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Kandyel RM, El Basyouny HA, El Nahas EE, Madkour F, Haddad S, Massoud D, Morsy K, Madkour N, Abumandour M. A histological and immunohistochemical study on the parabronchial epithelium of the domestic fowl's (Gallus gallus domesticus) lung with special reference to its scanning and transmission electron microscopic characteristics. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1108-1119. [PMID: 34761477 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to give complete histo-and immunohistochemical features of the parabronchial epithelium of domestic fowl's (Gallus gallus domesticus) lung with special reference to Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mean transmission electron microscope (TEM) features. The lung exhibited variable-sized atrial openings encircled by exchange tissue zones. The parabronchial atrial chambers appeared as ovoid and polygonal-shaped that separated by the well-developed interatrial septum. The deep atrial lumens had blood vessels pierced by openings that represent the infundibula. The parabronchial blood capillaries meshwork was branched and exhibited ovoid-shaped air capillaries with numerous extravasated blood vessels. By TEM, there were several air capillaries and groups of squamous and endothelial respiratory cells and the squamous cells had oval nucleus with evenly distributed chromatin. The endothelial respiratory cells had few microvilli on their free surfaces. The parabronchial tubes opened into a group of widened atria that had smooth muscle bundles at the interatrial septa. The atrial chambers led to narrow infundibula. Moreover, the lining epithelium of parabronchi, atria, infundibula, and air capillaries was formed by simple squamous epithelium. Air capillary walls were lined by two types of respiratory cells (Types-I and II). Collagen fibers were concentrated within the tunica externa layers of the parabronchial blood vessels as well as, they were observed in CT interparabronchial septa. Immunohistochemically, the elastin immunoreactivity was detected around the parabronchial blood vessels, at the base of each parabronchial atria, and in the area encircling the alveolar-capillary walls. Our work concluded that there are a relation between the fowl's lifestyle and the surrounding environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadan M Kandyel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Eman E El Nahas
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Fatma Madkour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Seham Haddad
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Diaa Massoud
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Kareem Morsy
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Madkour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abumandour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Abstract
Since its entry into biomedical research in the first half of the twentieth century, electron microscopy has been a valuable tool for lung researchers to explore the lung's delicate ultrastructure. Among others, it proved the existence of a continuous alveolar epithelium and demonstrated the surfactant lining layer. With the establishment of serial sectioning transmission electron microscopy, as the first "volume electron microscopic" technique, electron microscopy entered the third dimension and investigations of the lung's three-dimensional ultrastructure became possible. Over the years, further techniques, ranging from electron tomography over serial block-face and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy to array tomography became available. All techniques cover different volumes and resolutions, and, thus, different scientific questions. This review gives an overview of these techniques and their application in lung research, focusing on their fields of application and practical implementation. Furthermore, an introduction is given how the output raw data are processed and the final three-dimensional models can be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schneider
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Wrede
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Chien S. Dr. Y.C. Fung's Contributions to Biomechanics, Bioengineering and Humanity: Warmest Celebration for a Magnificent Centenarian. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:2736914. [PMID: 31215621 DOI: 10.1115/1.4044053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Professor Y.C. Fung has made superb contributions to science, engineering and humanity through his research and its applications, as well as his words and deeds. By setting the highest standards of rigor and excellence, training many outstanding students and their students, and providing his exemplary leadership, Dr. Fung has made tremendous impacts that spread across the world and transcend time. He established the foundations of biomechanics in a variety of living tissues, including the lung, the heart, blood vessels, blood cells, ureter, intestine, skin, as well as other organs and tissues. Through his vision of the power of "making models" to explain and predict biological phenomena, Dr. Fung opened up new horizons for bioengineering, from organs/systems to molecules/genes. He has initiated and fostered the research activities in many institutions in the United States and elsewhere in the world. He has made outstanding contributions to education in bioengineering, as well as service to the professional organizations and translation to industry and clinical medicine. He is widely recognized as the Father of Biomechanics and the leading Bioengineer in the world. His extraordinary accomplishments and commands in science, engineering and the arts make him a Renaissance Man whom the world is most fortunate to have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Chien
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Bain O, Babayan S. Behaviour of filariae: morphological and anatomical signatures of their life style within the arthropod and vertebrate hosts. FILARIA JOURNAL 2003; 2:16. [PMID: 14675490 PMCID: PMC305371 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2883-2-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper attempts to pinpoint the most original morphological anatomical features of the biology of filariae per se and those which are or could be important for triggering regulatory processes in the arthropod vector and uncontrolled pathogenic processes in the vertebrate hosts. The following stages are considered: the motile egg or newly-hatched larva, the microfilaria, in the lymphatic or blood vessels of its vertebrate host; the larva, its migrations and its intrasyncitial development in the hematophagous arthropod subverted as vector; its transfer to the vertebrate host, migratory properties through the lymphatic system, maturation, mating and, finally, egg laying in the tissues they reach. This synthesis is based on parasite morphological features and their functional interpretation, histological features in the different niches the filariae reach, and on quantitative analyses of filarial development at its different phases, as well as on the rare and valuable observations of living parasites in situ. Data have been drawn from various species of Onchocercidae from amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. These comparative analyses have revealed the major constraints to which the filariae, including those parasitizing humans, have been subjected during their evolution from their ancestors, the oviparous and heteroxenic spirurids. Emphasis is placed on mechanical events: resistance of the microfilariae to the currents in the blood or lymph vessels, regulatory processes induced in the vector mesenteron by the movements of the ingested microfilariae, transient disruption by the microfilarial cephalic hook of the vectors' tissues and cell membranes during microfilarial translocation, attachment of males to females during mating by means of 'non-slip' systems, etc. Like other nematodes, filariae are equipped with sensory organs and a locomotor system, composed of the muscles and of the original osmoregulatory-excretory cell. Any change in one of these elements will result in the destruction of the filaria, at some stage of its development. In the vertebrate host, the intravascular stages will no longer be able to resist being carried passively towards the organs of destruction such as the lymph nodes or the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Bain
- Parasitologie comparée et Modèles expérimentaux, associé à l'INSERM, (U567), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Ecole Pratique des Hautes, Etudes, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Simon Babayan
- Parasitologie comparée et Modèles expérimentaux, associé à l'INSERM, (U567), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Ecole Pratique des Hautes, Etudes, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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Coquelin F, Boulard Y, Mora-Silvera E, Richard F, Chabaud AG, Landau I. Final stage of maturation of the erythrocytic schizonts of rodent Plasmodium in the lungs. COMPTES RENDUS DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. SERIE III, SCIENCES DE LA VIE 1999; 322:55-62. [PMID: 10047954 DOI: 10.1016/s0764-4469(99)80017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizonts of all rodent Plasmodium studied (Plasmodium yoelii, P. chabaudi, P. vinckei) show a characteristic morphology when they are completely mature: rounded or slightly elongate merozoites, completely detached from the pigment mass. At this stage, they are localized principally in the spleen and the lungs but, in impression smears of these organs they show two different aspects. In the spleen, schizonts are either inside the host erythrocyte or extraglobular but still close to a pigment mass; free merozoites are rare. In the lungs, on the contrary, merozoites are often free and dispersed; electron microscopy showed them to lie against the endothelium. Work by physiologists has shown the blood circulation in the alveoli to be much slowed down. Free merozoites, lined against the endothelium of relatively rigid capillaries, are in the best possible conditions to make contact with the intact red blood cells. Lungs appear to be the privileged site for the invasion of erythrocytes by the merozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coquelin
- Laboratoire de biologie parasitaire et laboratoire de protozoologie et parasitologie comparée (Ecole pratique des hautes études), Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, France
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Linhartová A. Lesions in resected lung parenchyma with regard to possible initial phase of pulmonary emphysema. An ultrastructural study. Pathol Res Pract 1986; 181:71-6. [PMID: 3703741 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(86)80190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung tissue appearing macroscopically normal and remote from pathological lesions was examined in semithin and ultrathin sections of surgically excised lobes or entire lungs of 14 patients. Thin areas and apertures were found occupying some of the intercapillary areas of alveolar septa. Thin areas differ from normal intercapillary areas both by their lesser mean thickness and structure; collagenous and elastic fibers, processes of fibrocytes and intercellular substance are absent. Either two layers or only one layer of epithelial lining are encountered in such thin areas. Septal apertures correspond mostly to pores of Kohn by their dimensions. Only some exceed these dimensions or appear in a higher amount per length unit of the alveolar septum. In accordance with other authors we believe that both the thin portions and the apertures of alveolar septa could represent an early phase of destruction in initial stages of pulmonary emphysoma. Continuous epithelial lining in two emphysematous bullae is presented. Structurally, the lining cells are similar to type 2 alveolar epithelial cells, but their bronchiolar origin also has to be considered.
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Duarte MI, Corbett CE. Histopathological and ultrastructural aspects of interstitial pneumonitis of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1984; 78:683-8. [PMID: 6506158 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(84)90242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Golden hamsters inoculated with Leishmania donovani developed interstitial pneumonitis. Three developmental phases were characterized: exudative, cellular and fibrotic. From the sequence of events, a relationship between the types of cellular proliferation and the appearance of fibrosis could be established. The participation of septal interstitial cells with lipid inclusions (ICLI) in the process and their possible role in the development of fibrosis was demonstrated.
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Meyrick B, Reid L. Pulmonary Hypertension. Clin Chest Med 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0272-5231(21)00199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Meyrick B, Fujiwara K, Reid L. Smooth muscle myosin in precursor and mature smooth muscle cells in normal pulmonary arteries and the effect of hypoxia. Exp Lung Res 1981; 2:303-13. [PMID: 7032899 DOI: 10.3109/01902148109052325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to hypoxia increases pulmonary arterial muscularity-in the intra-acinar arteries "new" muscle appears in the normally nonmuscular regions and in the preacinar arteries, medial thickness increases. In the present study by immunofluorescence techniques, the myosin content of the pulmonary arterial walls at two levels of the circulation (intra-acinar and preacinar) were studied in control rats and those exposed to hypobaric hypoxia of 380 torr for 3,7, 10, or 14 days. In control animals, we show that the precursor smooth muscle cells, pericytes and intermediate cells normally present in the nonmuscular regions of the intra-acinar arteries, contain smooth muscle myosin. With exposure to hypoxia, smooth muscle myosin in the intra-acinar arteries increases to Day 10, both in area of staining and fluorescent intensity. This is in contrast to the preacinar arteries were only the area of myosin increases. Antihuman platelet (non-muscle) myosin shows a little faint staining in both control and hypoxic animals. Adaptations to hypoxia by the intra-acinar precursor and preacinar mature smooth muscle cells is different, and suggests that the functions subserved by the myosin filaments at each of the two levels differs.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the organization of collagen in the wall of the human pulmonary alveolus. Samples of human lung obtained at surgery were processed for light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy confirmed the general findings of Orsos ('36): there were 3 common fibers called primary, secondary, tertiary in this study in order of their increasing size. Primary fibers (called "pericapillary" by Orsos) formed a continuous mesh in the alveolar wall and were often confluent within the intercapillary regions of the wall ("knötenpunkten," or nodes, Orsos). The tortuous secondary fibers ("circulatory fibers," Orsos) passed frequently across the thickness of the alveolar wall and were closely applied to capillary walls. Tertiary fibers ("respiratory fibers," Orsos) were continuous with the alveolar ostia and formed the supportive struts of the alveolar wall as they crossed the wall in a more direct course than the serpiginous secondary fibers. Electron microscopy (serial sections and stereo pairs) showed that the primary fibers inserted near the edge of an intercapillary region, where they were attached to the endothelial or epithelial basal lamina directly or by a smaller fiber or microfibril resembling the fibrous component of elastin or oxytalan. Primary fibers passed through a typical intercapillary region while describing a helix or a portion thereof. Secondary fibers were more coarse than primary, and both secondary and tertiary fibers resembled woven ropes.
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Gehr P, Siegwart B, Weibel ER. Allometric analysis of the morphometric pulmonary diffusing capacity in dogs. J Morphol 1981; 168:5-15. [PMID: 7241604 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051680104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The lung volume, the morphometrically determined alveolar and capillary surface area, and the capillary volume of 27 dogs (weight 2.65-57 kg) all were linearly correlated with body weight. The thickness of the air-blood barrier increased only slightly with increasing body size. The structural diffusing capacity, containing these parameters, was used to estimate the gas exchange capabilities of the lung and was also found to scale in direct proportion to body size. This coincides with reports on physiologically estimated diffusing capacity but is obviously different from the interspecies slope for metabolism which scales to the 3/4 power of body weight.
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Fanburg BL. Biochemical correlates of lung disease. Mol Aspects Med 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0098-2997(79)90003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sobin SS, Lindal RG, Fung YC, Tremer HM. Elasticity of the smallest noncapillary pulmonary blood vessels in the cat. Microvasc Res 1978; 15:57-68. [PMID: 634157 DOI: 10.1016/0026-2862(78)90005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Many authors regard the human lung as a collection of 300 million bubbles independently connected by cylindrical tubes. Under surface tension such a model is inherently unstable in the sense that the small alveoli would empty into the large ones so that the lung would consist only of collapses and hyperinflated alveoli. It has been demonstrated that this basic model is wrong. My observation is based on the well-known fact that both sides of each interalveolar septum are exposed to ventilated air. When the topological relationship between the alveolar septa is properly taken into account, it can be shown that each interalveolar septum is a minimal surface and that there is no problem of inherent instability in the sense mentioned earlier. However, the lung structure is flimsy and can become unstable in the same sense that an airplane structure or an Atlas rocket can become unstable. The clarification of lung inflation and atelectasis can proceed in a rational manner when the confusion of an erroneous model is removed.
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Sobin SS, Bernick S, Tremer HM, Rosenquist TH, Lindal R, Fung YC. The fibroprotein network of the pulmonary interalveolar wall. Chest 1974; 65:Suppl:4S-5S. [PMID: 4132055 DOI: 10.1378/chest.65.4_supplement.4s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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