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Assessment of intra-tumoral karyotypic heterogeneity by interphase cytogenetics in paraffin wax sections. Mol Pathol 2010; 49:M283-9. [PMID: 16696090 PMCID: PMC408074 DOI: 10.1136/mp.49.5.m283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aim-To analyse the effect of sectioning on the assessment of karyotypic heterogeneity by interphase cytogenetics in paraffin wax embedded normal squamous epithelium and to apply the principles derived to invasive cervical carcinoma.Methods-Normal male (n = 5) and female (n = 5) squamous epithelia were hybridised with peri-centromeric repeat probes specific for chromosomes X (DXZ1) and 17 (D17Z1) individually and in combination to assess the effect of sectioning on mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrasomic populations. Section thickness, interobserver variation and variation between different areas of the epithelium were evaluated. Invasive squamous carcinomas of the cervix (n = 5) were then hybridised with the DXZ1 probe and intratumoral heterogeneity was assessed by comparison of signal distributions obtained from different areas.Results-The optimum section thickness for the assessment of normal epithelium was 6 mum. Variation in the expected signal number in the range 1-4 did not introduce artefactual heterogeneity at this section thickness. The sensitivity of this approach for the detection of minor subpopulations was calculated to be 13-16%, 17-18% and 10-11% for mono-, tri- and tetrasomic populations, respectively. Karyotypic heterogeneity was detected in two of the five tumours and, in one case where the populations where clustered morphologically, a minor population representing 18% was identified.Conclusions-Interphase cytogenetic analysis of sections from paraffin wax embedded material can be used for the detection of minor subpopulations in tumours. This approach will be of particular value in the assessment of the relation between human papillomavirus infection and tumour karyotype and in the analysis of intraepithelial neoplasia.
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Detection of numerical aberrations of chromosomes 7 and 9 in cytologic specimens of pleural malignant mesothelioma. Cancer 2003; 99:233-9. [PMID: 12925985 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma (MM) in effusion fluid specimens can be challenging. Previous cytogenetic studies demonstrated that chromosomal aneusomy is commonly associated with MM. The authors attempted to determine whether the detection of numerical chromosomal aberrations in the effusion fluid specimens could be a useful diagnostic adjunct in morphologically inconclusive cases for MM. METHODS The authors analyzed 17 cytologic specimens (15 pleural fluids, 2 fine-needle aspirates) of histologically confirmed MM obtained from 16 patients using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with centromeric chromosome 7 and 9 probes. Seventeen benign pleural effusion fluid specimens containing reactive/benign mesothelial (RM) cells were used as controls. After destaining of Diff-Quik-stained smears, the slides were hybridized using a standard FISH protocol. One hundred cells/probe/case were counted manually. RESULTS For chromosome 7, polysomy (defined as >/= 3 signals/nucleus in >10% of the cells) was present in 88% and 0% of the MM and the RM cases, respectively. Trisomy (defined as 3 signals/nucleus in > 5% of the cells) was present in 77% and 0% of the MM and the RM cases, respectively. Tetrasomy (defined as 4 signals/nucleus in > 10% of the cells) was present in 29% and 0% of the MM and the RM cases, respectively. The mean values of positive cells showing polysomy 7 and trisomy 7 were markedly different in MM and RM cases (39% vs. 4% and 31% vs. 1%, respectively). The frequency of polysomy 9 and trisomy 9 in MM and RM cases was 69% vs. 13% and 62% vs. 6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that polysomy of chromosome 7 or 9 is a common finding in MM but uncommon in RM. Therefore, in conjunction with cytomorphologic and clinical suspicion of MM, detection of numerical chromosomal aberrations of chromosome 7 using FISH with routine cytologic smears can be a valuable diagnostic adjunct.
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Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors. Mesothelioma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Chromosomal aberrations identified in culture of squamous carcinomas are confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Mol Pathol 1999; 52:42-6. [PMID: 10439839 PMCID: PMC395670 DOI: 10.1136/mp.52.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chromosomal aberrations in tumour cells are often not discernable by direct analysis. Although cell culture allows qualitative analysis of the karyotype, potential selection and evolution during growth in vitro may yield misleading data. To determine whether aberrations observed in vitro are representative of the original lesion, chromosomal aberrations found after prolonged growth in vitro of two squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SSCHN) were evaluated with fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) on the original tumour nuclei. METHODS Specific karyotypic aberrations identified in cultures of two squamous cell carcinomas were targets for FISH analysis on tumour sections. Chromosome painting mixtures were selected based on in vitro karyotypic data. FISH was performed on cultured interphase and metaphase cells, and on histological sections from the original tumours. RESULTS The 9cen and 17cen probes yielded FISH signals consistent with the aneusomies predicted for the respective chromosomes from the culture karyotypes. Whole chromosome 9 paint confirmed the prior existence in the tumours of i(9p) and i(9q), although only the latter hybridised with the 9cen probe. FISH data also supported in vivo representation of the diploid and tetraploid tumour subclones observed in cultures. In tumour HFH-SCC-8a, FISH results were generally concordant between cultured interphase and metaphase cells and the histological sections, and improved the interpretation of marker chromosomes identified in culture. CONCLUSION The karyotypes obtained in these cases after prolonged passage in culture were consistent with the genetic alterations in the original tumours.
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Subtracted, unique-sequence, in situ hybridization: experimental and diagnostic applications. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:1401-9. [PMID: 9811331 PMCID: PMC1853394 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/1998] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonrandom chromosomal aberrations, particularly in cancer, identify pathogenic biological pathways and, in some cases, have clinical relevance as diagnostic or prognostic markers. Fluorescence and colorimetric in situ hybridization methods facilitate identification of numerical and structural chromosome abnormalities. We report the development of robust, unique-sequence in situ hybridization probes that have several novel features: 1) they are constructed from multimegabase contigs of yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones; 2) they are in the form of adapter-ligated, short-fragment, DNA libraries that may be amplified by polymerase chain reaction; and 3) they have had repetitive sequences (eg, Alu and LINE elements) quantitatively removed by subtractive hybridization. These subtracted probes are labeled conveniently, and the fluorescence or colorimetric detection signals are extremely bright. Moreover, they constitute a stable resource that may be amplified through at least four rounds of polymerase chain reaction without diminishing signal intensity. We demonstrate applications of subtracted probes for the MYC and EWS oncogene regions, including 1) characterization of a novel EWS-region translocation in Ewing's sarcoma, 2) identification of chromosomal translocations in paraffin sections, and 3) identification of chromosomal translocations by conventional bright-field microscopy.
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MESH Headings
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Colorimetry
- Gene Library
- Genes, myc/genetics
- Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Ribonucleoproteins/genetics
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Recurrent DNA copy number changes in 1q, 4q, 6q, 9p, 13q, 14q and 22q detected by comparative genomic hybridization in malignant mesothelioma. Br J Cancer 1997; 75:523-7. [PMID: 9052404 PMCID: PMC2063309 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1997.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analyses were performed on 27 human pleural mesothelioma tumour specimens, consisting of 18 frozen tumours and nine paraffin-embedded tumours, to screen for gains and losses of DNA sequences. Copy number changes were detected in 15 of the 27 specimens with a range from one to eight per specimen. On average, more losses than gains of genetic material were observed. The loss of DNA sequences occurred most commonly in the short arm of chromosome 9 (p21-pter), in 60% of the abnormal specimens. Other losses among the abnormal specimens were frequently detected in the long arms of chromosomes 4 (q31.1-qter, 20%), 6 (q22-q24, 33%), 13 (33%),14 (q24-qter, 33%) and 22 (q13, 20%). A gain in DNA sequences was found in the long arm of chromosome 1 (cen-qter) in 33% of the abnormal specimens. Our analysis is the first genome-wide screening for gains and losses of DNA sequences using comparative genomic hybridization in malignant pleural mesothelioma tumours. The recurrent DNA sequence changes detected in this study suggest that the corresponding chromosomal areas most probably contain genes important for the initiation and progression of mesothelioma.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mesothelioma/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Pleural Neoplasms/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Deletion
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Diagnosis of DiGeorge syndrome in nuclei released from archival autoptic heart specimens using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hum Genet 1996; 97:414-7. [PMID: 8834234 DOI: 10.1007/bf02267058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Seven formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded heart specimens set up at autopsy performed from 3 to 18 years before analysis of newborns in which DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) was suspected were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a DGS region-specific probe and a control probe on nuclei released from thick sections. The diagnosis was confirmed in four of the six specimens, which provided valuable results, and in none of the controls. This study supports the feasibility and usefulness of FISH genotyping of archival autoptic material, which improves and assists the counselling procedures.
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Interphase cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors by non-isotopic DNA in situ hybridization. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1996; 31:1-133. [PMID: 8938812 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(96)80017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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In vitro and in vivo studies of mesothelioma. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY. SUPPLEMENT 1996; 24:142-51. [PMID: 8806096 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240630509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pleural mesothelioma is an asbestos-related malignancy characterized by progressive local growth, late metastases, and median survivals between 8 and 18 months. It is only recently that the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the malignancy has been investigated. These investigations have been aided by the development of cell lines from patients with the disease, as well as lines developed from asbestos-exposed animals. Nude mouse models constructed with subcutaneous, intraabdominal, or intrathoracic innoculation of cultured cell lines or fresh tumor have been used for evaluating response to innovative therapies. Karyotyping has been performed on a number of cell lines and multiple abnormalities involving many chromosomes have been identified. Aneuploidy is commonly seen, along with reported non-random patterns of chromosomal aberrations. The role of tumor suppressor genes, including p53 is controversial. Multiple growth factors including PDGF are being investigated for a possible paracrine/autocrine loop, and PDGF receptors seem to be differentially expressed in mesothelioma cells compared to normal mesothelial cells. The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of the disease, secreted either by the tumor cells themselves or by monocyte/macrophages in the local tumor environment, remains to be defined.
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Malignant pleural mesothelioma: newer aspects of carcinogenesis, molecular genetics, and prospects for future therapies. Surg Oncol 1995; 4:175-85. [PMID: 8528480 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-7404(10)80034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an asbestos-related disease which, although rare, is having a major social impact, and is, for the majority of cases, an incurable illness. There has been a surge of information regarding data on mesothelial transformation, mesothelioma molecular genetics and somatic gene therapy for this disease. This report summarizes the most recent investigations attempting to characterize the behaviour, on a cellular and molecular level, of MPM, with an emphasis on data from investigations performed at the National Cancer Institute with our collaborators.
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Interphase cytogenetic analysis of erbB2 and topoII alpha co-amplification in invasive breast cancer and polysomy of chromosome 17 in ductal carcinoma in situ. Int J Cancer 1995; 64:18-26. [PMID: 7665243 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910640106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a genetically complex disease. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation can be used to analyse the genetics of breast-cancer progression in interphase cytogenetics. We have analysed the histological distribution of erbB2 and topoll alpha co-amplification in paraffin sections of invasive breast cancer and show that the co-amplified loci share the same histological distribution in the tumour and have a similar nuclear distribution within individual nuclei. Regions of the tumours without amplification are easily recognized and tumours with erbB2 and topoll alpha co-amplification can be distinguished from those with erbB2 amplification alone. In addition, FISH was used to show polysomy of chromosome 17 in non-invasive ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast and erbB2 amplification in both the invasive and non-invasive components of a breast cancer biopsy. This report of an interphase cytogenetic analysis of non-invasive breast carcinoma in situ demonstrates the usefulness of FISH for the genetic study of breast cancer progression.
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Detection of numerical chromosomal aberrations in paraffin-embedded malignant pleural mesothelioma by non-isotopic in situ hybridization. J Pathol 1995; 175:219-26. [PMID: 7738718 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711750210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An in situ hybridization (ISH) study on paraffin sections of 13 malignant mesotheliomas was performed to detect numerical chromosomal aberrations with biotin-labelled DNA probes specific for the centromeric regions of chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 7, 11, and 17. All chromosomes contributed to numerical changes, which can be summarized as follows: first, a monosomy for chromosome 6 was found in one case; second, in five cases a trisomy for at least one chromosome was detected; and third, in seven cases a pentasomy or a higher polysomy was found for at least one chromosome. Although these data have to be confirmed on a larger group of patients, survival analysis of this group showed no significant difference between the first and second groups taken together and the third group. In this study no specific numerical chromosomal aberrations were identified. Nevertheless, numerical gains appear to be more frequent than has previously been shown by karyotype analysis.
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Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies on sporadic and hereditary tumors associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL). CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1994; 77:1-13. [PMID: 7923076 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)90141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We performed cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies on 29 sporadic or familial tumors associated with von Hippel-Lindau [correction of Landau] disease. Four of five renal cell carcinomas with detectable alterations showed clones with chromosome 3 alterations. These changes led to loss of genetic material visible with cytogenetic resolution: either an unbalanced translocation involving 3p or loss of a whole homolog 3, resulting in monosomy of 3p. We have previously mapped the VHL gene to chromosomal region 3p25-p26. We applied FISH using the single copy probes cA233 and cA479, sequences close to the VHL gene, in a search for submicroscopic deletions of 3p. Use of FISH with differentially labeled probes indicated cA479 to be distal to cA233, but both were located within bands 3p25-26. FISH with single copy probes for interphase cytogenetics detected four subclones with deletions in the VHL region in 8/22 tumors, including four tumors which appeared cytogenetically normal. FISH proved to be a powerful tool in tumor genetic studies, especially helpful in detecting tumor subclones in benign and slowly growing tumors.
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Improved technique for analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors by fluorescence in situ hybridization. CYTOMETRY 1994; 16:93-9. [PMID: 7924686 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990160202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and specific DNA probes for peri-centromeric repeat regions and unique sequence loci have made it possible to study chromosomal aberrations from interphase tumor nuclei. Large-scale retrospective studies on the prognostic value of interphase cytogenetics would become feasible if these techniques were readily applicable to nuclei from archival formalin-fixed tumor tissues. We describe here an improved technique for interphase FISH analysis of tumors that have been extensively fixed in formalin. The protocol aims at improving probe penetration and hybridization efficiency by inducing chromatin decondensation and swelling of the nuclei with a heat treatment in a 90 degrees C glycerol solution prior to hybridization. Using this cell pretreatment, FISH results on the detection of chromosome copy number aberrations and amplification of the c-erbB-2 oncogene from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were highly concordant with those from fresh tissues. In contrast to previously described methods, separate adjustments of denaturation or proteinase K digestion are not required for each sample. This method facilitates retrospective analyses of large series of tumors and is also useful for applying FISH to routine diagnostic purposes using formalin-fixed material.
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Analysis of genotype and phenotype on the same interphase or mitotic cell. A manual of MAC (morphology antibody chromosomes) methodology. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1994; 72:1-15. [PMID: 8111732 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)90102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to serve as a MAC (Morphology Antibody Chromosome) manual describing combined methodologies that allow simultaneous and/or sequential analysis of cell morphology, immunophenotype, and banded chromosomes and/or in situ hybridization signals. The MAC techniques used at the Department of Medical Genetics of the University of Helsinki, Finland, are described and modifications or related techniques reported by other authors are discussed. A list of references concerning applications is also given.
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