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Dudley JP, Golovkina TV, Ross SR. Lessons Learned from Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus in Animal Models. ILAR J 2017; 57:12-23. [PMID: 27034391 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), which was discovered as a milk-transmitted, infectious, cancer-inducing agent in the 1930s, has been used as an animal model for the study of retroviral infection and transmission, antiviral immune responses, and breast cancer and lymphoma biology. The main target cells for MMTV infection in vivo are cells of the immune system and mammary epithelial cells. Although the host mounts an immune response to the virus, MMTV has evolved multiple means of evading this response. MMTV causes mammary tumors when the provirus integrates into the mammary epithelial and lymphoid cell genome during viral replication and thereby activates cellular oncogene expression. Thus, tumor induction is a by-product of the infection cycle. A number of important oncogenes have been discovered by carrying out MMTV integration site analysis, some of which may play a role in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelin P Dudley
- Jaquelin P. Dudley, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Infectious Disease and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology at the University of Texas at Austin. Tatyana V. Golovkina, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois. Susan R. Ross, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology in the Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tatyana V Golovkina
- Jaquelin P. Dudley, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Infectious Disease and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology at the University of Texas at Austin. Tatyana V. Golovkina, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois. Susan R. Ross, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology in the Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan R Ross
- Jaquelin P. Dudley, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Infectious Disease and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology at the University of Texas at Austin. Tatyana V. Golovkina, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois. Susan R. Ross, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology in the Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Mertz JA, Kobayashi R, Dudley JP. ALY is a common coactivator of RUNX1 and c-Myb on the type B leukemogenic virus enhancer. J Virol 2007; 81:3503-13. [PMID: 17229714 PMCID: PMC1866045 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02253-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type B leukemogenic virus (TBLV), a mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) variant, often induces T-cell leukemias and lymphomas by c-myc activation following viral DNA integration. Transfection assays using a c-myc reporter plasmid indicated that the TBLV long terminal repeat (LTR) enhancer is necessary for T-cell-specific increases in basal reporter activity. The sequence requirements for this effect were studied using mutations of the 62-bp enhancer region in an MMTV LTR reporter vector. Deletion of a nuclear factor A-binding site dramatically reduced reporter activity in Jurkat T cells. However, a 41-bp enhancer missing the RUNX1 site still retained minimal enhancer function. DNA affinity purification using a TBLV enhancer oligomer containing the RUNX1 binding site followed by mass spectrometry resulted in the identification of ALY. Subsequent experiments focused on the reconstitution of enhancer activity in epithelial cells. ALY overexpression synergized with RUNX1B on TBLV enhancer activity, and synergism required the RUNX1B-binding site. A predicted c-Myb binding site in the enhancer was confirmed after c-myb overexpression elevated TBLV LTR reporter activity, and overexpression of c-Myb and RUNX1B together showed additive effects on reporter gene levels. ALY also synergized with c-Myb, and coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated an interaction between ALY and c-Myb. These experiments suggest a central role for ALY in T-cell enhancer function and oncogene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Mertz
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin, One University Station, A5000 24th Street and Speedway, ESB 226, Austin, TX 78712-0162, USA
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Broussard DR, Lozano MM, Dudley JP. Rorgamma (Rorc) is a common integration site in type B leukemogenic virus-induced T-cell lymphomas. J Virol 2004; 78:4943-6. [PMID: 15078980 PMCID: PMC387709 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.9.4943-4946.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The retrovirus type B leukemogenic virus (TBLV) causes T-cell lymphomas in mice. We have identified the Rorgamma locus as an integration site in 19% of TBLV-induced tumors. Overexpression of one or more Rorgamma isoforms in >77% of the tumors tested may complement apoptotic effects of c-myc overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana R Broussard
- Section of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Abstract
Slow transforming retroviruses, such as the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV), induce tumors upon infection of a host after a relatively long latency period. The underlying mechanism leading to cell transformation is the activation of proto-oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes as a consequence of proviral insertions into the host genome. Cells carrying proviral insertions that confer a selective advantage will preferentially grow out. This means that proviral insertions mark genes contributing to tumorigenesis, as was demonstrated by the identification of numerous proto-oncogenes in retrovirally induced tumors in the past. Since cancer is a complex multistep process, the proviral insertions in one clone of tumor cells also represent oncogenic events that cooperate in tumorigenesis. Novel advances, such as the launch of the complete mouse genome, high-throughput isolation of proviral flanking sequences, and genetically modified animals have revolutionized proviral tagging into an elegant and efficient approach to identify signaling pathways that collaborate in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Mikkers
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yanagawa S, Lee JS, Kakimi K, Matsuda Y, Honjo T, Ishimoto A. Identification of Notch1 as a frequent target for provirus insertional mutagenesis in T-cell lymphomas induced by leukemogenic mutants of mouse mammary tumor virus. J Virol 2000; 74:9786-91. [PMID: 11000255 PMCID: PMC112415 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.20.9786-9791.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to wild-type mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), the MMTV mutants with specific deletions in the U3 region of their long terminal repeats cause T-cell lymphomas. In 30% of T-cell lymphomas arising in BALB/c mice infected with MLA-MMTV, a leukemogenic MMTV mutant, we have found that MMTV proviruses were integrated into a short region of the Notch1 genome, so that truncated Notch1 transcripts encoding the transmembrane and the cytoplasmic domains of Notch1 protein could be expressed. Thus, Notch1 is a major target of provirus insertional mutagenesis in these T-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yanagawa
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Rajan L, Broussard D, Lozano M, Lee CG, Kozak CA, Dudley JP. The c-myc locus is a common integration site in type B retrovirus-induced T-cell lymphomas. J Virol 2000; 74:2466-71. [PMID: 10666282 PMCID: PMC111733 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.5.2466-2471.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type B leukemogenic virus (TBLV) induces rapidly appearing T-cell leukemias. TBLV insertions near the c-myc gene were detectable in 2 of 30 tumors tested, whereas 80% of the tumors showed c-myc overexpression. TBLV insertions on chromosome 15 (including a newly identified locus, Pad7) may cause c-myc overexpression by cis-acting effects at a distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rajan
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78705, USA
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Ridgeway AG, Petropoulos H, Siu A, Ball JK, Skerjanc IS. Cloning, tissue distribution, subcellular localization and overexpression of murine histidine-rich Ca2+ binding protein. FEBS Lett 1999; 456:399-402. [PMID: 10462052 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00993-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The histidine-rich Ca2+ binding protein (HRC) resides in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle and binds Ca2+. Since Ca2+ concentrations can regulate gene expression via calcineurin, the mouse homologue of HRC (mHRC) was isolated and characterized. mHRC was detected in muscle progenitor cells, in primary clonal thymic tumors and a tumor cell line, suggesting a broader role for mHRC than in Ca2+ storage during muscle contraction. mHRC was present in the perinuclear region of myoblasts. To examine if it can regulate gene expression, mHRC was overexpressed in cells differentiating into cardiac and skeletal muscle. mHRC had no effect on cardiogenesis or myogenesis. Therefore, if mHRC plays a role in the regulation of gene expression during cellular differentiation, it does not appear to be either rate-limiting or inhibitory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Ridgeway
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Rajan L, Kozak CA, Dudley JP. Chromosomal localization of acquired MMTV proviral integration sites in T-cell lymphomas. Mamm Genome 1998; 9:84-5. [PMID: 9434954 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Rajan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin 78712, USA
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Rajan L, Dudley JP. An MMTV integration site maps near the distal end of mouse chromosome 11. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:295-6. [PMID: 9096121 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Rajan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Jonkers J, Berns A. Retroviral insertional mutagenesis as a strategy to identify cancer genes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1287:29-57. [PMID: 8639705 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(95)00020-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Jonkers
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Rajan L, Dudley JP. An MMTV integration site on the centromere proximal region of mouse chromosome 11. Mamm Genome 1994; 5:740-1. [PMID: 7873889 DOI: 10.1007/bf00426086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Rajan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin 78712
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Cao X, Kozak CA, Liu YJ, Noguchi M, O'Connell E, Leonard WJ. Characterization of cDNAs encoding the murine interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) gamma chain: chromosomal mapping and tissue specificity of IL-2R gamma chain expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:8464-8. [PMID: 8378320 PMCID: PMC47377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.18.8464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-2R gamma chain (IL-2R gamma) is an essential component of high- and intermediate-affinity IL-2Rs, playing critical roles for ligand binding and internalization. Recently, our laboratory has demonstrated that IL-2R gamma mutation results in X chromosome-linked severe combined immunodeficiency in humans, suggesting that IL-2R gamma plays a vital role in thymic maturation of human T cells. We now report the isolation and characterization of cDNAs encoding murine IL-2R gamma. The open reading frame encodes 369 aa, identical in length to that encoded by the human IL-2R gamma cDNA. Murine IL-2R gamma and human IL-2R gamma have 69% and 70% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. As expected, the murine IL-2R gamma retains the WSXWS motif and four cysteine residues characteristic of cytokine receptor superfamily members. IL-2R gamma mRNA distribution shows significant tissue specificity, with particularly high-level expression in spleen and thymus, and higher expression in single-positive (CD4+8- or CD4-8+)-enriched thymocytes than in double-negative (CD4-8-) thymocytes. Finally, we have localized the murine IL-2R gamma gene, Il2rg, to the X chromosome between Rsvp and Plp and demonstrated that a defect in IL-2R gamma is not responsible for the X chromosome-linked xid mutation, which maps to this same region. The cloning of the murine IL-2R gamma cDNA will facilitate the investigation of the role of this protein in lymphocyte function and thymic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cao
- Section on Pulmonary and Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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