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Ola OO, Adeniran GA, Opoku-Agyemang T, Bediako E, Ishola O, Jarikre TA, Emikpe BO. Pathology and immunohistochemical evaluation of lungs of cattle slaughtered at metropolitan abattoirs in Nigeria and Ghana. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2020; 41:297-310. [PMID: 32090674 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1730889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There was a dearth of information on pathology and causal agents of bovine pneumonia in West Africa. This cross-sectional study conducted at four major metropolitan abattoirs in Nigeria and Ghana was to evaluate the pathology and to immunohistochemically demonstrates viral and bacterial pathogens of bovine pneumonia in West Africa. Out of the 20,605 cattle lungs examined at post-mortem using standard inspection procedures, 136 samples grossly showed pneumonic lesions and 99 randomly selected lung samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. The overall prevalence of pneumonia was 0.66%, with 0.72% prevalence in Ibadan, Nigeria and 9.68% prevalence in Ghana. Age and breed were observed to be among the predisposing factors to pneumonia in cattle. Histologically, bronchopneumonia (0.65%), broncho-interstitial pneumonia (0.13%), and interstitial pneumonia (0.08%) were the prominent type of pneumonias observed. Immunohistochemically, 0.8% was positive for bovine PI-3, 0.9% for bovine RSV, 1.0% for Mannheimia haemolytica (MH), and 0.6% for Pasteurella multocida (PM). There were a few interactions of pathogens: PI3 and MH (0.01%), RSV and MH (0.01%), PM and MH (0.02%). This was the first study that immunohistochemically demonstrated bacterial and viral antigens in naturally occurring pneumonia in cattle in Nigeria and Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tony Opoku-Agyemang
- Anatomy and Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ewurabena Bediako
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Oluwagbenga Ishola
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Medeiros D, Campos F, Lima M, Hubner S, Vargas G, Fischer G. Infecção latente pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) no Rio Grande do Sul. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Apesar dos bovinos serem considerados os hospedeiros naturais do BoHV-1, estudos sorológicos têm sugerido que búfalos podem ser suscetíveis ao BoHV-1 e a outros alfa-herpesvírus geneticamente relacionados. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença de DNA viral de BoHV-1 em 202 amostras de gânglios trigêmeos de búfalos, pela técnica de semi-nested PCR, para detecção de um segmento do gene codificante da glicoproteína D (gD) do BoHV-1. Além disso, 242 amostras de soro foram analisadas pela técnica de soroneutralização (SN) para a detecção de anticorpos neutralizantes contra BoHV-1, BoHV-5 e BuHV. Todas as amostras clínicas foram coletadas em um matadouro na cidade de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. O DNA de BoHV-1 foi detectado em 61 (30,1%) gânglios, e os resultados da SN demonstraram que 27,6% dos animais apresentaram anticorpos contra, pelo menos, um dos vírus testados. O sequenciamento genômico e a análise de 14 amplicons confirmaram a presença do DNA do BoHV-1 nos tecidos analisados. Em resumo, os resultados indicam que o BoHV-1 está distribuído em rebanhos bubalinos provenientes da região Sul do Brasil. Entretanto, são necessárias investigações adicionais, no sentido de elucidar o papel exato dos búfalos na epidemiologia das infecções pelo BoHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
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3
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Petrini S, Iscaro C, Righi C. Antibody Responses to Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in Passively Immunized Calves. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010023. [PMID: 30609738 PMCID: PMC6356344 DOI: 10.3390/v11010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, in countries where infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is widespread, its control is associated with deleted marker vaccines. These products lack one or more genes responsible for the synthesis of glycoproteins or enzymes. In Europe, the most widely used marker vaccine is one in which glycoprotein E (gE-) is deleted, and it is marketed in a killed or modified-live form. Using this type of immunization, it is possible to differentiate vaccinated animals (gE-) from those infected or injected with non-deleted (gE+) products using diagnostic tests specific for gE. The disadvantage of using modified-live gE-products is that they may remain latent in immunized animals and be reactivated or excreted following an immunosuppressive stimulus. For this reason, in the last few years, a new marker vaccine became commercially available containing a double deletion related to genes coding for gE and the synthesis of the thymidine-kinase (tk) enzyme, the latter being associated with the reduction of the neurotropism, latency, and reactivation of the vaccine virus. Intramuscularly and intranasally administered marker products induce a humoral immune response; however, the mother-to-calf antibody kinetics after vaccination with marker vaccines is poorly understood. This review discusses several published articles on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Carmen Iscaro
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Alkan F, Bilge-Dagalp S, Karapınar Z, Timurkan MO, Coskun N, Burgu I. Long-term study (2005-2010) on the vaccination with BoHV-1 glycoprotein E-deleted marker vaccine in selected two dairy herds in Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:353-363. [PMID: 29071668 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A follow-up study from 2005 to 2010 was carried out in two herds where eradication programme for the bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1) infection depends on the vaccination with inactivated glycoprotein E-deleted vaccine that was started in 2001 following the vaccination with inactivated conventional vaccine between 1999 and 2001. For serological screening, a total of 12,976 sera sampled over several sampling times approximately 6 months of interval during 5 years (2005-2010) were tested for glycoprotein E (gE)- and glycoprotein B-specific antibodies using ELISA. According to the serological evidence, the long-term persistence of BoHV-1 antibodies, success of marker vaccine, first vaccination time of the calves in herds regularly vaccinated, etc. were discussed in this paper. In conclusion, the vaccination programme using gE (-) marker vaccines, with making efforts to prevent the other factors about transmission of infection, was suggested for the eradication of BoHV-1 infection in Turkey as many EU countries. This is the first report on the BoHV-1 eradication programme in some dairy cattle in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feray Alkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - S Bilge-Dagalp
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Z Karapınar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - M O Timurkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - N Coskun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - I Burgu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Lee M, Reed A, Estill C, Izume S, Dong J, Jin L. Evaluation of BHV-1 antibody titer in a cattle herd against different BHV-1 strains. Vet Microbiol 2015; 179:228-32. [PMID: 26123370 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although modified-live multivalent vaccines, such as PregGuard GOLD and Bovi-Shield Gold, have been used routinely in both beef and dairy cattle in the US, abortion and respiratory diseases still occasionally occur following vaccination. To determine whether the antibody induced by the multivalent vaccine can recognize BHV-1 isolates from aborted animals, BHV-1 antibody titer was evaluated with two isolates from abortion cases and two vaccine BHV-1 viruses. Cattle serum was collected from a dairy herd that was vaccinated annually with Bovi-Shield Gold 5 vaccine. Among the 28 cattle tested, no statistical significant difference in serum neutralization titer was observed when test virus was either vaccine virus or clinical isolates. It suggests that the BHV-1 antibody from the vaccinated cattle can recognize both the vaccine virus and clinical isolates. However, it is noticed that cows at 5 years old or older had a significantly lower BHV-1 antibody titer on average than the average of SN titer in 3 year-old cows. Similarly, cows at 5 years or older had a significantly lower BVDV antibody titer than cows at about 2 years of age. In addition, cattle vaccinated within 0-2 months had a significantly higher BHV-1 titer than those that received vaccination 6 months or greater prior to titer measurement. In contrast, cattle that received a vaccination 6 months prior had a significantly higher anti-BVDV antibody titer than those vaccinated within 1-2 months. The BVDV antibody titers remained relatively unchanged between 6 months and 1 year post-vaccination. Our study suggests little antigenic variation exists between BHV-1 disease isolates and BHV-1 of the multivalent vaccines. In addition, BHV-1 antibody titer is relatively lower at 6 months post vaccination in those tested animals. However, the BVDV antibody titer remained relatively high after 6 months from time of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Aimee Reed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Charles Estill
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Satoko Izume
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States; Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
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Pathogens of bovine respiratory disease in North American feedlots conferring multidrug resistance via integrative conjugative elements. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 52:438-48. [PMID: 24478472 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02485-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined the prevalence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD)-associated viral and bacterial pathogens in cattle and characterized the genetic profiles, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and nature of antimicrobial resistance determinants in collected bacteria. Nasopharyngeal swab and lung tissue samples from 68 BRD mortalities in Alberta, Canada (n = 42), Texas (n = 6), and Nebraska (n = 20) were screened using PCR for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, parainfluenza type 3 virus, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni. Excepting bovine herpesvirus 1, all agents were detected. M. haemolytica (91%) and BVDV (69%) were the most prevalent, with cooccurrence in 63% of the cattle. Isolates of M. haemolytica (n = 55), P. multocida (n = 8), and H. somni (n = 10) from lungs were also collected. Among M. haemolytica isolates, a clonal subpopulation (n = 8) was obtained from a Nebraskan feedlot. All three bacterial pathogens exhibited a high rate of antimicrobial resistance, with 45% exhibiting resistance to three or more antimicrobials. M. haemolytica (n = 18), P. multocida (n = 3), and H. somni (n = 3) from Texas and Nebraska possessed integrative conjugative elements (ICE) that conferred resistance for up to seven different antimicrobial classes. ICE were shown to be transferred via conjugation from P. multocida to Escherichia coli and from M. haemolytica and H. somni to P. multocida. ICE-mediated multidrug-resistant profiles of bacterial BRD pathogens could be a major detriment to many of the therapeutic antimicrobial strategies currently used to control BRD.
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Ruiz-Sáenz J, Jaime J, Vera V. An inactivated vaccine from a field strain of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) has high antigenic mass and induces strong efficacy in a rabbit model. Virol Sin 2013; 28:36-42. [PMID: 23385353 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) is a DNA virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alfaherpesvirinae; it is a worldwide pathogen, causing serious economic losses in livestock. In Colombia there have been multiple isolates of BoHV-1 that have been subjected to molecular characterization, classifying most of the country isolates as BoHV-1.1. In the present study we developed and evaluated an ethyleneimine binary inactivated isolate from the native BoHV-1 strain (Córdoba-2) in a rabbit model of vaccination and infection. The vaccine was evaluated in two phases, one of immunogenicity with vaccination and a booster after 21 days, and an evaluation phase of protection against challenge with a highly virulent reference strain. The results demonstrate optimum serum-conversion, with protective neutralizing antibody titers 28 days post vaccination and optimal protection against challenge with the reference strain with decreased clinical signs of infection, protection against the onset of fever and decrease of virus excretion post challenge. In conclusion, our results show the enormous potential that an immunogenic inactivated vaccine has produced from the native BoHV-1.1 strain, which produces a high antigen mass to the vaccine to induce optimal immunity and protection, and it is a strong candidate for evaluation and possible future use in different cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ruiz-Sáenz
- Microbiology and Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National University of Colombia, Bogotá 11001, Colombia.
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8
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Dynamics of individual animal Bovine Herpes Virus-1 antibody status on 9 commercial dairy herds. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:143-9. [PMID: 21774953 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BoHV-1) is an important viral disease of cattle worldwide. In endemically infected herds, there is an incomplete understanding of the epidemiology of BoHV-1 infection. We describe the dynamics of animal-level BoHV-1 antibody status on 9 endemically infected commercial dairy herds, based on the results of serial milk antibody testing. Results were used to identify primary exposure, secondary exposure (from re-activation or re-exposure) and development of test-negative latent carrier (TNLC) status. 4153 test results from 828 cow-lactations were analysed. Primary exposure occurred on two herds, secondary exposure occurred on all herds and development of TNLC status occurred in eight herds. Incidence of secondary exposure reduced over time and may have been related to increasing time since parturition. Regular secondary exposure is required to maintain measurable antibody status.
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9
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Grom J, Hostnik P, Toplak I, Barlic-Maganja D. Molecular detection of BHV-1 in artificially inoculated semen and in the semen of a latently infected bull treated with dexamethasone. Vet J 2006; 171:539-44. [PMID: 16624722 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays specific for glycoprotein B (gB) and glycoprotein E (gE) gene detection, respectively, were adopted for the detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) in naturally infected bulls. The methods were tested on bovine semen artificially inoculated with BHV-1 and were compared with an optimised virus isolation method. Raw and extended semen samples were diluted in minimal essential medium (MEM) and spiked with equal dose of BHV-1. The extended semen was found to be more toxic for the cells than the raw semen, while the viral DNA could be detected by the PCR method in all tested dilutions of raw and extended semen samples. The sensitivity of both methods was compared also for BHV-1 detection in semen, nasal swabs and leucocytes of a seropositive bull in a different time period after virus reactivation with dexamethasone treatment. The sensitivity of virus detection by the PCR method was equivalent to that of virus isolation in cell culture. However, PCR was shown to be faster and easier to perform and may be a good alternative to virus isolation especially when bovine semen has to be screened for BHV-1 prior to artificial insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joze Grom
- Veterinary Faculty, Virology Unit, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ståhl K, Rivera H, Vågsholm I, Moreno-López J. Bulk milk testing for antibody seroprevalences to BVDV and BHV-1 in a rural region of Peru. Prev Vet Med 2002; 56:193-202. [PMID: 12441235 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(02)00161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bulk milk from 60 herds of dairy cattle in a rural region in the central highlands of Peru was tested for antibodies to bovine viral-diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1). None of the herds had been vaccinated against BVDV or BHV-1. Commercially available indirect ELISA-kits were used for antibody detection. True prevalences of BVDV and BHV-1 antibody-positive herds were 96 and 51%, respectively. A relatively low proportion of strongly positive herds suggests, however, a low prevalence of active BVDV infection. BVDV optical densities (ODs) in bulk milk increased with herd size--indicating a higher within-herd prevalence in the larger herds (probably, in part a consequence of a higher rate of animal movement into these herds). For BHV-1, this pattern was not found; a relatively high proportion of the herds was free from BHV-1 infection in each size category. This could indicate a low rate of reactivation of latent BHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ståhl
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Section of Virology SLU, Biomedical Centre, Box 585, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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11
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Caron L, Flores EF, Weiblen R, Scherer CFC, Irigoyen LF, Roehe PM, Odeon A, Sur JH. Latent infection by bovine herpesvirus type-5 in experimentally infected rabbits: virus reactivation, shedding and recrudescence of neurological disease. Vet Microbiol 2002; 84:285-95. [PMID: 11750137 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Latent infection with bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5) was established in rabbits inoculated with two South American isolates (EVI-88 and 613) by intranasal or conjunctival routes. Nine rabbits (613, 8/27; EVI-88, 1/34) developed neurological disease and died during acute infection and other three (613, n=2; EVI-88, n=1) developed a delayed neurological disease, at days 34, 41 and 56 post-inoculation (p.i.). Between days 56 and 62 p.i., the remaining rabbits were submitted to five daily administrations of dexamethasone (Dx) to reactivate the infection. Twenty-five out of 44 rabbits (56.8%) shed virus in nasal or ocular secretions after Dx treatment. Virus shedding was first detected at day two post-Dx and lasted from one to 11 days. The highest frequencies of virus reactivation were observed in rabbits inoculated conjunctivally (10/15 versus 15/29); and among rabbits infected with isolate 613 (12/16 versus 13/28). Virus reactivation upon Dx treatment was accompanied by neurological disease in nine rabbits (20.4%), resulting in six deaths (13.6%). Virus in moderate titers and mild to moderate non-suppurative inflammatory changes in the brain characterized the neurological infection. Three other rabbits showed severe neurological signs followed by death after 31 to 54 days of Dx treatment. Virus, viral nucleic acids and inflammatory changes were detected in their brains. The late-onset neurological disease, after acute infection or Dx treatment, was probably a consequence of spontaneous virus reactivation. These results demonstrate that BHV-5 does establish a latent infection in rabbits and that clinical recrudescence may occur upon reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Caron
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
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12
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Lemaire M, Meyer G, Baranowski E, Schynts F, Wellemans G, Kerkhofs P, Thiry E. Production of bovine herpesvirus type 1-seronegative latent carriers by administration of a live-attenuated vaccine in passively immunized calves. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:4233-8. [PMID: 11060097 PMCID: PMC87570 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.11.4233-4238.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of the vaccination of neonatal calves with the widely used live-attenuated temperature-sensitive (ts) bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) were investigated. The ts strain established acute and latent infections in all vaccinated calves either with or without passive immunity. Four of seven calves vaccinated under passive immunity became clearly BHV-1 seronegative by different serological tests, as did uninfected control calves after the disappearance of maternal antibodies, and they remained so for long periods. A cell-mediated immune response was detected by a BHV-1 gamma interferon assay, but this test failed to detect the seronegative latent carriers (SNLCs). While they are not detected, SNLCs represent a threat for BHV-1-free herds or countries. This study demonstrates that SNLCs can be easily obtained by inoculation with a live-attenuated BHV-1 under passive immunity and that latent carrier animals without any antibody do exist. Consequently, this situation could represent a good model to experimentally produce SNLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lemaire
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Mars MH, Rijsewijk FA, Maris-Veldhuis MA, Hage JJ, van Oirschot JT. Presence of bovine herpesvirus 1 gB-seropositive but gE-seronegative Dutch cattle with no apparent virus exposure. Vet Rec 2000; 147:328-31. [PMID: 11058022 DOI: 10.1136/vr.147.12.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Two hundred and thirty-seven of 2052 cattle which had not been vaccinated against bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) were seropositive in a glycoprotein B (gB)-blocking ELISA, but seronegative in a glycoprotein E (gE)-blocking ELISA. In order to detect whether they were latently infected with BHV-1, 10 of them were treated with corticosteroids in an attempt to reactivate putatively latent virus. After successive treatments with dexamethasone and prednisolone, no virus excretion was detected and they showed no increase in antibody titres. In contrast, one gE-seropositive animal re-excreted BHV-1 and had a four-fold increase in antibody titre after the corticosteroid treatments. After slaughter, no BHV-1 DNA could be detected with a sensitive PCR in samples of the trigeminal, cervical and sacral ganglia and spinal cords of the gE-seronegative cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Mars
- Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad), Department of Mammalian Virology, The Netherlands
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15
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Nylin B, Madsen KG, Rønsholt L. Reintroduction of bovine herpes virus type 1 into Danish cattle herds during the period 1991-1995: a review of the investigations in the infected herds. Acta Vet Scand 1999. [PMID: 9926454 DOI: 10.1186/bf03547766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In Denmark a programme for the systematic eradication of bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1) was completed during the years 1984 to 1991, but outbreaks due to new introductions of BHV-1 were seen. Between January 1991 and May 1994, 22 herds became infected with BHV-1, all located closely to the German border. In 1995, 61 herds were detected BHV-1 antibody positive, but they were situated in many different parts of Denmark. In order to find the source of infection owners of infected herds were interviewed, and restriction fragment pattern analysis (RFP-analysis) was performed on virus isolates from the herds with clinical outbreaks. Isolates from clinical outbreaks up to 1995 were identified as a Cooper-like strain, while 2 of those in 1995 had characteristics of a "new" strain, which had never before been identified in Denmark or elsewhere in Europe. In the described situation different transmission routes for virus seemed possible. One being a sporadic introduction of virus due to accidental contact with infected cattle near the German border or maybe due to an airborne transmission of virus over longer distance. The other, presumably a result of import of an infected animal despite the national regulations. The latter, due to an extensive trade pattern, resulted in the introduction of infected cattle into 51 BHV-1 seronegative cattle herds.
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16
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Pospísil Z, Krejcí J, Jínek P, Lány P, Zendulková D, Cíhal P. Development of a disease control programme based on the use of an inactivated vaccine against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Vet Microbiol 1996; 53:199-206. [PMID: 9011012 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies to investigate the efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) suggest that this vaccine can prevent the in utero infection of calves from experimentally infected dams. In an experimental herd the inactivated vaccine induced a humoral immune response in both seropositive and seronegative cattle and, after subsequent intratracheal infection with IBR (BHV-1) virus, prevented development of symptoms in the cows and protected their fetuses against infection. The calves were all healthy and were born at term. The non-vaccinated, seronegative cows responded to the experimental infection with mild respiratory disease and abortion of 4 out of 10 fetuses. All organs from the aborted fetuses were found to have IBR virus. Through the use of this vaccine, the nucleus of a seronegative, virus-free breeding herd can be established. Thus, valuable genetic material can be preserved and the eradication of IBR becomes a realistic prospect. From our initially strictly controlled experiments producing 234 healthy calves, our programme was expanded into farm practice where 1001 calves were reared free from IBR virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Pospísil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Pospísil Z, Krejcí J, Machatková M, Zendulková D, Lány P, Cíhal P. The efficacy of an inactivated IBR vaccine in the prevention of intra-uterine infection and its use in a disease-control programme. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1996; 43:15-21. [PMID: 8919965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1996.tb00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of administration of an established, inactivated IBR vaccine were studied in 30 cows from two herds (one seropositive and one seronegative). All acquired immunity which, after subsequent intratracheal infection with IBR virus, prevented development of symptoms in the cows and protected their foetuses against viral infection in utero. The calves were all healthy and were born at normal term. Ten non-vaccinated cows from the seronegative herd responded to the experimental infection with mild respiratory disease and abortion of four out of 10 foetuses. Organs from the aborted foetuses were found to have IBR virus. In a breeding herd, without clinical signs of disease but with 40% of cows tested as seropositive, a 2-year disease-control programme was initiated. A total of 234 newborn calves were examined and it was shown that immunization of their dams with an inactivated vaccine conferred full in utero protection against IBR-virus infection. When such calves are reared in isolation they can be used as the nucleus for a seronegative breeding herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Pospísil
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Epidemiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Hughes CS, Williams RA, Gaskell RM, Jordan FT, Bradbury JM, Bennett M, Jones RC. Latency and reactivation of infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine virus. Arch Virol 1991; 121:213-8. [PMID: 1662039 DOI: 10.1007/bf01316755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Latency and reactivation of a commercial infectious laryngotracheitis virus vaccine were demonstrated in live chickens. Virus was re-isolated at intervals between seven and fourteen weeks post-vaccination and this may be of epizootiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, England
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19
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Wentink GH, Rutten VP, van Exsel AC, de Jong WA, Vleugel H, Hensen EJ. Failure of an in vitro lymphoproliferative assay specific for bovine herpes virus type 1 to detect immunised or latently infected animals. Vet Q 1990; 12:175-82. [PMID: 2171184 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.1990.9694263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro lymphoproliferative assay specific for bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV1) was tested for its ability to predict whether an animal was protected against challenge with virulent BHV1 and for its ability to identify animals latently infected with the virus. Three animals that had been in contact with a field strain of the virus, three that had been vaccinated with a modified live-virus vaccine seven weeks previously, six that had been vaccinated in the same way five months previously, and seven control animals that had had no previous contact with the virus were challenged with virulent BHV1. The 12 animals that had had previous contact with BHV1 all resisted the challenge well or fairly well, but six of them did not react positively in the in vitro lymphoproliferative assay. It was concluded that the assay did not give consistent evidence of the immune status of the animals. Four animals that had had previous contact with a field strain of BHV1 were treated with dexamethasone; they excreted BHV1 irrespective of whether they showed a positive response in the in vitro lymphoproliferative assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Wentink
- Animal Health Service, Boxtel, The Netherlands
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20
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Wyler R, Engels M, Schwyzer M. Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis / Vulvovaginitis (BHV1). DEVELOPMENTS IN VETERINARY VIROLOGY 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1587-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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