1
|
Le JRM, Wu JH, Jaw FS, Su CT. The effect of bone remodeling with photobiomodulation in dentistry: a review study. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:265. [PMID: 37973668 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been emerging as a promising alternative therapy in dentistry. However, various parameters of PBM are used in different studies, and there is limited cumulative data on PBM for improving bone formation in clinical trials. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of PBM in the process of bone remodeling in dentistry using randomized controlled trials. Initially, a total of 1,011 articles published from January 2008 to December 2021 were retrieved from five electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and CINAHL). After a two-step review, nine articles met the inclusion criteria. The parameter of PBM, group, treatment sessions, assessment times and outcomes of the included studies were reviewed. Eighty-nine percent of the studies revealed positive effects on bone formation between the laser group and the control group. Only one article reported that light-emitting diode did not significantly enhance osteogenesis. Additionally, the present study shows that Gallium aluminum arsenide of near infrared (NIR) laser with continuous mode is the most commonly used form of PBM. The biostimulatory effects are dependent on several parameters, with wavelength and dose being more important than others. Based on this review, it is suggested that the NIR range and an appropriate dose of PBM could be used to increase the efficiency of stimulating bone healing and remodeling. However, standardization of treatment protocols is needed to clarify therapeutic strategies in dentistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ren Mi Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Huah Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, 33348, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Shan Jaw
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Tsung Su
- Department of Healthcare Information and Management, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan City, 33348, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ou M, Huang X. Histological evaluation of mouse tongue incisions after Er:YAG laser surgery with different pulse energies versus after conventional scalpel surgery. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:181. [PMID: 37568046 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the surgical instrument that allows for optimal healing of tongue incisions. METHODS An Er:YAG laser was compared with different pulse energies to a conventional scalpel for the incision of mouse tongue tissues. Mice were sacrificed through cervical dislocation at 24, 48, and 72 h postoperatively, followed by extraction of their tongues for incision experiments. The healing of the incisions and expression of inflammation- and pain-related factors in the tongues were compared between the surgical procedure groups. RESULTS In laser-treated mice, tongue incisions healed the fastest when the laser output energy was 60 MJ per pulse. Macrophage chemotaxis toward the incisional area was triggered on the first postoperative day for the 60-MJ group, while the time for macrophage chemotaxis to the surgical area was later in the 80-MJ group. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression increased and then decreased in the 80-MJ group; however, it gradually decreased in the 60-MJ and conventional scalpel groups. Prostaglandin E2 expression increased and then decreased in the 80-MJ and conventional scalpel groups but gradually decreased in the 60-MJ group. The expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 gradually decreased in the 60-MJ and 80-MJ groups but gradually increased in the conventional scalpel group. CONCLUSION Compared with surgical procedures using conventional scalpels, those using an Er:YAG laser with appropriate pulse energies can inhibit inflammation in the incisional area and promote incision healing. The use of an Er:YAG laser with appropriate pulse energies can alleviate intraoperative and postoperative pain in the incisional area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ou
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong'an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong'an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Beltrán Bernal LM, Canbaz F, Droneau A, Friederich NF, Cattin PC, Zam A. Optimizing deep bone ablation by means of a microsecond Er:YAG laser and a novel water microjet irrigation system. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:7253-7272. [PMID: 33408994 PMCID: PMC7747909 DOI: 10.1364/boe.408914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The microsecond Er:YAG pulsed laser with a wavelength of λ = 2.94 μm has been widely used in the medical field, particularly for ablating dental tissues. Since bone and dental tissues have similar compositions, consisting of mineralized and rigid structures, the Er:YAG laser represents a promising tool for laserosteotomy applications. In this study, we explored the use of the Er:YAG laser for deep bone ablation, in an attempt to optimize its performance and identify its limitations. Tissue irrigation and the laser settings were optimized independently. We propose an automated irrigation feedback system capable of recognizing the temperature of the tissue and delivering water accordingly. The irrigation system used consists of a thin 50 μm diameter water jet. The water jet was able to penetrate deep into the crater during ablation, with a laminar flow length of 15 cm, ensuring the irrigation of deeper layers unreachable by conventional spray systems. Once the irrigation was optimized, ablation was considered independently of the irrigation water. In this way, we could better understand and adjust the laser parameters to suit our needs. We obtained line cuts as deep as 21 mm without causing any visible thermal damage to the surrounding tissue. The automated experimental setup proposed here has the potential to support deeper and faster ablation in laserosteotomy applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Beltrán Bernal
- Biomedical Laser and Optics Group (BLOG), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ferda Canbaz
- Biomedical Laser and Optics Group (BLOG), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Niklaus F Friederich
- Center of Biomechanics and Biocalorimetry (COB), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Philippe C Cattin
- Center for Medical Image Analysis and Navigation (CIAN), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Azhar Zam
- Biomedical Laser and Optics Group (BLOG), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dose Analysis of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Stomatology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8145616. [PMID: 33014111 PMCID: PMC7519198 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8145616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The penetration depth and the power density of photobiomodulation (PBM) in human tissue under real conditions remain unclear to date. A novel quantitative measurement method was proposed in this study. This study aimed to design a noninvasive measurement system for the quantitative calculation of PBM dose on the attached gingiva. A flexible facial fixture appliance (FFFA) and nine piece detectors were mounted on the retainer to detect the real dose of 660 and 830 nm lasers on the attached gingiva. In addition, the angular distribution of light scattering and the light propagation in the biotissue were obtained. Two cases (a female and a male) are presented in this study. Experimental results demonstrated that the real power density of laser in the target tissue can be measured exactly after the laser light penetrates the orbicularis oris. Simulation results match with real conditions. Conversely, slight differences in power density are observed in the tissue radiated with collimated and uncollimated laser. The proposed method can be used to calculate the real dose in the target tissue for stomatology and deep acupoint stimulation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Baek KW, Dard M, Zeilhofer HF, Cattin PC, Juergens P. Comparing the Bone Healing After Cold Ablation Robot-Guided Er:YAG Laser Osteotomy and Piezoelectric Osteotomy-A Pilot Study in a Minipig Mandible. Lasers Surg Med 2020; 53:291-299. [PMID: 32529785 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To take major advantage of erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) lasers in osteotomy-like freedom of cutting geometries and high accuracy-the integration and miniaturization of the robot, laser, and navigation technology was tried and applied to minipigs. The investigators hypothesized laser osteotomy would render acceptable bone healing based on the intraoperative findings and postoperative cut surface analysis. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS We designed and implemented a comparative bone-cutting surgery in the minipig mandible with a cold ablation robot-guided Er:YAG laser osteotome (CARLO) and a piezoelectric (PZE) osteotome. The sample was composed of different patterns of defects in the mandibles of six grown-up female Goettingen minipigs. The predictor variable was Er:YAG osteotomy and PZE osteotomy. The outcome variable was the cut surface characteristics and bone healing at 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. Descriptive and qualitative comparison was executed. RESULTS The sample was composed of four kinds of bone defects on both sides of the mandibles of six minipigs. We observed more bleeding during the operation, open-cut surfaces, and a faster healing pattern with the laser osteotomy. There was a possible association between the intraoperative findings, postoperative cut surface analysis, and the bone healing pattern. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that characteristic open-cut surfaces could explain favorable bone healing after laser osteotomy. Future studies will focus on the quantification of the early healing characteristics after laser osteotomy, its diverse application, and the safety feature. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Won Baek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hightech Research Center of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery (HFZ), University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14-16, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
| | - Michel Dard
- Oral, Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Institut Straumann AG, Peter Merian-Weg 12, Basel, 4002, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Florian Zeilhofer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hightech Research Center of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery (HFZ), University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14-16, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
| | - Philippe C Cattin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Medical Image Analysis & Navigation, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Juergens
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, Basel, 4031, Switzerland.,MKG-Chirurgie Arabellapark Praxis für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Arabellastr. 17, München, 81925, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gutiérrez-Corrales A, Rizcala-Orlando Y, Montero-Miralles P, Volland G, Gutiérrez-Pérez JL, Torres-Lagares D, Serrera-Figallo MA. Comparison of diode laser - Oral tissue interaction to different wavelengths. In vitro study of porcine periodontal pockets and oral mucosa. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2020; 25:e224-e232. [PMID: 31967980 PMCID: PMC7103451 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of diode lasers at different wavelengths and power settings in handmade incisions in periodontal pockets and in oral mucosa of porcine tissue considering thermal damage, necrosis and the affected area of the soft tissue.
Material and Methods Combining the following laser wavelengths, 445nm, 532nm (KTP), 810nm, 980nm, 1064nm and 1470nm, and a power range from 0.5W to 2.0W in a continuous wave mode (CW), we made handmade incisions in porcine periodontal pockets and oral mucosa. After histological processing, we measured the area of lost tissue, the area of thermal damage and the area of necrosis. Then, we performed ANOVA to evaluate the difference between groups and two-way ANOVA to identify the influence of the laser-type variables and the power on the results.
Results We applied an ANOVA test to evaluate the results, where statistical analysis showed clear differences between the 1470nm and 810nm laser groups that refer to thermal damage and necrosis in the periodontal pocket surface. Regarding the oral mucosa surface, the 1064nm laser showed differences in the analysis of lost tissue. According to the applied power, all the variables we studied (lost tissue area, area of thermal damage and necrosis) showed higher values when using a power of 2.0W instead of 0.5W.
Conclusions According to our results, the 810nm diode laser for oral soft-tissue biopsy using power ranges between 0.5W and 2W would be the best choice to avoid thermal damage in peri-incisional margins. Key words:Laser surgery, soft tissue, diode laser, KTP laser, thermal damage, necrosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Augello M, Baetscher C, Segesser M, Zeilhofer HF, Cattin P, Juergens P. Performing partial mandibular resection, fibula free flap reconstruction and midfacial osteotomies with a cold ablation and robot-guided Er:YAG laser osteotome (CARLO ®) - A study on applicability and effectiveness in human cadavers. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018; 46:1850-1855. [PMID: 30146105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim of the study was to prove the safety, accuracy characteristics of contact-free laser osteotomy executed with the cold ablation and robot-guided Er:YAG laser osteotome in a human cadaver test. MATERIAL AND METHODS On six human cadavers mandible resections with a swallowtail like pattern were performed with the laser system on each side. The defects were reconstructed with a fibula graft of identical design and enlarged by 0.2 units. Mandibles and fibulas width as well surgery times were recorded. Additionally a Le Fort I and median mandible split were done. Macroscopically, the bone margins were examined for necrosis. RESULTS Laser osteotomies of the mandible up to a depth of 23 mm were possible without any thermal damage. Repeatability and precision of the system could be easily assessed. With the navigation system precise control of localization was achievable. Mean surgery time for the mandible resection was 13.32 min and for the fibula osteotomy 12.38 min. CONCLUSION The simply transmission of a cold ablation and robot-guided laser osteotome in an operation room identical environment for surgical interventions could be demonstrated. Precise osteotomy patterns with freedom in the design and carbonisation-free cut surfaces have been shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Augello
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, (Head: Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. H.C. Hans-Florian Zeilhofer), Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland; Hightech Research Centre of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Hans-Florian Zeilhofer
- Hightech Research Centre of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland; Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Cattin
- Center for Medical Image Analysis and Navigation, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Juergens
- Hightech Research Centre of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland; Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qu W, Shang J, Liu L, Xu D, Du P, Liu Z. Comparative study on the incision healing of the palatal mucosa by using Er:YAG laser or traditional scalpel in the SD rats. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:1019-1024. [PMID: 29356921 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the histology of wound healing following incisions with the scalpel or the Er:YAG laser in the palatal mucosa of SD rats. Two types of wounds were performed with the stainless steel scalpel or the Er:YAG laser in the palatal mucosa of SD rats, while the adjacent untreated palatal mucosa was chosen as control. Rats were sacrificed on day 1, day 3, day 7, and day 30 post-surgery. Biopsy samples from each wound were examined and the expression of IL-1ß and TGF-ß1 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The early postoperative incision of the scalpel group had obvious bleeding and swelling, while the laser wound mainly covered the surface of white pseudomembrane. The infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the stroma of the scalpel incision was more than that of the laser group. Compared to the laser group, 1 and 3 days after operation, the TGF-β1 content of the scalpel group were significantly increased (P = 0.032 and 0.019). Seven days after operation, the TGF-β1 content of two groups was decreased. TGF-β1 expression of control group was obviously increased (P > 0.05); 1, 3, and 7 days after operation, the traditional scalpel amount of IL-1β expression was significantly higher than that of control group (P = 0.000, 0.000, and 0.001). Postoperative day 1, IL-1β expression of laser group and control group had no significant difference (P = 0.572). Three days after operation, IL-1β expression of laser incision was increased and was significantly higher than that in control group (P = 0.032), however lower than the scalpel group (P = 0.03). Seven days after operation, the IL-1β expression of two groups had no significant difference (P = 0.333); however, the IL-1β expression of two groups were significantly higher than that of the control group (P = 0.02 and 0.001). Compared to the traditional scalpel, the incision of Er:YAG laser has smaller inflammation reaction, more pseudomembrane coverage, and minimal damage of the mucoperiosteal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, No. 142 North Great Street, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Shang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, No. 142 North Great Street, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, No. 142 North Great Street, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, No. 142 North Great Street, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinggong Du
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, No. 142 North Great Street, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghao Liu
- Department of Implantology, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, No. 142 North Great Street, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dahotre NB, Santhanakrishnan S, Joshi SS, Khan RJK, Fick DP, Robertson WB, Sheh RK, Ironside CN. Integrated experimental and computational approach to laser machining of structural bone. Med Eng Phys 2017; 51:56-66. [PMID: 29229404 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the fundamentals of laser-bone interaction during bone machining through an integrated experimental-computational approach. Two groups of laser machining parameters identified the effects of process thermodynamics and kinetics on machining attributes at micro to macro. A continuous wave Yb-fiber Nd:YAG laser (wavelength 1070 nm) with fluences in the range of 3.18 J/mm2-8.48 J/mm2 in combination of laser power (300 W-700 W) and machining speed (110 mm/s-250 mm/s) were considered for machining trials. The machining attributes were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy observations and compared with finite element based multiphysics-multicomponent computational model predicted values. For both groups of laser machining parameters, experimentally evaluated and computationally predicted depths and widths increased with increased laser energy input and computationally predicted widths remained higher than experimentally measured widths whereas computationally predicted depths were slightly higher than experimentally measured depths and reversed this trend for the laser fluence >6 J/mm2. While in both groups, the machining rate increased with increased laser fluence, experimentally derived machining rate remained lower than the computationally predicted values for the laser fluences lower than ∼4.75 J/mm2 for one group and ∼5.8 J/mm2 for other group and reversed in this trend thereafter. The integrated experimental-computational approach identified the physical processes affecting machining attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narendra B Dahotre
- Laboratory for Laser Aided Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing, Virtual Center for Advanced Orthopaedics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305310, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
| | | | - Sameehan S Joshi
- Laboratory for Laser Aided Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing, Virtual Center for Advanced Orthopaedics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305310, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Riaz J K Khan
- Laboratory for Laser Aided Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing, Virtual Center for Advanced Orthopaedics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305310, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA; The Joint Studio, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Australian Institute of Robotic Orthopaedics, 2 Centro Avenue, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia ; Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Daniel P Fick
- Laboratory for Laser Aided Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing, Virtual Center for Advanced Orthopaedics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305310, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA; The Joint Studio, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Australian Institute of Robotic Orthopaedics, 2 Centro Avenue, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia ; Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - William B Robertson
- Laboratory for Laser Aided Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing, Virtual Center for Advanced Orthopaedics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305310, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA; Australian Institute of Robotic Orthopaedics, 2 Centro Avenue, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia ; Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Raymond K Sheh
- Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Charlie N Ironside
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumar G, Rehman F, Chaturvedy V. Soft Tissue Applications of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser in Pediatric Dentistry. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017; 10:188-192. [PMID: 28890621 PMCID: PMC5571390 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue laser, such as diode and Nd:YAG lasers were initially used in soft tissue lesions because of its increased success rate. It was because of the fact that these lasers were well-absorbed by chromophores, such as hemoglobin and melanin which are found abundant in the oral mucosa. The introduction of erbium family in 1990 comprising the Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers made the hard tissue laser a boon for dentistry. Erbium, chromium-doped yttrium, scandium, gallium and garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) was introduced in 1997 for the surgical needs of clinical dentistry in general practice. The erbium belongs to the rare earth which is embedded in a host crystal. The actual lasing process takes place in the Er ion Er3+. Two host crystals consisting of yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Y3A5O12) and yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet (Y3Sc2Ga3O12) are added to the erbium. The interest to use these hard tissue laser in the treatment of soft tissue lesion was because of the properties of these lasers which are well-absorbed by chromophore water apart from hydroxy appetite crystals. Erbium laser energy is absorbed by collagen, hydroxyapatite, and water components. It allows the laser to cut soft tissue, tooth structure, and bone. In the noncontact mode, the incision is scalpel-like, with very little hemostasis. In contact mode, it performs soft tissue sculpting with adequate hemostasis. The Er,Cr:YSGG is the world’s most advanced dental laser, which is ideal all-tissue laser because all dental tissues contain water, for the multidisciplinary dentist who performs a broad spectrum of procedures. It delivers the highest level of clinician control, operating efficiency, flexibility in tip, and accessory selection. For optimal clinical results and patient comfort in hard and soft tissue procedures, the erbium lasers have set a new standard of clinical performance. The present case series aims to highlight the various soft tissue applications of Er,Cr:YSGG (Waterlase Biolase®, Biolase, Inc, San Clemente, California, USA) in pediatric patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyanendra Kumar
- Research Associate, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ferah Rehman
- Associate Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Chaturvedy
- Professor and Principal, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Eklavya Dental College, Kothputli, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Oliveira CRAC, Zanin F, Cassoni A, Rodrigues JA, Silveira L, Pacheco MT, Brugnera A. Analysis of Human Tooth Pulp Chamber Temperature After 670 nm Laser Irradiation: In Vitro Study. Photomed Laser Surg 2017; 35:515-519. [PMID: 28437191 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2016.4233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the limiting factors of employing laser radiation on dental therapies is the potential of causing thermal injuries to pulp tissues. The purpose of this study was to evaluate intra-chamber temperature increase on extracted human teeth exposed to 670 nm wavelength InGaAlP laser diode radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro intra-chamber temperature measurements of 12 standardized human teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars; n = 3) were taken both before and after laser radiation. A type-K thermocouple fast-response thermocouple wire with a 0.5 mm diameter probe was inserted into the tooth pulp chamber (ICEL-Manaus-brand). The laser device Lasotronic-brand InGaAlP laser diode was used to irradiate tooth enamel, perpendicularly to the external surface for 30 sec, with power of levels of 340, 272, 204, 136, and 68 mW. The measurements were taken at three time points: 0, 30 sec, and 3 min after the laser irradiation. Measurements were repeated 24 h after removal and reinsertion of the probe in the pulp chamber. The temperature gradient (ΔT in °C) was calculated (ΔT = final temperature-initial temperature) for each group. Data of ΔT were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 95% confidence level and compared by Tukey post hoc test (α = 0.05). RESULTS ANOVA showed statistically significant differences to the interaction of factors (p < 0.05). The highest ΔT values obtained were observed to incisors with 340 mW, 272 mW; 204 mW of power (respectively 4.7°C, 4.2°C, and 3.1°C); and canines presented the lowest ΔT (0.8°C-0.3°C) with no influence of power output. CONCLUSIONS Since the thermal increase was observed in this study, especially in incisors, attention should be paid to avoid pulpal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fátima Zanin
- 2 Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Cassoni
- 3 Dental Research and Graduate Studies Division, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Guarulhos University , Guarulhos, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Rodrigues
- 3 Dental Research and Graduate Studies Division, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Guarulhos University , Guarulhos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aldo Brugnera
- 2 Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fornaini C, Merigo E, Rocca JP, Lagori G, Raybaud H, Selleri S, Cucinotta A. 450 nm Blue Laser and Oral Surgery: Preliminary ex vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016; 17:795-800. [PMID: 27794148 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental diode lasers were started to be used at the end of the 1990s and were shown to possess several important characteristics, such as small size and low cost, as well as the advantage of optic fibers delivering system. Although only two wavelengths (810 and 980 nm) had been the most used dental diode lasers, a wavelength emitting in the blue portion of the spectrum has recently been proposed. AIM The aim of this ex vivo study was to compare the effectiveness of five different fiber-delivered laser wavelengths (450, 532, 808, 1064, and 1340 nm) in the oral soft tissue ablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens were surgically collected from the dorsal surface of four bovine tongues and, while deep thermal increase was measured by two thermocouples at 0.5 and 2 mm depth, surface temperature was recorded by an infrared thermometer. Subsequently, specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, cut into slices, and embedded in paraffin blocks, and a pathologist made a morphological analysis by optic microscope assigning a score based on the quality of the cut and tissue damage. RESULTS The analysis showed the best quality of the cut and the lowest temperature increase on the specimens obtained with the shortest laser wavelength (450 nm). CONCLUSION Even considering this as preliminary study, the use of 450 nm blue diode laser in oral surgery may be suggested to the clinician in their daily practice. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study opens a new perspective in oral surgery. Blue diode laser has demonstrated a good quality of the cut with a low energy causing a minimal thermal damage to the tissue, promising a better comfort to patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fornaini
- Micoralis Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice Sophia Antipolice, Nice, France, e-mail: .,Department of Information Engineering, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Merigo
- Micoralis Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice Sophia Antipolice, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Paul Rocca
- Micoralis Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice Sophia Antipolice, Nice, France
| | - Giuseppe Lagori
- Micoralis Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice Sophia Antipolice, Nice, France
| | - Hélène Raybaud
- Micoralis Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice Sophia Antipolice, Nice, France
| | - Stefano Selleri
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fornaini C, Rocca JP, Merigo E. 450 nm diode laser: A new help in oral surgery. World J Clin Cases 2016; 4:253-257. [PMID: 27672639 PMCID: PMC5018621 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v4.i9.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To describe the performance of 450 nm diode laser in oral surgery procedures.
METHODS The case described consisted of the removal of a lower lip fibroma through a blue diode laser (λ = 450 nm).
RESULTS The efficacy of this device, even at very low power (1W, CW), allows us to obtain very high intra and postoperative comfort for the patient, even with just topical anaesthesia and without needing suture. The healing process was completed in one week and, during the follow-up, the patient did not report any problems, pain or discomfort even without the consumption of any kind of drugs, such as painkillers and antibiotics. The histological examination performed by the pathologist showed a large area of fibrous connective tissue with some portions of epithelium-connective detachments and a regular incision with very scanty areas of carbonization.
CONCLUSION The 450 nm diode laser proved of being very efficient in the oral soft tissue surgical procedures, with no side effects for the patients.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fornaini C, Merigo E, Sozzi M, Rocca JP, Poli F, Selleri S, Cucinotta A. Four different diode lasers comparison on soft tissues surgery: a preliminary ex vivo study. Laser Ther 2016; 25:105-114. [PMID: 27721562 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.16-or-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The introduction of diode lasers in dentistry had several advantages, principally consisting on the reduced size, reduced cost and possibility to beam delivering by optical fibbers. Up today only the wavelengths around 810 and 980 nm were the most utilized in oral surgery but recently more different lasers had been proposed. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of four diode laser wavelengths (810, 980, 1470 and 1950 nm) for the ablation of soft tissues. Material and methods: Specimens were surgically collected from the dorsal surface of four bovine tongues and irradiated by four different diode wavelengths. Thermal increase was measured by two thermocouples, the first at a depth of 0.5 mm, and the second at a depth of 2 mm. Initial and final surface temperatures were recorded by IR thermometer. Epithelial changes, connective tissue modifications, presence of vascular modification and incision morphology were histologically evaluated by two blind pathologists. Results: The time necessary to perform the excision varied between 271 seconds (808 nm, 2W) and 112 seconds (1950 nm, 4W). Temperature increase superficial level varied from 16.3° (980 nm, 4W) and 9.2° (1950 nm, 2 W). The most significant deep temperature increase was recorded by 980 nm, 4 W (17.3°) and the lowest by 1950 nm, 2 W (9.7°). The width of epithelial tissue injuries varied between 74 pm from 1950 nm diode laser at 2 W to 540 pm for 1470 nm diode laser at 4 W. Conclusion: The quality of incision was better and the width of overall tissue injuries was minor in the specimens obtained with higher wavelength (1950 nm) at lower power (2W).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fornaini
- Information Engineering Department, University of Parma, Italy; MICORALIS Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice, France
| | - Elisabetta Merigo
- MICORALIS Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice, France
| | - Michele Sozzi
- Information Engineering Department, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Jean-Paul Rocca
- MICORALIS Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice, France
| | - Federica Poli
- Information Engineering Department, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Selleri
- Information Engineering Department, University of Parma, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Baek KW, Deibel W, Marinov D, Griessen M, Bruno A, Zeilhofer HF, Cattin P, Juergens P. Clinical applicability of robot-guided contact-free laser osteotomy in cranio-maxillo-facial surgery: in-vitro simulation and in-vivo surgery in minipig mandibles. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 53:976-81. [PMID: 26305341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Laser was being used in medicine soon after its invention. However, it has been possible to excise hard tissue with lasers only recently, and the Er:YAG laser is now established in the treatment of damaged teeth. Recently experimental studies have investigated its use in bone surgery, where its major advantages are freedom of cutting geometry and precision. However, these advantages become apparent only when the system is used with robotic guidance. The main challenge is ergonomic integration of the laser and the robot, otherwise the surgeon's space in the operating theatre is obstructed during the procedure. Here we present our first experiences with an integrated, miniaturised laser system guided by a surgical robot. An Er:YAG laser source and the corresponding optical system were integrated into a composite casing that was mounted on a surgical robotic arm. The robot-guided laser system was connected to a computer-assisted preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation system, and the laser osteotome was used in an operating theatre to create defects of different shapes in the mandibles of 6 minipigs. Similar defects were created on the opposite side with a piezoelectric (PZE) osteotome and a conventional drill guided by a surgeon. The performance was analysed from the points of view of the workflow, ergonomics, ease of use, and safety features. The integrated robot-guided laser osteotome can be ergonomically used in the operating theatre. The computer-assisted and robot-guided laser osteotome is likely to be suitable for clinical use for ostectomies that require considerable accuracy and individual shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K-W Baek
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Hightech Research Centre of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
| | - W Deibel
- Medical Image Analysis Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; Advanced Osteotomy Tools AG, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
| | - D Marinov
- Advanced Osteotomy Tools AG, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
| | - M Griessen
- Medical Image Analysis Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; Advanced Osteotomy Tools AG, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
| | - A Bruno
- Advanced Osteotomy Tools AG, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
| | - H-F Zeilhofer
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Hightech Research Centre of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
| | - Ph Cattin
- Medical Image Analysis Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
| | - Ph Juergens
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Hightech Research Centre of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vaderhobli RM, White JM, Le C, Ho S, Jordan R. In vitro study of the soft tissue effects of microsecond-pulsed CO2laser parameters during soft tissue incision and sulcular debridement. Lasers Surg Med 2010; 42:257-63. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
NISHIMOTO Y, OTSUKI M, YAMAUTI M, EGUCHI T, SATO Y, M. FOXTON R, TAGAMI J. Effect of Pulse Duration of Er: YAG Laser on Dentin Ablation. Dent Mater J 2008; 27:433-9. [PMID: 18717173 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.27.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
18
|
Lee CYS. A New Method to Harvest Ramus Bone Using the Erbium, Chromium:Yttrium-Scandium-Gallium-Garnet Laser. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005; 63:879-82. [PMID: 15944993 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2005.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
19
|
Zaffe D, Vitale MC, Martignone A, Scarpelli F, Botticelli AR. Morphological, Histochemical, and Immunocytochemical Study of CO2and Er:YAG Laser Effect on Oral Soft Tissues. Photomed Laser Surg 2004; 22:185-9. [PMID: 15315724 DOI: 10.1089/1549541041438678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological, histochemical, and immunocytochemical changes of the oral mucosa after CO(2) or Er:YAG laser irradiation. BACKGROUND DATA There have been no comparative reports on CO(2) and Er:YAG laser effects on human oral soft tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue preservation was studied in 40 oral biopsies of young patients obtained by CO(2) and Er:YAG laser surgery. Hematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa stains, PAS/diastase treatment, AE1 and AE2 cytokeratins, MiB1/Ki67, and bcl-2 immunoreactions were performed on the laser cut edges on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded biopsies. RESULTS CO(2) laser biopsies show blisters, clefts and erosions of the epithelium. Intracellular edema and lengthened nuclei were also seen. The glycogen content results decreased in CO(2) laser biopsies. Good expression for cytokeratins and cell-cycle proliferation markers were found in Er:YAG biopsies, on the contrary the apoptosis marker was better expressed in CO(2) laser biopsies. CONCLUSION The results suggest that Er:YAG laser may be routinely used in surgery, because of its minimal damage of the epithelial tissue, its low inflammatory reaction, its quicker healing process and its lower risk of scarring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Zaffe
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nammour S, Kowalyk K, Valici C, Zeinoun T, Rocca JP, Powell L, Van Reck J. Safety parameters for pulp temperature during selective ablation of caries by KTP laser in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 22:99-104. [PMID: 15165383 DOI: 10.1089/104454704774076145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the optimal parameters of KTP laser irradiation during a selective caries removal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve decayed human teeth, recently extracted were used. Their root canals were prepared for insertion of a thermocouple probe into the pulp chamber. The demineralized tissues were colored by Acid Red 52 before proceeding to different conditions of irradiation. RESULTS Pulpal temperature increases (below 3 degrees C) were found under the following parameters with 15 sec of continuous lasing: 400 mWatts, 0.10-msec pulse width, PRR <50 Hz for efficient caries removal. A resting time average of 70 sec was necessary to allow pulp temperature to get back to its baseline. CONCLUSION KTP laser can be used safely and without any pulp over-heating under certain irradiation conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nammour
- Department of Stomatology, University Hospital Saint Pierre, Free University of Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Malmström HS, McCormack SM, Fried D, Featherstone JD. Effect of CO2 laser on pulpal temperature and surface morphology: an in vitro study. J Dent 2001; 29:521-9. [PMID: 11700201 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(01)00028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential effects on underlying dental hard tissues of a high pulse rate carbon dioxide (CO2) laser that was designed for soft tissue surgery. METHODS Eighteen extracted human teeth were sectioned longitudinally, cleaned, and varnished, leaving nine exposed windows on each: six on the coronal surface (enamel) and three on the root surface (cementum, dentin). The CO2 irradiation conditions used were: wave length 10.6 microm; 1.2-2.6J/cm(2) fluence per pulse; repetition rate 120-1000Hz; 100-200ms pulse duration; and cumulative fluences ranging from 14 to 2200J/cm(2). Each window was irradiated with a 0.3mm beam diameter at one of nine power settings for 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0s. The pulp chamber temperature was measured with a microthermocouple. The irradiated teeth were evaluated by Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). RESULTS The pulp chamber temperature rise ranged from 0.5 to 19 degrees C depending on the location of the window and distance to pulp chamber. SEM revealed crystal fusion in both enamel and dentin at all cumulative fluences. At cumulative fluences of 40J/cm(2), 200 pulses/second and higher, measurable tissue loss was observed with PLM both in dentin and enamel. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate there are threshold conditions above which pulsed CO2 laser light used for soft tissue surgery may cause detrimental changes to underlying oral hard tissue and to the pulp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H S Malmström
- Eastman Dental Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620-2989, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
McDonald A, Claffey N, Pearson G, Blau W, Setchell D. The effect of Nd:YAG pulse duration on dentine crater depth. J Dent 2001; 29:43-53. [PMID: 11137638 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(00)00046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of alteration of laser parameters on laser-dentine interaction, in particular the effect of pulse duration, has not been well documented. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the effect on dentine crater depth of Nd:YAG laser pulse duration, and total delivered energy, dentine site and the presence or absence of dye. METHODS Ninety-six sound third molars were extracted and sectioned transversely to provide 192 upper and lower cut surfaces. The upper surfaces were painted with a layer of dye (IR5) suitable for absorption at 1064 nm. The specimens were divided into 16 sub-groups and exposed to two Nd:YAG lasers; one of pulse duration 7 ms and the second of pulse duration 35 ps. Both lasers operated in a non-contact mode (spot diameter 165 microm) with repetition rates of 10.5 and 10 Hz, respectively. Four total energies (2.28, 2.64, 3.6, 4.2 J) were delivered to eight dyed and eight undyed sub-groups. Eight outer and five inner sites were irradiated on each specimen. Dentine crater depth was measured five times using a Reflex Microscope and a three-dimensional centre of gravity derived. An upper and lower specimen were taken from each sub-group and viewed under a SEM. RESULTS ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were applied and the following factors were found to have a statistically significant effect on crater depth (p<0.0001): total delivered energy, pulse duration and inner/outer location. CONCLUSIONS Increasing energy and pulse duration produced deeper craters. Similarly inner dentine sites produced deeper crater depths. Only craters produced at the ms pulse duration were carbonised. It would appear that laser-dentine interaction has a non-thermal component at picosecond pulse duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A McDonald
- Department of Conservation, Eastman Dental Institute and Hospital for Oral Health Care Sciences, University of London, 256 Grays Inn Road, WC1X 8LD, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wilder-Smith P, Lin S, Nguyen A, Liaw LH, Arrastia AM, Lee JP, Berns MW. Morphological effects of ArF excimer laser irradiation on enamel and dentin. Lasers Surg Med 2000; 20:142-8. [PMID: 9047167 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9101(1997)20:2<142::aid-lsm4>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this investigation to determine the range of morphological and ablative effects that can be achieved on dental enamel and dentin using ArF excimer laser irradiation at a wavelength of 193nm. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Caries-free coronal enamel and dentin surfaces of 20 extracted human teeth were subjected to irradiation at 193nm using a Lamda-Physik model EMG 103 MSC and ArF fill. Morphology of cavity floors and walls were assessed by light microscopy and SEM. RESULTS Morphological surface effects and ablation could be controlled effectively and reliably by choice of parameter combination, allowing the operator to achieve either a smooth, flat, or increasingly rough surface with differing degrees of selective ablation. No signs of thermal damage were apparent. CONCLUSION Excimer laser irradiation at 193nm provided clinically useful cavity preparations and surface morphological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Wilder-Smith
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 92715, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Keller U, Hibst R, Geurtsen W, Schilke R, Heidemann D, Klaiber B, Raab WH. Erbium:YAG laser application in caries therapy. Evaluation of patient perception and acceptance. J Dent 1998; 26:649-56. [PMID: 9793286 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(97)00036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In previous studies it has been demonstrated that the Er:YAG laser can be used to prepare cavities efficiently and without thermal damage to the adjacent dental hard and soft tissues. To investigate the patients' response to Er:YAG laser preparation of teeth, a prospective clinical study was performed in five dental hospitals. METHODS To evaluate patients' perception and response to cavity preparation a direct comparison was made between conventional mechanical preparation and Er:YAG laser preparation of caries in dental hard tissues. Half of the preparations were completed by the laser alone with standardized parameters, with the other half being mechanically prepared. The sequential order of treatment was randomized, and clinical parameters such as depth and location of the cavities were carefully balanced. A three-score evaluation scheme of patient responses was used: comfortable, uncomfortable, very uncomfortable. In addition the patients were asked to decide which was the more uncomfortable form of treatment and the preferred treatment for future caries therapy. RESULTS The study included 103 patients with 206 preparations distributed amongst 194 teeth. All teeth gave vital responses (ice test) before and after both types of treatment. The laser treatment was found to be more comfortable than the mechanical treatment, with high statistical significance. During treatment, the need for local anaesthesia was 11% for mechanical preparation compared to 6% during laser application. It was found that 80% of the patients rated the conventional preparation as more uncomfortable than the laser treatment and 82% of the patients indicated that they would prefer the Er:YAG laser preparation for further caries treatment. CONCLUSIONS The application of the Er:YAG laser system is a more comfortable alternative or adjunctive method to conventional mechanical cavity preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Keller
- Department for Oral Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Sonntag KD, Klitzman B, Burkes EJ, Hoke J, Moshonov J. Pulpal response to cavity preparation with the Er:YAG and Mark III free electron lasers. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 1996; 81:695-702. [PMID: 8784902 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-2104(96)80076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the pulp response to class V cavity preparation with the use of the Er:YAG laser and free electron laser. STUDY DESIGN Class V cavities were prepared in 133 teeth of four beagle dogs by one of three methods: (1) Er:YAG laser, (2) free electron laser, (3) high-speed handpiece. Treatment occurred at 1 hour, 1 day, 7 days, and 28 days. The teeth were removed and the pulp evaluated. Histologically, the data were evaluated with Mantel-Haenszel analysis. RESULTS The Er:YAG laser, free electron laser, and handpiece treatment groups resulted in specimens with normal or mild pulp reactions in 36, 46, and 42 teeth, respectively; moderate or severe reactions were observed in 7, 1, and 1 teeth, respectively. No statistically significant difference in the pulp response to the three treatment modalities was observed. CONCLUSION The pulp response to Er:YAG laser and free electron laser application would appear to be similar to the response from high-speed handpiece application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Sonntag
- Department of Endodontics, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
NAMMOUR S, POURTOIS M. Pulp Temperature Increases following Caries Removal by CO2Laser. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1089/clm.1995.13.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
28
|
Wigdor HA, Walsh JT, Featherstone JD, Visuri SR, Fried D, Waldvogel JL. Lasers in dentistry. Lasers Surg Med Suppl 1995; 16:103-33. [PMID: 7769957 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1900160202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the development of the ruby laser by Maiman in 1960, there has been great interest among dental practitioners, scientists, and patients to use this tool to make dental treatment more pleasant. Oral soft tissue uses are becoming more common in dental offices. The possible multiple uses of lasers in dentistry, beyond soft tissue surgery and dental composite curing, unfortunately, have not yet been realized clinically. These include replacement of the dental drill with a laser, laser dental decay prevention, and laser decay detection. The essential question is whether a laser can provide equal or improved treatment over conventional care. Safe use of lasers also must be the underlying goal of proposed or future laser therapy. With the availability and future development of different laser wavelengths and methods of pulsing, much interest is developing in this growing field. This article reviews the role of lasers in dentistry since the early 1960s, summarizes some research reports from the last few years, and proposes what the authors feel the future may hold for lasers in dentistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Wigdor
- Ravenswood Hospital Medical Center, Wenske Laser Center, Chicago, IL 60640, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
McKee MD. Effects of CO2 laser irradiation in vivo on rat alveolar bone and incisor enamel, dentin, and pulp. J Dent Res 1993; 72:1406-17. [PMID: 8408883 DOI: 10.1177/00220345930720101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a surgical 'window' can be drilled in alveolar bone for experimental manipulation of the underlying enamel organ and enamel. To determine whether similar and/or improved access could be obtained by use of the surgical capabilities of laser optics, and to note the effects of laser irradiation in vivo on the extracellular matrices and cells of bone, enamel, and dentin, tissue responses to laser-created lesions were examined histologically. Briefly, samples were prepared in which the alveolar bone along the inferior mandibular border of Wistar rats was exposed, and a continuous-wave CO2 laser equipped with a custom-made micromanipulator was used to penetrate the bone and to create lesions within the lower incisor. Animals were perfusion-fixed at either 10 min or 10 days post-treatment, and affected tissues were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. At 10 min, all lesions consisted of a void of ablated tissue containing some organic debris. Tissues immediately surrounding the lesion were generally intact, but showed some damage, presumably resulting from elevated temperature effects. At 10 days, lesions in the bone, dentin, odontoblast layer, or pulp showed morphological evidence of tissue repair represented by the presence of cell infiltrates, new bone, or reparative dentin. In lesions that were created during the secretory stage of amelogenesis that had moved into the maturation stage, there was evidence of delayed or incomplete maturation of enamel (i.e., retention of organic matrix normally lost during maturation) related to the enamel organ affected by the laser treatment. In the bone lesion at 10 days, new bone formation was observed, while bone fragments originally created at the time of lasing were surrounded by mononuclear and large multinucleated giant cells. It is thus concluded that the application of this laser system is an alternative method for exposing unerupted dental tissues for experimental manipulation, and that laser irradiation may also be useful for the study of mineralized tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D McKee
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Round enamel and dentin surfaces of sound and carious extracted human teeth were irradiated by an ArF:excimer laser for up to 180 sec. Thermographic measurements indicated that the temperature rise due to heat accumulation caused by laser irradiation on these enamel and dentin surfaces was up to 19 degrees C (10 HZ with 540 J/cm2), and the temperature returned to the preirradiation value within 10 sec after the irradiation was stopped. Under light microscopy, no carbonization was evident on these surfaces, and a simple recess was formed by abrasion or vaporization in the irradiated regions. In the secondary SEM, uniformly distributed fine pores and prism structures appeared slightly on the enamel surfaces. Between the peritubular and the intertubular dentin, there appeared a distinct difference in the dissolved area. The laser almost completely removed carious regions of the enamel and the dentin, and penetration extended beyond the carious regions. In the backscattered electron SEM, highly mineralized layers were observed on the enamel and dentin surfaces dissolved by the laser.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Arima
- Department of Endodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Arcoria CJ, Lippas MG, Speros P, Wagner MJ. Pulpal effects of argon: fluoride excimer laser irradiation and acid-etching of rat molar enamel. J Dent 1992; 20:100-7. [PMID: 1564179 DOI: 10.1016/0300-5712(92)90114-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of enamel, dentine and pulpal tissues to exposure from a laser beam has been shown to depend on the type of laser medium used. The objective of this study was to examine the pulpal response in rat molars after external enamel surface treatment with either an Ar:F excimer laser or acid-gel application. Maxillary right molar occlusal surfaces in 22 animals were irradiated (energy density = 45.0 J/cm2). Maxillary left molar occlusal surfaces were treated with 37 per cent phosphoric acid for 30 s. Untreated mandibular right molars served as controls. At two postoperative time periods (1 and 6 weeks), molars were removed, sectioned, stained (H&E) and scored. Data analysis indicated no significant difference between Ar:F irradiation and controls at 1 week. Treatment with laser or acid-etching left a similar degree of pathosis at 1 and 6 weeks. Although the Ar:F excimer laser produced a more exaggerated pulp response than controls at 6 weeks, tissue vitality was maintained. The Ar:F excimer laser may be useful for ablating vital tooth structure since pulpal tissue in rat molars exhibited no damage in response to low-power irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Arcoria
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas 75246
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Melendez EJ, Arcoria CJ, Dewald JP, Wagner MJ. Effect of laser-etch on bond strengths of glass ionomers. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 67:307-12. [PMID: 1507090 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3913(92)90235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the bond strength between glass ionomer cements and laser-etched dentin. Extracted human molars were sectioned sagittally, creating a flat surface. Samples were shear tested on an Instron testing machine, and mean bond strengths were recorded; statistical analyses indicated no significant differences between the Ketac cements. The bond strengths of both Ketac cements were significantly decreased when applied to laser-etched dentin, but bond strengths of Fuji-II were substantially elevated compared with the control values.
Collapse
|
33
|
Feuerstein O, Palanker D, Fuxbrunner A, Lewis A, Deutsch D. Effect of the ArF excimer laser on human enamel. Lasers Surg Med Suppl 1992; 12:471-7. [PMID: 1405998 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1900120503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human enamel surface was irradiated with ArF excimer laser and examined under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Enamel surface was irradiated at three different areas with different energy fluences. It is demonstrated that the ArF excimer laser causes ablation of the calcified hard enamel tissue. Ablation curves were measured. There was no significant difference found in the etch depth between the three different areas of enamel surface. The morphology of the irradiated areas seen under the SEM was found to be dependent on energy fluence. It changed with increase in energy fluence from being etched to forming a smooth, fused, glaze-like surface and then at very high energy fluences producing a rough surface. The influence of the laser irradiation was confined to the irradiated area only, with no visible heat damage to the surroundings. These results suggest that excimer laser could be applied in a controlled and defined manner for tooth enamel treatments in dentistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Feuerstein
- Dental Research Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
White JM, Goodis HE, Rose CL. Use of the pulsed Nd:YAG laser for intraoral soft tissue surgery. Lasers Surg Med 1991; 11:455-61. [PMID: 1816481 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1900110511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Application of a neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser was compared to conventional scalpel in dental soft tissue surgery. Two surgery sites on 29 patients were randomly selected and treated. An additional 41 patients were exclusively treated with the Nd:YAG laser. The surgical technique was then evaluated for periodontal pocket depths, degree of pain perceived, bleeding, inflammation, procedure time, and anesthesia. Surgical prognosis was made at the time of surgery and compared to actual healing 1 week and 1 month after surgery. No differences were observed between laser and scalpel surgery in terms of pocket depth reduction, postoperative pain, post-operative inflammation, and treatment time. However, operative and postoperative bleeding with laser surgery were significantly less than with conventional surgery. Anesthesia is required for scalpel surgery, the majority of laser-treated sites evoked minimal pain without anesthesia. These results indicate that the Nd:YAG laser can be used successfully for intraoral soft tissue applications are well tolerated without anesthesia and minimal bleeding compared to scalpel surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M White
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Miserendino LJ, Neiburger EJ, Walia H, Luebke N, Brantley W. Thermal effects of continuous wave CO2 laser exposure on human teeth: an in vitro study. J Endod 1989; 15:302-5. [PMID: 2638389 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-2399(89)80051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The thermal effects of continuous wave carbon dioxide laser irradiation on human teeth were investigated. Internal temperature changes were monitored by means of electrical thermistors implanted within the pulp chambers of 20 extracted, unerupted human molar teeth. One-hundred test exposures at various powers and durations were obtained. Linear regression/correlation analysis of the data suggests a direct relationship between the independent variable, exposure energy (joules), and the dependent variable, internal temperature, under the conditions of this study.
Collapse
|
36
|
Neiburger EJ, Miserendino L. Laser reflectance: hazard in the dental operatory. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, AND ORAL PATHOLOGY 1988; 66:659-61. [PMID: 3144685 DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(88)90312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reflected CO2 laser light (10 W) is a hazard to oral and surrounding tissues at distances up to 7.0 cm from the focal point. We advise the use of low-reflective instruments and protective shielding during laser treatment.
Collapse
|
37
|
Miserendino LJ. The laser apicoectomy: endodontic application of the CO2 laser for periapical surgery. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, AND ORAL PATHOLOGY 1988; 66:615-9. [PMID: 3143988 DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(88)90385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the development of a surgical technique employing a carbon dioxide laser for endodontic periapical procedures. The advantages of laser application for sterilization and removal of the infected root apex, as well as enhanced hemostasis, are cited. A case in which the "laser apicoectomy" technique was performed successfully for treatment of secondary apical abscess is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Miserendino
- Department of Endodontics, Marquette University Dental School, Waukegan, Ill
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Serebro L, Segal T, Nordenberg D, Gorfil C, Bar-Lev M. Examination of tooth pulp following laser beam irradiation. Lasers Surg Med 1987; 7:236-9. [PMID: 3626746 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1900070306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An attempt was made to determine the maximum amount of laser energy which could be utilized without impairing pulpal vitality. Forty rat molar teeth were irradiated in vivo; the Sharplan CO2 laser modality, focused to a 0.2-mm-diameter spot size was used. The energy output was varied by changing the power and/or the pulse duration. Subsequent histological examination of the irradiated teeth showed that the duration of exposure was more significant than the power. A pulse of 0.2 sec/10 W appears to be the safety limit in preserving pulpal vitality.
Collapse
|
39
|
Fowler BO, Kuroda S. Changes in heated and in laser-irradiated human tooth enamel and their probable effects on solubility. Calcif Tissue Int 1986; 38:197-208. [PMID: 3011230 DOI: 10.1007/bf02556711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Enamel of intact human teeth laser irradiated in vitro under certain conditions is known to have less subsurface demineralization than unirradiated enamel on exposure to acid; consequently, the potential use of laser irradiance to reduce caries is apparent. The laser-induced physical and/or chemical changes that cause this reduced subsurface demineralization are not known. A laser-irradiated tooth enamel surface will have a temperature gradient that decreases towards the dentin junction. Dependent on irradiant conditions, the temperature may range from greater than 1400 degrees C at the surface to near normal at the dentin-pulp junction. Along this steep temperature gradient, different compositional, structural, and phase changes in the tooth enamel are to be expected. Identification of changes occurring along this gradient has bearing on understanding the dissolution reduction mechanism and, in turn, optimizing its effect. Changes in laser-irradiated material from the highest temperature region have been characterized, but those occurring in sequential layers of decreasing temperatures have not. Since the laser-induced changes are expected to primarily arise from localized heating, previously reported thermally induced changes in tooth enamel on heating in conventional furnaces were utilized to infer corollary changes along the gradient in laser-irradiated tooth enamel. These thermally inferred changes which resulted in modifications in the tooth enamel apatite and/or newly formed phases were correlated with their probable effects on altering solubility. A temperature gradient range from 100-1600 degrees C was considered with subdivisions as follows: I, 100-650 degrees C; II, 650-1100 degrees C; and III, greater than 1100 degrees C. Two of the products formed in range III, alpha-Ca3(PO4)2 and Ca4(PO4)2O, and also identified in the fused-melted material from laser-irradiated tooth enamel, are expected to markedly increase solubility in those regions that contain considerable amounts of these compounds. Products and changes occurring in range II, separate phases of alpha- and/or beta-Ca3(PO4)2 and a modified phase of apatite, may increase or decrease the solubility depending on the Ca/P ratio and the resultant amounts of alpha-, beta-Ca3(PO4)2 formed. Modifications in tooth enamel apatite effected in range I are expected to decrease its solubility; the formation of pyrophosphate in this range may have a substantial effect on reducing the solubility rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Collapse
|
40
|
Melcer J, Chaumette MT, Zeboulon S, Melcer F, Hasson R, Merard R, Pinaudeau Y, Dejardin J, Weill R. Preliminary report on the effect of the CO2 laser beam on the dental pulp of the Macaca mulatta primate and the beagle dog. J Endod 1985; 11:1-5. [PMID: 3919138 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-2399(85)80098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
41
|
Sagi A, Segal T, Dagan J. A numerical model for temperature distribution and thermal damage calculations in teeth exposed to a CO2 laser. Math Biosci 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0025-5564(84)90002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
42
|
Stamp JM. An introduction to medical lasers. CLINICAL PHYSICS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE HOSPITAL PHYSICISTS' ASSOCIATION, DEUTSCHE GESELLSCHAFT FUR MEDIZINISCHE PHYSIK AND THE EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF ORGANISATIONS FOR MEDICAL PHYSICS 1983; 4:267-90. [PMID: 6354564 DOI: 10.1088/0143-0815/4/3/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
43
|
Eichler J, Lenz H. Laser applications in medicine and biology: a bibliography. APPLIED OPTICS 1977; 16:27. [PMID: 20168425 DOI: 10.1364/ao.16.000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This bibliography covers the period from 1963 through 1974; 916 references are classified under 23 subject headings. The references are arranged chronologically.
Collapse
|
44
|
Yamamoto H, Okabe H, Ooya K, Hanaoka S, Ohta S, Kataoka K. Laser effect on vital oral tissues: a preliminary investigation. JOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY 1972; 1:256-64. [PMID: 4156057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1972.tb01664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
45
|
|
46
|
|
47
|
Poyton HG. The effects of radiation on teeth. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, AND ORAL PATHOLOGY 1968; 26:639-46. [PMID: 5245684 DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(68)90430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
48
|
|
49
|
Phillips RW. Report of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of The American Academy of Restorative Dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 1966; 16:880-903. [PMID: 5330700 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3913(66)90012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
50
|
|