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Zou XH, Xiao X, Chen DL, Li ZL, Song JD, Wang M, Qu JG, Lu ZZ, Hung T. An improved HAdV-41 E1B55K-expressing 293 cell line for packaging fastidious adenovirus. J Virol Methods 2011; 175:188-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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2
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Ali H, LeRoy G, Bridge G, Flint SJ. The adenovirus L4 33-kilodalton protein binds to intragenic sequences of the major late promoter required for late phase-specific stimulation of transcription. J Virol 2006; 81:1327-38. [PMID: 17093188 PMCID: PMC1797539 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01584-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus late IVa2 protein is required for maximally efficient transcription from the viral major late (ML) promoter, and hence, the synthesis of the majority of viral late proteins. This protein is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that also promotes the assembly of progeny virus particles. Previous studies have established that a IVa2 protein dimer (DEF-B) binds specifically to an intragenic ML promoter sequence necessary for late phase-specific stimulation of ML transcription. However, activation of transcription from the ML promoter correlates with binding of at least one additional infected-cell-specific protein, termed DEF-A, to the promoter. Using an assay for the DNA-binding activity of DEF-A, we identified the unknown protein by using conventional purification methods, purification of FLAG-tagged IVa2-protein-containing complexes, and transient synthesis of viral late proteins. The results of these experiments established that the viral L4 33-kDa protein is the only component of DEF-A: the IVa2 and L4 33-kDa proteins are necessary and sufficient for formation of all previously described complexes in the intragenic control region of the ML promoter. Furthermore, the L4 33-kDa protein binds to the promoter with the specificity characteristic of DEF-A and stimulates transcription from the ML promoter in transient-expression assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayra Ali
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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3
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Ruzsics Z, Wagner M, Osterlehner A, Cook J, Koszinowski U, Burgert HG. Transposon-assisted cloning and traceless mutagenesis of adenoviruses: Development of a novel vector based on species D. J Virol 2006; 80:8100-13. [PMID: 16873266 PMCID: PMC1563829 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00687-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, adenovirus (Ad)-mediated gene therapy was almost exclusively based on human Ad type 5 (Ad5). Preexisting immunity and the limited, coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor-dependent tropism of Ad5 stimulated attempts to exploit the natural diversity in tropism of the other 50 known human Ad serotypes. Aiming in particular at immunotherapy and vaccination, we have screened representative serotypes from different Ad species for their ability to infect dendritic cells. Ad19a, an Ad from species D, was selected for development as a new vector for vaccination and cancer gene therapy. To clone and manipulate its genome, we have developed a novel methodology, coined "exposon mutagenesis," that allows the rapid and precise introduction of virtually any genetic alteration (deletions, point mutations, or insertions) into recombinant Ad bacterial artificial chromosomes. The versatility of the system was exemplified by deleting the E3 region of Ad19a, by specifically knocking out expression of a species-specific E3 gene, E3/49K, and by reinserting E3/49K into an E3 null Ad19a mutant. The technology requires only limited sequence information and is applicable to other Ad species. Therefore, it should be extremely valuable for the analysis of gene functions from any Ad species. In addition, a basic, replication-defective E1- and E3-deleted Ad19a vector expressing GFP (Ad19aGFP) was generated. This new vector based on species D Ads exhibits a very promising tropism for lymphoid and muscle cells and shows great potential as an alternative vector for transduction of cell types that are resistant to or only poorly transduced by conventional Ad5-based vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Ruzsics
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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4
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Iftode C, Flint SJ. Viral DNA synthesis-dependent titration of a cellular repressor activates transcription of the human adenovirus type 2 IVa2 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:17831-6. [PMID: 15591107 PMCID: PMC539761 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407786101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of progeny DNA genomes in cells infected by human subgroup C adenoviruses leads to several changes in viral gene expression. These changes include transcription from previously silent, late promoters, such as the IV(a2) promoter, and a large increase in the efficiency of major-late (ML) transcription. Some of these changes appear to take place sequentially, because the product of the IV(a2) gene has been implicated in stimulation of ML transcription. Our previous biochemical studies suggested that IV(a2) transcription is regulated by viral DNA synthesis-dependent relief of transcriptional repression by a cellular protein that we termed IV(a2)-RF. To test the relevance of such a repressor-titration mechanism during the viral infectious cycle, we introduced into the endogenous IV(a2) promoter two mutations that impair in vitro-binding of IV(a2)-RF, but introduce no change (Rep7) or one conservative amino acid substitution (Rep6) into the overlapping coding sequence for the viral DNA polymerase. The results of run-on transcription assays indicated that both mutations induced earlier-than-normal and more efficient IV(a2) transcription. Both mutations were also observed to result in modest increases in the efficiency of viral DNA synthesis. However, measurement of the concentration of IV(a2) transcripts as a function of IV(a2) template concentration demonstrated that the Rep mutations increased by up to 60-fold the efficiency with which IV(a2) templates were used during the initial period of the late phase of infection, as predicted by the repressor titration hypothesis. These mutations also increased the efficiency of ML transcription in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Iftode
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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5
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Jacobs SC, Davison AJ, Carr S, Bennett AM, Phillpotts R, Wilkinson GWG. Characterization and manipulation of the human adenovirus 4 genome. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:3361-3366. [PMID: 15483252 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus 4 (HAdV-4), the only serotype of the species HAdV-E to be isolated from man, was first identified by its association with outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in military recruits. To combat such outbreaks, a live, oral HAdV-4 vaccine that is delivered via an enteric-coated capsule was developed. This vaccine has been used for nearly 40 years and has been shown to be safe and efficacious. In this study, the complete DNA sequence (35 994 bp) of the vaccine strain is described and its genetic content is analysed. Phylogenetic comparisons confirmed that the closest sequenced relative of HAdV-4 is another serotype of HAdV-E that infects chimpanzees (SAdV-25) and that the great majority of genes in HAdV-E are related most closely to HAdV-B genes. By using the sequence data, a system was constructed to facilitate production of replication-competent HAdV-4 recombinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Jacobs
- Section of Infection and Immunity, University of Wales College of Medicine, Tenovus Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, UK
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Sharon Carr
- Dstl Chemical and Biological Sciences, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Alice M Bennett
- Dstl Chemical and Biological Sciences, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Robert Phillpotts
- Dstl Chemical and Biological Sciences, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Gavin W G Wilkinson
- Section of Infection and Immunity, University of Wales College of Medicine, Tenovus Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, UK
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6
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Huang W, Kiefer J, Whalen D, Flint SJ. DNA synthesis-dependent relief of repression of transcription from the adenovirus type 2 IVa(2) promoter by a cellular protein. Virology 2003; 314:394-402. [PMID: 14517091 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The promoter of the human adenovirus type 2 IVa(2) gene, which becomes active only during the late phase of infection, is built largely from sequences spanning, and downstream of, the sites of initiation of transcription. These sequences comprise an initiator, an intragenic sequence necessary for efficient transcription from the promoter by RNA polymerase II, and an intragenic binding site for a cellular repressor of IVa(2) transcription. The properties of the latter protein, which is termed IVa(2)-RF, suggested that it might account for the viral DNA synthesis-dependent activation of IVa(2) transcription during the adenoviral productive cycle. Here we report the results of experiments to assess the contributions of DNA template concentration and IVa(2)-RF binding to the activity of the IVa(2) promoter using a transient expression system. When a IVa(2)-EGFP reporter gene was introduced into HeLa cells, in which IVa(2)-RF was identified, no EFGP synthesis could be detected. In contrast, in IVa(2)-RF-containing cells in which the plasmid carrying the chimeric gene replicated, synthesis of both the EGFP protein and the IVa(2)-EGFP mRNA was readily detected. A vector mutation that blocked plasmid replication reduced IVa(2) promoter activity to undetectable levels. In contrast, a IVa(2) promoter substitution that impaired binding of IVa(2)-RF increased IVa(2) promoter activity under all conditions examined. Furthermore, introduction of DNA containing the IV-RF binding site with the chimeric reporter genes resulted in increased transcription from the IVa(2) promoter in the absence of plasmid replication. These properties are consistent with the hypothesis that the relative concentration of the IVa(2) promoter and of the cellular repressor that binds to it governs transcription from this adenoviral promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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7
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Sola I, Alonso S, Zúñiga S, Balasch M, Plana-Durán J, Enjuanes L. Engineering the transmissible gastroenteritis virus genome as an expression vector inducing lactogenic immunity. J Virol 2003; 77:4357-69. [PMID: 12634392 PMCID: PMC150661 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.7.4357-4369.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2002] [Accepted: 01/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) has been engineered as an expression vector with an infectious cDNA. The vector led to the efficient (>40 micro g/10(6) cells) and stable (>20 passages) expression of a heterologous gene (green fluorescent protein [GFP]), driven by the transcription-regulating sequences (TRS) of open reading frame (ORF) 3a inserted in the site previously occupied by the nonessential ORFs 3a and 3b. Expression levels driven by this TRS were higher than those of an expression cassette under the control of regulating sequences engineered with the N gene TRS. The recombinant TGEV including the GFP gene was still enteropathogenic, albeit with a 10- to 10(2)-fold reduction in enteric tissue growth. Interestingly, a specific lactogenic immune response against the heterologous protein has been elicited in sows and their progeny. The engineering of an additional insertion site for the heterologous gene between viral genes N and 7 led to instability and to a new genetic organization of the 3' end of the recombinant viruses. As a consequence, a major species of subgenomic mRNA was generated from a TRS with the noncanonical core sequence 5'-CUAAAA-3'. Extension of the complementarity between the TRS and sequences at the 3' end of the viral leader was associated with transcriptional activation of noncanonical core sequences. The engineered vector led to expression levels as high as those of well-established vectors and seems very promising for the development of vaccines and, possibly, for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sola
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Lin HJ, Flint SJ. Identification of a cellular repressor of transcription of the adenoviral late IVa(2) gene that is unaltered in activity in infected cells. Virology 2000; 277:397-410. [PMID: 11080487 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the adenovirus type 2 IVa(2) protein, a sequence-specific activator of transcription from the viral major late promoter, is itself transcribed only during the late phase of infection. We previously identified a cellular protein (IVa(2)-RF) that binds specifically to an intragenic sequence of the IVa(2) transcription unit. We now report that precise substitutions within the IVa(2)-RF-binding site that decreased binding affinity increased the efficiency of IVa(2) transcription in in vitro reactions containing IVa(2)-RF. Consistent with the conclusion that this cellular protein represses IVa(2) transcription, mutations that led to more efficient transcription in the presence of IVa(2)-RF were without effect in reactions lacking this cellular protein. No change in the concentration or activity of IVa(2)-RF could be detected in adenovirus-infected cells during the period in which the IVa(2) gene is transcribed. We therefore propose that restriction of IVa(2) transcription to the late phase is the result of titration of this cellular repressor as the number of copies of the IVa(2) promoter increases upon replication of the viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-1014, USA
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9
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Von Seggern DJ, Huang S, Fleck SK, Stevenson SC, Nemerow GR. Adenovirus vector pseudotyping in fiber-expressing cell lines: improved transduction of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells. J Virol 2000; 74:354-62. [PMID: 10590124 PMCID: PMC111546 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.1.354-362.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While adenovirus (Ad) gene delivery vectors are useful in many gene therapy applications, their broad tropism means that they cannot be directed to a specific target cell. There are also a number of cell types involved in human disease which are not transducible with standard Ad vectors, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B lymphocytes. Adenovirus binds to host cells via the viral fiber protein, and Ad vectors have previously been retargeted by modifying the fiber gene on the viral chromosome. This requires that the modified fiber be able to bind to the cell in which the vector is grown, which prevents truly specific vector targeting. We previously reported a gene delivery system based on a fiber gene-deleted Ad type 5 (Ad5) vector (Ad5.betagal.DeltaF) and packaging cells that express the viral fiber protein. Expression of different fibers in packaging cells will allow Ad retargeting without modifying the viral chromosome. Importantly, fiber proteins which can no longer bind to the producer cells can also be used. Using this approach, we generated for the first time pseudotyped Ad5.betagal.DeltaF particles containing either the wild-type Ad5 fiber protein or a chimeric fiber with the receptor-binding knob domain of the Ad3 fiber. Particles equipped with the chimeric fiber bound to the Ad3 receptor rather than the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor protein used by Ad5. EBV-transformed B lymphocytes were infected efficiently by the Ad3-pseudotyped particles but poorly by virus containing the Ad5 fiber protein. The strategy described here represents a broadly applicable method for targeting gene delivery to specific cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Von Seggern
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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10
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Baxi MK, Babiuk LA, Mehtali M, Tikoo SK. Transcription map and expression of bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein D in early region 4 of bovine adenovirus-3. Virology 1999; 261:143-52. [PMID: 10441562 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Early region 4 (E4) of bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV-3) was analyzed by Northern blotting, RT-PCR analysis, cDNA sequencing, and S1 nuclease protection assays. The transcriptional map of the E4 region of BAV-3 has marked dissimilarities from those of mouse adenovirus-1, ovine adenovirus-287, and human adenovirus-2, for which the transcriptional maps have been constructed. The E4 region of BAV-3, located between 98.6 and 89.8 MU transcribes seven distinct classes of bovine adenovirus type 3 mRNA. The seven mRNA species formed by the removal of one to three introns share both the 3' end and a short 5' leader (25 nucleotides). The E4 mRNAs can encode at least five unique polypeptides, namely, 143R1, 69R, 143R2, 268R, and 219R. Isolation of a replication-competent recombinant "BAV404" containing 1.9-kb insertion [glycoprotein (gD) of bovine herpesvirus 1, under the control of a SV40 early promoter and poly(A)] in the region between E4 and the right ITR suggested that this region is nonessential for BAV-3 replication. Expression of gD by BAV404 recombinant virus was confirmed by immunoprecipitation with gD-specific monoclonal antibodies. Analysis of the kinetics of protein expression indicated that gD is expressed at both early and late times postinfection. These results suggest that: (a) E4 produces seven 5'-3' coterminal mRNAs and (b) the right terminal region of BAV-3 can be used for the expression of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Baxi
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
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11
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Von Seggern DJ, Nemerow GR. ADENOVIRAL VECTORS FOR PROTEIN EXPRESSION. GENE EXPRESSION SYSTEMS 1999. [PMCID: PMC7150134 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012253840-7/50006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Wildner O, Morris JC, Vahanian NN, Ford H, Ramsey WJ, Blaese RM. Adenoviral vectors capable of replication improve the efficacy of HSVtk/GCV suicide gene therapy of cancer. Gene Ther 1999; 6:57-62. [PMID: 10341876 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A major obstacle to the success of gene therapy strategies that directly target cancer cells is the poor vector distribution within solid tumors. To address this problem, we developed an E1b 55 kDa attenuated, replication-competent adenovirus (Ad.TKRC) which expresses the herpes simplex-1 thymidine kinase (HSVtk) gene to sensitize tumors to ganciclovir (GCV). Efficacy of this combined strategy was tested in nude mice with subcutaneous human A375 melanoma and ME180 cervical carcinomas. Intratumoral injection of a replication-defective adenoviral vector expressing HSVtk (Ad.TK) followed by GCV treatment resulted in doubling of the survival time of mice bearing A375 tumors and 20% long-term survival of mice with ME180 tumors. Treatment of tumors with Ad.TKRC without GCV resulted in a similar antitumor effect, confirming that the replicating vector has an oncolytic effect. When GCV was initiated 3 days after Ad.TKRC injection, survival of mice with each tumor type was greatly prolonged, with 60% of animals with ME180 tumors surviving for over 160 days. These results confirm that both the oncolysis caused by a replicating virus and suicide/prodrug gene therapy with HSVtk/GCV have potent antitumor effects. When combined, these two approaches are complementary resulting in a significantly improved treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Wildner
- Clinical Gene Therapy Branch/National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1851, USA
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13
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Lutz P, Rosa-Calatrava M, Kedinger C. The product of the adenovirus intermediate gene IX is a transcriptional activator. J Virol 1997; 71:5102-9. [PMID: 9188576 PMCID: PMC191744 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.7.5102-5109.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the functional properties of the product of the adenovirus type 5 gene IX. This gene, which is expressed at intermediate times postinfection, encodes a small polypeptide (pIX) of 140 residues that has previously been shown to be incorporated into the viral capsid. Here, we show that pIX, in addition to its structural contribution, exhibits transcriptional properties. In transient transfection experiments, expression of pIX stimulated adenovirus major late promoter activity. The effect was independent of other viral proteins, but the level of promoter activation appeared strongly pIX dose dependent; similar levels of induction were observed with other cellular or viral TATA-containing (but not with TATA-less) promoters. This promoter specificity could be reproduced in a cell-free transcription system by the addition of purified recombinant pIX, further stressing the transcriptional nature of the phenomenon. A preliminary structural analysis of pIX indicated that the integrity of a putative leucine zipper at the carboxy-terminal end of the molecule, as well as elements within the amino-terminal half, was critical for pIX transcriptional activity. The relevance of these findings in adenovirus infection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lutz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS/INSERM/ULP), Illkirch, C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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14
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Hitt MM, Addison CL, Graham FL. Human adenovirus vectors for gene transfer into mammalian cells. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1997; 40:137-206. [PMID: 9217926 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Hitt
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Vrati S, Brookes DE, Boyle DB, Both GW. Nucleotide sequence of ovine adenovirus tripartite leader sequence and homologues of the IVa2, DNA polymerase and terminal proteins. Gene 1996; 177:35-41. [PMID: 8921842 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ovine adenovirus OAV287 was previously isolated from sheep in Western Australia. Here we describe a portion of its genome between map units 10.3 and 31.7 which includes major ORFs for homologues of the IVa2 polypeptide and the DNA replication proteins, Terminal protein and DNA polymerase, as well as the N-terminal portion of the 52/55-kDa polypeptide. In addition, as a prelude to possible adaptation of this virus as a vector we have mapped the elements which make up the tripartite leader sequence of late mRNAs, thereby defining the probable location of the OAV major late promoter. In other human and animal adenovirus genomes, one or two VA RNA genes are encoded between the ORFs for Terminal protein and 52/55-kDa polypeptides. In OAV, these ORFs overlap, suggesting that if VA RNA genes are present, they may lie elsewhere in the OAV genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vrati
- CSIRO Division of Biomolecular Engineering, North Ryde, N.S.W., Australia
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16
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Lutz P, Puvion-Dutilleul F, Lutz Y, Kedinger C. Nucleoplasmic and nucleolar distribution of the adenovirus IVa2 gene product. J Virol 1996; 70:3449-60. [PMID: 8648677 PMCID: PMC190218 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.6.3449-3460.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence elements (DE) located downstream of the adenovirus major late promoter start site have previously been shown to be essential for the activation of this promoter after the onset of viral DNA replication. Two proteins (DEF-A and DEF-B) bind to these elements in a late-phase-dependent manner and contribute to this activation. DEF-B corresponds to a dimer of the adenovirus IVa2 gene product (pIVa2, 449 residues), while DEF-A is a heteromeric protein also comprising pIVa2. As revealed by specific immunofluorescence staining of infected cells, pIVa2 is targeted to the nucleus, where it distributes to both nucleoplasmic and nucleolar structures. We have identified the pIVa2 nuclear localization signal (NLS) as a basic peptide element at the C terminus of the protein (residues 432 to 449). An element essential for nucleolar localization (NuLS) has been mapped in the N-terminal part of pIVa2 (between residues 50 and 136). While NuLS activity is dependent upon an intact NLS, we show that both NLS and NuLS functions are independent of specific DNA-binding activity. As visualized by immunoelectron microscopy, pIVa2 is detected in the nucleoplasm at the level of the fibrillogranular network which is active in viral transcription. More surprisingly, pIVa2 accumulates within electron-dense amorphous inclusions found both in the nucleoplasm and in the nucleolus. Altogether, these results suggest that, besides controlling major late promoter transcription, pIVa2 serves additional, as yet unknown functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lutz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Louis Pasteur, C.U.de Strasbourg, France
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17
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Lutz P, Kedinger C. Properties of the adenovirus IVa2 gene product, an effector of late-phase-dependent activation of the major late promoter. J Virol 1996; 70:1396-405. [PMID: 8627656 PMCID: PMC189959 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.3.1396-1405.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus major late promoter is strongly activated after the onset of viral DNA replication. Sequence elements located downstream of the major later promoter start site have previously been shown to be essential for this activation. Two proteins (DEF-A and DEF-B) bind to these elements in a late-phase-dependent manner. DEF-B has been identified as the product of adenovirus intermediate gene IVa2 (pIVa2) (C. Tribouley, P. Lutz, A. Staub, and C. Kedinger, J. Virol. 68:4450-4457, 1994). Here we show that pIVa2, while monomeric in solution, binds to its recognition sequence as a dimer and that two 20-residue amphipathic alpha helices play an essential role in this DNA-binding activity. Attempts to purify DEF-A have failed, but its chromatographic behavior, together with its immunological properties, established that pIVa2 is also a component of this heteromeric protein. In addition, the time course of pIVa2 synthesis during infection correlated with simultaneous detection of the binding of both DEF-A and DEF-B complexes to the downstream elements. Finally, as revealed by immunomicroscopy, pIVa2 is targeted to the nucleus, where it distributes to restricted locations in the nucleoplasm, as well as to the nucleoli. Altogether, these results demonstrate that pIVa2 plays a critical role in the transition from the early to the late phase of the lytic cycle. Furthermore, pIVa2 may serve additional functions yet to be uncovered, as suggested by its presence within the cell nucleolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lutz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Louis Pasteur, C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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Massie B, Dionne J, Lamarche N, Fleurent J, Langelier Y. Improved adenovirus vector provides herpes simplex virus ribonucleotide reductase R1 and R2 subunits very efficiently. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1995; 13:602-8. [PMID: 9634800 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0695-602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed a new adenovirus (Ad) expression vector, pAdBM5, that allows for the production of unprecedented levels of recombinant protein in the human 293 cell line using the Ad expression system. The main feature of this vector is a combination of enhancer sequences that increases the activity of the ectopic major late promoter (MLP) in recombinant Ad. In 293 cells infected with helper-free Ad recombinants generated with the pAdBM5 transfer vector, both herpes simplex virus (HSV) ribonucleotide reductase R1 and R2 subunits represent the most abundant polypeptides, accounting for as much as 15-20% of total cellular proteins. Our data suggest that this level of expression is probably very close to the upper limit of the system. Furthermore, when compared to the widely utilized baculovirus (Bac)/Sf9 expression system, the improved Ad vector showed a better performance for the production and purification of active HSV-2 ribonucleotide reductase R1 and R2 subunits. The R2 subunit was about 5-fold more abundant in recombinant Ad-infected 293 cells than in Bac-infected Sf9 cells while the R1 subunit was produced at roughly similar levels with either system. However, the amount of active soluble R1 obtained from recombinant Ad-infected 293 cells was at least 5 times higher because most of the R1 produced in Sf9 cells was insoluble.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Massie
- Institut de Recherches en Biotechnologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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19
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Tribouley C, Lutz P, Staub A, Kedinger C. The product of the adenovirus intermediate gene IVa2 is a transcriptional activator of the major late promoter. J Virol 1994; 68:4450-7. [PMID: 8207818 PMCID: PMC236370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.7.4450-4457.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of lytic infection, the adenovirus major late promoter (MLP) is induced to high levels after replication of viral DNA has started. We had previously shown that sequence elements located downstream of the MLP start site were implicated in this late-specific transcriptional activation (DE1, between +85 and +98; DE2, between +100 and +120). Two positive transcription factors involved in this activation have been detected. DEF-A, which specifically binds to DE1 and also to the 3' portion of DE2 (DE2a), and DEF-B, which interacts with the 5' part of DE2 (DE2b). When present together, these two proteins cooperatively assemble onto the DE2 element. We now report the purification of DEF-B and show that it is identical to the product of the adenovirus IVa2 gene product. This conclusion is based on microsequence analysis of DEF-B as well as on the inhibitory effect of antibodies against IVa2 on the DNA-binding activity of DEF-B and also on DE-dependent in vitro transcription. In addition, we show that bacterially synthesized IVa2 protein binds to the DE sequences with the same specificity as DEF-B. Finally, in transfected cells, a recombinant IVa2 protein stimulates MLP activity in a DE-dependent fashion. The physiological implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tribouley
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Eucaryotes (CNRS), Unité 184 (INSERM), Institut de Chimie Biologique, Strasbourg, France
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20
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Hsu KH, Lubeck MD, Bhat BM, Bhat RA, Kostek B, Selling BH, Mizutani S, Davis AR, Hung PP. Efficacy of adenovirus-vectored respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in a new ferret model. Vaccine 1994; 12:607-12. [PMID: 8085377 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(94)90264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of an adequate small animal model for testing the efficacy of adenovirus-vectored respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines, a ferret model was established for this purpose. Recombinant adenovirus types 4, 5 and 7 expressing the RSV fusion glycoprotein (F), the attachment glycoprotein (G) or both F and G were constructed previously. These recombinants contain a deletion of a large portion of the E3 region of the respective adenovirus vector. In addition, an Ad7(E3+)F recombinant virus which contains an intact E3 region was constructed to assess whether E3 region functions might enhance vaccine immunogenicity. Evaluation of these viruses in the ferret model demonstrated that Ad4 and Ad5 recombinants, administered intranasally to ferrets, induce stronger seroresponses to RSV than do Ad7 recombinant viruses. Ad7(E3+)F did not show enhanced immunogenicity relative to E3-deleted recombinant viruses. However, measurement of RSV infectivity in nasal washes, following intranasal RSV challenge, showed that five different vaccination regimens, Ad7F/Ad4F, Ad7G/Ad4G, Ad7FG/Ad4FG, Ad4F/Ad7(E3+)F and Ad5F/Ad4F, protected ferrets from RSV infection in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Hsu
- Division of Discovery Research, Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Philadelphia, PA 19101
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21
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Lindley T, Virk KP, Ronchetti-Blume M, Goldberg K, Lee SG, Eichberg JW, Hung PP, Cheng SM. Construction and characterization of adenovirus co-expressing hepatitis B virus surface antigen and interleukin-6. Gene X 1994; 138:165-70. [PMID: 8125296 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coexpression of biologically active interleukin 6 (IL-6), an immunoregulator, and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), an immunogen, was obtained using an adenovirus type 7 (Ad7) vector. Two recombinant adenoviruses (re-Ad) containing both the HBsAg and IL6 genes were constructed: one virus was capable of expressing IL6 with its signal peptide (spIL6) (Ad7::spIL6::HBsAg), and the second virus lacked this sequence (Ad7::IL6::HBsAg). A third recombinant contained only HBsAg (Ad7::HBsAg). All three Ad constructs were plaque purified and characterized in the A549 human lung cell line. The growth kinetics of the recombinants were similar to wild-type (wt) Ad7. The production and secretion of HBsAg (p24 and gp27) from cells infected with each re-Ad were at a level greater than 9 micrograms/10(6) cells by 118 h postinfection. Two IL-6 of approx. 24 and 27 kDa were produced and secreted into the culture medium from cells infected with Ad7::spIL6::HBsAg, and maximal accumulation occurred by 92 h p.i. at a level > 260 ng/10(6) cells. One cell-associated IL-6 of approx. 23 kDa was produced from cells infected with Ad7::IL6::HBsAg at a level > 12 ng/10(6) cells. Importantly, the Ad-produced IL-6 were determined to be biologically active by enhancing immunoglobulin production in lymphoblastoid cells. The co-production of IL-6 with HBsAg did not affect growth of these recombinant Ad, immunoreactivity of HBsAg, or the biological activity of IL-6 in tissue culture cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lindley
- Biotechnology and Microbiology Division, Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Philadelphia, PA 19101
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22
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Mondesert G, Tribouley C, Kedinger C. Identification of a novel downstream binding protein implicated in late-phase-specific activation of the adenovirus major late promotor. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:3881-9. [PMID: 1508674 PMCID: PMC334062 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.15.3881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus major late promotor (MLP) is induced to very high levels after the onset of the viral DNA replication. Previous studies have identified sequence elements located downstream of the MLP startsite (DE1, between +85 and +98; DE2, between +100 and +120) implicated, together with the upstream promoter element, in this late-phase-specific transcriptional activation. One protein (DEF, now renamed DEF-A), induced during the late phase of viral infection, has been identified and shown to bind to the DE1 element (Jansen-Durr et al., 1989, J. Virol. 63, 5124-5132). Here we report about a distinct late-phase-specific protein (DEF-B) and its interactions with DEF-A. DNA-binding studies reveal that DEF-B interacts with the 5' part of DE2 (DE2b), whereas DEF-A, besides its interaction with DE1, also binds to the 3' portion of DE2 (DE2a), but with a lower affinity than for DE1. Furthermore, when added together, DEF-A and DEF-B cooperatively assemble onto the DE2 element as a heteromeric complex which is substantially more stable than the complexes formed by each protein alone. Using an in vivo transcriptional assay of the MLP, we show that DEF-A and DEF-B both have intrinsic transactivating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mondesert
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Eucaryotes (CNRS), Unité 184 (INSERM), Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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Chengalvala MV, Lubeck MD, Selling BJ, Natuk RJ, Hsu KH, Mason BB, Chanda PK, Bhat RA, Bhat BM, Mizutani S. Adenovirus vectors for gene expression. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1992; 2:718-22. [PMID: 1367724 DOI: 10.1016/0958-1669(91)90041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses possess a combination of features that make them highly suitable as vectors for expression of heterologous genes. Non-conditional and non-defective adeno-vectors have been constructed to obtain high level expression of a number of foreign genes and some of them have been shown in animal models to exhibit excellent promise as vaccine candidates.
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Graham FL, Prevec L. Adenovirus-based expression vectors and recombinant vaccines. BIOTECHNOLOGY (READING, MASS.) 1992; 20:363-90. [PMID: 1318139 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-9265-6.50022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ye WW, Mason BB, Chengalvala M, Cheng SM, Zandle G, Lubeck MD, Lee SG, Mizutani S, Davis AR, Hung PP. Co-expression of hepatitis B virus antigens by a non-defective adenovirus vaccine vector. Arch Virol 1991; 118:11-27. [PMID: 1828660 DOI: 10.1007/bf01311300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus type 7 vaccine strain was engineered to express foreign antigens from both the E3 early promoter in the E3 region and the major late promoter inserted between the E4 region and the right inverted terminal repeat. This multiple expression vector was used to express hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The gene inserted in the E3 region was derived from the core gene of the hepatitis B virus genome. When the precore region was present, an immunoreactive group of proteins with molecular weights ranging from 15,000 to 19,000 was secreted into the media. Velocity sedimentation centrifugation of media and lysates from cells infected with recombinants containing the core gene with the precore region resulted in peaks of HBeAg at the top of the gradient where authentic HBeAg should be found. In addition to the core gene in the E3 region, the surface antigen gene of hepatitis B virus was inserted behind the major late promoter in the E4 region resulting in an adeno-hepatitis recombinant virus capable of expressing both the core gene and the HBsAg cells. Cells infected with the adeno-hepatitis recombinants could also be stained with peroxidase-conjugates after reacting to antibody against HBcAg. Inoculation of dogs with the recombinant viruses which contained the core gene, with and without the precore sequence, resulted in a significant antibody response to HBcAg/HBeAg. The dogs also produced a significant antibody response to HBsAg as well as neutralizing antibody to adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Ye
- Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Biotechnology and Microbiology Division, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Adenovirus Vectored Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3848-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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