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Trait specific modulatory effects of caffeine exposure on compulsive-like behaviors in a spontaneous mouse model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 31:622-632. [PMID: 32427622 PMCID: PMC7495980 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurring intrusive thoughts and repetitive compulsive behaviors, ultimately interfering with their quality of life. The complex heterogeneity of symptom dimensions across OCD patient subgroups impedes diagnosis and treatment. The core and comorbid symptomologies of OCD are thought to be modulated by common environmental exposures such as consumption of the psychostimulant caffeine. The effect of caffeine on the expression of obsessions and compulsions are unexplored. The current study utilized mouse strains (HA) with a spontaneous, predictable, and stable compulsive-like phenotype that have face, predictive, and construct validity for OCD. We demonstrate that an acute high dose (25 mg/kg) of caffeine decreased compulsive-like nest-building behavior in the HA strains in the first hour after injection. However, nest-building scores increased in hours 3, 4, and 5 after administration finally decreasing over a 24 h period. In contrast, a high dose of chronic caffeine (25 mg/kg/d) increased nest-building behavior. Interestingly for compulsive-like digging behavior, acute exposure to a high dose of caffeine decreased the number of marbles buried, while chronic exposure had little effect. An acute high dose of caffeine decreased anxiety-like and motor activity in open field behaviors whereas chronic caffeine administration did not have any overall effect on open field activity. The results, therefore, suggest a complex role of caffeine on compulsive-like, anxiety-like, and locomotor behaviors that is dependent on the duration of exposure.
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Bradley CA, Palmatier MI. Intravenous and oral caffeine self-administration in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 203:72-82. [PMID: 31404852 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is widely consumed for its psychoactive effects worldwide. No pre-clinical study has established reliable caffeine self-administration, but we found that caffeine can enhance the reinforcing effects of non-drug rewards. The goal of the present studies was to determine if this effect of caffeine could result in reliable caffeine self-administration. In 2 experiments rats could make an operant response for caffeine delivered in conjunction with an oral 'vehicle' including saccharin (0.2% w/v) as a primary reinforcer. In Experiment 1, intravenous (IV) caffeine infusions were delivered in conjunction with oral saccharin for meeting the schedule of reinforcement. In control conditions, oral saccharin alone or presentations of IV caffeine alone served as the reinforcer. In Experiment 2, access to caffeine was provided in an oral vehicle containing water, decaffeinated instant coffee (0.5% w/v), or decaffeinated coffee and saccharin (0.2%). The concentration of oral caffeine was then manipulated across testing sessions. Oral and IV caffeine robustly increased responding for saccharin in a manner that was repeatable, reliable, and systematically related to unit IV dose. However, the relationship between oral caffeine dose and operant behavior was less systematic; the rats appeared to titrate their caffeine intake by reducing the consummatory response (drinking) rather than the appetitive response (lever pressing). These studies establish reliable volitional caffeine self-administration in rats. The reinforcement enhancing effects of caffeine may help to explain widespread caffeine use by humans, who ingest caffeine in complex vehicles with reinforcing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis A Bradley
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, 420 Rogers Stout Hall, P.O. Box 70649, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States
| | - Matthew I Palmatier
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, 420 Rogers Stout Hall, P.O. Box 70649, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States.
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Ardais A, Borges M, Rocha A, Sallaberry C, Cunha R, Porciúncula L. Caffeine triggers behavioral and neurochemical alterations in adolescent rats. Neuroscience 2014; 270:27-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
RATIONALE Previous research suggests that chronic daily caffeine administration protects against brain injury in different animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, ischemic and traumatic brain injury, and allergic encephalitis. However, little is known about the effects of chronic caffeine administration on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neuroinflammation. OBJECTIVE The present study examines whether chronic caffeine (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg, i.p, for 21 consecutive days) protects against MDMA-induced astrocytic and microglial activation in mice striatum, impairing its neuroinflammatory effects. Additionally, locomotor activity, sensoriomotor reflexes, body temperature, and anxiety were evaluated after caffeine injection on days 0 (basal), 7, 14, and 21 of the chronic treatment in order to assess possible behavioral alterations due to caffeine administration. METHODS On day 22, mice pretreated with caffeine or saline received a neurotoxic regimen of MDMA (3 × 20 mg/kg, i.p., 2-h interval) or saline, and changes in body temperature were evaluated. Forty-eight hours after last MDMA or saline injection (day 24), the aforementioned behavioral parameters were investigated and microglia and astroglia activation to MDMA treatment was examined in the mouse striatum. RESULTS Caffeine (10 mg/kg) chronically administered completely prevented MDMA-induced glial activation without inducing physiological or behavioral alterations in any of the assays performed. CONCLUSION Chronic caffeine consumption at low doses exerts anti-inflammatory effects and prevents MDMA-induced neuroinflammation.
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Lorenzo A, León D, Castillo C, Ruiz M, Albasanz J, Martín M. Maternal caffeine intake during gestation and lactation down-regulates adenosine A1receptor in rat brain from mothers and neonates. J Neurosci Res 2009; 88:1252-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Long-lasting resistance to haloperidol-induced catalepsy in male rats chronically treated with caffeine. Neurosci Lett 2009; 463:210-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Takemoto H, Ito M, Shiraki T, Yagura T, Honda G. Sedative effects of vapor inhalation of agarwood oil and spikenard extract and identification of their active components. J Nat Med 2007; 62:41-6. [PMID: 18404340 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-007-0177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Agarwood oil and spikenard extract were examined for their sedative activity using a spontaneous vapor administration system. It was shown that inhalation of agarwood oil vapor sedated mice. The main volatile constituents of the oil were found to be benzylacetone [agarwood oil from a Hong Kong market (1)], or alpha-gurjunene and (+)-calarene [agarwood oil made in Vietnam (2)]. A hexane extract of spikenard contained a lot of calarene, and its vapor inhalation had a sedative effect on mice. Individual principles benzylacetone, calarene, and alpha-gurjunene were administered to mice, which reproduced the result of the corresponding oil or extract. However, the most effective dose of the compounds was lower than their original content in the oil and extract (benzylacetone 0.1%, calarene 0.17%, alpha-gurjunene 1.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takemoto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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Bata-García JL, Villanueva-Toledo J, Gutiérrez-Ospina G, Alvarez-Cervera FJ, Heredia-López FJ, Góngora-Alfaro JL. Sustained improvement of motor function in hemiparkinsonian rats chronically treated with low doses of caffeine or trihexyphenidyl. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86:68-78. [PMID: 17250882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of chronic oral treatment with low doses of caffeine (1-3 mg/kg) and trihexyphenidyl (0.1-0.2 mg/kg) were tested on hemiparkinsonian rats, which received the following treatments in a counterbalanced order: vehicle, caffeine, trihexyphenidyl, and caffeine plus trihexyphenidyl. Three preclinical models were used: the stepping test, the cylinder test, and the staircase test. Compared to pre-lesion values, the forepaw contralateral to the dopamine-denervated side showed impaired stepping, fewer wall contacts in the cylinder test, and fewer pellets retrieved in the staircase test. In the stepping test both doses of caffeine produced a complete recovery of motor function (100%), whereas the effect of trihexyphenidyl was less intense (77-80%). In this same test the maximal effect of drugs did not develop tolerance during 2-3 weeks, and was completely reversible after drug cessation. In the cylinder test only the wall contacts performed simultaneously with both forepaws were significantly increased by caffeine (3 mg/kg) and trihexyphenidyl (0.2 mg/kg), and this effect was also reversible. In the staircase test none of the treatments improved food pellet retrieval with the contralateral forepaw. Altogether, these results show that chronic treatment with caffeine, at doses similar to daily human consumption, produces a sustained improvement in the use of the contralateral forelimb in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine denervated rats, without the development of tolerance. Although the combined administration of caffeine plus trihexyphenidyl showed no synergism in these models, the results suggest that low doses of caffeine (1-3 mg/kg/day) could be of therapeutic value for the reversal of motor symptoms in parkinsonian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Bata-García
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Avenida Itzaes 490, Mérida, Yucatán, 97000, Mexico
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Boyer M, Rees S, Quinn J, Grattan-Miscio K, McCallum M, Saari MJ. Caffeine as a performance-enhancing drug in rats: sex, dose, housing, and task considerations. Percept Mot Skills 2004; 97:259-70. [PMID: 14604049 DOI: 10.2466/pms.2003.97.1.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Past animal studies of the performance-enhancing properties of stimulant drugs, such as caffeine, may have suffered from a number of procedural and ethical problems. For example. the housing condition of the animals was often not taken into consideration. As well, endurance tests, such as the forced swim task, sometimes involved ethically (and procedurally) questionable interference with natural swimming behaviour. Some of the manipulations, such as attaching a weight to the swimming animal's tail to increase the difficulty of the task and using mortality as a dependent variable, seem grotesque, even unnecessary. In this experiment, the performance-enhancing effects of caffeine in a modified forced swim task and a dominance task were evaluated using male and female rats as subjects (N=60), housed in either enriched or isolated environments. Analysis indicated that rats respond to caffeine as an interactive function of sex, housing, dose, and task characteristics. It was concluded that performance-enhancing properties of stimulant drugs may be the result of a complex interplay of variables, making simple generalizations questionable.
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Karcz-Kubicha M, Antoniou K, Terasmaa A, Quarta D, Solinas M, Justinova Z, Pezzola A, Reggio R, Müller CE, Fuxe K, Goldberg SR, Popoli P, Ferré S. Involvement of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the motor effects of caffeine after its acute and chronic administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:1281-91. [PMID: 12700682 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors in the motor effects of caffeine is still a matter of debate. In the present study, counteraction of the motor-depressant effects of the selective A(1) receptor agonist CPA and the A(2A) receptor agonist CGS 21680 by caffeine, the selective A(1) receptor antagonist CPT, and the A(2A) receptor antagonist MSX-3 was compared. CPT and MSX-3 produced motor activation at the same doses that selectively counteracted motor depression induced by CPA and CGS 21680, respectively. Caffeine also counteracted motor depression induced by CPA and CGS 21680 at doses that produced motor activation. However, caffeine was less effective than CPT at counteracting CPA and even less effective than MSX-3 at counteracting CGS 21680. On the other hand, when administered alone in habituated animals, caffeine produced stronger motor activation than CPT or MSX-3. An additive effect on motor activation was obtained when CPT and MSX-3 were coadministered. Altogether, these results suggest that the motor-activating effects of acutely administered caffeine in rats involve the central blockade of both A(1) and A(2A) receptors. Chronic exposure to caffeine in the drinking water (1.0 mg/ml) resulted in tolerance to the motor effects of an acute administration of caffeine, lack of tolerance to amphetamine, apparent tolerance to MSX-3 (shift to the left of its 'bell-shaped' dose-response curve), and true cross-tolerance to CPT. The present results suggest that development of tolerance to the effects of A(1) receptor blockade might be mostly responsible for the tolerance to the motor-activating effects of caffeine and that the residual motor-activating effects of caffeine in tolerant individuals might be mostly because of A(2A) receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Karcz-Kubicha
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, NIDA, NIH, IRP, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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BOYER MICHELLE. CAFFEINE AS A PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUG IN RATS: SEX, DOSE, HOUSING, AND TASK CONSIDERATIONS. Percept Mot Skills 2003. [DOI: 10.2466/pms.97.5.259-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Queiroz-Neto A, Zamur G, Carregaro AB, Mataqueiro MI, Salvadori MC, Azevedo CP, Harkins JD, Tobin T. Effects of caffeine on locomotor activity of horses: determination of the no-effect threshold. J Appl Toxicol 2001; 21:229-34. [PMID: 11404835 DOI: 10.1002/jat.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is the legal stimulant consumed most extensively by the human world population and may be found eventually in the urine and/or blood of race horses. The fact that caffeine is in foods led us to determine the highest no-effect dose (HNED) of caffeine on the spontaneous locomotor activity of horses and then to quantify this substance in urine until it disappeared. We built two behavioural stalls equipped with juxtaposed photoelectric sensors that emit infrared beams that divide the stall into nine sectors in a 'tic-tac-toe' fashion. Each time a beam was interrupted by a leg of the horse, a pulse was generated; the pulses were counted at 5-min intervals and stored by a microcomputer. Environmental effects were minimized by installing exhaust fans producing white noise that obscured outside sounds. One-way observation windows prevented the animals from seeing outside. The sensors were turned on 45 min before drug administration (saline control or caffeine). The animals were observed for up to 8 h after i.v. administration of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 or 5.0 mg caffeine kg(-1). The HNED of caffeine for stimulation of the spontaneous locomotor activity of horses was 2.0 mg kg(-1). The quantification of caffeine in urine and plasma samples was done by gradient HPLC with UV detection. The no-effect threshold should not be greater than 2.0 microg caffeine ml(-1) plasma or 5.0 microg caffeine ml(-1) urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Queiroz-Neto
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, FCAV/UNESP, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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Wilson JF, Nugent NR, Baltes JE, Tokunaga S, Canic T, Young BW, Bellinger ER, Delac DT, Golston GA, Hendershot DM. Effects of low doses of caffeine on aggressive behavior of male rats. Psychol Rep 2000; 86:941-6. [PMID: 10876350 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.2000.86.3.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To date, the effect of low doses of caffeine on aggression has not been systematically examined. Doses of caffeine greater than 30 mg/kg appear to reduce social interaction and aggression in all species studied. In a double blind study of the effects of low doses of caffeine on aggression, rats were housed four per cage, and aggressive behavior against an intruder was recorded during baseline and following administration of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg caffeine. Aggressive behavior was significantly increased following administration of the higher doses of caffeine. Doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg caffeine all were effective in increasing pushing behavior, whereas doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg were most effective in increasing boxing behavior, and a dose of 10 mg/kg was significantly more effective than other doses in increasing chasing and roll-tumble-bite behaviors. Based on these results and other published reports, the inverted-U shaped dose-dependent effect of caffeine on aggression appears to apply, with aggressive behavior being most elevated following doses of 5-20 mg/kg caffeine, less elevated following 2.5 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg, and significantly reduced with doses above 40 mg/kg and at doses below 2.5 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Wilson
- Psychology Department, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH 45501, USA.
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Tofovic SP, Rominski BR, Bastacky S, Jackso EK, Kost CK. Caffeine augments proteinuria in puromycin-aminonucleoside nephrotic rats. Ren Fail 2000; 22:159-79. [PMID: 10803761 DOI: 10.1081/jdi-100100861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicate that increased intrarenal adenosine concentrations may attenuate puromycin-aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced nephropathy in rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of caffeine, a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, on renal function and structure in PAN-induced nephropathy. Animals were randomized to receive drinking water or 0.1% caffeine solution. PAN was administered in two doses to a subset from each group at 1 week (100 mg/kg, s.c.; Purom-1) and 15 wks (80 mg/kg, s.c.; Purom-2) after initiating caffeine treatment (PAN and CAFF-PAN groups). The remaining animals served as time controls (CON and CAFF groups). Renal excretory function was followed for 23 wks. Caffeine consumption significantly augmented PAN-induced proteinuria after both PAN injections (Purom-1 and Purom-2, p<0.05 and p<0.001 respectively; CAFF-PAN vs. PAN). In addition, caffeine potentiated the transient reduction in creatinine clearance (CrCl) induced by PAN. Caffeine consumption for 23 wks significantly reduced CrCl in conscious nephrotic animals (4.76 +/- 0.98 vs. 8.51 +/- 1.55 L/kg/day, CAFF-PAN vs. PAN). Seven days after both PAN injections, increased plasma renin activity was detected in animals that were consuming caffeine as compared with corresponding control groups (CAFF and CAFF + PAN vs CON and PAN, respectively). Eight weeks after the second injection of PAN, acute measures of renal hemodynamic and excretory function were compared in anesthetized animals and renal samples were analyzed for histological changes. In PAN-rats, caffeine treatment for 23 weeks significantly reduced inulin clearance (0.28 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.57 +/- 0.12 mL/min/gr kidney. CAFF-PAN vs PAN, p<0.05), tended to increase renal vascular resistance (59.0 +/- 9.5 vs. 42.9 +/- 5.5 mmHg/mL/min/gr kidney, CAFF-PAN vs. PAN, p < 0.06), potentiated the development of more severe tubulointerstitial damage (tubular atrophy, presence of proteinaceous material, tubular dilatation, interstitial inflammation, interstitial fibrosis), and tended to increase glomerulosclerosis. In conclusion, this study indicates that caffeine adversely affects renal function in PAN-nephrotic rats, and that this effect may be due, in part, to increased activity of the renin angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Tofovic
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania 15213-2582, USA.
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Lau CE, Wang Y, Sun L, Lobarinas E, Wang Q, Nguyen KN, Falk JL. Pharmacokinetic determinants of cocaine's differential effects on locomotor and operant behavior. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 381:85-92. [PMID: 10554874 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dose-response, effect-time and concentration-effect relations of intravenous cocaine (1-4 mg/kg) were investigated on contingency-controlled [fixed-ratio (FR) 70 performance] and unconditioned (locomotor activity) behaviors. Cocaine dose-response curves exhibited decreasing rates of response under the FR 70 schedule but increasing locomotor activity in a dose-related fashion. Effect-time profiles confirmed that these changes were time-dependent and provided additional clarity by mirroring the biexponential decay of cocaine concentrations with time. The duration of action of cocaine was comparatively shorter on locomotor activity than on FR performance. We integrated effect-time profiles of the two behaviors with concentration-time profiles simulated from our previously published pharmacokinetic parameters to derive cocaine's pharmacodynamic parameters. Classical inhibitory Emax and sigmoidal Emax models were used to describe cocaine's effects on FR performance and locomotor activity, respectively. Simultaneous pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling reveals evidence of acute tolerance to cocaine in locomotor activity, as indicated by decreasing potency with dose, but not in contingency-controlled behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Lau
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick 08854-0820, USA.
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Abstract
Caffeine has both positive effects that contribute to widespread consumption of caffeine-containing beverages and adverse unpleasant effects if doses are increased. Caffeine has weak reinforcing properties, but with little or no evidence for upward dose adjustment, possibly because of the adverse effects of higher doses. Withdrawal symptoms, although relatively limited with respect to severity, do occur, and may contribute to maintenance of caffeine consumption. Health hazards are small if any and caffeine use is not associated with incapacitation. Thus, although caffeine can be argued to fulfill regulatory criteria as a dependence-producing drug, the extensive use of caffeine-containing beverages poses little apparent risk to the consumer or to society. The positive stimulatory effects of caffeine appear in large measure to be due to blockade of A2A receptors that stimulate GABAergic neurons of inhibitory pathways to the dopaminergic reward system of the striatum. However, blockade of striatal A1 receptors may also play a role. The mechanisms underlying negative effects of higher doses of caffeine are as yet not well defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Daly
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Wang Y, Lau CE. Caffeine has similar pharmacokinetics and behavioral effects via the i.p. and p.o. routes of administration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998; 60:271-8. [PMID: 9610952 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) or orally (p.o.) decreased the reinforcement rate and increased the nonreinforced response rate in a dose-related fashion under a differential reinforcement of low rate schedule (DRL 45-s) in 3-h sessions. These effects were similar following both routes of caffeine administration. The parallel pharmacokinetics for i.p. and p.o. caffeine were each determined and related to the respective effects of caffeine on reinforcement rate. Serum caffeine concentrations were similar across the session after the absorption phase for a given dose. Consequently, the effect remained in approximately the same range within a dose, and no single dose possessed a full concentration-effect relation for the two routes. The effects of i.p. and p.o. caffeine on reinforcement rate plateaued at doses higher than 40 mg/kg, which produced a serum caffeine concentration of approximately 25 microg/ml regardless of the route of administration. The EC50 values were 7.34 and 9.93 microg/ml for i.p. and p.o. caffeine, respectively. This study as well as our previous studies demonstrated that the i.p. route is dependable for studying caffeine dose response relations but not for studying other drugs (e.g., midazolam). The possible mechanism accounting for this difference is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Lau CE, Wang J. Alprazolam, caffeine and their interaction: relating DRL performance to pharmacokinetics. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996; 126:115-24. [PMID: 8856830 DOI: 10.1007/bf02246346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Three-hour sessions of differential reinforcement of low-rate behavior (DRL 45-s) in rats were used to investigate alprazolam, caffeine, and their interactions at the onset, peak and disappearance of serum alprazolam, while caffeine level remained constant. The dose-response curve (DRC) method of Pöch permitted an extensive evaluation of the kind (additivity or independence) of interactions occurring in combined drug effects. The alprazolam and caffeine DRCs were used to derive theoretical additive and independent relations, and the observed combined effects compared to these functions. Behavior-time profiles of the combined effects were similarly compared. Serum alprazolam and caffeine concentrations correlated with their respective behavior-time profiles. No acute tolerance was observed either for the individual drugs or their combinations. Alprazolam was more potent than caffeine in disrupting DRL behavior. Because alprazolam is much shorter-lived (t1/2 = 32 min) than caffeine (t1/2 = 3 h) in rats, potency ratios between alprazolam and caffeine changed across session time (from 123 to 4), which determined the expression of the combined effects. Although the combined effects were not distinguishable in terms of additivity or independence in both the DRCs and in the behavior-time profiles, they showed neither synergism nor antagonism. The pharmacokinetics of alprazolam were not altered by caffeine, but those of caffeine were affected by alprazolam.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Lau
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Jacobson KA, von Lubitz DK, Daly JW, Fredholm BB. Adenosine receptor ligands: differences with acute versus chronic treatment. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1996; 17:108-13. [PMID: 8936347 PMCID: PMC3431161 DOI: 10.1016/0165-6147(96)10002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors have been the target of intense research with respect to potential use of selective ligands in a variety of therapeutic areas. Caffeine and theophylline are adenosine receptor antagonists, and over the past three decades a wide range of selective agonists and antagonists for adenosine receptor subtypes have been developed. A complication to the therapeutic use of adenosine receptor ligands is the observation that the effects of acute administration of a particular ligand can be diametrically opposite to the chronic effects of the same ligand. This 'effect inversion' is discussed here by Ken Jacobson and colleagues, and has been observed for effects on cognitive processes, seizures and ischaemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
For two chronic intraperitoneal caffeine dose regimens (10 and 80 mg/kg per day), tolerance developed rapidly (2-3 days) to the stimulatory effects of caffeine on locomotor activity. However, surmountability of the tolerant activity rate levels by caffeine administration was dose dependent: Activity rate was restored fully by acute caffeine administration for the 10 mg/kg per day series, but not for the 80 mg/kg per day series. The extent of tolerance was also dose-dependent: Tolerance was incomplete for the low-dose daily caffeine series but complete for the high-dose series. Upon discontinuation of daily caffeine dosing, activity rate decreased to the original baseline levels for both chronic series. Caffeine tolerance and the quantification of its surmountability may be explained by the pharmacokinetics of caffeine and the upregulation of adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Lau
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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