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Rogers EJ, Sommers AS, McGuire LP. Seasonal Dynamics of Lipid Metabolism and Energy Storage in the Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat. Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:386-395. [DOI: 10.1086/704107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Effect of Dietary Soybean-Germ Protein on Abdominal Fat Accumulation in Growing Broiler Chickens. J Poult Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0120036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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3
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Nishida H, Kuriyama Y, Kawakami K, Takei Y, Chiba T, Masuda H, Kazama K, Ohtsuka A, Sato S, Konishi T. Anti-obesitic Effect of Petit Vert on Mice Fed a High-fat Diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4327/jsnfs.64.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Takeda-Oga S, Tanaka M, Kotaru M, Tashiro M. The Presence of Trypsin Inhibitor Ovomucoid in Japanese Quail Egg White Protein Partly Accounts for the Beneficial Effects of the Protein on Rat Lipid Metabolism. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.58.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Abstract
In all organisms, fatty acid synthesis is achieved in variations of a common cyclic reaction pathway by stepwise, iterative elongation of precursors with two-carbon extender units. In bacteria, all individual reaction steps are carried out by monofunctional dissociated enzymes, whereas in eukaryotes the fatty acid synthases (FASs) have evolved into large multifunctional enzymes that integrate the whole process of fatty acid synthesis. During the last few years, important advances in understanding the structural and functional organization of eukaryotic FASs have been made through a combination of biochemical, electron microscopic and X-ray crystallographic approaches. They have revealed the strikingly different architectures of the two distinct types of eukaryotic FASs, the fungal and the animal enzyme system. Fungal FAS is a 2·6 MDa α₆β₆ heterododecamer with a barrel shape enclosing two large chambers, each containing three sets of active sites separated by a central wheel-like structure. It represents a highly specialized micro-compartment strictly optimized for the production of saturated fatty acids. In contrast, the animal FAS is a 540 kDa X-shaped homodimer with two lateral reaction clefts characterized by a modular domain architecture and large extent of conformational flexibility that appears to contribute to catalytic efficiency.
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Koya-Miyata S, Arai N, Mizote A, Taniguchi Y, Ushio S, Iwaki K, Fukuda S. Propolis prevents diet-induced hyperlipidemia and mitigates weight gain in diet-induced obesity in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 32:2022-8. [PMID: 19952422 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the hypolipidemic effect of propolis in a mouse obesity model induced by a high fat-diet. C57BL/6N mice were fed a high-fat diet ad libitum and given propolis extract intragastrically at 0 mg/kg (control), 5 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg twice daily for 10 d. Compared with mice in the control group, mice in the propolis extract-administrated groups displayed a reduction in all of the following parameters: body weight gain, weight of visceral adipose tissue, liver and serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acids. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of the liver showed down-regulation of mRNA expression associated with fatty acid biosynthesis, including fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha, and sterol regulatory element binding protein in the propolis-administrated mice. Subsequently, obese C57BL/6N mice that had been administered a high-fat diet were given propolis extract at 0 mg/kg (control), 2.5 mg/kg or 25 mg/kg for 4 weeks. The propolis extract treated mice showed a decrease in weight gain, a reduction of serum non-esterified fatty acids, and lipid accumulation in the liver. These results suggest that propolis extract prevented and mitigated high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia by down-regulating the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Koya-Miyata
- Biomedical Institute, Research Center, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Inc., 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama 702-8006, Japan.
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Noh JR, Kim YH, Gang GT, Yang KJ, Kim SK, Ryu SY, Kim YS, Lee CH, Lee HS. Preventative Effects of Platycodon grandiflorum Treatment on Hepatic Steatosis in High Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6 Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:450-4. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ran Noh
- Laboratory of Experimental Animals, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory of Experimental Animals, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)
| | - Gil-Tae Gang
- Laboratory of Experimental Animals, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)
| | - Keum-Jin Yang
- Laboratory of Experimental Animals, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)
| | | | | | | | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory of Experimental Animals, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)
| | - Hyun-Sun Lee
- Molecular Cancer Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)
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Takeda S, Tanaka M, Tashiro M. Effect of Japanese Quail Ovomucoid on Decreasing Adiposity in Rats. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.56.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Investigation of the anti-obesity action of licorice flavonoid oil in diet-induced obese rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72:3225-31. [PMID: 19060415 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Licorice flavonoid oil (LFO), which contains hydrophobic flavonoids from Glycyrrhiza glabra LINNE, is a new ingredient for functional foods. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity action of LFO in diet-induced obese rats. The addition of 2% LFO in a high-fat diet significantly decreased the weight of abdominal adipose tissue and the levels of hepatic and plasma triglycerides. We found that the enzymatic activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase, the rate-limiting enzymes in the fatty acid synthetic pathway, were significantly decreased by LFO, whereas the enzymatic activity of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the fatty acid oxidative pathway, was significantly increased. All our findings suggest that the anti-obesity action of LFO is controlled by regulation of the rate-limiting enzymes in the fatty acid synthetic and oxidative pathways in the liver.
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Ohta Y, Funayama M, Seino H, Sami M, Kanda T, Shoji T, Ohtake Y, Osada K. Apple Polyphenol Improves Lipid Metabolism and Insulin Independence in Obese Rats. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2007. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.54.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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OSADA K, FUNAYAMA M, FUCHI S, SAMI M, OHTA Y, KANDA T, IKEDA M. Effects of Dietary Procyanidins and Tea Polyphenols on Adipose Tissue Mass and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Rats on a High Fat Diet. J Oleo Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.55.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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McCarthy AD, Hardie DG. The Multifunctional Polypeptide Chains of Rabbit-Mammary Fatty-Acid Synthase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 130:185-93. [PMID: 6549986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several methods have been used to label active centres on the multifunctional polypeptide chains of rabbit mammary fatty acid synthase. Experiments using [14C]acetyl-CoA or [14C]malonyl-CoA have shown that there is a single non-thiol site which binds either acetyl or malonyl groups, present at a stoichiometry of two per enzyme dimer, and representing an intermediate in the acyl transferase reaction. This adds further support to the view that the two subunits are identical and that each polypeptide chain contains up to seven active centres. However, two novel and independent methods for the quantification of the pantetheine thiol demonstrate that this prosthetic group can be present in sub-stoichiometric amounts. By studying intermediates during limited elastase digestion of fatty acid synthase labelled in different active centres, we have been able to map the positions of four active centres within the polypeptide chain. The thioesterase domain is present in a terminal location on both polypeptide chains as previously reported. The acyl carrier domain (pantetheine thiol) is located in a region of molecular weight 9000 immediately adjacent to the thioesterase domain. The acyl transferase (acyl-O-ester site) and the 3-oxoacylsynthase thiol are located in a region of molecular weight 110000 at the opposite end of the polypeptide chain to the thioesterase domain. The relationship between the disposition of the activities on the multifunctional polypeptide chains of yeast and mammalian fatty acid synthase is discussed.
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Mukherjee S, Katiyar SS. Inhibition of pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase by specific modification of lysine residues with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 2001; 15:421-7. [PMID: 10995072 DOI: 10.1080/14756360009040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase was inactivated irreversibly by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS). Biphasic inactivation of the enzyme was observed with the inhibitor. NADPH provided protection to the enzyme against inactivation by TNBS and the extent of protection increased with NADPH concentration indicating that the essential lysine residues are present at the NADPH binding site. The stoichiometric results with TNBS showed that 4 mol of lysine residues are modified per mole of fatty acid synthetase upon complete inactivation. The rapid reaction of two amino groups per enzyme molecule led to the loss of 60% of the enzyme activity. These approaches suggested that two lysine residues present at the active site are essential for the enzymatic activity of fatty acid synthetase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
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Mukherjee S, Katiyar SS. Inactivation of enoyl-CoA reductase in pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate: evidence for the presence of one lysine residue at the active site. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1998; 13:217-28. [PMID: 9629539 DOI: 10.3109/14756369809028342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase (FAS) was rapidly inactivated by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). Assays of the partial activities of the PLP-treated synthetase showed that only the enoyl-CoA reductase was decreased significantly. The inactivation of both the overall activity and enoyl-CoA reductase activity of FAS by PLP could be reversed by dialysis or dilution but not by reduction with sodium borohydride. Malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA did not protect the enzyme, whereas NADPH provided 68% protection against PLP-inactivation indicating that PLP modified lysine residues present at or near the co-enzyme binding site. PLP-treated enzyme after reduction with sodium borohydride exhibited fluorescence with a maximum at 397 nm (irradiation at 325 nm). Stoichiometric analysis showed that modification of four lysine residues per enzyme molecule resulted in complete inactivation of the overall and enoyl-CoA reductase activities of FAS. NADPH prevented the inactivation by protecting two of these lysine residues from modification, suggesting the presence of two essential lysine residues per enzyme molecule. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that each subunit of the enzyme contains an enoyl-CoA reductase domain in which a lysine residue, at or near the active site, interacts with NADPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
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Mukherjee S, Katiyar SS. Evidence for the essential histidine at the NADPH binding site of enoyl-CoA reductase domain of pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1997; 11:209-16. [PMID: 9204389 DOI: 10.3109/14756369709027651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase was inactivated by stoichiometric concentrations of diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP). The second order rate constant for the loss of synthetase activity was similar to the value for enoyl-CoA reductase indicating that ethoxyformylation destroys the ability of the enzyme to reduce the unsaturated acyl intermediate, without significant effect on beta-ketoacyl reductase activity. NADPH provided protection to the enzyme against inactivation by DEP indicating that essential histidine residues are present at the active site. DEP-modified enzyme showed a characteristic absorption maxima at 240 nm confirming the formation of ethoxyformic histidine. The reversal of inactivation by hydroxylamine and a pKa value of 7.0 obtained from the pH-rate profile for inactivation again confirmed the specificity of DEP for histidine. Stoichiometric results showed that two moles of histidine residue per mole of enzyme are essential for the activity of FAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
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Enzymes of Fatty Acid Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-461013-2.50018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
A soluble protein that binds malonyl-CoA without requiring cofactors has been purified from rat liver. Until saturated, it competes with fatty acid synthetase for free malonyl-CoA, temporarily reducing the rate of fatty acid synthesis at low levels of malonyl-CoA, as in fatty acid synthetase--coupled assays for acetyl-CoA carboxylase. These assays yield low estimates for carboxylase activity with crude and partially purified homogenates containing the malonyl-CoA-binding protein. The protein does not inhibit assays for carboxylase activity that measure nonvolatile radioactivity incorporated from bicarbonate or NADH oxidation coupled to ADP formation. It has an Mr of 180,000 and a subunit of 90,000. It has a lower affinity for ATP, ADP, and acetyl-CoA and none for CO2 or fatty acid synthetase. No enzymatic function has been identified. The protein may regulate malonyl-CoA-binding enzymes.
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18
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Stapleton SR, Porter JW. Purification of nucleotide-requiring enzymes by immunoaffinity chromatography. Biochem J 1985; 226:653-9. [PMID: 3985938 PMCID: PMC1144762 DOI: 10.1042/bj2260653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Monospecific (affinity-purified) anti-(yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) IgG inhibits three different NADPH-requiring enzymes, chicken liver dihydrofolate reductase, pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase and chicken liver malic enzyme. The inhibition of all three enzymes was approx. 50% in a 2h incubation with 100 micrograms of IgG. Similarly, with several different NADH-requiring enzymes, an immunocrossreactivity was observed. Monospecific anti-(rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) IgG inhibited yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and pig heart malate dehydrogenase by 39% and 55% respectively. The cross-reactivity observed was tested by affinity chromatography. Immunoaffinity columns made with each monospecific IgG were able to bind each of the enzymes it immunotitrated. Enzymes were eluted with a nondenaturing solvent with little loss of activity. The immunoaffinity column with monospecific anti-(glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) IgG as the bound ligand was also used to purify partially (over 150-fold) both isocitrate dehydrogenase and dihydrofolate reductase from crude rat liver homogenate.
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Qureshi AA, Prentice N, Din ZZ, Burger WC, Elson CE, Sunde ML. Influence of culture filtrate of Trichoderma viride and barley on lipid metabolism of laying hens. Lipids 1984; 19:250-7. [PMID: 6538924 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The suppression of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, previously noted in studies of the influences of barley and the filtrate of Trichoderma viride culture (CF) on cholesterol metabolism in sexually immature birds, is shown in sexually mature birds. Barley, CF or both were fed in one study from the day of hatching, in another during the period of sexual maturation and, in a third study, CF was fed to mature layers. CF suppressed HMG CoA reductase by 30-50% and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase by 32-45% when added to the control diet. In birds fed barley rather than corn, the respective activities were 25-36% and 24-31% lower. These effects were expressed in the lowering of plasma cholesterol by 11-36%. Lipogenic activity based on the assays of 4 enzymes was increased 2-3 times by the treatments and plasma triglyceride elevated by 12-86%. The start of egg production by birds fed CF preceded the controls by 17 days. Birds fed barley trailed controls by 11-14 days. CF countered the barley-conditioned delay. Egg yolk cholesterol concentrations were lowered by both treatments. Eggs produced by hens fed barley were lower in weight; CF increased egg and yolk weights. Tissues from birds fed CF or barley for up to 30 weeks appeared to be normal.
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McCarthy AD, Goldring JP, Hardie DG. Evidence that the multifunctional polypeptides of vertebrate and fungal fatty acid synthases have arisen by independent gene fusion events. FEBS Lett 1983; 162:300-4. [PMID: 6354747 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The enoyl reductase (NADPH binding site) of rabbit mammary fatty acid synthase has been radioactively labelled using pyridoxal phosphate and sodium [3H]borohydride. Using this method we have been able to add this site to the four sites whose location has already been mapped within the multifunctional polypeptide chain of the protein. The results show that the enoyl reductase lies between the 3-oxoacylsynthase and the acyl carrier. This confirms that the active sites occur in a different order on the single multifunctional polypeptide of vertebrate fatty acid synthase and the two multifunctional polypeptides of fungal fatty acid synthase, and suggests that these two systems have arisen by independent gene fusion events.
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Katiyar SS, Porter JW. Fatty acid synthetase, malic enzyme and other NADP+ binding dehydrogenases have similar antigenic determinant(s) at the NADPH binding domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 112:1007-12. [PMID: 6189488 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit IgG prepared against malic enzyme inhibits pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase activity. By screening a number of polyclonal antibodies raised to several dehydrogenases, we have discovered that there is a direct relationship between this cross-reactivity and the existence of a common structural domain whose function is the binding of NADP+/NADPH. The presence of NADP+/NADPH in small concentrations protects against this immunoinhibition, thereby indicating a competitive binding of nucleotide and site-specific antibody at the antigenic domain. These data provide further support for the existence of an antigenic domain in the NADPH binding region of dehydrogenases which is responsible for the production of NADPH site-specific antibodies in polyclonal antisera.
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Katiyar SS, Porter JW. Antibodies specific for NADPH-binding region of enzymes possessing dehydrogenase activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:1221-3. [PMID: 6187008 PMCID: PMC393566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.5.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The results reported in this paper show the presence of a population of antibodies in rabbit polyclonal antiserum that recognize an antigenic site at the NADPH-binding region of enzymes possessing dehydrogenase activities. Antisera from rabbits immunized with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or fatty acid synthetase were found to inactivate the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. The inhibitory effect of this site-specific antibody is a time- and concentration-dependent reaction. This immunoinactivation is prevented by preincubation of the enzyme with NADPH.
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Katiyar SS, Pan D, Porter JW. Inactivation of 3-oxoacyl synthetase activity of pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase by S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)-coenzyme A. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 130:177-84. [PMID: 6825687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Clements PR, Barden RE, Ahmad PM, Chisner MB, Ahmad F. Irreversible inhibition of fatty acid synthase from rat mammary gland with S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)-CoA. Effect on the partial reactions, protection by substrates and stoichiometry studies. Biochem J 1982; 207:291-6. [PMID: 7159383 PMCID: PMC1153859 DOI: 10.1042/bj2070291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase from lactating rat mammary gland is rapidly and irreversibly inhibited by S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)-CoA. Of the seven partial reactions catalysed by the enzyme, the inhibition of the overall catalytic activity is closely paralleled only by inhibition of the beta-oxoacyl synthase (condensing) partial reaction. Three partial reactions. Beta-oxoacyl reductase, beta-hydroxyacyl dehydratase and enoyl reductase, are inhibited to a modest degree. The three partial reactions known to involve an acyl-CoA/CoA-binding site, acetyl acyltransferase, malonyl acyltransferase and palmitoyl thioesterase, are not inhibited by S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)-CoA. The modification process does not cause the enzyme to dissociate into catalytically incompetent monomers. Stoichiometric studies suggest that approx. 6 mol of reagent are incorporated per mol of totally inhibited enzyme (dimer). The formation of acylated enzyme from either acetyl-CoA or malonyl-CoA protects the enzyme equally well against S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)-CoA. Also, pretreatment of the enzyme with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), a thiol-specific reagent reported to block essential thiol groups in the condensing partial reaction, protects against inhibition by the reagent. On the other hand, the presence of up to 770 microM-S-acetonyl-CoA or dethio-CoA does not protect the enzyme from irreversible inhibition. Together, the results suggest that the primary inhibitory process is a bimolecular reaction resulting in alkylation of essential thiol groups in the condensing partial reaction: this process does not require the obligatory formation of a Michaelis-Menten complex of enzyme and reagent before the alkylation reaction.
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McCarthy AD, Hardie DG. Reaction of chloroacetyl-CoA with rabbit fatty acid synthase. A new method to label specifically and quantify pantetheine prosthetic groups. FEBS Lett 1982; 147:256-60. [PMID: 7173396 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)81054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The substrate analogue chloroacetyl-CoA inhibits fatty acid synthase by reacting with the 'central' or pantetheine thiol and not the 'peripheral' or beta-ketoacylsynthase thiol as previously reported. This was demonstrated by the isolation of [14C]carboxymethylcysteamine after acid hydrolysis of enzyme labelled with chloro[14C]acetyl-CoA, and by the demonstration that more than one of the partial reactions is inhibited. This reagent now represents a simple and convenient tool both for quantification of the pantetheine thiol and for labelling this site for peptide mapping and isolation.
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Puri RN, Porter JW. Isolation and characterization of an acyl carrier protein from pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase by controlled proteolysis with elastase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 712:576-89. [PMID: 6922724 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(82)90286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Controlled proteolytic cleavage of 4'-phospho[14C]pantetheine-labeled pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase generates two 4'-phospho[14C]pantetheine-labeled peptides, Ec1 and Ec2. These are separated from each other and the core enzyme by gel permeation chromatography on a Sephadex G-75 column. The two radioactively labeled peptides constitute 50% of the radioactivity initially present in the 4'-phospho[14C]pantetheine-labeled fatty acid synthetase. The remaining label in the core enzyme is released quantitatively by proteolytic cleavage with trypsin. The molecular weights of Ec1 and Ec2 peptides, as determined by size exclusion chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, are 12000 and 6000, respectively. Both the higher and lower molecular weight peptides are homogeneous with respect to size and charge, as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of SDS. The higher molecular weight peptide, Ec1, is characterized as an acyl carrier protein by the transacylation reaction between the unlabeled Ec1 peptide and radioactively labeled acetyl- and malonyl-CoA. Since Ec2 peptide also contains the prosthetic group present in the Ec1 peptide, the Ec2 peptide appears to result from the proteolytic cleavage of the higher molecular weight peptide, Ec1. Amino acid composition of the acyl carrier protein shows the presence of 1 mol of 4'-phosphopantetheine per mol of protein. 2 mol of acyl carrier protein are present per mol of the fatty acid synthetase. The amino acid analysis is in good agreement with the molecular weight of the Ec1 peptide, as determined by gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. N-Terminal amino acid analysis of this peptide shows the presence of an arginine residue.
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27
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Katiyar SS, Porter JW. The involvement of a lysine residue at the active site of the enoyl reductase of pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 107:1219-23. [PMID: 6814436 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(82)80127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Puri RN, Porter JW. Isolation and partial purification of elastase-released peptide domains that contain the partial activities of pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 107:1212-8. [PMID: 6923745 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(82)80126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Caughey I, Kekwick RG. The characteristics of some components of the fatty acid synthetase system in the plastids from the mesocarp of avocado (Persea americana) fruit. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 123:553-61. [PMID: 7075600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Preparations of NADH-specific and NADPH-specific 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase enzymes (EC 1.1.1.100), enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (EC 1.3.1.9) and [acyl-carrier-protein] malonyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.39) have been purified from preparations of avocado mesocarp plastids and characterised. The enzymes are quite similar in molecular and kinetic characteristics to analogous enzymes known in Escherichia coli and Euglena and are clearly components of a type-II fatty acid synthetase system.
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Ahmad PM, Feltman DS, Ahmad F. Rat mammary-gland fatty acid synthase. A simple purification procedure and stoicheiometry of CoA ester binding. Biochem J 1982; 203:45-50. [PMID: 7103949 PMCID: PMC1158190 DOI: 10.1042/bj2030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A simple procedure was devised which allows purification of rat lactating-mammary-gland fatty acid synthase to a high degree of purity, with recoveries of activity exceeding 50%. Over 50 mg of enzyme was isolated from 60 g of mammary tissue. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was about 2.5 mumol of NADPH oxidized/min per mg of protein at 37 degrees. The enzyme appeared homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and by immunodiffusion analysis. Each mol (Mr 480 000) of the enzyme bound 3 mol of acetyl and 3-4 mol of malonyl groups when the binding experiments were performed at 0 degrees for 30 s. The presence of NADPH did not influence the binding stoicheiometry for these acyl-CoA derivatives. Approx. 2 mol of taurine was found per mol of the performic acid-oxidized enzyme, suggesting that there were 2 mol of 4'-phosphopantetheine in the native enzyme. Rat mammary-gland fatty acid synthase required free CoA for activity.
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Molecular cloning of gene sequences for avian fatty acid synthase and evidence for nutritional regulation of fatty acid synthase mRNA concentration. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Katiyar SS, Pan D, Porter JW. Role of cysteine and 4'-phosphopantetheine in the inactivation of pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase by S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)-coenzyme A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 104:517-22. [PMID: 7073698 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)90667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Demonstration of the occurrence of inactive fatty acid synthetase in rat liver by immunotitration and its in vitro partial activation. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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35
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Shiao MS, Drong RF, Porter JW. The purification and properties of a protein kinase and the partial purification of a phosphoprotein phosphatase that inactivate and activate acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 98:80-7. [PMID: 6111317 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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36
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Regulation of fatty acid synthetase activity. The 4'-phosphopantetheine hydrolase of rat liver. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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37
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Guy P, Law S, Hardie G. Mammalian fatty acid synthetase: evidence for subunit identity and specific removal of the thioesterase component using elastase digestion. FEBS Lett 1978; 94:33-7. [PMID: 700134 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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