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Allemand M, Grünenfelder-Steiger AE, Fend HA, Hill PL. Self-control in adolescence predicts forgivingness in middle adulthood. J Pers 2023; 91:400-412. [PMID: 35551671 PMCID: PMC10084201 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This 33-year study examined associations between self-control development in adolescence and forgivingness, i.e., the dispositional tendency to forgive others, in middle adulthood. METHODS Participants were 1350 adults aged 45 years (50.6% female). Self-control was measured yearly from age 12 to 16, while forgivingness was measured at age 45. RESULTS Results indicated significant individual differences in level and change of self-control across the adolescent years and an average mean-level increase. Individual differences in level and change in self-control were independently associated with forgivingness in middle adulthood. Individuals who either entered adolescence with higher self-control, and/or increased in self-control during the adolescent years, reported higher scores in forgivingness at age 45 compared to peers. This pattern held even after controlling for gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and conduct problems in adolescence. CONCLUSION The current findings demonstrate that developmental processes in adolescence are important for individual differences in the dispositional tendency to forgive others in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Allemand
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Helmut A Fend
- Institute of Education, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick L Hill
- Deparment of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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2
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Gao F, Li Y, Bai X. Forgiveness and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis review. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Quintana-Orts C, Rey L, Sánchez-Álvarez N, Neto F, Mullet E. Measuring dispositional forgiveness among Spanish adolescents and emerging adults: Psychometric properties of the Spanish Forgivingness Questionnaire (FQ). CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe adaptation of the Forgivingness Questionnaire (FQ) has been performed for different languages and with diverse samples. So far, no psychometric properties were evaluated for a Spanish version of the FQ. The main aim of the current study was to examine the psychometric properties of the FQ in two Spanish samples: adolescents and emerging adults. A total of 1,076 participants: 419 adolescents (56% females; Mage = 13.78 years) and 657 emerging adults (64% females; Mage = 21.06 years) completed the Spanish version of FQ and other measures. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the three-factor model of the FQ, and high reliability for both samples. Convergent validity was supported and multi-group analyses showed the invariance of the factor structure of FQ across gender. These results provide evidence of good psychometric properties of the FQ as a tool to measure dispositional forgiveness among Spanish adolescents and emerging adults.
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Tao L, Zhu T, Min Y, Ji M. The Older, the More Forgiving? Characteristics of Forgiveness of Chinese Older Adults. Front Psychol 2021; 12:732863. [PMID: 34938230 PMCID: PMC8685202 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.732863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the characteristics of forgiveness in the aging cohorts, which is regarded to be associated with healthy outcomes. Data were drawn from a sample of 308 older adults (aged from 60 to 98 years) who completed the forgiveness questionnaire: forgiving others of The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS) to examine explicit forgiveness, and among the participants, 44 older adults were administrated on the variant single category of implicit association test (SC-IAT) to examine the implicit forgiveness. The results revealed that (1) there is no correlation between explicit forgiveness and implicit forgiveness of older adults. (2) The result of explicit forgiveness is relatively high while that of implicit forgiveness is relatively low. (3) There was no significant correlation between explicit forgiveness and age, but there was significant difference between age groups, as forgiveness tendency of the elderly had a trough in the age group of 70–79 and then rebounded. (4) Implicit forgiveness was significantly correlated with age, and the difference between age groups was marginal. The forgiveness tendency of the elderly over 80 years old was significantly higher than that of the other two age groups. (5) Gender differences are found in both explicit and implicit forgiveness. The findings indicated that (1) explicit and implicit measures in this study have assessed independent and complementary aspects of forgiveness tendency in older adults. (2) Implicit forgiveness falls behind explicit forgiveness, and true internal forgiveness is difficult and rare in older adults according to data analysis. (3) The trend of explicit forgiveness with age is not obvious, because explicit forgiveness in the middle old age group presents an inflection point. However, implicit forgiveness increases slowly with age. (4) Women excel men in scores obtained with both explicit and implicit measures for forgiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjin Tao
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Institute of Medical Humanities, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanglu Min
- Wuxi Qingshan Senior High School, Wuxi, China
| | - Mingxia Ji
- Guangming Branch of Shenzhen Institute of Education Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Marian MI, Barth KM, Oprea MI. Responses to Offense at Work and the Impact of Hierarchical Status: The Fault of the Leader, Causal Attributions, and Social Support During the Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:734703. [PMID: 34899475 PMCID: PMC8661119 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.734703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The study explores the mechanism by which unadapted causal attributions and the perception of social support stimulate revenge and reconciliation at the social and professional level in the context of the current pandemic. In particular, the purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between the accused, the victim and offender status and the search for revenge or reconciliation following a personal offense. To test the suggested research model, we analyzed the data collected by 167 (m = 28.52; SD = 8.98) employees in different organizations using a multifactorial experimental design. The results support the influence of attributional predictions in forming revenge and reconciliation and show that they are involved in the decision to carry out revenge, but especially in the way the employee interprets the trigger situation. In conclusion, the revenge is based on a negative attributional mechanism that produces the greatest deficit of adaptation to the situation and a weakening of the perception of social support, while reconciliation seems to be based on a much more complex socio-occupational mechanism. Leaders should pay attention to organizational communication during a crisis as they could encourage hopelessness depression. Adjusting crisis communication is crucial to ensuring job satisfaction that could mitigate negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mihai Ionut Oprea
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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6
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Decisional forgiveness across spanish and american samples: Translation, validation, and measurement invariance of the decision to forgive scale. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Yucel M, Vaish A. Eliciting forgiveness. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2021; 12:e1572. [PMID: 34309234 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
When we commit transgressions, we need to be forgiven to restore our friendships and social standing. Two main ways we can elicit forgiveness is through asking for forgiveness after committing a transgression (i.e., retrospective elicitors) or before committing a transgression (i.e., prospective elicitors). Research on retrospective elicitors with adults and children indicates that apologizing or showing remorse elicits forgiveness from both victims and bystanders, and sheds light on the nuances of such elicitors and their functions. Far less is known about how adults and children respond to prospective elicitors of forgiveness, such as disclaimers (statements that prepare the listener for a transgression or a failure of character or performance, e.g., "I don't mean to be rude but…"), and how the functions and effectiveness of prospective elicitors compare to those of retrospective elicitors. Furthermore, much less is known about the additive effects of using both retrospective and prospective elicitors of forgiveness. A better understanding of how and when forgiveness is elicited in childhood and through adulthood promises to shed light on human sociality and cooperativeness. This article is categorized under: Cognitive Biology > Social Development Psychology > Emotion and Motivation Cognitive Biology > Cognitive Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Yucel
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Amrisha Vaish
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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8
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Kemp E, Strelan P, Roberts RM, Burns NR, Mulvey KL. The Children's Forgiveness Card Set: Development of a Brief Pictorial Card-Sorting Measure of Children's Emotional Forgiveness. Front Psychol 2021; 12:628152. [PMID: 33854463 PMCID: PMC8039374 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.628152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Friendships have important influences on children's well-being and future adjustment, and interpersonal forgiveness has been suggested as a crucial means for children to maintain friendships. However, existing measures of preadolescent children's forgiveness are restricted by developmental limitations to reporting emotional responses via questionnaire and inconsistent interpretations of the term “forgive.” This paper describes development and testing of concurrent and discriminant validity of a pictorial measure of children's emotional forgiveness, the Children's Forgiveness Card Set (CFCS). In Study 1, 148 Australian children aged 8–13 years (M = 10.54, SD = 1.35) responded to a hypothetical transgression in which apology was manipulated and completed the CFCS and extant measures of forgiveness and socially desirable responding. Following an exploratory factor analysis to clarify the structure of the CFCS, the CFCS correlated moderately with other forgiveness measures and did not correlate with socially desirable responding. Apology predicted CFCS responding among older children. In Study 2 an exploratory factor analysis broadly replicated the structure of the CFCS among a sample of N = 198 North American children aged 5–14 years (M = 9.39 years, SD = 1.67). We also fitted an exploratory bi-factor model to the Study 2 data which clarified which cards best measured general forgiveness, or positive or hostile aspects of responding to transgressions. Apology once again predicted the CFCS, this time regardless of age. The CFCS appears a potentially valid measure of children's emotional forgiveness. Potential applications and differences between explicit and latent forgiveness in children are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kemp
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter Strelan
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas R Burns
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kelly Lynn Mulvey
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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9
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Upenieks L. Through Him and With Him? A Longitudinal Study of How God-Mediated Control Beliefs Shape the Relationship between Divine Forgiveness and Physical Health in Later Life. J Aging Health 2021; 33:504-517. [PMID: 33787383 DOI: 10.1177/0898264321996567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: While there has been a recent surge in research on forgiveness and health, much less is known about the relationship between divine forgiveness and health. Methods: Using longitudinal data from the 2001-2004 Religion, Aging, and Health Survey from the United States, the current study assesses how changes in beliefs in God-mediated control, a perceived collaborative relationship with a divine power, affect the association between divine forgiveness and physical health among Christian older adults. Results: Older adults with consistently high beliefs in God-mediated control over the study period received stronger health benefits of divine forgiveness. Forgiveness by God also had a stronger relationship with health compared to forgiveness of self and others. Discussion: The findings underscore the importance of subjective beliefs about God. Future research directions are proposed to advance the study of religion and health in later life by conceiving of a more salient role for divine forgiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Upenieks
- Department of Sociology, 14643Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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10
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Tao L, Ji M, Zhu T, Fu H, Sun R. A Pilot Study for Forgiveness Intervention in Adolescents With High Trait Anger: Enhancing Empathy and Harmony. Front Psychol 2021; 11:569134. [PMID: 33424680 PMCID: PMC7785983 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Forgiveness interventions benefit victims’ mental health, reduce levels of anger, and promote forgiveness. However, forgiveness interventions are rarely used to improve the offender’s anger and mental health, especially in specific situations such as juvenile correctional facilities. The offender is often also a victim, and reducing the offender’s excessive anger may prevent or decrease the likelihood of future interpersonal violence. This study examined the effects of forgiveness interventions on anger, forgiveness, empathy, and harmony of juvenile delinquents with high levels of trait anger. Eighteen adolescents with trait anger in a juvenile correctional facility volunteered to participate in group counseling. A pretest–posttest method of quasi-experimental design was used, with 8 participants in the intervention group and 10 in the control group; the intervention group received forgiveness group counseling, and the control group did not. The results revealed that the intervention group had significantly higher scores for forgiveness, empathy, and harmony than the control group, although no significant differences in the scores of state and trait anger were found. The forgiveness intervention had significantly improved the levels of forgiveness toward specific perpetrators of childhood victimization for the juvenile delinquents with high levels of trait anger, raising their levels of empathy and harmony; there was no significant increase in trait anger. The findings indicated that forgiveness intervention provides an effective way to improve the positive mental strength of adolescents with high levels of trait anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjin Tao
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxia Ji
- Guangming Branch of Shenzhen Institute of Education Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Institute of Medical Humanities, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Fu
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoying Sun
- Personnel Department, Suzhou Vocational Institute of Industrial Technology, Suzhou, China
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11
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Cooney A, Allan A, Allan MM, Mckillop D, Drake DG. The forgiveness process in primary and secondary victims of violent and sexual offences. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cooney
- School of Psychology and Social Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alfred Allan
- School of Psychology and Social Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Maria M. Allan
- School of Psychology and Social Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dianne Mckillop
- School of Psychology and Social Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Deirdre G. Drake
- School of Psychology and Social Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Song MJ, Yu L, Enright RD. Trauma and healing in the underserved populations of homelessness and corrections: Forgiveness Therapy as an added component to intervention. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 28:694-714. [PMID: 33179387 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to begin applying the principles of the psychology of forgiveness to people who are without homes and people who are in prisons. A review of the literature shows trauma for both groups. When the trauma is caused by unjust treatment by others, then excessive anger can result, compromising one's psychological and physical health. We review the interventions that have been offered for those without homes and the imprisoned to examine which existing programmes address such anger. Forgiveness Therapy, although untried in these two settings, may be one beneficial approach for substantially reducing unhealthy anger. Forgiveness interventions have shown a cause-and-effect relationship between learning to forgive and overcoming psychological compromise such as strong resentment and clinical levels of anxiety and depression. The literature review here suggests that forgiveness therapy for those without homes and the imprisoned may be a new and important consideration for ameliorating anger and aiding in a changed life pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lifan Yu
- Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert D Enright
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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13
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Ma L, Jiang Y. Empathy Mediates the Relationship Between Motivations After Transgression and Forgiveness. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1466. [PMID: 32733330 PMCID: PMC7360792 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies found the associations between motivations after transgression and forgiveness in adults. However, less is known about the relationship between transgression-related motivations and forgiveness among adolescents and the potential mediating role of empathy. These questions were investigated among 445 Chinese adolescents using the Tendency to Forgive Scale, the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory, and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The results found a negative relationship between avoidance and revenge motivation and forgiveness tendency and a positive association between benevolent motivation and forgiveness tendency. In addition, the study also revealed a partial mediating role of empathy regarding the effect of the transgression-related motivations on forgiveness tendency. These findings suggested that empathy plays a vital role in the relationship between transgression-related motivations and forgiveness among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,School of Teacher Education, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, China
| | - Yingjie Jiang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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14
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Abstract
Forgiveness may serve as an essential positive resource to help individuals cope emotionally with stressful events, ultimately influencing health. Examination of how individuals forgive within the context of close relationships can provide useful information about positive aging. In this study, we examine how the severity of a recent transgression committed by a spouse/partner or other close social relationship is associated with self-reported physical health among older adults. We also examine how state forgiveness (i.e., in context of a specific event) can offset the potentially negative impact of transgressions on health and further compare the impact when the transgressor is a spouse/partner versus another close social relationship. Data are from the Detroit Community Survey, a cross-sectional survey of social relations, forgiveness, humility, and health in the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Respondents age 50 and older were selected for analysis (N=380). Structural equation models indicated that greater transgression severity was associated with worse self-rated health. Further, state forgiveness was found to play a significant moderating role. Among older adults who were more likely to forgive their transgressor, experiencing a more severe transgression was associated with worse health. In contrast, among older adults less likely to forgive, there was no association between transgression severity and self-rated health. Additionally, among older adults less likely to forgive, the transgressor being a close other social relationship was associated with worse health compared to when it was a spouse/partner. In contrast, when more likely to forgive there was no association between who the transgressor was and self-rated health. This study contributes to a better understanding of how interpersonal stress, specifically a recent transgression experienced within the context of close social relationships, can be harmful to older adults’ health. Findings highlight the importance of forgiveness as a resource that can help facilitate positive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Webster
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Kristine J Ajrouch
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Criminology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, United States
| | - Toni C Antonucci
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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15
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Wainryb C, Recchia H, Faulconbridge O, Pasupathi M. To err is human: Forgiveness across childhood and adolescence. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wainryb
- Department of Psychology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Holly Recchia
- Department of Education Concordia University Montreal Quebec Canada
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16
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Kim JJ, Enright RD, Wong L. Compassionate love and dispositional forgiveness: does compassionate love predict dispositional forgiveness? JOURNAL OF SPIRITUALITY IN MENTAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19349637.2020.1739598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jichan J. Kim
- Department of Psychology, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert D. Enright
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- International Forgiveness Institute, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lai Wong
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Maralov VG, Sitarov VA. POSITIONS OF NON-VIOLENCE AND NON-INTERFERENCE IN STUDENTS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.17853/1994-5639-2019-4-115-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The ability to non-violent interaction acts as the most important indicator of professional competency of specialists of “person to person” type occupations: teachers, psychologists, physicians, social workers, etc. Such ability has to be formed at the stage of higher education institution. To build the conditions for development and consolidation in students of the position of non-violence and to neutralise propensity to coercion and manipulation, it is necessary to provide regular monitoring on the identification of prevalent psychological attitudes in students: coercion, manipulation, non-violence, non-interference, including the analysis of their structure and content. However, correctional work with students can become complicated by their internal resistance to the need to change personally, overcoming the developed stereotypes and attitudes, as well as by ambiguity of potential deformations of positions similar to non-violence, but not similar to its positions.The aim of the present research consisted in comparative characteristic of positions of non-violence and non-interference in students of psycho-pedagogical and medical specialties.Methodology and research methods. The methodological framework of the research was based on the provisions of modern philosophy, pedagogics and psychology about non-violence as a universal human value. As a diagnostic tool, the authors designed the questionnaires to identify the types of students’ interaction with people and the positions held by students. The tests of “Motivation to Success” and “Motivation of Failure Avoidance” by T. Ehlers, the test-questionnaire “Readiness for risk” by G. Schubert, “Method for Studying Trust to Own Self” by N. B. Astanina were employed. The total sample involved 362 students of the Moscow University for the Humanities, Cherepovets State University and Ivanovo State Medical Academy. To conduct the comparative analysis, the groups of students with the expressed non-violence position – 81 persons (22.38% of the total sample) and students with the expressed non-interference position – 34 persons (9.39% of the total sample) were allocated. The statistical significance of distinctions was calculated using of the Fisher’s angular transformation. Results and scientific novelty. As a result, it was established that a low level of irritability to people, high sensitivity to people, moderate expressiveness of motivation of success achievement and readiness to take the reasonable risk are common to students with prevalence of the position of non-violence. The respondents of this group demonstrated the dominant need for safety, which is expressed in high sensitivity to threats and choice of adequate ways of reaction in life-threatening situations with the average level of own credibility. The higher potential of irritability, low sensitivity to other people, tendency to failures avoiding and desire not to risk prevail among the students with the expressed position of non-interference. The need for experience of feeling safety, low sensitivity to threats, the aspiration to exaggerate value of dangers and low level of own credibility characterise the students of the group described above. The authors concluded that sensitivity to another person and own credibility act as the key factors, which cause the acceptance by students of the positions of non-violence or non-interference.Practical significance. The received results can be used in the course of formation of students’ ability to non-violent interaction as the most important professional competency of future specialists of “person to person” type occupations.
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The effects of self-forgiveness and shame-proneness on procrastination: exploring the mediating role of affect. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Riek BM, DeWit CC. Differences and Similarities in Forgiveness Seeking Across Childhood and Adolescence. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 44:1119-1132. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167218760797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines age-related differences and similarities in forgiveness seeking. Students in third, seventh, and 12th grade imagined themselves committing various transgressions and the characteristics of these transgression (e.g., severity of consequences, type of offense) were manipulated. Across the age groups, forgiveness seeking was predicted by guilt, whereas withdrawal was predicted by shame. For all age groups, forgiveness seeking was more likely to occur when the offense was an active one rather than a failure to act. However, age differences were found in how offense severity affected forgiveness seeking. Older students were more likely to seek forgiveness when the offense was high rather than low in severity, but younger students did not show this difference. Age differences were also found in the motivations for seeking forgiveness. Finally, teacher ratings of students’ overall prosocial behavior were positively correlated with forgiveness seeking.
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Kaleta K, Mróz J. Forgiveness and life satisfaction across different age groups in adults. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Mattis JS, Powell W, Grayman NA, Murray Y, Cole-Lewis YC, Goodwill JR. What Would I Know About Mercy? Faith and Optimistic Expectancies Among African Americans. RACE AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS 2017; 9:42-52. [PMID: 29057016 PMCID: PMC5650199 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-016-9190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A small body of research has begun to explore the association between faith and optimism among African Americans. However, missing from the extant work is an examination of the extent to which traditional indices of religious commitment work together with beliefs about God to shape optimism. The present study examines the utility of indices of social location, religious commitment (i.e., early and current religious service attendance, subjective religiosity), belief about the quality of one's relationship with God (i.e., a belief that one is connected to a loving God), and beliefs about being the recipient of divine forgiveness for predicting dispositional optimism among a sample of community residing African American adults (N = 241). Age, subjective religiosity, and organizational religiosity were positively related to optimism in bivariate analyses. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated a significant association between age, subjective religiosity, and optimism; however, those associations were eliminated once relationship with God and belief in one's forgiveness by God were entered into the model. Only belief in God's love predicted optimism in multivariate analyses. Serial mediation analyses revealed that beliefs about the quality of one's relationship with God and belief in divine forgiveness fully mediated the relationship between subjective religiosity and optimism, but that the relationship is driven largely by relationship with God. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Mattis
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wizdom Powell
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Yasmin C Cole-Lewis
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Janelle R Goodwill
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Exline JJ, Worthington EL, Hill P, McCullough ME. Forgiveness and Justice: A Research Agenda for Social and Personality Psychology. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 7:337-48. [PMID: 14633470 DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0704_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Forgiveness and related constructs (e.g., repentance, mercy, reconciliation) are ripe for study by social and personality psychologists, including those interested in justice. Current trends in social science, law, management, philosophy, and theology suggest a need to expand existing justice frameworks to incorporate alternatives or complements to retribution, including forgiveness and related processes. In this article, we raise five challenging empirical questions about forgiveness. For each question, we briefly review representative research, raise hypotheses, and suggest specific ways in which social and personality psychologists could make distinctive contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Juola Exline
- Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Powell W, Banks KH, Mattis JS. Buried hatchets, marked locations: Forgiveness, everyday racial discrimination, and African American men's depressive symptomatology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2016; 87:646-662. [PMID: 27786503 PMCID: PMC5408301 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Everyday racial discrimination (ERD) is linked to pronounced depressive symptomatology among African American men. Yet, many African American men do not experience depressive symptoms following ERD exposure often because they use positive coping strategies that offset its effects. Granting forgiveness is 1 coping strategy associated with less depression. However, extant findings about the mental health benefits of forgiveness are somewhat mixed and pay scarce attention to offenses which are fleeting, historically rooted, and committed outside of close personal relationships. Evidence further suggest age-related differences in forgiveness, ERD exposure, and depressive symptoms. We explore the extent to which 3 strategies of granting forgiveness of ERD-letting go of negative emotion (negative release), embracing positive emotion (positive embrace), or combining both (combined)-are associated with less depressive symptomatology in 674 African American men (ages 18 through 79). Building on past findings, we also test whether these forgiveness strategies moderate the ERD-depressive symptoms relationship for men in different age groups (18 through 25, 26 through 39, and 40). Higher combined and negative release forgiveness were directly related to lower depressive symptoms among 18 through 25 year olds. We also detected a less pronounced positive relationship between ERD and depressive symptoms among men reporting high levels of combined (18 through 25 and 26 through 39 groups) and negative release (26 through 39 and 40+ groups) forgiveness. We observed a more pronounced positive ERD-depressive symptoms relationship among 18 through 25 and 26 through 39 year olds reporting lower forgiveness. When faced with frequent ERD, younger African American men may have the most difficult time burying hatchets without marking their location but experience more positive mental health benefits when they do. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Wizdom Powell
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Jacqueline S Mattis
- Department of Personality and Social Contexts, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Cameron K, Caza A. Organizational and Leadership Virtues and the Role of Forgiveness. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107179190200900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of virtues in organizational life has been neglected. Systematic studies of the development and demonstration of virtue have been all but absent in the organizational sciences. This article highlights the potential impact of virtues in organizations, particularly the power of forgiveness to affect individual and collective outcomes. Under conditions of organizational injury and trauma, such as when organizations downsize, leaders have an especially important role to play in demonstrating virtuous behaviors. In this paper, we describe some early research findings that explore the effects of organizational virtues, and we highlight the role of one particularly misunderstood virtue--organizational forgiveness--and its role in the leadership of effective organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Cameron
- University of Michigan School of Business, Ann Arbor,
MI
| | - Arran Caza
- University of Michigan School of Business, Ann Arbor,
MI
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Abstract
In light of growing empirical interest in the links between forgiveness, religious belief, and well-being, a study was designed to examine the emotional impact of a specific problem with forgiveness: difficulty forgiving God. Difficulty forgiving God was found to predict anxious and depressed mood within a college student sample ( N 5 200), and its contribution was independent of difficulties forgiving the self and others. Two psychological factors emerged as central in explaining the link between difficulty forgiving God and negative emotion: an angry disposition and feelings of alienation from God. Also, among those who currently believed in God, forgiving God for a specific, powerful incident predicted lower levels of anxious and depressed mood. These findings suggest that an unforgiving attitude toward God is a distinct type of problem with forgiveness, one that serves as a potent predictor of negative emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Marie Yali
- Behavioral Medicine and Oncology Division, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
| | - Marci Lobel
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Stony Brook
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Taysi E, Orcan F. The conceptualisation of forgiveness among Turkish children and adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 52:473-481. [PMID: 26663354 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study examined (a) how Turkish children and adolescents define forgiveness, (b) the association between self-reported forgiveness and the concepts participants hold and (c) the association between self-reported forgiveness and age. Three hundred and sixty-seven Turkish children in primary (N = 220) and secondary schools (N = 147) were involved in the study. Participants were asked to define forgiveness, and the study used the Enright Forgiveness Inventory for Children (EFI-C). Participants' conceptions of forgiveness were categorised into four groups: conditional forgiveness, reconciliation, ignoring the hurtful event and affective reactions. Half of all the participants in the study were found to be in the conditional forgiveness category. Turkish children were found to be mostly in the category of conditional forgiveness, reconciliation and affective reactions compared with adolescents. Adolescents were mainly found to be in the ignoring the hurtful event category. The highest self-reported forgiveness mean was in the affective reactions category. Participants were commonly offended by friends, siblings, teachers and fathers. No correlation was found between self-reported forgiveness and age. The present results expand the literature of forgiveness by presenting evidence that Turkish children's and adolescents' understanding of forgiveness moderately relates to theoretical definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Taysi
- Department of Psychology, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Fatih Orcan
- Department of Educational Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Zdaniuk A, Bobocel DR. The role of idealized influence leadership in promoting workplace forgiveness. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Johnson HD, Wernli MA, LaVoie JC. Situational, interpersonal, and intrapersonal characteristic associations with adolescent conflict forgiveness. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2015; 174:291-315. [PMID: 23991525 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2012.670672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT. Given the voluntary nature of adolescent friendships, forgiveness of interpersonal transgressions has been identified as a critical aspect of maintaining these relationships. However, transgression forgiveness is related to a range of situational (e.g., transgression severity), interpersonal (e.g., friendship commitment), and intrapersonal (e.g., victim's empathy) factors. Data from 161 adolescents were used to examine the nature of the relationships between these factors and forgiveness and to examine the differential association patterns for adolescent boys and girls. Results for the overall adolescent sample indicated both situational and interpersonal factor associations with forgiveness (R2 = .52, p < .001). Examination of separate female and male forgiveness reports indicated similar interpersonal factor associations and differential situational factor associations with female (R2 = .46, p < .001), and male (R2 = .60, p < .001) forgiveness. Findings suggest the likelihood of forgiving may be contextually dependent, and that researchers should consider transgression, relationship, and intrapersonal characteristics when examining forgiveness. Further, the present study suggests the contextual factors associated with forgiveness may be further differentiated by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Durell Johnson
- Pennsylvania State University, Human Development and Family Studies, Dunmore, PA 18512, USA.
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Taysi E, Curun F, Orcan F. Hope, anger, and depression as mediators for forgiveness and social behavior in Turkish children. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 149:378-93. [PMID: 25901636 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2014.881313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the mediating effects of hope, anger, and depression in the associations between forgiveness and social behavior, in fourth grade students in Turkey. The 352 fourth grade primary school students were involved in the study. The average age was 9.98 and 56.3% were boys. The Enright Forgiveness Inventory for Children (EFI-C), the Beck Anger Inventory for Youth (BANI-Y), the Children Hope Scale (CHS), the Social Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ), and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) were used. Results showed that depression mediates the relationship between anger and antisocial behavior and between hope and antisocial behavior. Anger mediates the relationship between hope and depression and between hope and antisocial behavior. Forgiveness was related to anger and hope directly. Implications of this study for child counseling were discussed.
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Enright RD. Clearing Up Client Confusion Regarding the Meaning of Forgiveness: An Aristotelian/Thomistic Analysis With Counseling Implications. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-007x.2014.00055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Enright
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison and International Forgiveness Institute, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin
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Gassin EA, Lengel GJ. Let me hear of your mercy in the mourning: forgiveness, grief, and continuing bonds. DEATH STUDIES 2014; 38:465-475. [PMID: 24758217 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2013.792661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Clarity about the utility of continuing bonds (CB) continues to be evasive in the research. In 2 different correlational studies, the authors explored the relationship between CB and 2 other variables: 1 representing mental health (forgiveness of the deceased) and the other representing psychological distress (prolonged grief). Although researchers have addressed the latter relationship in the literature, assessing the relationship between CB and forgiveness has not been undertaken. Results suggest that forgiveness in general, and affective aspects of forgiveness in particular, predict psychological forms of CB. Results related to grief depended on how CB was assessed. These findings provide evidence of the relative health of certain types of relationship with deceased persons and also suggest that forgiveness interventions may be a way of promoting such healthy bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Gassin
- a Department of Behavioral Sciences , Olivet Nazarene University , Bourbonnais , Illinois , USA
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32
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Forgiveness intervention for female South Korean adolescent aggressive victims. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Poston JM, Hanson WE, Schwiebert V. The Relationship Between Episodic and Dispositional Forgiveness, Psychosocial Development, and Counseling. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-007x.2012.00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Flanagan KS, Vanden Hoek KK, Ranter JM, Reich HA. The potential of forgiveness as a response for coping with negative peer experiences. J Adolesc 2012; 35:1215-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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ROMIG CHARLESA, VEENSTRA GLENN. Forgiveness and Psychosocial Development: Implications for Clinical Practice. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-007x.1998.tb00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Olivett M, Powers R. Experiences of Forgiveness Among Nonclergy Clients Receiving Residential Psychiatric Treatment. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-007x.2009.tb00119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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MCCULLOUGH MICHAELE, WORTHINGTON EVERETTL. Models of Interpersonal Forgiveness and Their Applications to Counseling: Review and Critique. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-007x.1994.tb01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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ENRIGHT ROBERTD, EASTIN DAVIDL, GOLDEN SANDRA, SARINOPOULOS ISSIDOROS, FREEDMAN SUZANNE. Interpersonal Forgiveness Within the Helping Professions: An Attempt to Resolve Differences of Opinion. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-007x.1991.tb00966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Konstam V, Holmes W, Levine B. Empathy, Selfism, and Coping as Elements of the Psychology of Forgiveness: A Preliminary Study. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-007x.2003.tb00264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Christensen KJ, Padilla-Walker LM, Busby DM, Hardy SA, Day RD. Relational and social-cognitive correlates of early adolescents' forgiveness of parents. J Adolesc 2011; 34:903-13. [PMID: 21296401 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined how mother and father-child relationship quality and marital forgiveness were related to early adolescents' forgiveness of mothers and fathers. Adolescents' social-cognitive skills (empathy and emotional regulation) and parents' forgiveness of child were examined as mediators. Mother, father, and child self-reported questionnaires and observational data were taken from Time 1 and Time 3 (two years later) of the Flourishing Families Project, and included 334 two-parent families with an early adolescent (M age at Time 1 = 11.24; 51% male; 76% Caucasian). Using path analyses via structure equation modeling, mother-child relationship quality and adolescents' own social-cognitive skills were salient correlates of adolescents' forgiveness toward parents. The unique contributions of mothers and fathers, differences by reporter, and the importance of studying forgiveness within the parent-child relationship are discussed.
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Abstract
This study expands the understanding of forgiveness among a sample of older adults in Israel by exploring the contributory roles of meaning in life; stressful life events; and socio economic variables such as gender, age, and religiosity as well as time and agent of hurt. A convenience sample of 225 older adults in Israel responded to the Enright Forgiveness Inventory and the Reker Meaning in Life Scale. An additional questionnaire contained demographic and other background information, including a list of traumatic life events. The results of our study support our assumption that meaning in life correlates with forgiveness on all its dimensions. Furthermore, women tend to forgive more than men, and there is a tendency to forgive family members more readily than nonfamily members, and people who are still alive, as opposed to those who have passed away.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Hantman
- Department of Social Work, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel.
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43
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Sternthal MJ, Williams DR, Musick MA, Buck AC. Depression, anxiety, and religious life: a search for mediators. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010; 51:343-359. [PMID: 20943594 DOI: 10.1177/0022146510378237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We examine several potential mechanisms linking religious involvement to depressive symptoms, major depression, and anxiety. Logistic and OLS regression estimations test five sets of potential psychosocial religion mediators: perceived attitudes toward and motivations for attendance; positive and negative religious coping; religious attitudes, beliefs, and spirituality; congregational support and criticism; and interpersonal and self-forgiveness. Compared to attending services less than once a month or never, attending services once a week but no more is associated with fewer depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms. Hypothesized mediators, including meaning, interpersonal and self-forgiveness, congregational criticism, social attendance beliefs, and negative coping are independently associated with one or more mental health outcomes.
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44
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Whited MC, Wheat AL, Larkin KT. The influence of forgiveness and apology on cardiovascular reactivity and recovery in response to mental stress. J Behav Med 2010; 33:293-304. [PMID: 20364307 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-010-9259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the relation between forgiveness and apology as they relate to cardiovascular reactivity and recovery, 29 men and 50 women were exposed to an interpersonal transgression (i.e., verbal harassment) while performing a serial subtraction task. Participants were categorized into high and low forgiveness groups based on scores on the forgiving personality scale. Following the task, approximately half of the participants received an apology from the experimenter for his/her comments during the task. Although no group differences in cardiovascular reactivity were observed during the serial subtraction task, persons high in forgiveness displayed more rapid diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure recovery than persons low in forgiveness. In response to the apology, participants displayed greater high frequency heart rate variability recovery compared to those who did not receive an apology. A significant apology x sex interaction was observed for diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure. Women who received an apology exhibited faster recovery from the transgression than women who did not receive an apology. In contrast, men who received an apology exhibited delayed recovery from the transgression compared to men who did not receive an apology. These results indicate that there are potentially healthful benefits to forgiveness and apology, but the relation is influenced by situation and by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Whited
- Department of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue N., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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45
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Allemand M, Steiner M. Verzeihen und Selbstverzeihen über die Lebensspanne. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ENTWICKLUNGSPSYCHOLOGIE UND PADAGOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1026/0049-8637/a000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Verzeihen dient der Bewältigung von interpersonalen Verletzungen und Kränkungen. Im ersten Teil dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden Begriffsbestimmungen und Operationalisierungen vorgestellt. Im zweiten Teil werden Befunde von Studien erörtert, welche die Entwicklung des Verzeihens im Kindes- und Jugendalter und vom jüngeren zum höheren Erwachsenenalter untersuchten. Neben Studien zum Verzeihen von realen und hypothetischen Verletzungen werden auch Studien zur Bereitschaft zu verzeihen (Verzeihensdisposition) und Selbstverzeihen berichtet. Über die Deskription hinausgehend werden in einem dritten Teil potenzielle Erklärungsmechanismen der Entwicklung des Verzeihens über die Lebensspanne identifiziert und kritisch diskutiert. Mögliche Implikationen für die Forschung aus Sicht der Lebenslaufperspektive schließen den Beitrag ab.
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Laufer A, Raz-Hamama Y, Levine SZ, Solomon Z. Posttraumatic Growth in Adolescence: The Role of Religiosity, Distress, and Forgiveness. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2009.28.7.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Ingersoll-Dayton B, Campbell R, Ha JH. Enhancing forgiveness: a group intervention for the elderly. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2009; 52:2-16. [PMID: 19197626 PMCID: PMC3116269 DOI: 10.1080/01634370802561901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a therapeutic model of forgiveness (Enright, 2001) and discusses its applicability to social work intervention with older adults. A total of 20 men and women, aged 57-82, participated in 2 different forgiveness groups, each of which met weekly for 8 sessions with a 4-month follow-up session. Measures of forgiveness, as well as biopsychosocial functioning, were collected before and after the group intervention. Results indicated that participants experienced long-term improvement with respect to forgiveness and depression, short-term improvement of physical health, and no change in relation to anxiety or social support. Clinical issues that emerged during the forgiveness group are discussed, and suggestions for gerontological social workers are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Ingersoll-Dayton
- School of Social Work, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109; phone: (734) 763-6577,
| | - Ruth Campbell
- Visiting Scholar, Program of Gerontological Research, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 113-0033; phone: (+81)50-8881-9303,
| | - Jung-Hwa Ha
- Waisman Center, The University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI. 53705; phone: (734) 709-6397,
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Divorcing Spouses' Coping Patterns, Attachment Bonding and Forgiveness Processes in the Post-Divorce Experience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1300/j087v29n03_04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Miller AJ, Worthington EL, McDaniel MA. Gender and Forgiveness: A Meta–Analytic Review and Research Agenda. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2008.27.8.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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