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Meltzer JA, Sivaratnam G, Deschamps T, Zadeh M, Li C, Farzan F, Francois-Nienaber A. Contrasting MEG effects of anodal and cathodal high-definition TDCS on sensorimotor activity during voluntary finger movements. FRONTIERS IN NEUROIMAGING 2024; 3:1341732. [PMID: 38379832 PMCID: PMC10875011 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2024.1341732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Protocols for noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) are generally categorized as "excitatory" or "inhibitory" based on their ability to produce short-term modulation of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in peripheral muscles, when applied to motor cortex. Anodal and cathodal stimulation are widely considered excitatory and inhibitory, respectively, on this basis. However, it is poorly understood whether such polarity-dependent changes apply for neural signals generated during task performance, at rest, or in response to sensory stimulation. Methods To characterize such changes, we measured spontaneous and movement-related neural activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG) before and after high-definition transcranial direct-current stimulation (HD-TDCS) of the left motor cortex (M1), while participants performed simple finger movements with the left and right hands. Results Anodal HD-TDCS (excitatory) decreased the movement-related cortical fields (MRCF) localized to left M1 during contralateral right finger movements while cathodal HD-TDCS (inhibitory), increased them. In contrast, oscillatory signatures of voluntary motor output were not differentially affected by the two stimulation protocols, and tended to decrease in magnitude over the course of the experiment regardless. Spontaneous resting state oscillations were not affected either. Discussion MRCFs are thought to reflect reafferent proprioceptive input to motor cortex following movements. Thus, these results suggest that processing of incoming sensory information may be affected by TDCS in a polarity-dependent manner that is opposite that seen for MEPs-increases in cortical excitability as defined by MEPs may correspond to reduced responses to afferent input, and vice-versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed A. Meltzer
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Speech-language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gayatri Sivaratnam
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiffany Deschamps
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maryam Zadeh
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine Li
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Faranak Farzan
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Alex Francois-Nienaber
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Yordanova J, Falkenstein M, Kolev V. Aging alters functional connectivity of motor theta networks during sensorimotor reactions. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 158:137-148. [PMID: 38219403 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.12.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both cognitive and primary motor networks alter with advancing age in humans. The networks activated in response to external environmental stimuli supported by theta oscillations remain less well explored. The present study aimed to characterize the effects of aging on the functional connectivity of response-related theta networks during sensorimotor tasks. METHODS Electroencephalographic signals were recorded in young and middle-to-older age adults during three tasks performed in two modalities, auditory and visual: a simple reaction task, a Go-NoGo task, and a choice-reaction task. Response-related theta oscillations were computed. The phase-locking value (PLV) was used to analyze the spatial synchronization of primary motor and motor control theta networks. RESULTS Performance was overall preserved in older adults. Independently of the task, aging was associated with reorganized connectivity of the contra-lateral primary motor cortex. In younger adults, it was synchronized with motor control regions (intra-hemispheric premotor/frontal and medial frontal). In older adults, it was only synchronized with intra-hemispheric sensorimotor regions. CONCLUSIONS Motor theta networks of older adults manifest a functional decoupling between the response-generating motor cortex and motor control regions, which was not modulated by task variables. The overall preserved performance in older adults suggests that the increased connectivity within the sensorimotor network is associated with an excessive reliance on sensorimotor feedback during movement execution compensating for a deficient cognitive regulation of motor regions during sensorimotor reactions. SIGNIFICANCE New evidence is provided for the reorganization of motor networks during sensorimotor reactions already at the transition from middle to old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Yordanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | | | - Vasil Kolev
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Mano T, Asada K, Suzuki S, Kasama S, Kinugawa K, Sugie K, Kasahara M, Kido A. Feasibility and acceptability of novel functional electronic stimulated rehabilitation application for treatment in patients with cerebrovascular disorders: the FRAT study protocol. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:258. [PMCID: PMC9749168 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-01217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The prognosis of patients with cerebrovascular disorders is poor owing to their high residual rate of hemiplegia. Delayed withdrawal from synkinesis is a major cause of prolonged hemiplegia; however, effective rehabilitation has not been established. This single-arm, open-label study aims to evaluate the influence of a low-frequency treatment device on canceling synkinesis in patients with incomplete paralysis and cerebrovascular disorders.
Methods
Eligible participants will include patients aged 20 years or older with incomplete paralysis, defined as upper limb Brunnstrom stage (BRS) of 2–4, who are within 1 month of onset of a cerebrovascular disorder. Qualified patients will be assigned to the novel rehabilitation treatment with IVES+ for 4 weeks. The primary endpoint of the study is the change from baseline in the upper-limb Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) 2 weeks after the start of treatment. The secondary endpoints are changes in the amount of Functional Independence Measure, changes in the amount of upper-limb BRS, and changes in the amount of Barthel Index (BI) compared to the pre-intervention value at weeks 2 and 4; changes in the upper-limb FMA scores at 1, 3, and 4 weeks; changes in grip strength compared to the pre-intervention values at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks; and changes in upper-limb strength (manual muscle test) compared to the pre-intervention values at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks.
Discussion
This study will explore the usefulness of IVES+ for recovery from motor paralysis in patients with cerebrovascular disorders.
Trial registration
Japanese Clinical Registry, jRCTs052180226. Date of registration: February 1, 2022
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Gaetz W, Graci V, Falciani C, Sanders O, Prosser LA. A MEG compatible, interactive IR game paradigm for the study of visuomotor reach-to-target movements in young children and clinical populations: The Target-Touch Motor Task. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 380:109675. [PMID: 35872154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conventional focus on discrete finger movements (i.e., index finger flexion or button-box key presses) has been an effective method to study neuromotor control using magnetoencephalography (MEG). However, this approach is challenging for young children and not possible for some people with physical disability. NEW METHOD We have developed a novel, interactive MEG compatible reach-to-target task to investigate neuromotor function, specifically for use with young children. We used an infrared touch-screen frame to detect responses to targets presented using custom software. The game can be played using a conventional computer monitor or during MEG recordings via projector. We termed this game the Target-Touch Motor Task (TTMT). RESULTS We demonstrate that the TTMT is a feasible motor task for use with young children including children with physical impairments. TTMT response-to-target trial counts are also comparable to conventional methods. Artifacts from the touch screen, while present > 100 Hz, did not affect MEG source analysis in the beta band (14-30 Hz). MEG responses during TTMT game play reveal robust cortical activity from expected areas of motor cortex as typically observed following movements of the upper limb. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) The TTMT paradigm allows participation by individuals with a broad range of motor abilities on a reach-to-target' functional task rather than conventional tasks focusing on discrete finger movements. CONCLUSIONS The TTMT is well suited for young children and successfully activates expected motor cortical areas. The TTMT opens-up new opportunities for the assessment of motor function across the lifespan, including for children with physical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gaetz
- Lurie Family Foundations' MEG Imaging Center, Dept. of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Injury Research and Prevention (CIRP), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA; Dept. of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
| | - Valentina Graci
- Neuromotor Performance Laboratory (NMPL), Center for Rehabilitation, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Injury Research and Prevention (CIRP), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health System, Drexel University, PA, USA
| | - Clayton Falciani
- Neuromotor Performance Laboratory (NMPL), Center for Rehabilitation, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ozell Sanders
- Neuromotor Performance Laboratory (NMPL), Center for Rehabilitation, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura A Prosser
- Neuromotor Performance Laboratory (NMPL), Center for Rehabilitation, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA; Dept. of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition: Best Evidence, Mechanisms, and Theory for Treating the Unseen in Clinical Rehabilitation. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 31:717-735. [PMID: 34883466 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) impedes the recovery of muscle function following joint injury, and in a broader sense, acts as a limiting factor in rehabilitation if left untreated. Despite a call to treat the underlying pathophysiology of muscle dysfunction more than three decades ago, the continued widespread observations of post-traumatic muscular impairments are concerning, and suggest that interventions for AMI are not being successfully integrated into clinical practice. OBJECTIVES To highlight the clinical relevance of AMI, provide updated evidence for the use of clinically accessible therapeutic adjuncts to treat AMI, and discuss the known or theoretical mechanisms for these interventions. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases were searched for articles that investigated the effectiveness or efficacy of interventions to treat outcomes relevant to AMI. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS 122 articles that investigated an intervention used to treat AMI among individuals with pathology or simulated pathology were retrieved from 1986 to 2021. Additional articles among uninjured individuals were considered when discussing mechanisms of effect. CONCLUSION AMI contributes to the characteristic muscular impairments observed in patients recovering from joint injuries. If left unresolved, AMI impedes short-term recovery and threatens patients' long-term joint health and well-being. Growing evidence supports the use of neuromodulatory strategies to facilitate muscle recovery over the course of rehabilitation. Interventions should be individualized to meet the needs of the patient through shared clinician-patient decision-making. At a minimum, we propose to keep the treatment approach simple by attempting to resolve inflammation, pain, and effusion early following injury.
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Saxena N, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Richmond L, Babic A, Singh KD, Hall JE, Wise RG, Shaw AD. A comparison of GABA-ergic (propofol) and non-GABA-ergic (dexmedetomidine) sedation on visual and motor cortical oscillations, using magnetoencephalography. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118659. [PMID: 34767940 PMCID: PMC9227747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying changes in cortical oscillations can help elucidate the mechanistic link between receptor physiology and the clinical effects of anaesthetic drugs. Propofol, a GABA-ergic drug produces divergent effects on visual cortical activity: increasing induced gamma-band responses (GBR) while decreasing evoked responses. Dexmedetomidine, an α2- adrenergic agonist, differs from GABA-ergic sedatives both mechanistically and clinically as it allows easy arousability from deep sedation with less cognitive side-effects. Here we use magnetoencephalography (MEG) to characterize and compare the effects of GABA-ergic (propofol) and non-GABA-ergic (dexmedetomidine) sedation, on visual and motor cortical oscillations. Sixteen male participants received target-controlled infusions of propofol and dexmedetomidine, producing mild-sedation, in a placebo-controlled, cross-over study. MEG data was collected during a combined visuomotor task. The key findings were that propofol significantly enhanced visual stimulus induced GBR (44% increase in amplitude) while dexmedetomidine decreased it (40%). Propofol also decreased the amplitudes of the Mv100 (visual M100) (27%) and Mv150 (52%) visual evoked fields (VEF), whilst dexmedetomidine had no effect on these. During the motor task, neither drug had any significant effect on movement related gamma synchrony (MRGS), movement related beta de-synchronisation (MRBD) or Mm100 (movement-related M100) movement-related evoked fields (MEF), although dexmedetomidine slowed the Mm300. Dexmedetomidine increased (92%) post-movement beta synchronisation/rebound (PMBR) power while propofol reduced it (70%, statistically non- significant). Overall, dexmedetomidine and propofol, at equi-sedative doses, produce contrasting effects on visual induced GBR, VEF, PMBR and MEF. These findings provide a mechanistic link between the known receptor physiology of these sedative drugs with their known clinical effects and may be used to explore mechanisms of other anaesthetic drugs on human consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Saxena
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom; Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Llantrisant CF72 8XR, United Kingdom.
| | - Suresh D Muthukumaraswamy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland University, Auckland 1123, New Zealand; School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland University, Auckland 1123, New Zealand
| | - Lewys Richmond
- Department of Anaesthetics, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, United Kingdom
| | - Adele Babic
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, NP20 2UB, United Kingdom
| | - Krish D Singh
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E Hall
- Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G Wise
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, "G. D'Annunzio University" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio University" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alexander D Shaw
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
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Paillard T. Cross-Education Related to the Ipsilateral Limb Activity on Monopedal Postural Control of the Contralateral Limb: A Review. Front Physiol 2020; 11:496. [PMID: 32528312 PMCID: PMC7253698 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-education is the effect whereby the ipsilateral limb training generates contralateral effects as part of motor tasks requiring strength and skills. However, it is not yet known if cross-education applies to postural control which could be essential as part of human motricity. Hence, this review addresses the possible effects of acute and chronic unilateral exercises (i.e., fatiguing exercises and regularly repeated/training exercises, respectively) on the contralateral monopedal postural control. Evidence suggests that fatiguing exercises disturb the contralateral monopedal postural control. This disturbance emanates from spinal and supra-spinal alterations which provokes changes to the motor function of the contralateral limb and degrades its postural control. Unilateral training produces cross-education related to postural control, especially when it includes balance exercises, but this remains to be tested when it includes resistance exercises. Mechanistic explanations are proposed to explain how neurophysiological changes operate in the disturbance or improvement of the contralateral monopedal postural control after unilateral fatiguing exercises or training exercises (respectively) of the lower-limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Paillard
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Equilibre, Performance et Santé, EA 4445, E2S/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Département STAPS, Tarbes, France
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Barss TS, Klarner T, Sun Y, Inouye K, Zehr EP. Effects of enhanced cutaneous sensory input on interlimb strength transfer of the wrist extensors. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14406. [PMID: 32222042 PMCID: PMC7101283 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of cutaneous sensory feedback to interlimb strength transfer remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relative contribution of cutaneous afferent pathways as a substrate for cross-education by directly assessing how "enhanced" cutaneous stimulation alters ipsilateral and contralateral strength gains in the forearm. Twenty-seven right-handed participants were randomly assigned to 1-of-3 training groups and completed 6 sets of 8 repetitions 3x/week for 5 weeks. Voluntary training (TRAIN) included unilateral maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the wrist extensors. Cutaneous stimulation (STIM), a sham training condition, included cutaneous stimulation (2x radiating threshold; 3sec; 50Hz) of the superficial radial (SR) nerve at the wrist. TRAIN + STIM training included MVCs of the wrist extensors with simultaneous SR stimulation. Two pre- and one posttraining session assessed the relative increase in force output during MVCs of isometric wrist extension, wrist flexion, and handgrip. Maximal voluntary muscle activation was simultaneously recorded from the flexor and extensor carpi radialis. Cutaneous reflex pathways were evaluated through stimulation of the SR nerve during graded ipsilateral contractions. Results indicate TRAIN increased force output compared with STIM in both trained (85.0 ± 6.2 Nm vs. 59.8 ± 6.1 Nm) and untrained wrist extensors (73.9 ± 3.5 Nm vs. 58.8 Nm). Providing 'enhanced' sensory input during training (TRAIN + STIM) also led to increases in strength in the trained limb compared with STIM (79.3 ± 6.3 Nm vs. 59.8 ± 6.1 Nm). However, in the untrained limb no difference occurred between TRAIN + STIM and STIM (63.0 ± 3.7 Nm vs. 58.8 Nm). This suggests when 'enhanced' input was provided independent of timing with active muscle contraction, interlimb strength transfer to the untrained wrist extensors was blocked. This indicates that the sensory volley may have interfered with the integration of appropriate sensorimotor cues required to facilitate an interlimb transfer, highlighting the importance of appropriately timed cutaneous feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S. Barss
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Human Discovery ScienceInternational Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)VancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - Taryn Klarner
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Human Discovery ScienceInternational Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)VancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- School of KinesiologyLakehead UniversityThunder BayONUSA
| | - Yao Sun
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Human Discovery ScienceInternational Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)VancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - Kristy Inouye
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - E. Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Human Discovery ScienceInternational Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)VancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of VictoriaBCCanada
- Zanshin Consulting Inc.VictoriaBCCanada
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Johnson B, Jobst C, Al-Loos R, He W, Cheyne D. Individual differences in motor development during early childhood: An MEG study. Dev Sci 2020; 23:e12935. [PMID: 31869490 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported the first measurements of pre-movement and sensorimotor cortex activity in preschool age children (ages 3-5 years) using a customized pediatric magnetoencephalographic system. Movement-related activity in the sensorimotor cortex differed from that typically observed in adults, suggesting that maturation of cortical motor networks was still incomplete by late preschool age. Here we compare these earlier results to a group of school age children (ages 6-8 years) including seven children from the original study measured again two years later, and a group of adults (mean age 31.1 years) performing the same task. Differences in movement-related brain activity were observed both longitudinally within children in which repeated measurements were made, and cross-sectionally between preschool age children, school age children, and adults. Movement-related mu (8-12 Hz) and beta (15-30 Hz) oscillations demonstrated linear increases in amplitude and mean frequency with age. In contrast, movement-evoked gamma synchronization demonstrated a step-like transition from low (30-50 Hz) to high (70-90 Hz) narrow-band oscillations, and this occurred at different ages in different children. Notably, pre-movement activity ('readiness fields') observed in adults was absent in even the oldest children. These are the first direct observations of brain activity accompanying motor responses throughout early childhood, confirming that maturation of this activity is still incomplete by mid-childhood. In addition, individual children demonstrated markedly different developmental trajectories in movement-related brain activity, suggesting that individual differences need to be taken into account when studying motor development across age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Johnson
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cecilia Jobst
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rita Al-Loos
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wei He
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas Cheyne
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Effects of acute and chronic unilateral resistance training variables on ipsilateral motor cortical excitability and cross-education: A systematic review. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 40:143-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Goetz SM, Kozyrkov IC, Luber B, Lisanby SH, Murphy DLK, Grill WM, Peterchev AV. Accuracy of robotic coil positioning during transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:054003. [PMID: 31189147 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Robotic positioning systems for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) promise improved accuracy and stability of coil placement, but there is limited data on their performance. Investigate the usability, accuracy, and limitations of robotic coil placement with a commercial system, ANT Neuro, in a TMS study. APPROACH 21 subjects underwent a total of 79 TMS sessions corresponding to 160 hours under robotic coil control. Coil position and orientation were monitored concurrently through an additional neuronavigation system. MAIN RESULTS Robot setup took on average 14.5 min. The robot achieved low position and orientation error with median 3.54 mm (overall, 1.34 mm without coil-head spacing) and 3.48°. The error increased over time at a rate of 0.4%/minute for both position and orientation. SIGNIFICANCE Robotic TMS systems can provide accurate and stable coil position and orientation in long TMS sessions. Lack of pressure feedback and of manual adjustment of all coil degrees of freedom were limitations of this robotic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Goetz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States of America. Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States of America. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
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Belkacem AN, Nishio S, Suzuki T, Ishiguro H, Hirata M. Neuromagnetic Decoding of Simultaneous Bilateral Hand Movements for Multidimensional Brain-Machine Interfaces. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2019; 26:1301-1310. [PMID: 29877855 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2018.2837003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To provide multidimensional control, we describe the first reported decoding of bilateral hand movements by using single-trial magnetoencephalography signals as a new approach to enhance a user's ability to interact with a complex environment through a multidimensional brain-machine interface. Ten healthy participants performed or imagined four types of bilateral hand movements during neuromagnetic measurements. By applying a support vector machine (SVM) method to classify the four movements regarding the sensor data obtained from the sensorimotor area, we found the mean accuracy of a two-class classification using the amplitudes of neuromagnetic fields to be particularly suitable for real-time applications, with accuracies comparable to those obtained in previous studies involving unilateral movement. The sensor data from over the sensorimotor cortex showed discriminative time-series waveforms and time-frequency maps in the bilateral hemispheres according to the four tasks. Furthermore, we used four-class classification algorithms based on the SVM method to decode all types of bilateral movements. Our results provided further proof that the slow components of neuromagnetic fields carry sufficient neural information to classify even bilateral hand movements and demonstrated the potential utility of decoding bilateral movements for engineering purposes such as multidimensional motor control.
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Ricci S, Tatti E, Mehraram R, Panday P, Ghilardi MF. Beta band frequency differences between motor and frontal cortices in reaching movements. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2019; 2019:1254-1259. [PMID: 31374801 PMCID: PMC11062591 DOI: 10.1109/icorr.2019.8779373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Movement is associated with power changes over sensory-motor areas in different frequency ranges, including beta (15-30 Hz). In fact, beta power starts decreasing before the movement onset (event-related desynchronization, ERD) and rebounds after its end (event-related synchronization, ERS). There is increasing evidence that beta modulation depth (measured as ERD-ERS difference) increases with practice in a planar reaching task, suggesting that this measure may reflect plasticity processes. In the present work, we analyzed beta ERD, ERS and modulation depth in healthy subjects to determine their changes over three regions of interest (ROIs): right and left sensorimotor and frontal areas, during a reaching task with the right arm. We found that ERD, ERS and modulation depth increased with practice with lower values over the right sensory-motor area. Timing of peak ERD and ERS were similar across ROIs, with ERS peak occurring earlier in later sets. Finally, we found that beta ERS of the frontal ROI involved higher beta range (23-29 Hz) than the sensory-motor ROIs (15-18 Hz). Altogether these results suggest that practice in a reaching task is associated with modification of beta power and timing. Additionally, beta ERS may have different functional meaning in the three ROIs, as suggested by the involvement of upper and lower beta bands in the frontal and sensorimotor ROIs, respectively.
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Motor Action Execution in Reaction-Time Movements: Magnetoencephalographic Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 98:771-776. [PMID: 30920964 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reaction-time movements are internally planned in the brain. Presumably, proactive control in reaction-time movements appears as an inhibitory phase preceding movement execution. We identified the brain activity of reaction-time movements in close proximity to movement onset and compared it with similar self-paced voluntary movements without external command. DESIGN We recorded 18 healthy participants performing reaction-time and self-paced fast index finger abductions with 306-sensor magnetoencephalography and electromyography. Reaction-time movements were performed as responses to cutaneous electrical stimulation delivered on the hand radial nerve area. Motor field and movement-evoked field 1 corresponding to the sensorimotor cortex activity during motor execution and afferent feedback after the movement were analyzed with Brainstorm's scouts using regions of interest analysis. RESULTS Primary motor and somato sensory cortices were active before and after movement onset. During reaction-time movements, primary motor and somato sensory cortices showed higher activation compared with self-paced movements. In primary motor cortex, stronger preparatory activity was seen in self-paced than in reaction time task. CONCLUSIONS Both primary motor and somato sensory cortices participated in the movement execution and in the prediction of sensory consequences of movement. Cutaneous stimulation facilitated cortical activation during motor field after reaction-time movements, implying the applicability of cutaneous stimulation in motor rehabilitation.
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Bardouille T, Bailey L. Evidence for age-related changes in sensorimotor neuromagnetic responses during cued button pressing in a large open-access dataset. Neuroimage 2019; 193:25-34. [PMID: 30849530 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mu, beta, and gamma rhythms increase and decrease in amplitude during movement. This event-related synchronization (ERS) and desynchronization (ERD) can be readily recorded non-invasively using magneto- and electro-encephalography (M/EEG). In addition, event-related potentials and fields (i.e., evoked responses) can be elucidated during movement. There is some evidence that the frequency, amplitude and latency of the movement-related ERS/ERD changes with ageing, however the evidence surrounding this topic comes mainly from studies in sample sizes on the order of tens of participants. The objective of this study was to examine a large open-access MEG dataset for age-related changes in movement-related ERS/ERD and evoked responses. MEG data acquired at the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience during cued button pressing was used from 567 participants between the ages of 18 and 88 years. The characteristics movement-related ERD/ERS and evoked responses were calculated for each individual participant. Based on linear regression analysis, significant relationships were found between participant age and some response characteristics, although the predictive value of these relationships was low. Specifically, we conclude that peak beta rebound frequency and amplitude decreased with age, peak beta suppression amplitude increased with age, movement-related gamma burst amplitude decreased with age, and peak motor-evoked response amplitude increased with age. Given our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these responses, our findings suggest the existence of age-related changes in the neurophysiology of thalamocortical loops and local circuitry in the primary somatosensory and motor cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Bardouille
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Lyam Bailey
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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- Cambridge Center for Ageing and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Altered Gamma Oscillations during Motor Control in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7878-7886. [PMID: 30104338 PMCID: PMC6125813 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1229-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is hypothesized to result in a cortical excitatory and inhibitory imbalance driven by inhibitory interneuron dysfunction, which is associated with the generation of gamma oscillations. On the other hand, impaired motor control has been widely reported in autism. However, no study has focused on the gamma oscillations during motor control in autism. In the present study, we investigated the motor-related gamma oscillations in autism using magnetoencephalography. Magnetoencephalographic signals were recorded from 14 right-handed human children with autism (5 female), aged 5–7 years, and age- and IQ-matched 15 typically developing children during a motor task using their right index finger. Consistent with previous studies, the autism group showed a significantly longer button response time and reduced amplitude of motor-evoked magnetic fields. We observed that the autism group exhibited a low peak frequency of motor-related gamma oscillations from the contralateral primary motor cortex, and these were associated with the severity of autism symptoms. The autism group showed a reduced power of motor-related gamma oscillations in the bilateral primary motor cortex. A linear discriminant analysis using the button response time and gamma oscillations showed a high classification performance (86.2% accuracy). The alterations of the gamma oscillations in autism might reflect the cortical excitatory and inhibitory imbalance. Our findings provide an important clue into the behavioral and neurophysiological alterations in autism and a potential biomarker for autism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Currently, the diagnosis of autism has been based on behavioral assessments, and a crucial issue in the diagnosis of autism is to identify objective and quantifiable clinical biomarkers. A key hypothesis of the neurophysiology of autism is an excitatory and inhibitory imbalance in the brain, which is associated with the generation of gamma oscillations. On the other hand, motor deficits have also been widely reported in autism. This is the first study to demonstrate low motor performance and altered motor-related gamma oscillations in autism, reflecting a brain excitatory and inhibitory imbalance. Using these behavioral and neurophysiological parameters, we classified autism and control group with good accuracy. This work provides important information on behavioral and neurophysiological alterations in patients with autism.
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17
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Aune TK, Aune MA, Ingvaldsen RP, Vereijken B. Transfer of Motor Learning Is More Pronounced in Proximal Compared to Distal Effectors in Upper Extremities. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1530. [PMID: 28943857 PMCID: PMC5596065 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current experiment investigated generalizability of motor learning in proximal versus distal effectors in upper extremities. Twenty-eight participants were divided into three groups: training proximal effectors, training distal effectors, and no training control group (CG). Performance was tested pre- and post-training for specific learning and three learning transfer conditions: (1) bilateral learning transfer between homologous effectors, (2) lateral learning transfer between non-homologous effectors, and (3) bilateral learning transfer between non-homologous effectors. With respect to specific learning, both training groups showed significant, similar improvement for the trained proximal and distal effectors, respectively. In addition, there was significant learning transfer to all three transfer conditions, except for bilateral learning transfer between non-homologous effectors for the distal training group. Interestingly, the proximal training group showed significantly larger learning transfer to other effectors compared to the distal training group. The CG did not show significant improvements from pre- to post-test. These results show that learning is partly effector independent and generalizable to different effectors, even though transfer is suboptimal compared to specific learning. Furthermore, there is a proximal-distal gradient in generalizability, in that learning transfer from trained proximal effectors is larger than from trained distal effectors, which is consistent with neuroanatomical differences in activation of proximal and distal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore K. Aune
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Nord UniversityLevanger, Norway
| | - Morten A. Aune
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Nord UniversityLevanger, Norway
| | - Rolf P. Ingvaldsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Nord UniversityLevanger, Norway
| | - Beatrix Vereijken
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
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18
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Paillard T. Plasticity of the postural function to sport and/or motor experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:129-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Nagamori A, Valero-Cuevas FJ, Finley JM. Unilateral Eccentric Contraction of the Plantarflexors Leads to Bilateral Alterations in Leg Dexterity. Front Physiol 2016; 7:582. [PMID: 27965588 PMCID: PMC5127811 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric contractions can affect musculotendon mechanical properties and disrupt muscle proprioception, but their behavioral consequences are poorly understood. We tested whether repeated eccentric contractions of plantarflexor muscles of one leg affected the dexterity of either leg. Twenty healthy male subjects (27.3 ± 4.0 yrs) compressed a compliant and slender spring prone to buckling with each isolated leg. The maximal instability they could control (i.e., the maximal average sustained compression force, or lower extremity dexterity force, LEDforce) quantified the dexterity of each leg. We found that eccentric contractions did not affect LEDforce, but reduced force variability (LEDSD). Surprisingly, LEDforce increased in the non-exposed, contralateral leg. These effects were specific to exposure to eccentric contractions because an effort-matched exposure to walking did not affect leg dexterity. In the exposed leg, eccentric contractions (i) reduced voluntary error corrections during spring compressions (i.e., reduced 0.5–4 Hz power of LEDforce); (ii) did not change spinal excitability (i.e., unaffected H-reflexes); and (iii) changed the structure of the neural drive to the α-motoneuron pool (i.e., reduced EMG power within the 4–8 Hz physiological tremor band). These results suggest that repeated eccentric contractions alter the feedback control for dexterity in the exposed leg by reducing muscle spindle sensitivity. Moreover, the unexpected improvement in LEDforce in the non-exposed contralateral leg was likely a consequence of crossed-effects on its spinal and supraspinal feedback control. We discuss the implications of these bilateral effects of unilateral eccentric contractions, their effect on spinal and supraspinal control of dynamic foot-ground interactions, and their potential to facilitate rehabilitation from musculoskeletal and neuromotor impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nagamori
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francisco J Valero-Cuevas
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James M Finley
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Maezawa H, Oguma H, Hirai Y, Hisadome K, Shiraishi H, Funahashi M. Movement-related cortical magnetic fields associated with self-paced tongue protrusion in humans. Neurosci Res 2016; 117:22-27. [PMID: 27888072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sophisticated tongue movements are coordinated finely via cortical control. We elucidated the cortical processes associated with voluntary tongue movement. Movement-related cortical fields were investigated during self-paced repetitive tongue protrusion. Surface tongue electromyograms were recorded to determine movement onset. To identify the location of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), tongue somatosensory evoked fields were measured. The readiness fields (RFs) over both hemispheres began prior to movement onset and culminated in the motor fields (MFs) around movement onset. These signals were followed by transient movement evoked fields (MEFs) after movement onset. The MF and MEF peak latencies and magnitudes were not different between the hemispheres. The MF current sources were located in the precentral gyrus, suggesting they were located in the primary motor cortex (M1); this was contrary to the MEF sources, which were located in S1. We conclude that the RFs and MFs mainly reflect the cortical processes for the preparation and execution of tongue movement in the bilateral M1, without hemispheric dominance. Moreover, the MEFs may represent proprioceptive feedback from the tongue to bilateral S1. Such cortical processing related to the efferent and afferent information may aid in the coordination of sophisticated tongue movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Maezawa
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Hidetoshi Oguma
- School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirai
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan
| | - Kazunari Hisadome
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shiraishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Makoto Funahashi
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan
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Toyoshima T, Yazawa S, Murahara T, Ishiguro M, Shinozaki J, Ichihara-Takeda S, Shiraishi H, Matsuhashi M, Shimohama S, Nagamine T. Load effect on background rhythms during motor execution: A magnetoencephalographic study. Neurosci Res 2016; 112:26-36. [PMID: 27354229 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of load against self-paced movement on cortical involvement for motor execution. Ten right-handed healthy volunteers were requested to perform brisk extension of the right index finger at self-paced intervals exceeding 10s for three load conditions: 0g, 50g and 100g. Movement-related magnetic fields were recorded using an MEG system. The signals were band-pass-filtered through 18-23Hz and rectified before averaging with respect to EMG onset. We analyzed the time course and %change of peak amplitude with reference to the baseline amplitude in event-related desynchronization (ERD) or synchronization (ERS) in each hemisphere. Maximum response was observed around the left somatomotor area for all conditions. ERD did not show any significant difference before the movement onset among the three load conditions. For %change, ERS in the post-movement period was significantly larger for the 100g load condition than for the 0g load condition, and that was significantly greater over the left than over the right hemisphere. These findings indicate that the load has little effect on pre-movement desynchronization, whereas it affects the post-movement synchronization on background rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Toyoshima
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1, West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; Sapporo Shirakaba-dai Hospital, 2-18, Tsukisamu-higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-0052, Japan
| | - Shogo Yazawa
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1, West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Murahara
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1, West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masanori Ishiguro
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1, West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Jun Shinozaki
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1, West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Satoe Ichihara-Takeda
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, South 1, West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shiraishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuhashi
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Syogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shun Shimohama
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1, West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagamine
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1, West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
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22
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Hanley CJ, Singh KD, McGonigle DJ. Transcranial modulation of brain oscillatory responses: A concurrent tDCS–MEG investigation. Neuroimage 2016; 140:20-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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23
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Maezawa H. Cortico-muscular communication for motor control of the tongue in humans: A review. J Oral Biosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Effect of muscle contraction strength on gating of somatosensory magnetic fields. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:3389-3398. [PMID: 27435203 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Afferent somatosensory information is modulated before the afferent input arrives at the primary somatosensory cortex during voluntary movement. The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of muscular contraction strength on somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) during voluntary movement. In addition, we examined the differences in gating between innervated and non-innervated muscle during contraction. We investigated the changes in gating effect by muscular contraction strength and innervated and non-innervated muscles in human using 306-channel magnetoencephalography. SEFs were recorded following the right median nerve stimulation in a resting condition and during isometric muscular contractions from 10 % electromyographic activity (EMG), 20 and 30 % EMG of the right extensor indicis muscle and abductor pollicis brevis muscle. Our results showed that the equivalent current dipole (ECD) strength for P35m decreased with increasing strength of muscular contraction of the right abductor pollicis brevis muscle. However, changes were observed only at 30 % EMG contraction level of the right extensor indicis muscle, which was not innervated by the median nerve. There were no significant changes in the peak latencies and ECD locations of each component in all conditions. The ECD strength did not differ significantly for N20m and P60m regardless of the strength of muscular contraction and innervation. Therefore, we suggest that the gating of SEF waveforms following peripheral nerve stimulation was affected by the strength of muscular contraction and innervation of the contracting muscle.
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Pang EW, Snead III OC. From Structure to Circuits: The Contribution of MEG Connectivity Studies to Functional Neurosurgery. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:67. [PMID: 27445705 PMCID: PMC4914570 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New advances in structural neuroimaging have revealed the intricate and extensive connections within the brain, data which have informed a number of ambitious projects such as the mapping of the human connectome. Elucidation of the structural connections of the brain, at both the macro and micro levels, promises new perspectives on brain structure and function that could translate into improved outcomes in functional neurosurgery. The understanding of neuronal structural connectivity afforded by these data now offers a vista on the brain, in both healthy and diseased states, that could not be seen with traditional neuroimaging. Concurrent with these developments in structural imaging, a complementary modality called magnetoencephalography (MEG) has been garnering great attention because it too holds promise for being able to shed light on the intricacies of functional brain connectivity. MEG is based upon the elemental principle of physics that an electrical current generates a magnetic field. Hence, MEG uses highly sensitive biomagnetometers to measure extracranial magnetic fields produced by intracellular neuronal currents. Put simply then, MEG is a measure of neurophysiological activity, which captures the magnetic fields generated by synchronized intraneuronal electrical activity. As such, MEG recordings offer exquisite resolution in the time and oscillatory domain and, as well, when co-registered with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), offer excellent resolution in the spatial domain. Recent advances in MEG computational and graph theoretical methods have led to studies of connectivity in the time-frequency domain. As such, MEG can elucidate a neurophysiological-based functional circuitry that may enhance what is seen with MRI connectivity studies. In particular, MEG may offer additional insight not possible by MRI when used to study complex eloquent function, where the precise timing and coordination of brain areas is critical. This article will review the traditional use of MEG for functional neurosurgery, describe recent advances in MEG connectivity analyses, and consider the additional benefits that could be gained with the inclusion of MEG connectivity studies. Since MEG has been most widely applied to the study of epilepsy, we will frame this article within the context of epilepsy surgery and functional neurosurgery for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W. Pang
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research InstituteToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - O. C. Snead III
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research InstituteToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
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Grisoni L, Dreyer FR, Pulvermüller F. Somatotopic Semantic Priming and Prediction in the Motor System. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:2353-66. [PMID: 26908635 PMCID: PMC4830302 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of action-related sounds and words activates motor regions, reflecting the semantic grounding of these symbols in action information; in addition, motor cortex exerts causal influences on sound perception and language comprehension. However, proponents of classic symbolic theories still dispute the role of modality-preferential systems such as the motor cortex in the semantic processing of meaningful stimuli. To clarify whether the motor system carries semantic processes, we investigated neurophysiological indexes of semantic relationships between action-related sounds and words. Event-related potentials revealed that action-related words produced significantly larger stimulus-evoked (Mismatch Negativity-like) and predictive brain responses (Readiness Potentials) when presented in body-part-incongruent sound contexts (e.g., “kiss” in footstep sound context; “kick” in whistle context) than in body-part-congruent contexts, a pattern reminiscent of neurophysiological correlates of semantic priming. Cortical generators of the semantic relatedness effect were localized in areas traditionally associated with semantic memory, including left inferior frontal cortex and temporal pole, and, crucially, in motor areas, where body-part congruency of action sound–word relationships was indexed by a somatotopic pattern of activation. As our results show neurophysiological manifestations of action-semantic priming in the motor cortex, they prove semantic processing in the motor system and thus in a modality-preferential system of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Grisoni
- Brain Language Laboratory, Department of Philosophy and Humanities, Freie Universtät Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix R Dreyer
- Brain Language Laboratory, Department of Philosophy and Humanities, Freie Universtät Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Pulvermüller
- Brain Language Laboratory, Department of Philosophy and Humanities, Freie Universtät Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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27
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Willemse RB, Hillebrand A, Ronner HE, Vandertop WP, Stam CJ. Magnetoencephalographic study of hand and foot sensorimotor organization in 325 consecutive patients evaluated for tumor or epilepsy surgery. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 10:46-53. [PMID: 26693401 PMCID: PMC4660376 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The presence of intracranial lesions or epilepsy may lead to functional reorganization and hemispheric lateralization. We applied a clinical magnetoencephalography (MEG) protocol for the localization of the contralateral and ipsilateral S1 and M1 of the foot and hand in patients with non-lesional epilepsy, stroke, developmental brain injury, traumatic brain injury and brain tumors. We investigated whether differences in activation patterns could be related to underlying pathology. Methods Using dipole fitting, we localized the sources underlying sensory and motor evoked magnetic fields (SEFs and MEFs) of both hands and feet following unilateral stimulation of the median nerve (MN) and posterior tibial nerve (PTN) in 325 consecutive patients. The primary motor cortex was localized using beamforming following a self-paced repetitive motor task for each hand and foot. Results The success rate for motor and sensory localization for the feet was significantly lower than for the hands (motor_hand 94.6% versus motor_feet 81.8%, p < 0.001; sensory_hand 95.3% versus sensory_feet 76.0%, p < 0.001). MN and PTN stimulation activated 86.6% in the contralateral S1, with ipsilateral activation < 0.5%. Motor cortex activation localized contralaterally in 76.1% (5.2% ipsilateral, 7.6% bilateral and 11.1% failures) of all motor MEG recordings. The ipsilateral motor responses were found in 43 (14%) out of 308 patients with motor recordings (range: 8.3–50%, depending on the underlying pathology), and had a higher occurrence in the foot than in the hand (motor_foot 44.8% versus motor_hand 29.6%, p = 0.031). Ipsilateral motor responses tended to be more frequent in patients with a history of stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI) or developmental brain lesions (p = 0.063). Conclusions MEG localization of sensorimotor cortex activation was more successful for the hand compared to the foot. In patients with neural lesions, there were signs of brain reorganization as measured by more frequent ipsilateral motor cortical activation of the foot in addition to the traditional sensory and motor activation patterns in the contralateral hemisphere. The presence of ipsilateral neural reorganization, especially around the foot motor area, suggests that careful mapping of the hand and foot in both contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres prior to surgery might minimize postoperative deficits. Using MEG, S1 and M1 responses of the hand and foot were mapped in patients with brain tumors or epilepsy. Localization of the hand was more successful than of the foot. Ipsilateral S1 responses were rarely seen but ipsilateral M1 responses differed by underlying pathology and limb. Results indicate that differential sensorimotor re-organization can occur in the presence of pathology. Ipsilateral and contralateral mapping of the hand and foot should be done to minimize postsurgical dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Willemse
- Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Hillebrand
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and MEG Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke E Ronner
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and MEG Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Peter Vandertop
- Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J Stam
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and MEG Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bourguignon M, Piitulainen H, De Tiège X, Jousmäki V, Hari R. Corticokinematic coherence mainly reflects movement-induced proprioceptive feedback. Neuroimage 2014; 106:382-90. [PMID: 25463469 PMCID: PMC4295920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticokinematic coherence (CKC) reflects coupling between magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals and hand kinematics, mainly occurring at hand movement frequency (F0) and its first harmonic (F1). Since CKC can be obtained for both active and passive movements, it has been suggested to mainly reflect proprioceptive feedback to the primary sensorimotor (SM1) cortex. However, the directionality of the brain-kinematics coupling has not been previously assessed and was thus quantified in the present study by means of renormalized partial directed coherence (rPDC). MEG data were obtained from 15 subjects who performed right index-finger movements and whose finger was, in another session, passively moved, with or without tactile input. Four additional subjects underwent the same task with slowly varying movement pace, spanning the 1-5 Hz frequency range. The coupling between SM1 activity recorded with MEG and finger kinematics was assessed with coherence and rPDC. In all conditions, the afferent rPDC spectrum, which resembled the coherence spectrum, displayed higher values than the efferent rPDC spectrum. The afferent rPDC was 37% higher when tactile input was present, and it was at highest at F1 of the passive conditions; the efferent rPDC level did not differ between conditions. The apparent latency for the afferent input, estimated within the framework of the rPDC analysis, was 50-100 ms. The higher directional coupling between hand kinematics and SM1 activity in afferent than efferent direction strongly supports the view that CKC mainly reflects movement-related somatosensory proprioceptive afferent input to the contralateral SM1 cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bourguignon
- Brain Research Unit and MEG Core, O.V. Lounasmaa Laboratory, Aalto University School of Science, PO BOX 15100, FI-00076-AALTO Espoo, Finland.
| | - Harri Piitulainen
- Brain Research Unit and MEG Core, O.V. Lounasmaa Laboratory, Aalto University School of Science, PO BOX 15100, FI-00076-AALTO Espoo, Finland
| | - Xavier De Tiège
- Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, 808 Lennik Street, B-1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Veikko Jousmäki
- Brain Research Unit and MEG Core, O.V. Lounasmaa Laboratory, Aalto University School of Science, PO BOX 15100, FI-00076-AALTO Espoo, Finland
| | - Riitta Hari
- Brain Research Unit and MEG Core, O.V. Lounasmaa Laboratory, Aalto University School of Science, PO BOX 15100, FI-00076-AALTO Espoo, Finland
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29
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Olfactory short-term memory encoding and maintenance — An event-related potential study. Neuroimage 2014; 98:475-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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30
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Araki T, Hirata M, Sugata H, Yanagisawa T, Onishi M, Watanabe Y, Omura K, Honda C, Hayakawa K, Yorifuji S. Genetic and environmental influences on motor function: a magnetoencephalographic study of twins. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:455. [PMID: 24994981 PMCID: PMC4063293 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of genetic and environmental influences on cerebral motor function, we determined similarities and differences of movement-related cortical fields (MRCFs) in middle-aged and elderly monozygotic (MZ) twins. MRCFs were measured using a 160-channel magnetoencephalogram system when MZ twins were instructed to repeat lifting of the right index finger. We compared latency, amplitude, dipole location, and dipole intensity of movement-evoked field 1 (MEF1) between 16 MZ twins and 16 pairs of genetically unrelated pairs. Differences in latency and dipole location between MZ twins were significantly less than those between unrelated age-matched pairs. However, amplitude and dipole intensity were not significantly different. These results suggest that the latency and dipole location of MEF1 are determined early in life by genetic and early common environmental factors, whereas amplitude and dipole intensity are influenced by long-term environmental factors. Improved understanding of genetic and environmental factors that influence cerebral motor function may contribute to evaluation and improvement for individual motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Araki
- Division of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Medical School , Suita , Japan
| | - Masayuki Hirata
- Division of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Medical School , Suita , Japan ; Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Medical School , Suita , Japan
| | - Hisato Sugata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Medical School , Suita , Japan
| | - Takufumi Yanagisawa
- Division of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Medical School , Suita , Japan ; Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Medical School , Suita , Japan
| | - Mai Onishi
- Division of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Medical School , Suita , Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka University Medical School , Suita , Japan
| | - Kayoko Omura
- Center for Twin Research, Osaka University Medical School , Suita , Japan
| | - Chika Honda
- Center for Twin Research, Osaka University Medical School , Suita , Japan
| | - Kazuo Hayakawa
- Center for Twin Research, Osaka University Medical School , Suita , Japan
| | - Shiro Yorifuji
- Division of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Medical School , Suita , Japan
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31
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Cheyne D, Jobst C, Tesan G, Crain S, Johnson B. Movement-related neuromagnetic fields in preschool age children. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:4858-75. [PMID: 24700413 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined sensorimotor brain activity associated with voluntary movements in preschool children using a customized pediatric magnetoencephalographic system. A videogame-like task was used to generate self-initiated right or left index finger movements in 17 healthy right-handed subjects (8 females, ages 3.2-4.8 years). We successfully identified spatiotemporal patterns of movement-related brain activity in 15/17 children using beamformer source analysis and surrogate MRI spatial normalization. Readiness fields in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex began ∼0.5 s prior to movement onset (motor field, MF), followed by transient movement-evoked fields (MEFs), similar to that observed during self-paced movements in adults, but slightly delayed and with inverted source polarities. We also observed modulation of mu (8-12 Hz) and beta (15-30 Hz) oscillations in sensorimotor cortex with movement, but with different timing and a stronger frequency band coupling compared to that observed in adults. Adult-like high-frequency (70-80 Hz) gamma bursts were detected at movement onset. All children showed activation of the right superior temporal gyrus that was independent of the side of movement, a response that has not been reported in adults. These results provide new insights into the development of movement-related brain function, for an age group in which no previous data exist. The results show that children under 5 years of age have markedly different patterns of movement-related brain activity in comparison to older children and adults, and indicate that significant maturational changes occur in the sensorimotor system between the preschool years and later childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Cheyne
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
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32
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van Vugt MK, Simen P, Nystrom L, Holmes P, Cohen JD. Lateralized readiness potentials reveal properties of a neural mechanism for implementing a decision threshold. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90943. [PMID: 24625827 PMCID: PMC3953213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many perceptual decision making models posit that participants accumulate noisy evidence over time to improve the accuracy of their decisions, and that in free response tasks, participants respond when the accumulated evidence reaches a decision threshold. Research on the neural correlates of these models' components focuses primarily on evidence accumulation. Far less attention has been paid to the neural correlates of decision thresholds, reflecting the final commitment to a decision. Inspired by a model of bistable neural activity that implements a decision threshold, we reinterpret human lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) as reflecting the crossing of a decision threshold. Interestingly, this threshold crossing preserves signatures of a drift-diffusion process of evidence accumulation that feeds in to the threshold mechanism. We show that, as our model predicts, LRP amplitudes and growth rates recorded while participants performed a motion discrimination task correlate with individual differences in behaviorally-estimated prior beliefs, decision thresholds and evidence accumulation rates. As such LRPs provide a useful measure to test dynamical models of both evidence accumulation and decision commitment processes non-invasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke K. van Vugt
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Simen
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Leigh Nystrom
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Philip Holmes
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Cohen
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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Issurin VB. Training transfer: scientific background and insights for practical application. Sports Med 2014; 43:675-94. [PMID: 23633165 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Training transfer as an enduring, multilateral, and practically important problem encompasses a large body of research findings and experience, which characterize the process by which improving performance in certain exercises/tasks can affect the performance in alternative exercises or motor tasks. This problem is of paramount importance for the theory of training and for all aspects of its application in practice. Ultimately, training transfer determines how useful or useless each given exercise is for the targeted athletic performance. The methodological background of training transfer encompasses basic concepts related to transfer modality, i.e., positive, neutral, and negative; the generalization of training responses and their persistence over time; factors affecting training transfer such as personality, motivation, social environment, etc. Training transfer in sport is clearly differentiated with regard to the enhancement of motor skills and the development of motor abilities. The studies of bilateral skill transfer have shown cross-transfer effects following one-limb training associated with neural adaptations at cortical, subcortical, spinal, and segmental levels. Implementation of advanced sport technologies such as motor imagery, biofeedback, and exercising in artificial environments can facilitate and reinforce training transfer from appropriate motor tasks to targeted athletic performance. Training transfer of motor abilities has been studied with regard to contralateral effects following one limb training, cross-transfer induced by arm or leg training, the impact of strength/power training on the preparedness of endurance athletes, and the impact of endurance workloads on strength/power performance. The extensive research findings characterizing the interactions of these workloads have shown positive transfer, or its absence, depending on whether the combinations conform to sport-specific demands and physiological adaptations. Finally, cross-training as a form of concurrent exercising in different athletic disciplines has been examined in reference to the enhancement of general fitness, the preparation of recreational athletes, and the preparation of athletes for multi-sport activities such as triathlon, duathlon, etc.
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Witte M, Galán F, Waldert S, Braun C, Mehring C. Concurrent stable and unstable cortical correlates of human wrist movements. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:3867-79. [PMID: 24453113 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical activity has been shown to correlate with different parameters of movement. However, the dynamic properties of cortico-motor mappings still remain unexplored in humans. Here, we show that during the repetition of simple stereotyped wrist movements both stable and unstable correlates simultaneously emerge in human sensorimotor cortex. Using visual feedback of wrist movement target inferred online from MEG, we assessed the dynamics of the tuning properties of two neuronal signals: the MEG signal below 1.6 Hz and within the 4 to 6 Hz range. We found that both components are modulated by wrist movement allowing for closed-loop inference of movement targets. Interestingly, while tuning of 4 to 6 Hz signals remained stable over time leading to stable inference of movement target using a static classifier, the tuning of cortical signals below 1.6 Hz significantly changed resulting in steadily decreasing inference accuracy. Our findings demonstrate that non-invasive neuronal population signals in human sensorimotor cortex can reflect a stable correlate of voluntary movements. Hence, we provide first evidence for a stable control signal in non-invasive human brain-machine interface research. However, as not all neuronal signals initially tuned to movement were stable across days, a careful selection of features for real-life applications seems to be mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Witte
- MEG Center, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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35
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Klepp A, Weissler H, Niccolai V, Terhalle A, Geisler H, Schnitzler A, Biermann-Ruben K. Neuromagnetic hand and foot motor sources recruited during action verb processing. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2014; 128:41-52. [PMID: 24412808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated sensorimotor involvement in the processing of verbs describing actions performed with the hands, feet, or no body part. Actual movements were used to identify neuromagnetic sources for hand and foot actions. These sources constrained the analysis of verb processing. While hand and foot sources picked up activation in all three verb conditions, peak amplitudes showed an interaction of source and verb condition at 200 ms after word onset, thereby reflecting effector-specificity. Specifically, hand verbs elicited significantly higher peak amplitudes than foot verbs in hand sources. Our results are in line with theories of embodied cognition that assume an involvement of sensorimotor areas in early stages of lexico-semantic processing, even for single words without a semantic or motor task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Klepp
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Hannah Weissler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Valentina Niccolai
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anselm Terhalle
- Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Geisler
- Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Biermann-Ruben
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Suzuki M, Wasaka T, Inui K, Kakigi R. Reappraisal of field dynamics of motor cortex during self-paced finger movements. Brain Behav 2013; 3:747-62. [PMID: 24363977 PMCID: PMC3868179 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact origin of neuronal responses in the human sensorimotor cortex subserving the generation of voluntary movements remains unclear, despite the presence of characteristic but robust waveforms in the records of electroencephalography or magnetoencephalography (MEG). AIMS To clarify this fundamental and important problem, we analyzed MEG in more detail using a multidipole model during pulsatile extension of the index finger, and made some important new findings. RESULTS Movement-related cerebral fields (MRCFs) were confirmed over the sensorimotor region contralateral to the movement, consisting of a temporal succession of the first premovement component termed motor field, followed by two or three postmovement components termed movement evoked fields. A source analysis was applied to separately model each of these field components. Equivalent current diploes of all components of MRCFs were estimated to be located in the same precentral motor region, and did not differ with respect to their locations and orientations. The somatosensory evoked fields following median nerve stimulation were used to validate these findings through comparisons of the location and orientation of composite sources with those specified in MRCFs. The sources for the earliest components were evoked in Brodmann's area 3b located lateral to the sources of MRCFs, and those for subsequent components in area 5 and the secondary somatosensory area were located posterior to and inferior to the sources of MRCFs, respectively. Another component peaking at a comparable latency with the area 3b source was identified in the precentral motor region where all sources of MRCFs were located. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the MRCF waveform reflects a series of responses originating in the precentral motor area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan ; Department of Psychology, Kinjo Gakuin University Omori 2-1723 Moriyama, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Wasaka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Inui
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kakigi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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37
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Heales LJ, Lim ECW, Hodges PW, Vicenzino B. Sensory and motor deficits exist on the non-injured side of patients with unilateral tendon pain and disability—implications for central nervous system involvement: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2013; 48:1400-6. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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38
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Derakhshan I. Laterality of seizure onset and the simple reaction time: revamping the Poffenberger's paradigm for seizure surgery. Neurol Res 2013; 28:777-84. [PMID: 17171840 DOI: 10.1179/016164106x115107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crossed-uncrossed differentials (CUDs) are viewed as surrogates for interhemispheric transfer time (IHTT). Not uncommonly CUDs assume statistically significant negative values (inverted CUDs). This raises doubts of the accepted interpretation of CUDs, i.e. intra- and inter-hemispheric routings of signals in uncrossed and crossed responses, respectively. METHOD Based on the evidence supporting directionality in callosal traffic, data are provided indicating that callosal transfers exclusively involve non-dominant responses and such transfers are modality non-specific. The evidence also indicates that neural handedness corresponds to behavioral only in a statistical manner and the former remains unchanged regardless of the subject's life experience. RESULTS The neurally dominant side is the side that is directly connected to the major hemisphere (command center). The connection of the non-dominant side to the command center is via the corpus callosum; therefore, a delay occurs in the reaction time of all non-dominant effectors, corresponding to IHTT. Accordingly, negative CUDs indicate a mismatch of neural and behavioral (avowed) handedness of the subject. This group comprises a minority of 15-20% of the population. CONCLUSION Comparing the response time of symmetrically located effector is a robust way of lateralizing a person's major hemisphere. The latter is also the site of initiation of seizures, as the minor hemisphere is bereft of independent motor activity. Sensory signals arising from the nondominant side of the body traverse the callosum before reaching the major hemisphere. Searching for ipsilateral somatosensory evoked potentials provides another approach in lateralizing the non-dominant side of the body (ipsilateral to the major hemisphere). Practical uses of a conceptually revamped Poffenberger paradigm in neurosurgery are briefly reviewed.
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Derakhshan I. Lateralities of motor control and the alien hand always coincide: further observations on directionality in callosal traffic underpinning handedness. Neurol Res 2013; 31:258-64. [DOI: 10.1179/174313209x380793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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40
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Niimi M, Ohira T, Akiyama T, Hiraga K, Kaneko Y, Ochiai M, Fukunaga A, Kobayashi M, Kawase T. Source analysis of the magnetic field evoked during self-paced finger movements. Neurol Res 2013; 30:239-43. [PMID: 17848207 DOI: 10.1179/016164107x230801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate a source of cortical magnetic fields evoked by index finger movements. METHODS We analysed both movement-related cortical fields (MRCFs) and somatosensory-evoked fields (SEFs) by single equivalent current dipole (ECD) method in six healthy subjects. Dipole locations were superimposed on MR images of each individual subject. RESULTS The first component after finger movement (movement-evoked field I, MEFI) was observed in all subjects. The dipole of MEFI was oriented posteriorly, and was located on the posterior wall of the central sulcus of the hemisphere contralateral to the movement. The SEFs showed three major components: N20m, P30m and P60m. The dipoles of P30m and P60m were orientated posteriorly, similarly to the MEFI dipole, while that of N20m was orientated anteriorly. The dipole location of MEFI was closely located to P60m, not to N20m and P30m. The mean location of the MEFI dipole was significantly (p<0.05) superior to N20m. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that MEFI would be generated in the sensory area (area 3b) affected by multiple afferents and activities, and that the source of the MEFI is not identical to that of the N20m component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Niimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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Cheyne DO. MEG studies of sensorimotor rhythms: A review. Exp Neurol 2013; 245:27-39. [PMID: 22981841 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Owen Cheyne
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8.
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Kwon YH, Kwon JW, Park JW. Changes in brain activation patterns according to cross-training effect in serial reaction time task: An functional MRI study. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:639-46. [PMID: 25206709 PMCID: PMC4145986 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-training is a phenomenon related to motor learning, where motor performance of the untrained limb shows improvement in strength and skill execution following unilateral training of the homologous contralateral limb. We used functional MRI to investigate whether motor performance of the untrained limb could be improved using a serial reaction time task according to motor sequential learning of the trained limb, and whether these skill acquisitions led to changes in brain activation patterns. We recruited 20 right-handed healthy subjects, who were randomly allocated into training and control groups. The training group was trained in performance of a serial reaction time task using their non-dominant left hand, 40 minutes per day, for 10 days, over a period of 2 weeks. The control group did not receive training. Measurements of response time and percentile of response accuracy were performed twice during pre- and post-training, while brain functional MRI was scanned during performance of the serial reaction time task using the untrained right hand. In the training group, prominent changes in response time and percentile of response accuracy were observed in both the untrained right hand and the trained left hand between pre- and post-training. The control group showed no significant changes in the untrained hand between pre- and post-training. In the training group, the activated volume of the cortical areas related to motor function (i.e., primary motor cortex, premotor area, posterior parietal cortex) showed a gradual decrease, and enhanced cerebellar activation of the vermis and the newly activated ipsilateral dentate nucleus were observed during performance of the serial reaction time task using the untrained right hand, accompanied by the cross-motor learning effect. However, no significant changes were observed in the control group. Our findings indicate that motor skills learned over the 2-week training using the trained limb were transferred to the opposite homologous limb, and motor skill acquisition of the untrained limb led to changes in brain activation patterns in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hyun Kwon
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yeungnam College of Science & Technology, Daegu, Damgu 705-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Won Kwon
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yeungnam College of Science & Technology, Daegu, Damgu 705-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan-si, Kyeongbuk 712-702, Republic of Korea
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Comprehensive Functional Mapping Scheme for Non-Invasive Primary Sensorimotor Cortex Mapping. Brain Topogr 2012; 26:511-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-012-0271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Changes in spinal but not cortical excitability following combined electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve and voluntary plantar-flexion. Exp Brain Res 2012; 222:41-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Biermann-Ruben K, Miller A, Franzkowiak S, Finis J, Pollok B, Wach C, Südmeyer M, Jonas M, Thomalla G, Müller-Vahl K, Münchau A, Schnitzler A. Increased sensory feedback in Tourette syndrome. Neuroimage 2012; 63:119-25. [PMID: 22776453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuro-psychiatric disorder being characterized by motor and phonic tics typically preceded by sensory urges. Given the latter the role of the sensory system and sensorimotor interaction in TS has recently gained increased attention. 12 TS patients and 12 matched control subjects performed two tasks, requiring simple finger movements: a Go/NoGo task and a self paced movement task. Neurophysiological data was recorded using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Event related responses around movement onset, i.e. motor field (MF) occurring directly prior to the movement and movement evoked field (MEF) immediately after movement onset were analyzed using dipole modeling. MF peak amplitudes did not differ between groups in either task. In contrast, in both tasks MEF peak amplitudes were increased in TS patients. Moreover, larger MEF amplitudes during self paced movements were inversely correlated with motor tic frequency and severity. Enlarged MEF amplitudes as a marker of early sensory feedback of one's own movements probably represent enlarged sensory input from the periphery resulting from altered subcortical gating. We conclude that TS patients exhibit altered sensory-motor processing involved in voluntary movement control, which might also be successful in tic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Biermann-Ruben
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Sugata H, Goto T, Hirata M, Yanagisawa T, Shayne M, Matsushita K, Yoshimine T, Yorifuji S. Neural decoding of unilateral upper limb movements using single trial MEG signals. Brain Res 2012; 1468:29-37. [PMID: 22683716 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A brain machine interface (BMI) provides the possibility of controlling such external devices as prosthetic arms for patients with severe motor dysfunction using their own brain signals. However, there have been few studies investigating the decoding accuracy for multiclasses of useful unilateral upper limb movements using non-invasive measurements. We investigated the decoding accuracy for classifying three types of unilateral upper limb movements using single-trial magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals. Neuromagnetic activities were recorded in 9 healthy subjects performing 3 types of right upper limb movements: hand grasping, pinching, and elbow flexion. A support vector machine was used to classify the single-trial MEG signals. The movement types were predicted with an average accuracy of 66 ± 10% (chance level: 33.3%) using neuromagnetic activity during a 400-ms interval (-200 ms to 200 ms from movement onsets). To explore the time-dependency of the decoding accuracy, we also examined the time course of decoding accuracy in 50-ms sliding windows from -500 ms to 500 ms. Decoding accuracies significantly increased and peaked once before (50.1 ± 4.9%) and twice after (58.5 ± 7.5% and 64.4 ± 7.6%) movement onsets in all subjects. Significant variability in the decoding features in the first peak was evident in the channels over the parietal area and in the second and third peaks in the channels over the sensorimotor area. Our results indicate that the three types of unilateral upper limb movement can be inferred with high accuracy by detecting differences in movement-related brain activity in the parietal and sensorimotor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Sugata
- Division of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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van Wijk BCM, Beek PJ, Daffertshofer A. Differential modulations of ipsilateral and contralateral beta (de)synchronization during unimanual force production. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2088-97. [PMID: 22583034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral movement is usually accompanied by ipsilateral activity in the primary motor cortex (M1). It is still largely unclear whether this activity reflects interhemispheric 'cross-talk' of contralateral M1 that facilitates movement, or results from processes that inhibit motor output. We investigated the role of beta power in ipsilateral M1 during unimanual force production. Significant ipsilateral beta desynchronization occurred during continuous dynamic but not during static force production. Moreover, event-related time-frequency analysis revealed bilateral desynchronization patterns, whereas post-movement synchronization was confined to the contralateral hemisphere. Our findings indicate that ipsilateral activation is not merely the result of interhemispheric cross-talk but involves additional processes. Given observations of differential blood oxygen level-dependent responses in ipsilateral and contralateral M1, and the correlation between beta desynchronization and the firing rate of pyramidal tract neurons in contralateral M1 during movement, we speculate that beta desynchronization in contra- and ipsilateral M1 arises from distinct neural activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C M van Wijk
- Research Institute MOVE, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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48
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Abstract
In order to clarify whether neurophysiological profiles affect the performance of brain machine interfaces (BMI), we examined the relationships between amplitudes of movement-related cortical fields (MRCFs) and decoding performances during movement. Neuromagnetic activities were recorded in nine healthy participants during three types of unilateral upper limb movements. The movement types were inferred by a support vector machine. The amplitude of MRCF components, motor field (MF), movement-evoked field I (MEFI), and movement-evoked field II (MEFII) were compared with the decoding accuracies in all participants. Decoding accuracies at the latencies of MF, MEFI, and MEFII surpassed the chance level in all participants. In particular, accuracies at MEFI and MEFII were significantly higher in comparison with that of MF. The amplitudes and decoding accuracies were strongly correlated (MF, r(s)=0.90; MEFI, r(s)=0.90; and MEFII, r(s)=0.87). Our results show that the variation of MRCF components among participants reflects decoding performance. Neurophysiological profiles may serve as a predictor of individual BMI performance and assist in the improvement of general BMI performance.
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Park I, Park S, Park J, Choi H, Park J, Han D. The Effects of Self-induced and Therapist-assisted Lower-limb PNF Pattern Training on the Activation of Contralateral Muscles. J Phys Ther Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.24.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Insuk Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Silla University
| | - Seungbum Park
- Footwear Industrial Promotion Center, Busan Economic Promotion Agency
| | - Jaeyoung Park
- Department of Leisure Sports, College of Sports Science, Dong-Eui University
| | - Honghee Choi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University
| | - Joonseo Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University
| | - Dongwook Han
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University
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Zaepffel M, Brochier T. Planning of visually guided reach‐to‐grasp movements: Inference from reaction time and contingent negative variation (CNV). Psychophysiology 2011; 49:17-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Zaepffel
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives de la Méditerranée, UMR 6193, CNRS, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Brochier
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives de la Méditerranée, UMR 6193, CNRS, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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