1
|
Kolluru C, Todd A, Upadhye AR, Liu Y, Berezin MY, Fereidouni F, Levenson RM, Wang Y, Shoffstall AJ, Jenkins MW, Wilson DL. Imaging peripheral nerve micro-anatomy with MUSE, 2D and 3D approaches. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10205. [PMID: 35715554 PMCID: PMC9205958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding peripheral nerve micro-anatomy can assist in the development of safe and effective neuromodulation devices. However, current approaches for imaging nerve morphology at the fiber level are either cumbersome, require substantial instrumentation, have a limited volume of view, or are limited in resolution/contrast. We present alternative methods based on MUSE (Microscopy with Ultraviolet Surface Excitation) imaging to investigate peripheral nerve morphology, both in 2D and 3D. For 2D imaging, fixed samples are imaged on a conventional MUSE system either label free (via auto-fluorescence) or after staining with fluorescent dyes. This method provides a simple and rapid technique to visualize myelinated nerve fibers at specific locations along the length of the nerve and perform measurements of fiber morphology (e.g., axon diameter and g-ratio). For 3D imaging, a whole-mount staining and MUSE block-face imaging method is developed that can be used to characterize peripheral nerve micro-anatomy and improve the accuracy of computational models in neuromodulation. Images of rat sciatic and human cadaver tibial nerves are presented, illustrating the applicability of the method in different preclinical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Kolluru
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Austin Todd
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Aniruddha R. Upadhye
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA ,grid.410349.b0000 0004 5912 6484APT Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Yehe Liu
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Mikhail Y. Berezin
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Farzad Fereidouni
- grid.416958.70000 0004 0413 7653Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Richard M. Levenson
- grid.416958.70000 0004 0413 7653Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Yanming Wang
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Andrew J. Shoffstall
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA ,grid.410349.b0000 0004 5912 6484APT Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Michael W. Jenkins
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - David L. Wilson
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morgan ML, Brideau C, Teo W, Caprariello AV, Stys PK. Label-free assessment of myelin status using birefringence microscopy. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 360:109226. [PMID: 34052286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Label-free methods for quantifying myelination can reduce expense, time, and variability in results when examining tissue white matter pathology. NEW METHOD We sought to determine whether the optical birefringent properties of myelin could be exploited to determine myelination status of white matter in tissue sections. Sections of forebrains of mice (normal, and treated with cuprizone to cause demyelination) were examined by birefringence using a birefringence imaging system (Thorlabs LCC7201), and results compared with sections stained using Luxol Fast Blue. RESULTS Quantitative birefringence analysis of myelin was not only reliable in detecting demyelination, but also showed abnormalities that preceded myelin loss in cuprizone-treated mice. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Subtle myelin pathology visible with electron microscopy but not with conventional histopathological staining was readily detected with birefringence microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Birefringence imaging provides a rapid, label-free method of analyzing the myelin content and nanostructural status in longitudinal white matter structures, being sensitive to subtle myelin changes that precede overt pathological damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Lynn Morgan
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Craig Brideau
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Wulin Teo
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Andrew Vincent Caprariello
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Peter K Stys
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ineichen BV, Weinmann O, Good N, Plattner PS, Wicki C, Rushing EJ, Linnebank M, Schwab ME. Sudan black: a fast, easy and non-toxic method to assess myelin repair in demyelinating diseases. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2017; 43:242-251. [PMID: 28009439 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The search for novel drugs that enhance myelin repair in entities such as multiple sclerosis has top priority in neurological research, not least because remyelination can hinder further neurodegeneration in neuro-inflammatory conditions. Recently, several new compounds with the potential to boost remyelination have been identified using high-throughput in vitro screening methods. However, assessing their potential to enhance remyelination in vivo using plastic embedded semi-thin sections or electron microscopy, even though being the gold standard for assessing remyelination, is toxic, extremely time-consuming and expensive. METHODS We screened available myelin dyes for a staining candidate which offers a faster and easier alternative to visualize remyelination in cryo-sections. RESULTS We identified sudan black as a candidate with excellent myelin resolution and we show that our adapted sudan black staining can demonstrate myelin repair in rodent spinal cord cryosections as reliable as in semithin sections, but much faster, easier, less toxic and less expensive. Besides that, it can resolve the small myelinated axons in the corpus callosum. The staining can yet readily be combined with immunostainings which can be challenging in semithin sections. We validated the method in human spinal cord tissue as well as in experimental demyelination of the rat spinal cord by a lysolecithin time course experiment. As proof-of-principle, we demonstrate that sudan black is able to reliably detect the remyelination enhancing properties of benztropine. CONCLUSION Our adapted sudan black staining can be used to rapidly and non-toxically screen for remyelinating therapies in demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin V Ineichen
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Weinmann
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Good
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia S Plattner
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Wicki
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth J Rushing
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Linnebank
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schneider JP, Pedersen L, Mühlfeld C, Ochs M. Staining histological lung sections with Sudan Black B or Sudan III for automated identification of alveolar epithelial type II cells. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:675-80. [PMID: 26558990 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial type II (AE2) cells produce, store and secrete pulmonary surfactant and serve as progenitor cells for the alveolar epithelium. They are thus an interesting target in wide fields of pulmonary research. Stereological methods allow their quantification based on measurements on histological sections. A proper AE2 cell quantification, however, requires a method of tissue processing that results in little tissue shrinkage during processing. It was recently shown that a primary fixation with a mixture of glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde, postfixation with osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate and embedding in glycol methacrylate fulfills this requirement. However, a proper quantification, furthermore, requires a secure identification of the cells under the microscope. Classical approaches using routine stainings, high magnifications and systematic uniform random sampling can result in a tedious counting procedure. In this article we show that Sudan Black B and Sudan III staining in combination with the previously described "low shrinkage method" of tissue processing result in good staining of lamellar bodies of AE2 cells (their storing organelles of surfactant) and thus provide a good signal of AE2 cells, which allows their easy and secure identification even at rather low magnifications. We further show that this signal enables automated detection of AE2 cells by image analysis, which should make this method a suitable staining method for the recently developed and more efficient proportionator sampling.
Collapse
|
5
|
Schneider JP, Ochs M. Alterations of mouse lung tissue dimensions during processing for morphometry: a comparison of methods. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L341-50. [PMID: 24375800 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00329.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of original tissue dimensions is an essential prerequisite for morphometric studies. Shrinkage occurring during tissue processing for histology may severely influence the appearance of structures seen under the microscope and stereological calculations. Therefore, shrinkage has to be avoided so that estimates obtained by application of unbiased stereology are indeed unbiased. The present study investigates the alterations of tissue dimensions of mouse lung samples during processing for histology. Different fixatives as well as embedding protocols are considered. Mouse lungs were fixed by instillation of either 4% formalin or a mixture of 1.5% glutaraldehyde/1.5% formaldehyde. Tissue blocks were sampled according to principles of stereology for embedding in paraffin, glycol methacrylate without treatment with osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate, and glycol methacrylate including treatment with osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate before dehydration. Shrinkage was investigated by stereological measurements of dimensional changes of tissue cut faces. Results show a shrinkage of the cut face areas of roughly 40% per lung during paraffin embedding, 30% during "simple" glycol methacrylate embedding, and <3% during osmium tetroxide/uranyl acetate/glycol methacrylate embedding. Furthermore, the superiority of the glutaraldehyde-containing fixative regarding shrinkage is demonstrated. In conclusion, the use of a glutaraldehyde-containing fixative and embedding in glycol methacrylate with previous treatment of the samples with osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate before dehydration is recommended for stereological studies of the mouse lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schneider
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gerrits PO, Horobin RW. Glycol Methacrylate Embedding for Light Microscopy: Basic Principles and Trouble-Shooting. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.1996.19.4.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
7
|
Nishiyama KI, Ikegami A, Moser M, Schiltz E, Tokuda H, Müller M. A Derivative of Lipid A Is Involved in Signal Recognition Particle/SecYEG-dependent and -independent Membrane Integrations. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:35667-76. [PMID: 17008318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608228200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A cell-free system was developed that allows the correct integration of single and multispanning membrane proteins of Escherichia coli into proteoliposomes. We found that physiological levels of diacylglycerol were required to prevent spontaneous integration into liposomes even of the polytopic mannitol permease. Using diacylglycerol-containing proteoliposomes, we identified a novel integration-stimulating factor. Integration of mannitol permease was dependent on both the SecYEG translocon and this factor and was mediated by signal recognition particle and signal recognition particle receptor. Integration of M13 procoat, which is independent of both signal recognition particle/signal recognition particle receptor and SecYEG, was also promoted by this factor. Furthermore, the factor stimulated the post-translational translocation of presecretory proteins, suggesting that it also mediates integration of a signal sequence. This factor was found to be a lipid A-derived membrane component possessing a peptide moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Nishiyama
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Graham JB, Neubauer D, Xue QS, Muir D. Chondroitinase applied to peripheral nerve repair averts retrograde axonal regeneration. Exp Neurol 2006; 203:185-95. [PMID: 16970940 PMCID: PMC1851897 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antegrade, target-directed axonal regeneration is the explicit goal of nerve repair. However, aberrant and dysfunctional regrowth is commonly observed as well. At the site of surgical nerve coaptation, axonal sprouts encounter fibrotic connective tissue rich in growth-inhibiting chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that may contribute to misdirection of axonal regrowth. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that degradation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan by application of chondroitinase at the site of nerve repair can decrease aberrant axonal growth. Adult rats received bilateral sciatic nerve transection and end-to-end repair. One nerve was injected with chondroitinase ABC and the contralateral nerve treated with vehicle alone. After 28 weeks, retrograde axonal regeneration was assessed proximal to the repair by scoring neurofilament-immunopositive axons within the nerve (intrafascicular) and outside the nerve proper (extrafascicular). Intrafascicular retrograde axonal growth was equivalent in both control and chondroitinase treatment conditions. In contrast, chondroitinase treatment caused a pronounced (93%) reduction in extrafascicular retrograde axonal growth. The decrease in axon egress from the nerve was coincident with an increase in antegrade regeneration and improved recovery of motor function. Based on these findings, we conclude that chondroitinase applied at the site of nerve transection repair averts dysfunctional extrafascicular retrograde axonal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Muir
- Corresponding author: Dr. David Muir, Pediatric Neurology, Box 100296, 1600 SW Archer Rd., Room RG-156, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610 Tel: (352) 392-0312 Fax: (352) 392-9520
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cerri PS, Sasso-Cerri E. Staining methods applied to glycol methacrylate embedded tissue sections. Micron 2003; 34:365-72. [PMID: 14680922 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-4328(03)00098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2003] [Revised: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 07/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of glycol methacrylate (GMA) avoids some technical artifacts, which are usually observed in paraffin-embedded sections, providing good morphological resolution. On the other hand, weak staining have been mentioned during the use of different methods in plastic sections. In the present study, changes in the histological staining procedures have been assayed during the use of staining and histochemical methods in different GMA-embedded tissues. Samples of tongue, submandibular and sublingual glands, cartilage, portions of respiratory tract and nervous ganglion were fixed in 4% formaldehyde and embedded in glycol methacrylate. The sections of tongue and nervous ganglion were stained by H&E. Picrosirius, Toluidine Blue and Sudan Black B methods were applied, respectively, for identification of collagen fibers in submandibular gland, sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cartilage (metachromasia) and myelin lipids in nervous ganglion. Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) method was used for detection of glycoconjugates in submandibular gland and cartilage while AB/PAS combined methods were applied for detection of mucins in the respiratory tract. In addition, a combination of Alcian Blue (AB) and Picrosirius methods was also assayed in the sublingual gland sections. The GMA-embedded tissue sections showed an optimal morphological integrity and were favorable to the staining methods employed in the present study. In the sections of tongue and nervous ganglion, a good contrast of basophilic and acidophilic structures was obtained by H&E. An intense eosinophilia was observed either in the striated muscle fibers or in the myelin sheaths in which the lipids were preserved and revealed by Sudan Black B. In the cartilage matrix, a strong metachromasia was revealed by Toluidine Blue in the negatively-charged glycosaminoglycans. In the chondrocytes, glycogen granules were intensely positive to PAS method. Extracellular glycoproteins were also PAS positive in the basal membrane and in the region occupied by the lamina externa and reticular fibers surrounding each smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels. In the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, acid and neutral mucins were histochemically detected by AB and PAS methods, respectively. Moreover, granules containing acid and neutral mucins were revealed in purple by AB and PAS concomitantly. In the sublingual gland sections, a distinct affinity of acid mucins by AB (in turquoise-blue) and collagen fibers by Picrosirius (in red) was obtained when these methods were combined. Although some routine dyes used in paraffin sections have showed a weak stain in historesin sections, our results showed that different dyes could be applied in GMA sections if modified staining procedures were assayed. Therefore, appropriate staining contrast and, thus, detection of one or different substances in a same section can be acquired in association to the good morphological resolution provided by GMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Humaita 1680, Araraquara 14 801-903, SP, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
We describe a new method for intense staining of myelin. The stain involves immersing frozen or vibratome sections of 4% normal horse serum. A DAB reaction is then carried out, which results in the deposition of reaction product in myelin sheaths. On intensification of this reaction product using the silver enhancement technique described by Görcs, myelin stains an intense black color, making the preparations suitable for photography. The stain is especially useful for determining the distribution of myelinated fibers in gray matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J McNally
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Weruaga E, Alonso JR, Porteros A, Crespo C, Arévalo R, Briñón JG, Velasco A, Aijón J. Nonspecific labeling of myelin with secondary antisera and high concentrations of Triton X-100. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:109-18. [PMID: 9405500 DOI: 10.1177/002215549804600114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triton X-100 is used in immunohistochemistry to make tissue permeable, to present certain antigens to antisera, and to prevent certain nonspecific interactions. This detergent is routinely dissolved in buffers at concentrations of 0.01-0.2%. Using high concentrations of Triton X-100 (0.2-2%) and anti-immunoglobulins G (anti-IgGs), labeling of myelin and microglia was detected in fixed brain tissue by indirect fluorescence and avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase techniques. Differences were found between the species studied (mouse and rat), the type of anti-IgG (anti-mouse, anti-rabbit, anti-sheep, anti-rat, or anti-guinea pig), the detergent concentration, and whether Triton X-100 was included in the incubation media or applied as a pretreatment. Mouse brain displayed strong myelin labeling with all anti-IgGs but rat brain only with anti-rabbit or anti-sheep IgGs. Staining of ramified microglia occurred only in mouse tissue when anti-mouse IgG was used. Nonspecific staining of myelin was also intense in paraffin-embedded tissue and in human brain frozen sections. These results are significant for the prevention of undesirable staining in routine immunolabeling and they also provide a comparatively inexpensive, easy to perform strong labeling of myelin. In addition, the double marker signal (peroxidase and fluorescence) is useful for double labeling studies. (J Histochem Cytochem 46:109-117, 1998)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Weruaga
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Leblond H, Cabana T. Myelination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the C8 and L4 segments of the spinal cord at different stages of development in the gray opossum,Monodelphis domestica. J Comp Neurol 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970922)386:2<203::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
13
|
Trooster WJ, Teelken AW, Gerrits PO, Lijnema TH, Loof JG, Minderhoud JM, Nieuwenhuis P. The effect of gonadectomy on the clinical course of chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1996; 98:222-6. [PMID: 8884093 DOI: 10.1016/0303-8467(96)00027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model for the human neurological disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Upon immunization with guinea pig spinal cord under a low dose of Cyclosporin A, male Lewis rats develop a severe chronic (relapsing) course of EAE (CR-EAE). By contrast, female Lewis rats develop a more mitigated course of EAE: only half of the female rats develop relapses. To further analyze factors determining this sexual dimorphism in the course of EAE, in the present study male and female Lewis rats were gonadectomized before induction of CR-EAE. Now both male and female rats all developed a severe chronic course of EAE, showing extensive pathological changes in the CNS. In the female sham-gonadectomy (control) group only one third of the rats developed relapses. These female rats only showed mild pathological changes in the CNS. In the male sham-gonadectomy (control) group all rats developed relapses of EAE and showed extensive pathological changes in the CNS. From these data we conclude that the presence of the ovaries (partially) protects female rats against relapses of EAE and CNS injury. Presence or absence of the testes apparently makes no difference on the course of EAE. We propose that sex hormones produced in the ovaries protect female rats against relapses of EAE and underlying CNS injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Trooster
- Department of Neurology, State University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lanens D, Van der Linden A, Gerrits PO, 's-Gravenmade EJ. In vitro NMR micro imaging of the spinal cord of chronic relapsing EAE rats. Magn Reson Imaging 1994; 12:469-75. [PMID: 8007777 DOI: 10.1016/0730-725x(94)92541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (Cr-EAE) was induced in Lewis rats with an emulsion of guinea pig spinal cord tissue in complete Freund's adjuvant enriched with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 RA. The sensitized rats developed Cr-EAE showing two to three relapses during the first 40 days. In vitro transverse T2-weighted spin echo images of the spinal cord of Cr-EAE rats, sacrificed at the clinical height (hind leg paralysis and urinary incontinence) of the third bout and their controls, were compared with the corresponding histopathology. Lesions extended over the entire spinal cord, however, the larger lesions were predominantly present in the cervical and upper thoracic regions. In the white matter only areas of demyelination and large perivascular demyelination were discernable on the MR images. Size and shape of these lesions correlated well with the morphological characteristics revealed by histopathology. Plaques in the ventrolateral funiculus were generally located peripherally, while plaques in the dorsal funiculus were mainly present in the medial part. The NMR images, however, could not distinguish between demyelination, remyelination, inflammation, and oedema. Also lesions in the gray matter could not be distinguished with MR imaging techniques. However, if lesions were localized at the interface of the gray and white matter the boundary between the gray and white matter was less well defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Lanens
- Department of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gerrits PO, Croon DH, Holstege G. A new subdivision of the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray based on its myeloarchitecture. Neurosci Lett 1993; 161:232-6. [PMID: 8272271 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A new subdivision of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) based on its myelin content is described. Using a methacrylate-resin embedding technique for high resolution light microscopy, a myeloarchitectonic map of the normal rat PAG was made. Six main columns were distinguished. Column I is the central thin subependymal layer, in which myelinated axons are virtually absent. This layer is surrounded by column II with many rostrocaudally oriented fibers. Lateral and dorsolateral to column II lies column III, which contains rostrocaudally as well as tangentially oriented fibers. Column III is divided into a ventral and a dorsal part by column IV. This column is located in the dorsolateral part of the PAG and contains very few, mostly tangentially oriented fibers. Column V is located ventrally and contains a mixture of rostrocaudally and tangentially oriented fibers. Column VI is only present in the most caudal part of the PAG and contains mainly tangential fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P O Gerrits
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|