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Mbonimpa EG, Blatchley ER, Applegate B, Harper WF. Ultraviolet A and B wavelength-dependent inactivation of viruses and bacteria in the water. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:796-806. [PMID: 30285960 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UVA and UVB can be applied to solar disinfection of water. In this study, the inactivation and photoreactivation of viruses and bacteria in the UVA-B range were analyzed. MS2 and T4 bacteriophages, and Escherichia coli were used as surrogates to quantify dose-response behaviors. Inactivation in UVC was used to validate the methodology and to expand the inactivation action spectra. The results showed log-linear inactivation for MS2 and T4 in the 254-320 nm wavelength range. T4 inactivation was consistently faster than MS2 (except at 320 nm), and for both phages, inactivation decreased with increasing wavelength. The dose-response of bacteria exhibited a lag at low doses, possibly because the photons must strike a discrete number of critical targets before growth stops. A tail was present at high doses for some wavelengths, perhaps due to clumping or the presence of subgroups with higher resistance. The inactivation action spectra for bacteria exhibited a reduction in inactivation as wavelength increased. No bacterial inactivation was observed beyond 320 nm at doses applied. After inactivation at 297 nm (UVA), bacteria regained viability through photoreactivation, and repair increased with increase in photoreactivating light exposure time. This implies additional doses above inactivation thresholds are required to cause irreversible damage. These results are useful for designing solar disinfection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Mbonimpa
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, WPAFB, Ohio, USA E-mail:
| | - E R Blatchley
- School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - B Applegate
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - W F Harper
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, WPAFB, Ohio, USA E-mail:
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Friedberg F, Nandedkar KN. Sensitivity of gelatin and albumin to irradiation at 230 NM. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 2009; 7:203-6. [PMID: 1158558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1975.tb02434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin or poly-L-tyrosyl gelatin shows extensive degradation when exposed to ultraviolet radiation at a wavelength of 230 nm. Bovine serum albumin, a globular protein, exposed either to such ultraviolet radiation or to gamma-irradiation in the solid state resists the photolysis of peptide bonds. Molecular weights are determined by the ultracentrifugal "low speed" sedimentation equilibrium method. The effect of different speeds on the apparent average molecular weight of heterogenous material is clearly illustrated.
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Abstract
UV radiation from the sun is the primary germicide in the environment. The goal of this study was to estimate inactivation of viruses by solar exposure. We reviewed published reports on 254-nm UV inactivation and tabulated the sensitivities of a wide variety of viruses, including those with double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or single-stranded RNA genomes. We calculated D(37) values (fluence producing on average one lethal hit per virion and reducing viable virus to 37%) from all available data. We defined "size-normalized sensitivity" (SnS) by multiplying UV(254) sensitivities (D(37) values) by the genome size, and SnS values were relatively constant for viruses with similar genetic composition. In addition, SnS values were similar for complete virions and their defective particles, even when the corresponding D(37) values were significantly different. We used SnS to estimate the UV(254) sensitivities of viruses for which the genome composition and size were known but no UV inactivation data were available, including smallpox virus, Ebola, Marburg, Crimean-Congo, Junin, and other hemorrhagic viruses, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis and other encephalitis viruses. We compiled available data on virus inactivation as a function of wavelength and calculated a composite action spectrum that allowed extrapolation from the 254-nm data to solar UV. We combined our estimates of virus sensitivity with solar measurements at different geographical locations to predict virus inactivation. Our predictions agreed with the available experimental data. This work should be a useful step to understanding and eventually predicting the survival of viruses after their release in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Lytle
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, U.S. Army, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, USA
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SILVER S. ACRIFLAVINE RESISTANCE: A BACTERIOPHAGE MUTATION AFFECTING THE UPTAKE OF DYE BY THE INFECTED BACTERIAL CELLS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 53:24-30. [PMID: 14283203 PMCID: PMC219428 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.53.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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GROSSMAN L. THE EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET-IRRADIATED POLYURIDYLIC ACID IN CELL-FREE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. II. THE INFLUENCE OF SPECIFIC PHOTOPRODUCTS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 50:657-64. [PMID: 14077494 PMCID: PMC221242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.50.4.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Jeffery WR. Ultraviolet irradiation during ooplasmic segregation prevents gastrulation, sensory cell induction, and axis formation in the ascidian embryo. Dev Biol 1990; 140:388-400. [PMID: 2373259 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(90)90088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ultraviolet (uv) light on embryonic development was examined in the ascidian Styela clava. uv irradiation (3.0 x 10(-3) J mm-2) of the entire surface of fertilized eggs during ooplasmic segregation prevented gastrulation, sensory cell induction, and embryonic axis formation. The uv-irradiated embryos completed ooplasmic segregation and cleaved normally, but vegetal blastomeres did not invaginate at the beginning of gastrulation, sensory cells in the larval brain did not develop tyrosinase or melanin pigment, and the larval tail did not develop. Endoderm, epidermis, and muscle cells differentiated in the uv-irradiated embryos, however, as evidenced by expression of endodermal alkaline phosphatase (AP), an epidermal-specific antigen, and alpha-actin, myosin heavy chain, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in muscle cells. Higher doses of uv light (6.0-9.0 x 10(-3) J mm-2) suppressed expression of the epidermal antigen and muscle cell markers, whereas the development of endodermal AP was insensitive. Irradiation at various times between fertilization and the 16-cell stage revealed that gastrulation, sensory cell differentiation, and axis formation are sensitive to uv light only during ooplasmic segregation. Irradiation of restricted regions of the zygote during ooplasmic segregation showed that the uv-sensitive components are localized in the vegetal hemisphere. The absorption characteristics of the uv-sensitive components suggest that they are nucleic acids. The results show that uv-sensitive components that specify gastrulation, sensory cell induction, and embryonic axis formation are localized in the vegetal hemisphere of Styela eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Jeffery
- Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin 78712
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Nikogosyan DN. Two-quantum UV photochemistry of nucleic acids: comparison with conventional low-intensity UV photochemistry and radiation chemistry. Int J Radiat Biol 1990; 57:233-99. [PMID: 1968495 DOI: 10.1080/09553009014552411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The action of high-intensity laser u.v. radiation on nucleic acid molecules and their constituents in vitro and in vivo is compared with the results of low-intensity u.v. photolysis and gamma-radiolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Nikogosyan
- Institute of Spectroscopy, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region
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Childs JD, Paterson MC, Smith BP, Gentner NE. Evidence for a near UV-induced photoproduct of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in bacteriophage T4 that can be recognized by endonuclease V. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1978; 167:105-12. [PMID: 739976 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-photoreactivable endonuclease V-sensitive sites have been detected in the DNA of wild type bacteriophage T4 irradiated with near UV light (320 nm). Such sites were not detected in the DNA of (a) wild type T4 irradiated with far UV (254 nm) or (B) in T4 mutants in which non-glucosylated 5-hydroxy-methylcytosine (5HMC) or cytosine replaces glucosylated 5HMC normally present in T4, irradiated with 320 nm or 254 nm light. Although the non-photoreactivable sites accounted for approximately 50% of the endonuclease V-sensitive sites in the DNA of glucosylated T4 irradiated with near UV, there was very little difference in the sensitivities of T4 containing glucosylated 5HMC, non-glucosylated 5HMC and cytosine to near UV (313 nm). We propose that the photoproduct responsible for the non-photoreactivable, but endonuclease V-sensitive, sites in glucosylated DNA is formed from glucosylated 5HMC and that a similar photoproduct is formed from non-glucosylated 5HMC or cytosine in the appropriate phage strains. We further propose that the glucosylated 5HMC photoproduct is non-photoreactivable whereas the cytosine and non-glucosylated 5HMC photoproducts are photoreactivable and are therefore possibly cyclobutane dimers.
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Lange CS, Liberman DF, Clark RW, Ferguson P. The organization and repair of DNA in the mammaliam chromosome. I. Calibration procedures and errors in the determination of the molecular weight of native DNA. Biopolymers 1977; 16:1063-81. [PMID: 861365 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1977.360160509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Chiang T, Harm W. On the lack of host-cell reactivation of UV-irradiated phage T5 II. Further characterization of the repair inhibition exerted by T5 infection. Mutat Res 1976; 36:135-46. [PMID: 781530 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(76)90002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Experiments reported in the preceding paper [4] had shown that host-cell reactivation (HCR) of UV-irradiated phage T1 in excision-repair proficient Escherichia coli cells is inhibited by superinfection with phage T5. Theoretical considerations have led to predictions concerning the dependence of repair inhibition on the multiplicity of superinfecting T5 phage and on the UV fluence to which they were exposed. These predicitions have been supported by experimental results described in this paper. The fluence dependence permitted calculation of the relative UV sensitivity of the gene function responsible for repair inhibition; it was found to be about 2.3% that of the plaque-forming ability of phage T5. The T5-inhibitable step in excision repair occurs early in the infective cycle of T1. Furthermore, experiments involving the presence of 400 mug/ml chloramphenicol showed that HCR inhibition of T1 is caused by a protein produced after the FST segment of T5 (i.e. the first 8% of the T5 genome) has entered the host cell. A previously described minor T1 recovery process, occurring in both excision-repair-proficient and -deficient host cells, is inhibited by T5 infection due to a different substance, which is most likely associated with the "second-step-transfer" region of T5 DNA (involving the remainder of the genome). Superinfection with T4v1 phage resulted in HCR inhibition of T1, resembling that observed after T5 superinfection. The discussion of these results suggests that inhibition of the bacterial excision repair system by T5 or T4 infection occurs at the level of UV-endonucleolytic incision, and that lack of HCR both in T-even phages and in T5 can be explained in the same manner.
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Saijo N, Okamoto K. Recovery of the accumulation ability of thiomethyl-beta-galactoside in Escherichia coli after bacteriophage T4 infection. J Virol 1976; 17:299-306. [PMID: 1255845 PMCID: PMC515421 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.17.2.299-306.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of UV-irridiated and unirradiated T4 phage infection on the beta-galactoside accumulation ability in Eschericia coli have been examined by the use of 14C-labeled thiomethyl-beta-galactoside (TMG). Under conditions where a synchronous adsorption of phage takes place, the cellular ability for TMG accumulation is found to be largely inhibited immediately after phage adsorption, but it recovers with time to a new level, which is dependent on the multiplicity of infection. When cells are infected with UV-irradiated T4 at the same multiplicity as that of unirradiated phage, the cellular accumulation ability is more severely inhibited and there is no recovery from the inhibition. The recovery process in T4-infected cells is mostly sensitive to puromycin. These results suggest that the initial inhibition of the TMG accumulation ability is probably caused by the adsorption of phage coats, and the subsequent restoration occurs through the action of a phage-directed protein(s). In the recovery process, no new transport system appears to be involved. The restored ability of TMG accumulation is resistant to the action of superinfecting UV phage. However, different mechanisms appear to be operating in T4-infected cells for the establishment of resistance to ghosts and for the recovery from the phage coat-induced inhibition.
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Aksiyote-Benbasat J, Bloomfield VA. Joining of bacteriophage T4D heads and tails: a kinetic study by inelastic light scattering. J Mol Biol 1975; 95:335-57. [PMID: 1097715 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Moody MF. Sheath of bacteriophage T4. 3. Contraction mechanism deduced from partially contracted sheaths. J Mol Biol 1973; 80:613-35. [PMID: 4589647 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Brendel M, Haynes RH. Interactions among genes controlling sensitivity to radiation and alkylation in yeast. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1973; 125:197-216. [PMID: 4359562 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Zarybnicky V, Zarybnicka A. Infection process of T5 phages. I. Ejection of T5 DNA on isolated T5 receptors. Virology 1973; 54:318-29. [PMID: 4125250 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Adolph KW, Haselkorn R. Blue-green algal virus N-1: physical properties and disassembly into structural parts. Virology 1973; 53:427-40. [PMID: 4268208 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yamada Y, Shigeta A, Nozu K. Ultraviolet effects on biological function of RNA phage MS2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 299:121-35. [PMID: 4573525 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
T4+ exhibits increased ultraviolet sensitivity on derivatives of Escherichia coli K12 or B lacking deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase I. However, the sensitivity of T4v is not affected by the absence of host DNA polymerase. T4x and T4y also show increased sensitivity on DNA polymerase-deficient strains, but to a lesser extent than observed with wild-type T4. When T4x or T4y, but not T4+, are plated on a double mutant lacking both DNA polymerase and the uvrA gene product, a partial suppression of the polymerase effect is observed. Host ligase appears to be able to suppress to some extent the T4y phenotype but has no effect on wild-type T4 or other T4 mutants. T4xv incubated in E. coli B or B(s-1) in the presence of chloramphenicol (50 mug/ml) shows increased resistance over directly plated irradiated phage. Increased survival under the same conditions was not observed with T4+ or other T4 mutants. The repair of X-ray-damaged T4 was investigated by examining survival curves of T4+, T4x, T4y, T4ts43, and T4ts30. The repair processes were further defined by observing the effects of plating irradiated phage on various hosts including strains lacking DNA polymerase I or polynucleotide ligase. Two classes of effects were observed. Firstly, the x and y gene products seem to be involved in a repair system utilizing host ligase. Secondly, in the absence of host DNA polymerase, phage sensitivity is increased in an unknown manner which is enhanced by the presence of host uvrA gene product.
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Mortelmans K, Friedberg EC. Deoxyribonucleic acid repair in bacteriophage T4: observations on the roles of the x and v genes and of host factors. J Virol 1972; 10:730-6. [PMID: 4343548 PMCID: PMC356527 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.10.4.730-736.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies were carried out to determine the effect of mutation in the host pol I gene on survival of ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated bacteriophage T4. Whereas a slightly reduced survival was observed in Escherichia coli strain P-3478 (pol A(1)) compared to strain W-3110 (pol A(+)), no such difference was observed in two strains isogenic except for the pol A gene. It was also shown that, whereas bacteriophage T4x is sensitive to UV irradiation, X irradiation, and treatment with methyl-methanesulfonate (MMS), phage T4v(1) is sensitive only to UV irradiation. The survival of damaged phage T4x is neither affected by the presence of the rec A, rec B, or pol A mutations in the host, nor is there evidence that phage T4 effects repair of rec A or pol A mutants previously treated with either UV or MMS.
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Meistrich ML. Contribution of thymine dimers to the ultraviolet light inactivation of mutants of bacteriophage T4. J Mol Biol 1972; 66:97-106. [PMID: 4557200 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(72)80008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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30
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Brendel M. Different photodynamic action of proflavine and methylene blue on bacteriophage. I. Host cell reactivation of Serratiaphage kappa. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1970; 108:308-11. [PMID: 5495902 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Latarjet R, Muel B, Haig DA, Clarke MC, Alper T. Inactivation of the scrapie agent by near monochromatic ultraviolet light. Nature 1970; 227:1341-3. [PMID: 4989433 DOI: 10.1038/2271341a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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32
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Duckworth DH. Biological activity of bacteriophage ghosts and "take-over" of host functions by bacteriophage. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1970; 34:344-63. [PMID: 4918524 PMCID: PMC378358 DOI: 10.1128/br.34.3.344-363.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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33
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To CM, Kellenberger E, Eisenstark A. Disassembly of T-even bacteriophage into structural parts and subunits. J Mol Biol 1969; 46:493-511. [PMID: 5365959 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(69)90192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kaplan RW, Brendel M. Formation of prototrophs in mixtures of two auxotrophic mutants of Serratia marcescens HY by a transducing bacteriophage produced by some auxotrophs. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1969; 104:27-39. [PMID: 4308631 DOI: 10.1007/bf00277360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Nashimoto H, Uchida H. Indole as an activator for in vitro attachment of tail fibers in the assembly of bacteriophage T4D. Virology 1969; 37:1-7. [PMID: 4883126 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(69)90299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Werbin H, Valentine RC, Hildalgo-Salvatierra O, McLaren AD. Photobiology of RNA bacteriophages. II. U.V.-irradiation of f2: effects on extracellular stages of infection and on early replication. Photochem Photobiol 1968; 7:253-61. [PMID: 5648240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1968.tb08014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Setlow RB. The photochemistry, photobiology, and repair of polynucleotides. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1968; 8:257-95. [PMID: 4874233 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Yarus M, Sinsheimer RL. Ultraviolet sensitivity of the biological activity of phi-X-174 virus, single-stranded DNA, and RF DNA. Biophys J 1967; 7:267-78. [PMID: 6035124 PMCID: PMC1368031 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(67)86587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Action spectra for inactivation of varphiX virus, free varphiX single-stranded DNA, and double-stranded varphiX DNA (RF) have been measured using light of wavelength 225-302 mmu. The sensitivity of RF has been determined using bacterial hosts both capable and incapable of reactivation of UV damage. The inactivation of varphiX virus is due, at all wavelengths, to damage to its DNA; it appears that, below 240 mmu, energy absorbed by viral structural protein may inactivate the viral DNA. The variation of the probability of inactivation by an absorbed quantum (quantum yield) with wavelength, in the case of free-single-stranded varphiX DNA, suggests that energy absorbed by pyrimidine residues is more likely to yield inactivation than absorption by purines. This implies that energy transfer is not so extensive as to make all absorbed energy available to pyrimidines.
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SETLOW JANEK. The Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation and Photoreactivation* *Research sponsored by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union Carbide Corporation. COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9716-6.50013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Cramer WA, Uretz RB. Acridine orange-sensitized photoinactivation of T4 bacteriophage. II. Genetic studies with photoinactivated phage. Virology 1966; 29:469-79. [PMID: 5922454 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(66)90223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Nomura M, Witten C, Mantei N, Echols H. Inhibition of host nucleic acid synthesis by bacteriophage T4: effect of chloramphenicol at various multiplicities of infection. J Mol Biol 1966; 17:273-8. [PMID: 5335756 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(66)80107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kleczkowski J, Kleczkowski A. Inactivation of a Rhizobium bacteriophage by ultraviolet radiation of different wave-lengths. Photochem Photobiol 1966; 4:201-7. [PMID: 5909991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1965.tb05737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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49
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Edgar RS, Wood WB. Morphogenesis of bacteriophage T4 in extracts of mutant-infected cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 55:498-505. [PMID: 5221234 PMCID: PMC224177 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.55.3.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Goddard J, Streeter D, Weber C, Gordon MP. tudies on the inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus by ultraviolet light. Photochem Photobiol 1966; 5:213-22. [PMID: 5955073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1966.tb05783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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