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Seok SH, Baek MW, Lee HY, Kim DJ, Na YR, Noh KJ, Park SH, Lee HK, Lee BH, Ryu DY, Park JH. Arsenite-induced apoptosis is prevented by antioxidants in zebrafish liver cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:870-7. [PMID: 17416483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated oxidative stress-induced apoptosis as a possible mechanism of arsenite toxicity in zebrafish liver cell line (ZFL cells). The heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), a chaperone protein, appears to provide protection against oxidative stress and apoptosis. Using the MTT assay, we demonstrated that survival of ZFL cells treated with arsenite for 24h decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The possible mechanisms that promote the cytotoxicity of arsenite were addressed. Cell viability assays revealed that arsenite caused a dose-dependent increase in cell death, and pretreatment of the ZFL cells with antioxidants blunted these effects. Antioxidants such as N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC, 5 mM) and dithiothreitol (DTT, 80 microM) significantly prevented ZFL cells from arsenite-induced death. Nuclear staining was performed using 1 microg/ml Hoechst, and cells were analyzed with a fluorescent microscope. Arsenite (30 microM) induced massive apoptosis that was identified by morphology and condensation and fragmentation of the nuclei of the ZFL cells. Pretreatment with NAC or DTT before arsenite insult effectively protected the cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis from the arsenite. Using a transfected human hsp 70 promoter-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter, pHhsp70-EGFP, the induction of HSP70 against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by arsenite was observed. The induction of HSP70 by arsenite increased in a dose-dependent manner, and pretreatment of transfected ZFL cells with NAC or DTT before arsenite insult reduced EGFP expression. Taken together, our results provide evidence that stimulation of the heat shock response is a sensitive biomarker of arsenic exposure and that arsenite causes oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in ZFL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyeok Seok
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and KRF Zoonotic Disease Priority Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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2
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Ni Dhubhghaill OM, Sadler PJ. The structure and reactivity of arsenic compounds: Biological activity and drug design. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-54261-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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3
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Morris SM, Pipkin JL, Hinson WG, Shaddock JG, Tolleson WH, Young JF, Casciano DA. Decreased in vitro interaction between p53 and nuclear stress proteins in the p53-deficient mouse. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2092-7. [PMID: 11465510 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200106)22:10<2092::aid-elps2092>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, the strength of the interaction between the nuclear stress proteins (sps) 25a, 70i, 72c, and 90 and the tumor suppressor protein p53 was determined by an in vitro fluorescence binding assay. The relative binding of the individual sps with p53, derived from the bone marrow of transgenic mice heterozygous at the p53 locus (p53+/-), was reduced compared to the interaction of sps and p53 derived from wild-type (p53+/+) mice. In order to determine if the genotype of the p53 donor or the genotype of the sp donor determined the binding efficiency, p53 expression was induced by retinoic acid and sp synthesis by bleomycin. P53 derived from either wild-type or heterozygous animals was cross-reacted with nuclear sps obtained from either wild-type or heterozygous animals. Each of the sps, 25a, 70i, 72c, and 90, bound to wild-type p53 with a similar efficiency, irrespective of the genotype of the sp donor mouse (p53+/+ or p53+/-). In contrast, when the sp interaction with p53 obtained from the heterozygous mouse was measured, the relative value of the fluorescence complex was significantly reduced. The data suggest that the strength of the interaction between p53 and nuclear sps is related to the genotype of the p53 donor, and not to the genotype of the animals from which the sps are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Morris
- Division of Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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4
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Hansen DK, LaBorde JB, Wall KS, Hinson WG, Pipkin JL, Shaddock J, Lyn-Cook L, Young JF. Dose-response of retinoic acid induced stress protein synthesis and teratogenesis in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2001; 15:31-41. [PMID: 11137376 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(00)00118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress proteins are synthesized in response to a variety of stressors, including several teratogenic agents. However, their role, if any, in the teratogenic process is unknown. We have previously demonstrated that all-trans-retinoic acid administered to pregnant CD-1 mice on gestational day 11 or 13 produced limb defects and cleft palate near term in a dose-responsive manner. This chemical also induced the synthesis of several nuclear stress proteins in embryonic tissues within several hours of dosing. The stress proteins were only observed in tissues that eventually became malformed and not in tissues that appeared normal at term. In the current work, we examined the stress response in embryonic target tissues after several different doses of retinoic acid. The nuclear stress proteins were synthesized in a dose-related manner and at a lower retinoic acid dose than doses producing malformations in the corresponding tissue at birth. Each individual stress protein and the total stress protein response were highly correlated, across dose, with the respective malformations observed at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Hansen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic & Reproductive Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, 72079-9502, Jefferson, AR, USA.
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5
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Pipkin JL, Hinson WG, Young JF, Rowland KL, Shaddock JG, Tolleson WH, Duffy PH, Casciano DA. Induction of stress proteins by electromagnetic fields in cultured HL-60 cells. Bioelectromagnetics 1999; 20:347-57. [PMID: 10453062 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(199909)20:6<347::aid-bem3>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HL-60 cells in culture were exposed for 2 h to a sinusoidal 0.1 or 1 mT (1 or 10 Gauss) magnetic field at 60 Hz and pulse labeled after exposure with radioactive isotopes by incubation by using either [(35)S]methionine, [(3)H]leucine, or [(33)P]phosphate. The radioactive labels were incorporated into cellular proteins through synthesis or phosphorylation. Proteins were extracted from electrostatically sorted nuclei, and the heat shock/stress proteins (sp) were analyzed for synthesis and phosphorylation by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the control cultures (no exposure to the magnetic field), sp 72c (cognate form) was faintly observed. A 0.1 mT exposure did not show sp metabolism to be different from that of the controls; however, after a 1 mT exposure of the HL-60 cells, sp 70i (inducible form) was synthesized ([(35)S]methionine incorporation). Sp 90 was not synthesized at either field level, but was phosphorylated ([(33)P]phosphate incorporation) in the 1 mT exposure. Sp 27 (isoforms a and b) was induced after a 1 mT exposure as reflected by labeling with [(3)H]leucine. These sps were not detected after a 0.1 mT exposure. After a 1 mT exposure and labeling with [(33)P], sp 27 isoforms b and c were phosphorylated whereas isoform 'a' was not observed. Sps 70i, 72c, and 90 were identified by commercial sp antibodies. Likewise, polypeptides a, b, and c were verified as sp 27 isoforms by Western blotting. Statistical evaluation of sp areas and densities, determined from fluorographs by Western-blot analysis, revealed a significant increase in sps 90 and 27a after a 1 mT magnetic field exposure. The 1 mT magnetic field interacts at the cellular level to induce a variety of sp species. Bioelectromagnetics 20:347-357, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pipkin
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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6
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Pipkin JL, Hinson WG, James SJ, Shaddock JG, Lyn-Cook LE, Feuers RJ, Morris SM, Tolleson WH, Casciano DA. The relationship of p53 and stress proteins in response to bleomycin and retinoic acid in the p53 heterozygous mouse. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1450:164-76. [PMID: 10354508 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(99)00044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A single, i.p. dose of bleomycin was administered simultaneously with [35S]methionine to 4-month-old p53 wild type (+/+) and p53 heterozygous (+/-) C57BL/6 mice. Following a period of 3.5 h from dosing, the bone marrow nuclei were examined by two-dimensional PAGE and fluorography for induction of stress proteins (sps). Eight sps ranging from 22000 to 100000 Mr were synthesized in p53+/- and p53+/+ mice following elicitation by bleomycin. No quantitative or qualitative differences were observed in sp expression in these two groups of animals. In a second experiment, three doses of retinoic acid were given i.p. to p53+/- and p53+/+ mice over a 36 h period. The p53 isoforms in bone marrow nuclei from these mice were analyzed by PAGE for incorporation of [35S]methionine following retinoic acid injections. Quantitative and qualitative alterations in p53 isotypes were substantially increased in p53+/+ as compared with p53+/- mice. The increased complexity in the synthesis patterns in both groups of dosed mice consisted of additional isoforms possessing more acidic isoelectric values. In an in vitro binding assay, individual p53 isoforms demonstrated varying degrees of association with sps 25a, 70i, 72c and 90 which was consistently greater in p53+/+ mice. Both the synthesis and binding of isoforms were greater in G1 than in S+G2 phase, in both groups of animals, reflecting a cell cycle regulated mechanism for these events. Collectively, these data implied that the synthesis and the binding characteristics of p53 isoforms with sps were enhanced in the p53+/+ mice relative to the p53+/- mouse; however, sp labeling was not affected by p53 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pipkin
- HFT-120, Division of Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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7
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Pipkin JL, Hinson WG, James SJ, Lyn-Cook LE, Duffy PH, Feuers RJ, Shaddock JG, Aly KB, Hart RW, Casciano DA. P53 synthesis and phosphorylation in the aging diet-restricted rat following retinoic acid administration. Mech Ageing Dev 1997; 97:15-34. [PMID: 9223123 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(97)01896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple doses of retinoic acid (RA) were administered intraperitoneally to three groups of male Fischer 344 rats over a 36 h period. The p53 isoforms from bone marrow nuclei in these three groups of rats were analyzed over time by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and fluorography for the incorporation of [35S]methionine (p53-synthesis) and [32P]phosphate (p53-phosphorylation). Two groups of rats, young (3.5 months) ad libitum (Y/AL) and old (28 months) ad libitum (O/AL), had free access to Purina rat chow; a third group of old (28 months) diet-restricted rats (O/DR) were maintained on a restricted caloric intake (60% of the AL diet) from 3 months of age. After 36 h of RA dosing, the PAGE patterns of p53 synthesis and phosphorylation in Y/AL and O/DR rats were very similar. In both groups, an increase in complexity was observed with labeling of additional isotypes possessing more acidic isoelectric values. In contrast, the O/AL animals showed a pattern of p53 isoform synthesis and phosphorylation that was considerably less complex and lacked the pronounced shift to more acidic forms following RA dosing. The p53 isoforms of O/AL rats as recognized by wild type (wt) Pab 246 antibody, were also much less dramatic in their increase to more acidic forms. Two-dimensional phospho-tryptic maps of Y/AL and O/DR rats were also very similar, both exhibiting two additional minor 32P-labeled fragments after RA dosing. The maps of O/AL rats did not show the two additional fragments following RA administration. After RA dosing, cyclin protein inhibitors (p16, p21, p27) revealed robust labeling with their respective antibodies in Y/AL and O/DR rats as analyzed by Western blotting. The O/AL animals showed marginally detectable antibody recognition of the cyclin inhibitors after RA dosing. Taken together, these data suggest that the biosynthesis and phosphorylation of p53 isoforms and the expression of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor proteins is not significantly different between Y/AL and O/DR rats. Further, these results confirm and extend our previous observations that chronic diet-restriction attenuates the age related decline in the metabolic activity of nuclear protein products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pipkin
- Division of Genetic Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, USA
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8
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Wiegant FA, Spieker N, Van der Mast CA, Van Wijk R. Is heat shock protein re-induction during tolerance related to the stressor-specific induction of heat shock proteins? J Cell Physiol 1996; 169:364-72. [PMID: 8908204 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199611)169:2<364::aid-jcp16>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The existence of stressor-specific induction programs of heat shock proteins (hsps) leads us to analyze the possible occurrence of a stressor-specific tolerance induced by either heat shock, arsenite, or cadmium. As a measure of this tolerance re-induction of hsps was studied. In this paper, we tested whether the refractory state is either valid for each specific hsp (implying independent regulation of every member of the heat shock protein family) or extends from small subsets of the hsp-family to even larger groups of proteins (indicating a more common denominator in their regulation). (re-)induction of hsps does not seem to be regulated at the level of each individual hsp since differences in induced synthesis of hsps between two stressor conditions are not supplemented systematically upon the sequential application of the two stressors. The most notable example in this respect is hsp60. A pretreatment with cadmium, which hardly induces synthesis of this hsp, does induce a tolerance to (re)-induction by heat shock, which normally induces hsp60. This suggests the existence of a more common denominator regulating the coordinate expression of at least some hsps. From our data we conclude that the degree, but not the pattern, of hsp re-induction is influenced by the type of stressor used in the pretreatment. The pattern of hsps induced by a secondary applied stressor still shows most of its stressor-specificity and seems to be independent of any pretreatment. The possible implications of stressor-specificity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Wiegant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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9
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Pipkin JL, Hinson WG, Lyn-Cook LE, Duffy PH, Feuers RJ, Leakey JE, Aly KB, Hart RW, Casciano DA. P48: a novel nuclear protein possibly associated with aging and mortality. AGING (MILAN, ITALY) 1996; 8:311-9. [PMID: 8959232 DOI: 10.1007/bf03339587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis ([35S]-incorporation) of stress proteins (sps, i.e., 24, 25, 70, 90 Mr) and of nuclear protein 48 (p48) was investigated in the heart and bone marrow cells of three groups of male Fischer 344 rats following administration of isoproterenol (IPR). Two groups of rats, young ad libitum (Y/AL-3 1/2 months) and old/AL (O/AL-28 months), had full access to rat chow; a third group of old diet restricted (O/DR-28 months) rats was maintained on a diet restricted intake of 40% of the Y/AL animals. Sp synthesis in the bone marrow (25, 70, 90 Mr) and heart (24, 70, 90 Mr) nuclei of O/AL was significantly reduced, as compared with Y/AL and O/DR rats, following their induction with IPR. A unique sp24 was expressed in heart following IPR dosing. A 1 mg/kg dose of IPR was lethal for O/AL, but not for Y/AL or O/DR animals. This lethal dose induced synthesis of p48 in heart and bone marrow nuclei of O/AL rats only. P48 existed in isoform states in bone marrow, and when a lethal dose of IPR was administered in this tissue, it was expressed in O/AL rats in a cell-cycle regulated pattern. Stress proteins and other non-sps were seen as cell cycle regulated following IPR administration. P48 in bone marrow and heart nuclei from O/AL rats showed an antigenic response identical to that of p48 in HL60 nuclei. The presence of p48 is correlated with mortality and with an ad libitum diet in old rats, since it is absent in old diet restricted animals; therefore, DR may impede the expression of p48 through a mechanism(s) that is undisclosed at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pipkin
- Division of Genetic Toxicology, National Center For Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079-9502, USA
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10
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Pipkin JL, Hinson W, Lyn-Cook LE, Duffy PH, Feuers RJ, Leakey JE, Aly KB, Hart RW, Casciano DA. The effect of aging and dietary restriction on the retinoylation of nuclear matrix proteins in rats. AGING (MILAN, ITALY) 1996; 8:263-70. [PMID: 8904956 DOI: 10.1007/bf03339577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The labeling in vivo of young ad libitum (Y/AL) and old diet restricted (O/DR) rats with [3H]retinoic acid (RA) for 6 hours, and the exposure of electrophoretically separated nuclear matrix proteins from bone marrow tissue on film for 48 days revealed the presence of eleven retinoylated proteins. Dosing with RA (100 mg/kg body weight) for 96 hours and exposure to [3H]RA enhanced the levels of radioactive incorporation of several nuclear matrix proteins, including p51, and p55, similarly in Y/AL and O/DR rats. Dosing of old ad libitum (O/AL) rats with [3H]RA for 6 hours showed the incorporation of six proteins following 48 days of exposure on film. Long-term dosing of RA (96 hours) did not increase [3H]RA incorporation in these proteins, including p51 and p55, in O/AL rats. Increasing the level of RA by two-fold (200 mg/kg body weight) in Y/AL and O/DR rats elicited an increase in the incorporation levels of [3H]RA in five proteins. This dose response following increased levels of RA was not seen in the retinoylated proteins of O/AL animals. Analysis by the Western blotting technique showed p51 and p55 from rat bone marrow cells to have the same immunochemical determinates with proteins of identical molecular masses in HL60 cells. The levels of retinoylation of nuclear matrix proteins in O/DR animals, altered by age- and diet-dependent factors, suggests a condition that is more reminiscent of Y/AL than of O/AL animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pipkin
- Division of Genetic Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, AR 72079-9502, USA
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11
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Pipkin JL, Hinson WG, Lyn-Cook LE, Aidoo A, Feuers RJ, Anson JF, Casciano DA. Comparison of the cell cycle regulated synthesis and phosphorylation of stress proteins, actin isoforms and a novel actin-like protein following drug administration in cultured rat lymphocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 113:549-59. [PMID: 8829805 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(95)02090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Administration of phytohemagglutinin initiated cycling of rat lymphocytes in vitro, and following treatment with this drug and other drugs in combination, lymphocytes were pulse labeled with [3H] leucine of [32P] phosphate. The nuclei were isolated from lymphocytes and collected from partitions of the cell cycle, and the proteins analyzed from fluorographs following gel electrophoresis for protein biomarkers after drug exposure. Stress proteins (sps) were dependent on a specific drug or drugs in combination (i.e., interleukin-2, bleomycin) for their synthesis that occurred only during the G1-phase of the cell cycle. An "actin-like" protein (A4) with electrophoretic mobilities similar to the actin complex, was synthesized in S and G2 phases and phosphorylated in all phases of the cell cycle only following the administration of drugs in combination. A4 exhibited a binding affinity for sp 24 that was cell cycle regulated (i.e., A4 from S phase did not bind with sp 24, but A4 from G2 phase did bind with the sp. Protein A4 appeared similar in some structural aspects to the nonmuscular actin isoform family but differed in epitope, suggesting a unique relationship and represented a stable protein, perhaps a product from the mutation of an actin gene. The dependence of certain sps and protein A4 for their induction by drugs in combination may serve as biomarkers of chemical interaction and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pipkin
- Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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12
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Huang RN, Ho IC, Yih LH, Lee TC. Sodium arsenite induces chromosome endoreduplication and inhibits protein phosphatase activity in human fibroblasts. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1995; 25:188-196. [PMID: 7737136 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850250304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic, strongly associated with increased risks of human cancers, is a potent clastogen in a variety of mammalian cell systems. The effect of sodium arsenite (a trivalent arsenic compound) on chromatid separation was studied in human skin fibroblasts (HFW). Human fibroblasts were arrested in S phase by the aid of serum starvation and aphidicolin blocking and then these cells were allowed to synchronously progress into G2 phase. Treatment of the G2-enriched HFW cells with sodium arsenite (0-200 microM) resulted in arrest of cells in the G2 phase, interference with mitotic division, inhibition of spindle assembly, and induction of chromosome endoreduplication in their second mitosis. Sodium arsenite treatment also inhibited the activities of serine/threonine protein phosphatases and enhanced phosphorylation levels of a small heat shock protein (HSP27). These results suggest that sodium arsenite may mimic okadaic acid to induce chromosome endoreduplication through its inhibitory effect on protein phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Wiegant FA, Souren JE, van Rijn J, van Wijk R. Stressor-specific induction of heat shock proteins in rat hepatoma cells. Toxicology 1994; 94:143-59. [PMID: 7801318 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(94)90034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine whether induction of specific stress proteins is dependent on a given stressor and whether induction of these proteins is linked to survival, Reuber H35 rat hepatoma cells were exposed to five different environmental stressors (heat shock, arsenite, cadmium, dinitrophenol and ethanol). The effect of these stressors was studied on cell survival as well as on inhibition and recovery of protein synthesis and on induction of heat shock proteins (hsps). In this article, we present evidence that several well-known hsp-inducers fail to stimulate specific hsps in a degree that is comparable to the induction of these hsps by heat shock. Most evidently, hsp60 is not induced by cadmium-treatment, whereas hsp100 is hardly induced by sodium arsenite. Treatment with DNP only slightly induces hsp68 and hsp84, whereas no detectable induction of hsps is observed after treatment with ethanol. In contrast, treatment with cadmium raises the amount of hsp28 to a higher level as compared to heat shock. A comparison of the stressor-specific induction of major hsps was also made under conditions of similar impact on cellular physiology: (a) stressor conditions up to the critical point that cell death starts to occur, and (b) conditions of iso-survival (50%). We conclude that hsps cannot be simply used as a general risk-assessment tool, and that the validation of stressor-specific risk-assessment warrants further research with larger groups of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Wiegant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Pipkin JL, Hinson WG, Lyn-Cook LE, La Borde J, Anson JF, Feuers RJ, Duffy PH, Hart RW, Casciano DA. The homology of a novel polypeptide with stress protein characteristics in embryonic mice brain and in the hypothalamus of caloric restricted rats as determined by ultramicro western blotting. Electrophoresis 1994; 15:677-84. [PMID: 7925248 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150150196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel protein (p34) was observed in polyacrylamide gel fluorographs of gestation day 13 embryonic mouse brain following retinoic acid dosing of dams. Another p34 polypeptide with identical gel migratory characteristics was seen in the hypothalamus of old caloric restricted rats after "food deprivation stress". Western blotting, employing an ultramicro trans-blot cell developed in our laboratory, detected identical immunochemical determinants between these proteins, verifying their homology. Peptide mapping and Western blotting further validated the uniqueness of p34 compared with other stress proteins including heme oxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pipkin
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic Toxicology, Jefferson, AR 72079
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15
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Pipkin JL, Hinson WG, Feuers RJ, Lyn-Cook LE, Burns ER, Duffy PH, Hart R, Casciano DA. The temporal relationships of synthesis and phosphorylation in stress proteins 70 and 90 in aged caloric restricted rats exposed to bleomycin. AGING (MILAN, ITALY) 1994; 6:121-31. [PMID: 7522579 DOI: 10.1007/bf03324225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A single intraperitoneal injection of the human therapeutic drug bleomycin (BL) was administered to three groups of male Fischer 344 rats at time 0, and the incorporation of [35S]methionine ("synthesis") and phosphorylation patterns of stress proteins (sps/hsps) from bone marrow cells were analyzed over time by two-dimensional electrophoresis and fluorography. Two groups of rats, young ad libitum (Y/AL--3 months) and old ad libitum (O/AL--28 months), had free access to rat chow, and a third group of old rats (O/CR--28 months) were maintained on a caloric restricted intake (60% of the AL diet). The administration of BL in Y/AL, O/AL and O/CR animals activated the 35S-labeling of sp 90 which reached a peak at 4 hours. Labeling of sp 90 was significantly greater in Y/AL compared to O/AL, and the incorporation pattern of O/CR was intermediate to Y/AL and O/AL animals. All labeling of sp 90 in each group had disappeared by 10 hours after BL administration. Stress protein 70x (inducible form) in these three animal groups displayed a similar pattern of 35S-incorporation, but the amount of labeling was less than that of sp 90. No labeling of sp 70x remained by 13 hours after BL administration. Phosphorylation ([32P] phosphate incorporation) of sp 90 reached a maximum level at 2 hours in all animals, and 32P-labeling in Y/AL was significantly increased over O/AL and O/CR with an intermediate level found in O/CR animals. The turnover rate (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation) of sp 90 induced by BL was significantly suppressed and temporarily extended in O/AL as compared with O/CR, which implied that CR not only increased incorporation of sp 90, but also enhanced a utilization of the phosphate pool very similar to that seen in Y/AL animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pipkin
- Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502
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Pipkin JL, Anson JF, Hinson WG, Lyn-Cook LE, Schol HM, Burns ER, Feuers RJ, Casciano DA, Sheehan DM. Comparative studies of synthesis, phosphorylation, DNA binding and proteolytic characteristics of a novel protein during phases of the mouse spleen cell cycle. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 104:361-70. [PMID: 8462285 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(93)90380-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
1. Cultured mouse spleen cells were exposed to the mitogen Concanavalin A followed by isoproterenol, and nuclei were electronically sorted from seven partitions of the cell cycle. 2. Several nuclear proteins, including stress proteins, which were cell-cycle-stage specific, were elicited by isoproterenol as determined by micro-electrophoresis and fluorography. 3. Two novel S-phase proteins (X0 and X') demonstrated differing synthesis and phosphorylation patterns during the cell-cycle phases. 4. X' showed DNA binding characteristics and proteolytic properties (hydrolyzing X0 or beta-galactosidase); both proteins were cell-cycle regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pipkin
- Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079
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Pipkin JL, Hinson WG, Lyn-Cook LE, Burns ER, Sheehan D, Casciano DA. A nuclear protein associated with lethal heat shock of HL-60 cells. Exp Cell Res 1992; 202:167-73. [PMID: 1511731 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The responses to stress in living cells are well known. Thermal stress causes decreased protein synthesis as well as rapid induction of heat shock proteins (hsps), or alternately termed stress proteins (sps). The exposure of cultured promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) to a 45 degrees C lethal heat shock for 1 h elicited synthesis and phosphorylation of a polypeptide M(r) 48,000 and pI 7.5 (p 48) as visualized by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel ultra-microelectrophoresis. p 48, which was not observed at sublethal temperatures (39 and 41 degrees C), was synthesized during all phases of the cell cycle but was phosphorylated only in G0 + G1 and S-phases. The appearance of p 48 was marked by a concomitant and reciprocal reduction in hsps or sps 70 and 90. Distinct protease V8 fragment maps of p 48, hsps 70 and 90 in conjunction with immunochemical determination indicated vast differences in their primary structures. These facts suggest that p 48 was not formed from coalesced breakdown products of hsps 70 or 90. Western blotting showed that p 48 possessed the same immunochemical determinants as two other proteins with the same molecular mass but different isoelectric points. In an association assay, p 48 was shown to bind with actins and hsp 90 from HL-60 nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pipkin
- Division of Genetic Toxicology, Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
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Anson JF, Laborde JB, Pipkin JL, Hinson WG, Hansen DK, Sheehan DM, Young JF. Target tissue specificity of retinoic acid-induced stress proteins and malformations in mice. TERATOLOGY 1991; 44:19-28. [PMID: 1957259 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420440105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is teratogenic in rodents and also induces the synthesis of stress proteins in fetal mouse limb buds. To determine if the RA induction of stress proteins is target tissue specific, pregnant CD-1 mice were gavaged with 100 mg/kg RA on day 11 of gestation, and nuclei isolated from tissues susceptible to RA-induced malformations (target tissues) as well as nuclei isolated from nontarget tissues were examined for stress protein synthesis and malformations. Forelimb and hindlimb (target tissues), as well as heart and tail (nontarget tissues), were removed from embryos 2.5 hours after RA treatment (1.5 hr after [3H]leucine labeling). Cell nuclei were isolated, stained with a DNA specific fluorochrome, propidium iodide, and sorted from the G0 + G1 and G2 + M phases of the cell cycle. Forelimb and hindlimb target tissues showed the synthesis in these embryonic nuclear proteins of an 84,000 relative molecular mass (Mr) protein and a 90,000 Mr protein following RA treatment. Two 20,000-25,000 Mr stress proteins were also labeled both in forelimb and hindlimb. Forelimb and hindlimb from untreated dams showed no stress protein labeling. Neither heart nor tail, nontarget tissues, showed any stress protein labeling following RA treatment. Classical teratological evaluation of embryos treated on GD 11 and sacrificed on GD 17 showed that 100% of the fetuses had forelimb and/or hindlimb malformations, while no malformations were observed in either the heart or tail. Based on the correlation of teratological anomalies with the identification of stress proteins in target tissue only, we postulate that stress proteins may be involved in the teratogenic process. Further work is necessary to establish whether a causal relationship exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Anson
- Division of Genetic Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
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Pipkin JL, Anson JF, Hinson WG, Duffy PH, Burns ER, Casciano DA. The turnover of radiolabeled nuclear proteins in rats exposed to environmental and chemical stress. Toxicol Lett 1987; 39:15-26. [PMID: 3672552 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(87)90252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to a 12 h light/12 h dark (L/D) cycle for 1 month, followed by reversal to a 12 h D/12 h L (D/L) cycle stimulated within 18 h the incorporation of [3H]leucine and [32P]orthophosphoric acid into new proteins (130-25 kDa) in the G0 phase of the cell cycle of the non-regenerating and regenerating rat liver as observed in two-dimensional gel autoradiograms. Six additional proteins from the rat submaxillary gland (130-20 kDa) revealed labeling with 32P within 3 h following combined administration of isoproterenol and sodium arsenite. Labeling disappeared within 7 days for all stressed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pipkin
- Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079
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Anson JF, Hinson WG, Pipkin JL, Kwarta RF, Hansen DK, Young JF, Burns ER, Casciano DA. Retinoic acid induction of stress proteins in fetal mouse limb buds. Dev Biol 1987; 121:542-7. [PMID: 3582739 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(87)90189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is teratogenic in rodent embryos. Several teratogens have been shown to induce the synthesis of a subset of heat shock proteins (stress proteins) in Drosophila. To determine if RA induces the synthesis of these proteins in rodent embryos, pregnant ICR mice were dosed with 100 mg/kg RA on Day 11 of gestation. Forelimb buds were removed from embryos 2.5 hr post-RA-treatment and nuclei were isolated, stained, and sorted from stages of the cell cycle. Nuclear proteins were extracted and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nuclear proteins with molecular weights of approximately 84 and 25 kDa were synthesized in embryos in the G0 + G1 phase after pregnant dams were treated with RA. Isoelectric points, molecular weights, immunochemical blotting, and polypeptide mapping demonstrated that these proteins are indistinguishable from stress proteins isolated under a variety of conditions from rat submaxillary glands and mouse lymphoma cells. These results suggest that treatment with RA induces the synthesis of a subset of stress proteins; the role of these proteins in the teratogenic effects of RA is not known.
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