. Results of linkage and association studies are discussed in regard to the main limitations of these approaches in psychiatric disorders. On the whole, linkage and association studies contributed to the localisation of some potential vulnerability genes for Bipolar affective disorder on chromosomes 18, 5, 11, 4, 21 and X. The hypothesis of anticipation in affective disorders is also considered in light of interesting results with trinucleotide repeat mutations.
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17
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Souery D, Lipp O, Mahieu B, Mendelbaum K, De Martelaer V, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J. Association study of bipolar disorder with candidate genes involved in catecholamine neurotransmission: DRD2, DRD3, DAT1, and TH genes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 67:551-5. [PMID: 8950413 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19961122)67:6<551::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite strong evidence for genetic involvement in the etiology of affective disorders (from twin adoption and family studies), linkage and association methodologies are still exploring the nature of genetic factors in these diseases. Interesting testable hypotheses have been described, including candidate genes involved in catecholamine neurotransmission. We studied 69 bipolar patients and 69 matched controls (for age, sex, and geographical origin) for association and linkage disequilibrium with DNA markers at the following genes: the tyrosine hydroxylase gene, dopamine transporter gene, and dopamine D2 and D3 receptor genes. Association and linkage disequilibrium were excluded between bipolar affective disorder and these four candidate genes in our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Souery
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinics of Brussels, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Cavazzoni P, Alda M, Turecki G, Rouleau G, Grof E, Martin R, Duffy A, Grof P. Lithium-responsive affective disorders: no association with the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. Psychiatry Res 1996; 64:91-6. [PMID: 8912950 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(96)02888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Family, adoption, and twin studies have demonstrated the involvement of genetic factors in the etiology of major affective disorders. In an attempt to identify the involved genes, several linkage and association studies have focused on the gene coding for tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. The discrepant results to date could be explained by etiological heterogeneity, which may be substantially reduced by selecting patients according to lithium response. Therefore, we investigated 54 patients who had shown definite long-term response to lithium monotherapy in spite of a high risk of recurrence as indicated by the previous clinical course. All the subjects suffered from major affective disorder by Research Diagnostic Criteria (48 bipolar, 6 recurrent unipolar). They were compared to 94 population controls of similar ethnic background to test for association with a penta-allelic microsatellite marker found within the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. No significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies were observed between the two groups, providing further evidence against a major role for the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in the etiology of major affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cavazzoni
- Affective Disorders Service, University of Ottawa, Royal Ottawa Hospital, Canada
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19
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Souery D, Lipp O, Mahieu B, Mendelbaum K, De Bruyn A, De Maertelaer V, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J. Excess tyrosine hydroxylase restriction fragment length polymorphism homozygosity in unipolar but not bipolar patients: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40:305-8. [PMID: 8871780 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(96)00038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Souery
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinics of Brussels, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Turecki G, Alda M, Grof P, Martin R, Cavazzoni PA, Duffy A, Maciel P, Rouleau GA. No association between chromosome-18 markers and lithium-responsive affective disorders. Psychiatry Res 1996; 63:17-23. [PMID: 8832770 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(96)02864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An allelic association study of excellent responders to lithium was conducted with a candidate gene (Golf, a G-protein receptor gene) and five other chromosome-18p markers. Golf is of special interest because it maps to a region of chromosome 18 where two independent groups (Berrettini et al., 1994; Stine et al., 1995) have found linkage to bipolar disorder. It has been proposed that G proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder, and lithium, an effective prophylactic agent, is known to impair G-protein activation. To reduce heterogeneity--a common obstacle to genetic investigation--only patients who showed excellent response to lithium prophylaxis were studied. Fifty-five genetically unrelated excellent responders to lithium prophylaxis were compared with 94 normal subjects of similar ethnic background. The groups did not differ in either allele or genotype frequency for the tested markers. The data do not support the hypothesis that the tested loci confer a major susceptibility for affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Turecki
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital, Canada
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21
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Mallet J. The TiPS/TINS Lecture. Catecholamines: from gene regulation to neuropsychiatric disorders. Trends Neurosci 1996; 19:191-6. [PMID: 8723206 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(96)10029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their ability to change the electrical properties of neurons, evidence suggests that neurotransmitters are able to alter the cell's metabolism. Transmitter phenotype is labile and expression might be regulated, during development, by the cellular environment of neurons. The study of a key enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), has provided clues about these adaptive responses. This enzyme has a large molecular diversity, resulting from the differential splicing of its mRNA, which is tissue-specific and might result in long-term changes in activity of the enzyme and, therefore, in the availability of neurotransmitter at various synapses. The presence of different DNA sequences at the TH locus confers susceptibility to various disorders of the brain, including manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia. Indeed, an association between a rare variant allele of the gene encoding TH and the occurrence of schizophrenia has been found in several populations. New techniques being developed to treat diseases such as Parkinson's disease involve various gene therapies, including a method of transferring genes directly into nerve cells using an adenovirus-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mallet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs (LGN), CNRS, Paris, France
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Mallet J. The TiPS/TINS lecture. Catecholamines: from gene regulation to neuropsychiatric disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1996; 17:129-35. [PMID: 8984738 DOI: 10.1016/0165-6147(96)81587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their ability to change the electrical properties of neurones, evidence suggests that neurotransmitters are able to alter the cell's metabolism. Transmitter phenotype is labile and expression might be regulated, during development, by the cellular environment of neurones. The study of a key enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), has provided clues about these adaptive responses. This enzyme has a large molecular diversity, resulting from the differential splicing of its mRNA, which is tissue-specific and might result in long-term changes in activity of the enzyme and, therefore, in the availability of neurotransmitter at various synapses. The presence of different DNA sequences at the TH locus confers susceptibility to various disorders of the brain, including manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia. Indeed, an association between a rare variant allele of the gene encoding TH and the occurrence of schizophrenia has been found in several populations. New techniques being developed to treat diseases such as Parkinson's disease involve various gene therapies, including a method of transferring genes directly into nerve cells using an adenovirus-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mallet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, CNRS, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Pérez de Castro I, Santos J, Torres P, Visedo G, Saiz-Ruiz J, Llinares C, Fernández-Piqueras J. A weak association between TH and DRD2 genes and bipolar affective disorder in a Spanish sample. J Med Genet 1995; 32:131-4. [PMID: 7760324 PMCID: PMC1050236 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors play an important role in the aetiology of bipolar affective disorder (BP). So far, results of linkage studies have been largely disappointing. We have searched for a possible association between polymorphic DNA markers of two candidate genes (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH; dopamine D2 receptor gene, DRD2) and BP in a population from central Spain. Our results are consistent with the existence of a weak association between these two genes and BP, in such a way that TH and DRD2 could be considered as minor genes contributing to susceptibility.
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Lim LC, Nöthen MM, Körner J, Rietschel M, Castle D, Hunt N, Propping P, Murray R, Gill M. No evidence of association between dopamine D4 receptor variants and bipolar affective disorder. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 54:259-63. [PMID: 7810585 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320540314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Disturbance in the dopamine neurotransmitter system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of affective disorder. In this study, we examine the possibility that functional variants of the recently cloned dopamine D4 receptor gene contribute to the genetic component of manic depression. The polymorphism, a 48 bp tandem repeat coding for part of the third cytoplasmic loop, was detected using a PCR based method. In a first sample of 57 patients and 59 controls, we found allele 7 to be in excess in the patients. In contrast, allele 3 was less frequent in patients. A second, larger sample of 90 patients and 91 controls was utilized to test these hypotheses. Data from the two samples were then pooled together for further analyses. We calculated the power of our samples, and if the frequency of 7 repeat allele obtained from sample 1 is true, i.e., 25% (28/114) for patients and 14% (16/118) for controls, then the power of the combined sample is 62% at 5% (two-tailed) significance level. However, both observations were not replicated; we therefore conclude that variations in this repeat at the DRD4 gene do not contribute to the genetic component of manic depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Lim
- Genetics Section, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, England
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25
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Mallet J, Meloni R, Laurent C. Catecholamine metabolism and psychiatric or behavioral disorders. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1994; 4:419-26. [PMID: 7919920 DOI: 10.1016/0959-437x(94)90031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of pharmacological data point to the involvement of catecholamine metabolism in a number of psychiatric and behavioral disorders. Furthermore, evidence points to many of these affective disorders having a moderate to large genetic component. These observations have provided the impetus to search for differences between individuals in the structure and regulatory elements of genes involved in catecholaminergic neurotransmission. The recent finding that a mutation in the structural gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A is associated, in several males of a large kindred, with borderline mental retardation and abnormal behavior is an important breakthrough in the field. Other promising results concern the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in manic depressive illness and the dopamine D2 receptor in alcoholism. These studies, their potential significance and difficulties in dealing with such complex disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mallet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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26
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Lim LC, Gurling H, Curtis D, Brynjolfsson J, Petursson H, Gill M. Linkage between tyrosine hydroxylase gene and affective disorder cannot be excluded in two of six pedigrees. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 48:223-8. [PMID: 7907843 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320480410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Genetic linkage between manic depression and DNA markers on the short arm of chromosome 11 was first reported in 1987 but not supported by further analyses. However, genetic markers at the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene located within this region have been reported to show allelic association with the affective disorder phenotype. We present the results of a linkage analysis using polymorphic DNA segments within the TH gene and the nearby dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene in 6 families multiply affected with affective disorder. Small positive Lod scores were obtained in 2 of 6 pedigrees with the TH polymorphism which may be indicative of genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Lim
- Genetics Section, Institute of Psychiatry, University College London Medical School, England
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27
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Inayama Y, Yoneda H, Sakai T, Ishida T, Kobayashi S, Nonomura Y, Kono Y, Koh J, Asaba H. Lack of association between bipolar affective disorder and tyrosine hydroxylase DNA marker. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 48:87-9. [PMID: 8103293 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320480206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-eight patients with bipolar affective disorder and 88 controls were investigated for genetic association of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). No significant association between bipolar affective disorder and TH was found. Thus the hypothesis that TH is involved in the pathogenesis of bipolar affective disorder was not supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inayama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Japan
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28
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Shaikh S, Ball D, Craddock N, Castle D, Hunt N, Mant R, Owen M, Collier D, Gill M. The dopamine D3 receptor gene: no association with bipolar affective disorder. J Med Genet 1993; 30:308-9. [PMID: 8098068 PMCID: PMC1016339 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.30.4.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia share many clinical and genetic characteristics, and are thought by some to be different expressions of the same underlying disorder. A recent study showed an excess of homozygosity at a BalI polymorphism in the dopamine D3 receptor gene in schizophrenic patients compared with controls, from two independent centres. We have found no evidence of such an excess in a comparable sample of patients with bipolar affective disorder compared with matched controls. If these findings are confirmed then at least one genetic distinction between these two disorders will have been ascertained and doubt cast upon theories of a common genetic aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shaikh
- Genetics Section, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London
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29
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Mitchell P, Waters B, Vivero C, Le F, Donald J, Tully M, Campedelli K, Lannfelt L, Sokoloff P, Shine J. Exclusion of close linkage of bipolar disorder to the dopamine D3 receptor gene in nine Australian pedigrees. J Affect Disord 1993; 27:213-24. [PMID: 8509522 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0327(93)90045-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The recently cloned dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene is of potential relevance to the aetiology of bipolar disorder because of an almost exclusive expression in limbic tissue, the region of the brain putatively responsible for control of emotion. We therefore aimed to determine whether bipolar disorder in nine pedigrees (with 171 members) was linked to this receptor gene, which has been mapped to chromosomal region 3q 13.3. Linkage of bipolar disorder and recurrent depression to the DRD3 gene was tested using a series of autosomal dominant and recessive models with varying penetrance levels. Additionally, linkage was examined using a series of levels of definitions of affective illness (ranging from bipolar I alone to all affective disorders). Close linkage to the DRD3 gene was strongly excluded using each model and definition, and these conclusions persisted when a wide range of rates of 'sporadic' (non-genetic) presentations of illness were incorporated in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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