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Oguz OC, Aydin B, Urgen BA. Biological motion perception in the theoretical framework of perceptual decision-making: An event-related potential study. Vision Res 2024; 218:108380. [PMID: 38479050 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Biological motion perception plays a critical role in various decisions in daily life. Failure to decide accordingly in such a perceptual task could have life-threatening consequences. Neurophysiology and computational modeling studies suggest two processes mediating perceptual decision-making. One of these signals is associated with the accumulation of sensory evidence and the other with response selection. Recent EEG studies with humans have introduced an event-related potential called Centroparietal Positive Potential (CPP) as a neural marker aligned with the sensory evidence accumulation while effectively distinguishing it from motor-related lateralized readiness potential (LRP). The present study aims to investigate the neural mechanisms of biological motion perception in the framework of perceptual decision-making, which has been overlooked before. More specifically, we examine whether CPP would track the coherence of the biological motion stimuli and could be distinguished from the LRP signal. We recorded EEG from human participants while they performed a direction discrimination task of a point-light walker stimulus embedded in various levels of noise. Our behavioral findings revealed shorter reaction times and reduced miss rates as the coherence of the stimuli increased. In addition, CPP tracked the coherence of the biological motion stimuli with a tendency to reach a common level during the response, albeit with a later onset than the previously reported results in random-dot motion paradigms. Furthermore, CPP was distinguished from the LRP signal based on its temporal profile. Overall, our results suggest that the mechanisms underlying perceptual decision-making generalize to more complex and socially significant stimuli like biological motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Cagri Oguz
- Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Neuroscience, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - Berfin Aydin
- Department of Neuroscience, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Burcu A Urgen
- Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Neuroscience, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center and National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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2
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Zheng Y, Zhang M, Wu M. Effort discounts reward-based control allocation: A neurodynamic perspective. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14451. [PMID: 37789510 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The amount of cognitive and neural resources allocated to a task is largely determined by the reward we can expect. However, it remains under-appreciated how this reward-expectation-based control allocation is modulated by effort expenditure. The present event-related potential study investigated this issue through the lens of neural dynamics. Thirty-four participants completed an effort-based monetary incentive delay task while their EEG was recorded. Effort demand was manipulated by adding no (low effort) or much (high effort) noise to the target. Behaviorally, participants exhibited reward-related speeding regardless of effort expenditure, as revealed by faster RTs for reward than neutral trials. Our ERP results demonstrated a widespread facilitatory influence of reward expectation on neural dynamics extending from cue evaluation as indexed by the cue-P3, to control preparation as indexed by the contingent negative variation (CNV), and finally to control engagement as indexed by the target-P3. Critically, the neural facilitation was discounted by effort expenditure during both the control-preparation and control-engagement stages instead of the cue-evaluation stage. Overall, this study provides neurodynamic evidence that control allocation is determined by reward and effort via a cost-benefit analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mang Zhang
- Dementia Care & Research Center, Beijing Dementia Key Lab, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Menglin Wu
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Rong Y, Hu L, Müller HJ, Wei P. Comparing monetary gain and loss in the monetary incentive delay task: EEG evidence. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14383. [PMID: 37427496 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
What is more effective to guide behavior: The desire to gain or the fear to lose? Electroencephalography (EEG) studies have yielded inconsistent answers. In a systematic exploration of the valence and magnitude parameters in monetary gain and loss processing, we used time-domain and time-frequency-domain analyses to uncover the underlying neural processes. A group of 24 participants performed a monetary incentive delay (MID) task in which cue-induced anticipation of a high or low magnitude of gain or loss was manipulated trial-wise. Behaviorally, the anticipation of both gain and loss expedited responses, with gain anticipation producing greater facilitation than loss anticipation. Analyses of cue-locked P2 and P3 components revealed the significant valence main effect and valence × magnitude interaction: amplitude differences between high and low incentive magnitudes were larger with gain vs. loss cues. However, the contingent negative variation component was sensitive to incentive magnitude but did not vary with incentive valence. In the feedback phase, the RewP component exhibited reversed patterns for gain and loss trials. Time-frequency analyses revealed a large increase in delta/theta-ERS oscillatory activity in high- vs. low-magnitude conditions and a large decrease of alpha-ERD oscillatory activity in gain vs. loss conditions in the anticipation stage. In the consumption stage, delta/theta-ERS turned out stronger for negative than positive feedback, especially in the gain condition. Overall, our study provides new evidence for the neural oscillatory features of monetary gain and loss processing in the MID task, suggesting that participants invested more attention under gain and high-magnitude conditions vs. loss and low-magnitude conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuhao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yachao Rong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hermann J Müller
- General & Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ping Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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Prata C, Almeida R, Pasion R, Almeida PR, Barbosa F, Ferreira-Santos F. Amplitude modulation of the contingent negative variation in psychopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105469. [PMID: 37977277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The CNV is analyzed in tasks related to EEG studies, often with participants presenting psychopathic personality traits. A systematic search of the literature was conducted, to solve some inconsistencies regarding CNV amplitude modulation by psychopathy. Nine studies (N = 317) were retrieved for analysis. Three meta-analyses were run - CNV, iCNV, tCNV. A qualitative analysis - reporting CNV amplitudes modulated by psychopathy dimensional features - was also featured. Overall effects for CNV and iCNV were not significant. Larger tCNV amplitudes were found in participants reporting higher psychopathy traits, g = -0.58, 95% CI [- 0.94, - 0.22]. These findings were surprising when confronted with previous assumptions in the literature, especially considering that no significant heterogeneity between studies was found. Neither of the studies' characteristics was a significant moderator. Findings require the need to discuss key differences between adaptive/(mal)adjustment patterns in participants presenting psychopathic traits. Future studies dissociating iCNV and tCNV modulation by psychopathy, especially in community samples and through a dimensional lens, could help to better understand the construct of psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Prata
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rita Almeida
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Pasion
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal; HEI-LAB, Lusófona University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Almeida
- Faculty of Law, School of Criminology, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Crime, Justice and Security, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ferreira-Santos
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
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Vöckel J, Thiemann U, Weisbrod M, Schröder J, Resch F, Klein C, Bender S. Movement initiation and preparation in subjects with schizophrenia - The amplitude of the readiness potential as a biological marker for negative symptom severity. Schizophr Res 2023; 260:3-11. [PMID: 37543008 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite extensive research, the etiology of negative symptoms is not well understood. Preliminary findings are linking motor disturbances to negative symptom severity. We aimed to further the understanding to what extent motor movement preparation influences negative symptom severity. METHODS In a cohort of 31 subjects with schizophrenia and 20 control subjects we recorded the readiness potential amplitude over Cz during spontaneous movements of the right and left thumb. We further assessed negative and positive symptom severity (scale for the assessment of negative and positive symptoms) as well as neurological soft signs (NSS). RESULTS In subjects with schizophrenia the severity of negative symptoms was best predicted by the readiness potential amplitude and the NSS subdomain motor coordination. The correlation between deficits in motor coordination and negative symptom severity was partially mediated by the readiness potential amplitude in subjects with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Deficits in motor processing are linked to negative symptom severity in schizophrenia. The readiness potential may represent a biological marker of these basal deficits. In combination with the assessment of NSS, the readiness potential may be a marker of the course of negative symptom severity and help clarifying interdependencies between (pre)frontal networks for action initiation and coordination, as well as negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Vöckel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ulf Thiemann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, LVR Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Weisbrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Klinikum Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany; Department of General Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schröder
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Voßstr. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz Resch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine and University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 8, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; 2(nd) Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, University General Hospital "Attikon", Athens, Greece
| | - Stephan Bender
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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Triggiani AI, Scheman K, Pirio Richardson S, Matsuhashi M, Peckham E, Nahab F, Mari Z, Ravindran S, Hallett M. Physiological and introspective antecedents of tics and movements in adults with tic disorders. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 151:143-150. [PMID: 37142497 PMCID: PMC10330543 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.03.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the subjective phenomenon and the neural underpinnings of tics compared with voluntary movements in patients with tic disorders. METHODS We recorded electroencephalographic and electromyographic data while subjects completed a Libet clock paradigm. Patients and healthy volunteers reported the times of W (willing to move) and M (movement occurrence) while performing voluntary movements. This was repeated only for the patients for the tics. RESULTS In the patients, W and M times preceding voluntary movements and tics did not significantly differ from voluntary movements of healthy volunteers. The Bereitschaftspotentials in the patients were similar to healthy volunteers. Tics were only assessable for 7 patients due to artifacts. Two subjects did not show Bereitschaftspotentials, and they reported the lowest levels of tic voluntariness. 5 subjects did not show beta band event-related desynchronization before tics. CONCLUSIONS For patients, the sense of volition for tics is similar to that of their voluntary movements which is similar to normal. Patients showed dissociations between the Bereitschaftspotential and beta desynchronization for tics, with 5/7 showing normal Bereitschaftspotentials and 2/7 showing desynchronization. The absence of desynchronization may suggest attempts to suppress tics. SIGNIFICANCE This physiology shows a difference for most tics compared with normal movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio I Triggiani
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Kaya Scheman
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Sarah Pirio Richardson
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
| | - Masao Matsuhashi
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Elizabeth Peckham
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, Round Rock, TX, United States.
| | - Fatta Nahab
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Movement Disorder Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Zoltan Mari
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, United States.
| | - Shashi Ravindran
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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Breitinger E, Dundon NM, Pokorny L, Wunram HL, Roessner V, Bender S. Contingent negative variation to tactile stimuli - differences in anticipatory and preparatory processes between participants with and without blindness. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:7582-7594. [PMID: 36977633 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
People who are blind demonstrate remarkable abilities within the spared senses and compensatory enhancement of cognitive skills, underscored by substantial plastic reorganization in relevant neural areas. However, little is known about whether people with blindness form top-down models of the world on short timescales more efficiently to guide goal-oriented behavior. This electroencephalography study investigates this hypothesis at the neurophysiological level, focusing on contingent negative variation (CNV) as a marker of anticipatory and preparatory processes prior to expected events. In sum, 20 participants with blindness and 27 sighted participants completed a classic CNV task and a memory CNV task, both containing tactile stimuli to exploit the expertise of the former group. Although the reaction times in the classic CNV task did not differ between groups, participants who are blind reached higher performance rates in the memory task. This superior performance co-occurred with a distinct neurophysiological profile, relative to controls: greater late CNV amplitudes over central areas, suggesting enhanced stimulus expectancy and motor preparation prior to key events. Controls, in contrast, recruited more frontal sites, consistent with inefficient sensory-aligned control. We conclude that in more demanding cognitive contexts exploiting the spared senses, people with blindness efficiently generate task-relevant internal models to facilitate behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Breitinger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Neil M Dundon
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Lena Pokorny
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Heidrun L Wunram
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital C. G. Carus, Germany
| | - Stephan Bender
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany
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Miraglia F, Pappalettera C, Di Ienno S, Nucci L, Cacciotti A, Manenti R, Judica E, Rossini PM, Vecchio F. The Effects of Directional and Non-Directional Stimuli during a Visuomotor Task and Their Correlation with Reaction Time: An ERP Study. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3143. [PMID: 36991853 PMCID: PMC10058543 DOI: 10.3390/s23063143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Different visual stimuli can capture and shift attention into different directions. Few studies have explored differences in brain response due to directional (DS) and non-directional visual stimuli (nDS). To explore the latter, event-related potentials (ERP) and contingent negative variation (CNV) during a visuomotor task were evaluated in 19 adults. To examine the relation between task performance and ERPs, the participants were divided into faster (F) and slower (S) groups based on their reaction times (RTs). Moreover, to reveal ERP modulation within the same subject, each recording from the single participants was subdivided into F and S trials based on the specific RT. ERP latencies were analysed between conditions ((DS, nDS); (F, S subjects); (F, S trials)). Correlation was analysed between CNV and RTs. Our results reveal that the ERPs' late components are modulated differently by DS and nDS conditions in terms of amplitude and location. Differences in ERP amplitude, location and latency, were also found according to subjects' performance, i.e., between F and S subjects and trials. In addition, results show that the CNV slope is modulated by the directionality of the stimulus and contributes to motor performance. A better understanding of brain dynamics through ERPs could be useful to explain brain states in healthy subjects and to support diagnoses and personalized rehabilitation in patients with neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Miraglia
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
| | - Chiara Pappalettera
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
| | - Sara Di Ienno
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nucci
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Cacciotti
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
| | - Rosa Manenti
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di DioFatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elda Judica
- Casa di Cura IGEA, Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, 20144 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vecchio
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
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Olyaei G, Khanmohammadi R, Talebian S, Hadian MR, Bagheri H, Najafi M. The effect of exergaming on cognition and brain activity in older adults: A motor- related cortical potential study. Physiol Behav 2022; 255:113941. [PMID: 35963295 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exergames have positive effects on various cognitive domains. However, to the best of our knowledge, not only have few studies investigated the exergame-induced brain changes, but also in most of them, preparatory brain activity has not been considered. Preparatory brain activity is a particularly relevant aspect for investigating the interaction between cognitive and sensorimotor functions in the brain. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an exergame protocol versus traditional motor-cognitive dual-task training on the cognition and proactive components of movement-related cortical potential. A total of 52 older adults were randomly assigned to the intervention (exergame training) and the control group (motor-cognitive dual-task training). The outcome measurements were neurophysiological data (i.e., the amplitude of the late contingent negative variation [CNV], and alpha/beta event-related desynchronization [ERD]), and neuropsychological data (rate-correct score [RCS] in go/no go task and trail-making test [TMT]). The results revealed that both groups had a decreased late CNV, and alpha/ beta ERD in post-training compared to pre-training in Cz and C3 channels. Moreover, both groups had an increased RCS and a decreased TMT-A in post-training compared to pre-training. However, for TMT-B, the results indicated a significant interaction in favor of the exergame group. These findings indicate that in older adults, both interventions may result in increasing inhibitory control, information processing speed, and preparatory brain activity. However, for cognitive flexibility, exergame has an additional effect relative to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Olyaei
- Physical Therapy Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Khanmohammadi
- Physical Therapy Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Talebian
- Physical Therapy Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Hadian
- Physical Therapy Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Bagheri
- Physical Therapy Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieyh Najafi
- Physical Therapy Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Piedimonte A, Zamfira DA, Guerra G, Vighetti S, Carlino E. Pain expectation and avoidance in the social context: an electrophysiological study. J Physiol Sci 2021; 71:29. [PMID: 34488617 PMCID: PMC10717249 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-021-00813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Contingent negative variation (CNV) is an informative electrophysiological measure of pain anticipation showing higher amplitudes when highly painful stimulation is expected while presenting lower amplitudes when low painful stimulation is expected. Two groups of participants were recruited: one group expected and received an electrical stimulation of different intensities while being alone in the room (i.e. without social context), while a second group performed the same experiment with an observer in the room (i.e. with social context). Lower pain ratings and slower reaction times were observed in the group with social context and these results were accompanied in this group by a lower amplitude in the early component of the CNV as well as a lower amplitude of the later component of the wave. These results show that CNV can be considered a precise measure of central elaboration of pain anticipation explaining both its perceptual and motor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piedimonte
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10125, Turin, TO, Italy
- Carlo Molo Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Denisa Adina Zamfira
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10125, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Giulia Guerra
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10125, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Sergio Vighetti
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10125, Turin, TO, Italy
- Carlo Molo Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Carlino
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10125, Turin, TO, Italy.
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Kidwai J, Brumberg JS, Marsh BM. A Neural Marker of Speech Intention: Evidence From Contingent Negative Variation. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2021; 64:2392-2399. [PMID: 33684301 PMCID: PMC8758324 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated whether changes in brain activity preceding spoken words can be used as a neural marker of speech intention. Specifically, changes in the contingent negative variation (CNV) were examined prior to speech production in three different study designs to determine a method that maximizes signal detection in a speaking task. Method Electroencephalography data were collected in three different protocols to elicit the CNV in a spoken word task that varied the timing and type of linguistic information. The first protocol provided participants with the word to be spoken before the instruction of whether or not to speak, the second provided both the word and the instruction to speak, and the third provided the instruction to speak before the word. Participants (N = 18) were split into three groups (one for each protocol) and were instructed to either speak (Go) or refrain from speaking (NoGo) each word according to task instructions. The CNV was measured by analyzing the difference in slope between Go and NoGo trials. Results Statistically significant effects of hemispheric laterality on the CNV slope confirm the third protocol where the participants know they will speak in advance of the word, as the paradigm that reliably elicits a CNV response related to speech intention. Conclusions The maximal CNV response when the instruction is known before the word indicates the neural processing measured in this protocol may reflect a generalized speech intention process in which the speech-language systems become prepared to speak and then execute production once the word information is provided. Further analysis of the optimal protocol identified in this study requires additional experimental investigation to confirm its role in eliciting an objective marker of speech intention. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14111468.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Kidwai
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing: Sciences & Disorders, The University of Kansas, Lawrence
| | - Jonathan S. Brumberg
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing: Sciences & Disorders, Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence
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Qian H, Gao X. Representing strangers in personal space triggers coding of defensive hand movement. Neuropsychologia 2021; 158:107909. [PMID: 34089716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our brain codes manipulable tools as possibilities for action, particularly for those surrounding the body. Recent studies showed people would adjust their motor program when observing others around their own bodies (i.e. in the personal space). However, it remained unclear whether representing a personal space invader can automatically trigger motor coding. To address this, we devised an interaction task to measure the activation of pushing movements in facing a stranger approaching into personal space. The LRP (lateralized readiness potential) analyses revealed that observing a stranger in personal space caused an initial LRP bias associated with pushing movements, and an LRP deflection before responding of pull, suggesting representing personal space invaders activated the motor coding of push. The behavioral results showed the personal space intrusion prolonged the reaction time of participants' subsequent instructed pulling responses. The results of experiment 2 confirmed the behavioral observation of experiment 1 and further revealed the relationship between the response bias of push and social anxiety. Together, the present study demonstrates representing a stranger in personal space activated coding of defensive hand movements and biased subsequent motor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Qian
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiangping Gao
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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James SN, Cheung CHM, Rommel AS, McLoughlin G, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Peripheral Hypoarousal but Not Preparation-Vigilance Impairment Endures in ADHD Remission. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1944-1951. [PMID: 28363258 PMCID: PMC5617106 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717698813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study investigates whether impairments associated with persistent ADHD-impaired attention allocation (P3 amplitude), peripheral hypoarousal (skin conductance level [SCL]), and adjustment in preparatory state (contingent negative variation [CNV])-reflect enduring deficits unrelated to ADHD outcome or are markers of ADHD remission. Method: Young people with childhood ADHD (73 persisters and 18 remitters) and 144 controls were compared on neurophysiological measures during two conditions (baseline and fast-incentive) of a four-choice reaction time task. Results: ADHD remitters differed from persisters, and were indistinguishable from controls, on baseline P3 amplitude and fast-incentive CNV amplitude (p ≤ .05). ADHD remitters differed from controls (p ≤ .01), and were indistinguishable from persisters (p > .05), on baseline SCL. Conclusion: Preparation-vigilance measures were markers of ADHD remission, confirming previous findings with other measures. Yet, SCL-measured peripheral hypoarousal emerges as an enduring deficit unrelated to ADHD improvement. Future studies should explore potential compensatory mechanisms that enable efficient preparation-vigilance processes in ADHD remitters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Brandeis
- Heidelberg University, Germany
- University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Takashima S, Ogawa CY, Najman FA, Ramos RT. The volition, the mode of movement selection and the readiness potential. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2113-2123. [PMID: 32656650 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that the mode of movement selection is relevant for the readiness potential, namely, internal (or free) selection of movements is associated with increased readiness potential amplitudes compared to predetermined or externally guided selection. It is little acknowledged, however, that this finding may be ascribed to the different expression of volition (i.e., conscious experience of choice) rather than to the mode of movement selection per se. To probe this issue, we conducted two experiments: in Experiment 1, a mental task was employed to distract sixteen volunteers from the selection and performance of incidental movements, which consisted of pressing one of two buttons according to either free or externally guided modes of movement selection; in Experiment 2, another sixteen individuals performed the same motor task, however, they were encouraged to attend to their intention to act. As result, the increased readiness potential amplitude before freely selected movements was found exclusively in Experiment 2. More detailed analysis suggested that the attention to the initiation of movements was associated with greater readiness potential in its medial and late portion, while the attention to the movement selection, with more global increase of the component. The study suggests that much of the higher demands on motor preparatory activities ascribed to the internal selection of movements in previous studies actually depends on individual's attention and, thus, probably corresponds to volitional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Takashima
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Psiquiatria, LIM23, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Y Ogawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Psiquiatria, LIM23, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Fernando Araujo Najman
- Instituto de Matematica e Estatistica, RIDC NeuroMat, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 117, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Renato T Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Psiquiatria, LIM23, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, K3W42, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
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Lasaponara S, Pinto M, Scozia G, Pellegrino M, D'Onofrio M, Isabella R, Doricchi F. Pre-motor deficits in left spatial neglect: An EEG study on Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) and response-related beta oscillatory activity. Neuropsychologia 2020; 147:107572. [PMID: 32721497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Right Brain Damaged patients with left spatial neglect (N+), are characterised by poor allocation of attention in the contralesional left side of space. In a recent study (Lasaponara et al., 2018) we showed during orienting of spatial attention with endogenous central cues, both the EEG markers reflecting the early phases of orienting (Early Directing Attention Negativity) and those reflecting the late setting-up of sensory facilitation in the visual cortex (Late Directing Attention Positivity) are disturbed in N+ when these patients attend the left side of space. In the healthy brain, endogenous cues also elicit EEG activity related to the preparation of manual responses to upcoming spatial targets. Here, we wished to expand on our previous findings and investigate the EEG correlates of cue-related response preparation in N+ patients. To this aim we investigated the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) response and the pre-motor Beta-oscillatory activity evoked by spatially informative central cues during the performance of a Posner task. Due to concomitant contralesional motor impairments, N+ an N- patients performed the task only with the ipsilesional right-hand. Compared to healthy controls and patients without neglect, N+ displayed a pathological suppression of CNV component that was independent of cue direction. In addition, the amplitude of the CNV in response to right-pointing cues was positively correlated with neglect severity in line bisection. N+ also displayed a pathological enhancement of pre-motor Beta oscillations over the left hemisphere during the time period that preceded manual responses to targets in the left side of space, particularly to invalidly cued ones. Synchronization in the Beta-band (ERS) was also correlated with lower detection rate and slower RTs to Invalid targets in the left side of space. These results provide new insights on the premotor components of the spatial orienting deficits suffered by patients with left spatial neglect and can help improving its diagnosis and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lasaponara
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia, Centro Ricerche di Neuropsicologia, IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Roma, Italy.
| | - Mario Pinto
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Centro Ricerche di Neuropsicologia, IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Scozia
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia, Centro Ricerche di Neuropsicologia, IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Roma, Italy
| | - Marianna D'Onofrio
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Doricchi
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia, Centro Ricerche di Neuropsicologia, IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Roma, Italy
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Takashima S, Najman FA, Ramos RT. Disruption of volitional control in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from the Bereitschaftspotential. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 290:30-37. [PMID: 31260827 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the context of controversies involving possible abnormalities in the volition and action control in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the current study examined electroencephalographic correlates of automatic and volitional brain processes involved in the genesis of spontaneous movements in individuals diagnosed with OCD. For this, the amplitudes of early and late Bereitschaftspotential (early BP and late BP) from 12 patients and 12 controls were obtained while they performed spontaneous button presses under different levels of volitional experience. In the first condition, participants were distracted from their motor actions by a mental task (automatic condition) and in the second condition they were instructed to attending to their own intention to move (willed condition). The results corroborate previous report that the attention to (and, presumably, the awareness of) intention to act accounts for the expression of significant portion of the late BP in healthy individuals. More relevantly, the increased late BP in willed condition in relation to automatic condition was not present in the OCD group. Neither groups nor conditions affected the early BP. In sum, the current findings suggest the existence of abnormalities in the brain activities associated with the establishment of volitional control in OCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Takashima
- Department of Psychiatry, LIM 23, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR.
| | - Fernando Araujo Najman
- Instituto de Matematica e Estatistica, RIDC NeuroMat, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Renato Teodoro Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, LIM 23, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR; Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada
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Parés-Pujolràs E, Kim YW, Im CH, Haggard P. Latent awareness: Early conscious access to motor preparation processes is linked to the readiness potential. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116140. [PMID: 31473350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An experience of intention to move accompanies execution of some voluntary actions. The Readiness Potential (RP) is an increasing negativity over motor brain areas prior to voluntary movement. Classical studies suggested that the RP starts before intention is consciously accessed as measured by offline recall-based reports, yet the interpretation of the RP and its temporal relation to awareness of intention remain controversial. We designed a task in which self-paced actions could be interrupted at random times by a visual cue that probed online awareness of intention. Participants were instructed to respond by pressing a key if they felt they were actively preparing a self-paced movement at the time of the cue (awareness report), but to ignore the cue otherwise. We show that an RP-like activity was more strongly present before the cue for probes eliciting awareness reports than otherwise. We further show that recall-based reports of the time of conscious intention are linked to visual attention processes, whereas online reports elicited by a probe are not. Our results suggest that awareness of intention is accessible at relatively early stages of motor preparation and that the RP is specifically associated with this conscious experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong-Wook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK; Laboratoire des Neuroscience Cognitives, Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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Cross K, Fujioka T. Auditory rhyme processing in expert freestyle rap lyricists and novices: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia 2019; 129:223-235. [PMID: 30951740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Music and language processing share and sometimes compete for brain resources. An extreme case of such shared processing occurs in improvised rap music, in which performers, or 'lyricists', combine rhyming, rhythmic, and semantic structures of language with musical rhythm, harmony, and phrasing to create integrally meaningful musical expressions. We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate how auditory rhyme sequence processing differed between expert lyricists and non-lyricists. Participants listened to rhythmically presented pseudo-word triplets each of which terminated in a full-rhyme (e.g., STEEK, PREEK; FLEEK), half-rhyme (e.g., STEEK, PREEK; FREET), or non-rhyme (e.g., STEEK, PREEK; YAME), then judged each sequence in its aesthetic (Do you 'like' the rhyme?) or technical (Is the rhyme 'perfect'?) aspect. Phonological N450 showed rhyming effects between conditions (i.e., non vs. full; half vs. full; non vs. half) similarly across groups in parietal electrodes. However, concurrent activity in frontocentral electrodes showed left-laterality in non-lyricists, but not lyricists. Furthermore, non-lyricists' responses to the three conditions were distinct in morphology and amplitude at left-hemisphere electrodes with no condition difference at right-hemisphere electrodes, while lyricists' responses to half-rhymes they deemed unsatisfactory were similar to full-rhyme at left-hemisphere electrodes, and similar to non-rhyme at right-hemisphere electrodes. The CNV response observed while waiting for the second and third pseudo-word in the sequence was more enhanced to aesthetic rhyme judgments tasks than to technical rhyme judgment tasks in non-lyricists, suggesting their investment of greater effort for aesthetic rhyme judgments. No task effects were observed in lyricists, suggesting that aesthetic and technical rhyme judgments may engage the same processes for experts. Overall, our findings suggest that extensive practice of improvised lyricism may uniquely encourage the neuroplasticity of integrated linguistic and musical feature processing in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Cross
- Curriculum Studies Department, College of Education, University of Hawai`i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Takako Fujioka
- Centre for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Department of Music, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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James SN, Rommel AS, Cheung C, McLoughlin G, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Association of preterm birth with ADHD-like cognitive impairments and additional subtle impairments in attention and arousal malleability. Psychol Med 2018; 48:1484-1493. [PMID: 29094658 PMCID: PMC6088527 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717002963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst preterm-born individuals have an increased risk of developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and are reported to have ADHD-like attention and arousal impairments, direct group comparisons are scarce. METHODS We directly compared preterm-born adolescents (n = 186) to term-born adolescents with ADHD (n = 69), and term-born controls (n = 135), aged 11-23, on cognitive-performance, event-related potential and skin conductance level (SCL) measures associated with attention and arousal. The measures are from baseline and fast-incentive conditions of a four-choice reaction time task, previously shown to discriminate between the individuals with ADHD and controls. We aimed to establish whether preterm-born adolescents show: (a) identical cognitive-neurophysiological impairments to term-born adolescents with ADHD (b) possible additional impairments, and whether (c) the observed impairments correlate with ADHD symptom scores. RESULTS The preterm group, like the term-born ADHD group, showed increased mean reaction time (MRT) and reaction time variability (RTV) in the baseline condition, and attenuated contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitude (response preparation) in the fast-incentive condition. The preterm group, only, did not show significant within-group adjustments in P3 amplitude (attention allocation) and SCL (peripheral arousal). Dimensional analyses showed that ADHD symptoms scores correlated significantly with MRT, RTV and CNV amplitude only. CONCLUSIONS We find impairments in cognition and brain function in preterm-born adolescents that are linked to increased ADHD symptoms, as well as further impairments, in lack of malleability in neurophysiological processes. Our findings indicate that such impairments extend at least to adolescence. Future studies should extend these investigations into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.-N. James
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- MRC Lifelong Health and Ageing Unit at University College London, London, UK
| | - A.-S. Rommel
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - C. Cheung
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - G. McLoughlin
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - D. Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T. Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P. Asherson
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - J. Kuntsi
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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Mahmoodi M, Abadi BM, Khajepur H, Harirchian MH. A robust beamforming approach for early detection of readiness potential with application to brain-computer interface systems. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2017; 2017:2980-2983. [PMID: 29060524 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of intention to move, at self-paced voluntary movements from the activities of neural current sources on the motor cortex, can be an effective approach to brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. Achieving high sensitivity and pre-movement negative latency are important issues for increasing the speed of BCI and other rehabilitation and neurofeedback systems used by disabled and stroke patients and helps enhance their movement abilities. Therefore, developing high-performance extractors or beamformers is a necessary task in this regard. In this paper, for the sake of improving the beamforming performance in well reconstruction of sources of readiness potential, related to hand movement, one kind of surface spatial filter (spherical spline derivative on electrode space) and the linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamformer are utilized jointly. Moreover, in order to achieve better results, the real head model of each subject was created, using individual head MRI, and was used in beamformer algorithm. Also, few optimizations were done on reconstructed source signal powers to help our template matching classifier with detection of movement onset for five healthy subjects. Our classification results show an average true positive rate (TPR) of 77.1% and 73.1%, false positive rate (FPR) of 28.96% and 28.74% and latency of -512.426 ±396. 7ms and - 360.29 ±252. 16 ms from signals of current sources of motor cortex and sensor space respectively. It can be seen that the proposed method has reliable sensitivity and is faster in prediction of movement onset and more reliable to be used for online BCI in future.
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the speech preparation processes of adults who stutter (AWS). Fifteen AWS and fifteen adults with fluent speech (AFS) participated in the experiment. The event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a foreperiod paradigm. The warning signal (S1) was a color square, and the following imperative stimulus (S2) was either a white square (the Go signal that required participants to name the color of S1) or a white dot (the NoGo signal that prevents participants from speaking). Three differences were found between AWS and AFS. First, the mean amplitude of the ERP component parietal positivity elicited by S1 (S1-P3) was smaller in AWS than in AFS, which implies that AWS may have deficits in investing working memory on phonological programming. Second, the topographic shift from the early phase to the late phase of contingent negative variation occurred earlier for AWS than for AFS, thus suggesting that the motor preparation process is promoted in AWS. Third, the NoGo effect in the ERP component parietal positivity elicited by S2 (S2-P3) was larger for AFS than for AWS, indicating that AWS have difficulties in inhibiting a planned speech response. These results provide a full picture of the speech preparation and response inhibition processes of AWS. The relationship among these three findings is discussed. However, as stuttering was not manipulated in this study, it is still unclear whether the effects are the causes or the results of stuttering. Further studies are suggested to explore the relationship between stuttering and the effects found in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ning
- School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiang Su, China
| | - Danling Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangping Liu
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiang Su, China
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Booka M, Oku H, Scheller A, Yamaoka S. Usability of Optical Mark Reader Sheet as an Answering Tool in Testing. Stud Health Technol Inform 2017; 242:939-946. [PMID: 28873909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The research result on usability of Optical Mark Reader Sheet (OMRS) being used as the standard answering tool is reported. The use of OMRS significantly requires more answer time than the answer time without OMRS, and the use of assistive devices for OMRS has the possibility to reduce the answer time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shintaro Yamaoka
- Silver Coast (The health care facilities for the elderly), Hyogo, Japan
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Cohen MX, Gulbinaite R. Rhythmic entrainment source separation: Optimizing analyses of neural responses to rhythmic sensory stimulation. Neuroimage 2016; 147:43-56. [PMID: 27916666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Steady-state evoked potentials (SSEPs) are rhythmic brain responses to rhythmic sensory stimulation, and are often used to study perceptual and attentional processes. We present a data analysis method for maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio of the narrow-band steady-state response in the frequency and time-frequency domains. The method, termed rhythmic entrainment source separation (RESS), is based on denoising source separation approaches that take advantage of the simultaneous but differential projection of neural activity to multiple electrodes or sensors. Our approach is a combination and extension of existing multivariate source separation methods. We demonstrate that RESS performs well on both simulated and empirical data, and outperforms conventional SSEP analysis methods based on selecting electrodes with the strongest SSEP response, as well as several other linear spatial filters. We also discuss the potential confound of overfitting, whereby the filter captures noise in absence of a signal. Matlab scripts are available to replicate and extend our simulations and methods. We conclude with some practical advice for optimizing SSEP data analyses and interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael X Cohen
- Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Center for Neuroscience, Netherlands.
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Koopmans M. Addressing the Policy Churn in Public Education in the United States. Nonlinear Dynamics Psychol Life Sci 2016; 20:401-422. [PMID: 27262424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Educational organizations, public schools in particular, are seen as being notoriously inert and resistant to change. While school reform efforts are widespread, educational outcomes such as high school graduation rates and achievement in reading and math continue to show disparity between socio-economic groups. Why is educational change so hard to accomplish? This article approaches the question from two perspectives: the school reform literature that identifies the factors inhibiting change in school systems, and the literature on complex dynamical systems (CDS), which facilitates understanding of the dynamics underlying inertia and transformation. The need is articulated for empirical research that focuses on reform as an implementation process, to provide further insight in what we know about its impact on educational outcomes.
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Abstract
The particular mechanisms of migraine anticipation by different precipitating agents are still unknown. The contingent negative variation (CNV) was recorded in the premenstrual and ovulation phases of the cycle in both rest and stress conditions in 17 migraine and 15 healthy women. In migraineurs a significant increase of amplitude of the initial CNV component in the premenstrual phase compared with ovulation was observed. During both the ovulation and premenstrual phases both migraineurs and controls demonstrated a significant increase of the CNV amplitude on stress. The increase of the amplitude on stress in the premenstrual phase was more pronounced in migraineurs. This study shows that stress and menstrual cycle are associated with changes of the initial CNV amplitude, probably indicating a higher probability of migraine attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Siniatchkin
- Paediatric Neurology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Haynes JD, Schultze-Kraft M. Reply to Deecke and Soekadar: Do conventional readiness potentials reflect true volitionality? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2877-E2878. [PMID: 27147600 PMCID: PMC4889400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604661113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John-Dylan Haynes
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Clinic of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Focus: Neurotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Matthias Schultze-Kraft
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Focus: Neurotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany; Neurotechnology Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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Turner LM, Croft RJ, Churchyard A, Looi JCL, Apthorp D, Georgiou-Karistianis N. Abnormal Electrophysiological Motor Responses in Huntington's Disease: Evidence of Premanifest Compensation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138563. [PMID: 26406226 PMCID: PMC4583227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Huntington's disease (HD) causes progressive motor dysfunction through characteristic atrophy. Changes to neural structure begin in premanifest stages yet individuals are able to maintain a high degree of function, suggesting involvement of supportive processing during motor performance. Electroencephalography (EEG) enables the investigation of subtle impairments at the neuronal level, and possible compensatory strategies, by examining differential activation patterns. We aimed to use EEG to investigate neural motor processing (via the Readiness Potential; RP), premotor processing and sensorimotor integration (Contingent Negative Variation; CNV) during simple motor performance in HD. Methods We assessed neural activity associated with motor preparation and processing in 20 premanifest (pre-HD), 14 symptomatic HD (symp-HD), and 17 healthy controls. Participants performed sequential tapping within two experimental paradigms (simple tapping; Go/No-Go). RP and CNV potentials were calculated separately for each group. Results Motor components and behavioural measures did not distinguish pre-HD from controls. Compared to controls and pre-HD, symp-HD demonstrated significantly reduced relative amplitude and latency of the RP, whereas controls and pre-HD did not differ. However, early CNV was found to significantly differ between control and pre-HD groups, due to enhanced early CNV in pre-HD. Conclusions For the first time, we provide evidence of atypical activation during preparatory processing in pre-HD. The increased activation during this early stage of the disease may reflect ancillary processing in the form of recruitment of additional neural resources for adequate motor preparation, despite atrophic disruption to structure and circuitry. We propose an early adaptive compensation mechanism in pre-HD during motor preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Turner
- Research School of Psychology, College of Medicine, Biology, & Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Rodney J. Croft
- School of Psychology & Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Andrew Churchyard
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- Calvary Health Care Bethlehem Hospital, Caulfield, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey C. L. Looi
- Research Centre for the Neurosciences of Ageing, Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deborah Apthorp
- Research School of Psychology, College of Medicine, Biology, & Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- School of Psychology & Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Chaillou AC, Giersch A, Bonnefond A, Custers R, Capa RL. Influence of positive subliminal and supraliminal affective cues on goal pursuit in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:291-8. [PMID: 25468174 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Goal pursuit is known to be impaired in schizophrenia, but nothing much is known in these patients about unconscious affective processes underlying goal pursuit. Evidence suggests that in healthy individuals positive subliminal cues are taken as a signal that goal pursuit is easy and therefore reduce the effort that is mobilized for goal attainment. Patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls were instructed that a long run of successive correct responses in a visual attention task would entitle them to a reward (the goal to attain). Affective pictures were displayed supraliminally or subliminally during each run and electrophysiological activity was recorded. Patients self-assessed the emotional content of the pictures correctly. However, differences between patients and controls emerged during the goal pursuit task. Healthy controls mobilized less effort for the positive than the neutral subliminal pictures, as suggested by increased error rates and the weaker contingent negative variation (CNV). For the patients, no influence of positive subliminal pictures was found on performance and on the CNV. Similarly the influence of positive pictures was absent or abnormal on components which are usually impaired in patients (fronto-central P2 and N2). In contrast, positive pictures influenced normally the parieto-occipital N2, related to a component of visual attention which has been proposed to be preserved in schizophrenia. The present study indicates the difficulties of patients to modulate effort mobilization during goal pursuit in the presence of positive subliminal cues. The results question the role of cognitive deficits on affective influences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Giersch
- University of Strasbourg, Department of Psychiatry, INSERM, France
| | - Anne Bonnefond
- University of Strasbourg, Department of Psychiatry, INSERM, France
| | - Ruud Custers
- University College London, Department of Experimental Psychology, UK; Utrecht University, Department of Psychology, The Netherlands
| | - Rémi L Capa
- University of Strasbourg, Department of Psychiatry, INSERM, France.
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Fostick L, Babkoff H, Zukerman G. Effect of 24 hours of sleep deprivation on auditory and linguistic perception: a comparison among young controls, sleep-deprived participants, dyslexic readers, and aging adults. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2014; 57:1078-1088. [PMID: 24167240 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2013/13-0031)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the effects of 24 hr of sleep deprivation on auditory and linguistic perception and to assess the magnitude of this effect by comparing such performance with that of aging adults on speech perception and with that of dyslexic readers on phonological awareness. METHOD Fifty-five sleep-deprived young adults were compared with 29 aging adults (older than 60 years) and with 18 young controls on auditory temporal order judgment (TOJ) and on speech perception tasks (Experiment 1). The sleep deprived were also compared with 51 dyslexic readers and with the young controls on TOJ and phonological awareness tasks (One-Minute Test for Pseudowords, Phoneme Deletion, Pig Latin, and Spoonerism; Experiment 2). RESULTS Sleep deprivation resulted in longer TOJ thresholds, poorer speech perception, and poorer nonword reading compared with controls. The TOJ thresholds of the sleep deprived were comparable to those of the aging adults, but their pattern of speech performance differed. They also performed better on TOJ and phonological awareness than dyslexic readers. CONCLUSIONS A variety of linguistic skills are affected by sleep deprivation. The comparison of sleep-deprived individuals with other groups with known difficulties in these linguistic skills might suggest that different groups exhibit common difficulties.
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van Vugt MK, Simen P, Nystrom L, Holmes P, Cohen JD. Lateralized readiness potentials reveal properties of a neural mechanism for implementing a decision threshold. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90943. [PMID: 24625827 PMCID: PMC3953213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many perceptual decision making models posit that participants accumulate noisy evidence over time to improve the accuracy of their decisions, and that in free response tasks, participants respond when the accumulated evidence reaches a decision threshold. Research on the neural correlates of these models' components focuses primarily on evidence accumulation. Far less attention has been paid to the neural correlates of decision thresholds, reflecting the final commitment to a decision. Inspired by a model of bistable neural activity that implements a decision threshold, we reinterpret human lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) as reflecting the crossing of a decision threshold. Interestingly, this threshold crossing preserves signatures of a drift-diffusion process of evidence accumulation that feeds in to the threshold mechanism. We show that, as our model predicts, LRP amplitudes and growth rates recorded while participants performed a motion discrimination task correlate with individual differences in behaviorally-estimated prior beliefs, decision thresholds and evidence accumulation rates. As such LRPs provide a useful measure to test dynamical models of both evidence accumulation and decision commitment processes non-invasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke K. van Vugt
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Simen
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Leigh Nystrom
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Philip Holmes
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Cohen
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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Zuo J, Xiong J, Li Y. [ Contingent negative variation: a brainwave associated with expectation]. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2014; 31:35-38. [PMID: 24804480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study used the experimental patterns of Go/No Go and no motion contingent negative variation (CNV) task into the research in order to study whether the CNV can express the implication of expectation. Through comparing the CNV under different conditions, the data collected from experiment showed that the key to evoked CNV was close to the warning signal and command signal. Whether the command signal was related to the task would impact on the amplitude of the CNV. This characteristics responses to the subjects' expectation. On this basis, CNV can be used as the electrophysiological index for the reflection of expected value in the conditions of this experiment.
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Abstract
We examined cortical activations using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique in skilled native Hindi readers while they performed a 'target-probe' semantic judgment task on affirmative and negative sentences. Hindi, an Indo-Aryan language widely spoken in India, follows subject-object-verb (SOV) order canonically but allows free word order. The common cortical regions involved in affirmative and negative sentence conditions included bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left parietal cortex (BA 7/40), left fusiform (BA 37), bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA) (BA 6), bilateral middle temporal gyrus (BA 21), and bilateral occipital area (BA 17/18). While no distinct region was activated for affirmative sentences, we observed activations in the region of bilateral anterior temporal pole for negative sentence. The behavioral results showed no significant mean difference for reaction times (RT) and accuracy measures between affirmative and negative sentences. However, the imaging results suggest the recruitment of anterior temporal pole in processing of negative sentences. Region of interest (ROI) analysis for selected regions showed higher signal intensity for negative sentences possibly indicating the associated inherent difficulty level of processing, especially when integrating information related to negations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Kumar
- Neuroimaging, Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Lucknow, India.
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Lin CS, Chang SH, Liou WY, Tsai YS. The development of a multimedia online language assessment tool for young children with autism. Res Dev Disabil 2013; 34:3553-3565. [PMID: 23962602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to provide early childhood special education professionals with a standardized and comprehensive language assessment tool for the early identification of language learning characteristics (e.g., hyperlexia) of young children with autism. In this study, we used computer technology to develop a multi-media online language assessment tool that presents auditory or visual stimuli. This online comprehensive language assessment consists of six subtests: decoding, homographs, auditory vocabulary comprehension, visual vocabulary comprehension, auditory sentence comprehension, and visual sentence comprehension. Three hundred typically developing children and 35 children with autism from Tao-Yuan County in Taiwan aged 4-6 participated in this study. The Cronbach α values of the six subtests ranged from .64 to .97. The variance explained by the six subtests ranged from 14% to 56%, the current validity of each subtest with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised ranged from .21 to .45, and the predictive validity of each subtest with WISC-III ranged from .47 to .75. This assessment tool was also found to be able to accurately differentiate children with autism up to 92%. These results indicate that this assessment tool has both adequate reliability and validity. Additionally, 35 children with autism have completed the entire assessment in this study without exhibiting any extremely troubling behaviors. However, future research is needed to increase the sample size of both typically developing children and young children with autism and to overcome the technical challenges associated with internet issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Sui Lin
- Department of Special Education, Chung-Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung-Pei Road, 32023 Chung-Li, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Maintaining a selective attention set allows us to efficiently perform sensory tasks despite the multitude of concurrent sensory stimuli. Unpredictably occurring, rare events nonetheless capture our attention, that is, we get distracted. The present study investigated the efficiency of control over distraction as a function of preparation time available before a forthcoming distracter. A random sequence of short and long tones (100 or 200 ms with 50-50 % probability) was presented. Independently from tone duration, occasionally (13.3 % of the time), the pitch of a tone was changed. Such rare pitch variants (distracters) usually lead to delayed and less precise discrimination responses, and trigger a characteristic series of event-related potentials (ERPs) reflecting the stages of distraction-related processing: starting with negative ERPs signaling the sensory registration of the distracter; a P3a-usually interpreted as a reflection of involuntary attention change and finally the so-called reorienting negativity signaling the restoration of the task-optimal attention set. In separate conditions, 663 or 346 ms before each tone (long or short cue-tone interval), a visual cue was presented, which signaled whether the forthcoming tone was a distracter (rare pitch variant), with 80 % validity. As reflected by reduced reaction time delays and P3a amplitudes, valid cues led to the prevention of distraction, but only in the long cue-tone interval condition. The analyses of the cue-related P3b and contingent negative variation showed that participants made more effort to utilize cue information to prevent distraction in the long cue-tone than in the short cue-tone interval condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Horváth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.B. 398, Szondi U 83/85, 1394, Budapest, Hungary,
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Abstract
The present study examined the neural mechanisms of attention modulation on timing using ERP and sLORETA measurements in a dual-task paradigm. We parametrically varied the attention to the durations of a 1000-Hz pure tone and further localized the cortical regions that were sensitive to the attention modulation on timing. Results demonstrated that the attention modulation might happen at early stage, approximately 200 ms after stimulus presentation. The P2 component at frontal area served as an early neural correlate of attention effects on timing. More importantly, the contingent negative variation (CNV) appeared at fronto-central area was sensitive to the attention effect. In addition, the supplementary motor area (SMA) was assumed to be one of the key regions for selectively attending to and estimating time. These findings provide temporal and spatial correlates of attention-modulated time processing and potentially help to investigate the neural mechanisms of patients with time perception deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Liu
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Psychology, Chong Qing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huazhan Yin
- Department of Psychology, Chong Qing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Rossi MA, Sukharnikova T, Hayrapetyan VY, Yang L, Yin HH. Operant self-stimulation of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65799. [PMID: 23755282 PMCID: PMC3673941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the contribution of the nigrostriatal DA system to instrumental learning and behavior using optogenetics in awake, behaving mice. Using Cre-inducible channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in mice expressing Cre recombinase driven by the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter (Th-Cre), we tested whether selective stimulation of DA neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC), in the absence of any natural rewards, was sufficient to promote instrumental learning in naive mice. Mice expressing ChR2 in SNC DA neurons readily learned to press a lever to receive laser stimulation, but unlike natural food rewards the lever pressing did not decline with satiation. When the number of presses required to receive a stimulation was altered, mice adjusted their rate of pressing accordingly, suggesting that the rate of stimulation was a controlled variable. Moreover, extinction, i.e. the cessation of action-contingent stimulation, and the complete reversal of the relationship between action and outcome by the imposition of an omission contingency, rapidly abolished lever pressing. Together these results suggest that selective activation of SNC DA neurons can be sufficient for acquisition and maintenance of a new instrumental action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Rossi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tatyana Sukharnikova
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Volodya Y. Hayrapetyan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lucie Yang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Henry H. Yin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mento G, Tarantino V, Sarlo M, Bisiacchi PS. Automatic temporal expectancy: a high-density event-related potential study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62896. [PMID: 23650537 PMCID: PMC3641105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How we compute time is not fully understood. Questions include whether an automatic brain mechanism is engaged in temporally regular environmental structure in order to anticipate events, and whether this can be dissociated from task-related processes, including response preparation, selection and execution. To investigate these issues, a passive temporal oddball task requiring neither time-based motor response nor explicit decision was specifically designed and delivered to participants during high-density, event-related potentials recording. Participants were presented with pairs of audiovisual stimuli (S1 and S2) interspersed with an Inter-Stimulus Interval (ISI) that was manipulated according to an oddball probabilistic distribution. In the standard condition (70% of trials), the ISI lasted 1,500 ms, while in the two alternative, deviant conditions (15% each), it lasted 2,500 and 3,000 ms. The passive over-exposition to the standard ISI drove participants to automatically and progressively create an implicit temporal expectation of S2 onset, reflected by the time course of the Contingent Negative Variation response, which always peaked in correspondence to the point of S2 maximum expectation and afterwards inverted in polarity towards the baseline. Brain source analysis of S1- and ISI-related ERP activity revealed activation of sensorial cortical areas and the supplementary motor area (SMA), respectively. In particular, since the SMA time course synchronised with standard ISI, we suggest that this area is the major cortical generator of the temporal CNV reflecting an automatic, action-independent mechanism underlying temporal expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mento
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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Peter B, Button L, Stoel-Gammon C, Chapman K, Raskind WH. Deficits in sequential processing manifest in motor and linguistic tasks in a multigenerational family with childhood apraxia of speech. Clin Linguist Phon 2013; 27:163-91. [PMID: 23339324 PMCID: PMC3875160 DOI: 10.3109/02699206.2012.736011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a global deficit in sequential processing as candidate endophenotypein a family with familial childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Of 10 adults and 13 children in a three-generational family with speech sound disorder (SSD) consistent with CAS, 3 adults and 6 children had past or present SSD diagnoses. Two preschoolers with unremediated CAS showed a high number of sequencing errors during single-word production. Performance on tasks with high sequential processing loads differentiated between the affected and unaffected family members, whereas there were no group differences in tasks with low processing loads. Adults with a history of SSD produced more sequencing errors during nonword and multisyllabic real word imitation, compared to those without such a history. Results are consistent with a global deficit in sequential processing that influences speech development as well as cognitive and linguistic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Peter
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Hazan V, Messaoud-Galusi S, Rosen S. The effect of talker and intonation variability on speech perception in noise in children with dyslexia. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2013; 56:44-62. [PMID: 22761322 PMCID: PMC3678076 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2012/10-0107)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, the authors aimed to determine whether children with dyslexia (hereafter referred to as "DYS children") are more affected than children with average reading ability (hereafter referred to as "AR children") by talker and intonation variability when perceiving speech in noise. METHOD Thirty-four DYS and 25 AR children were tested on their perception of consonants in naturally produced CV tokens in multitalker babble. Twelve CVs were presented for identification in four conditions varying in the degree of talker and intonation variability. Consonant place (/bi/-/di/) and voicing (/bi/-/pi/) discrimination were investigated with the same conditions. RESULTS DYS children made slightly more identification errors than AR children but only for conditions with variable intonation. Errors were more frequent for a subset of consonants, generally weakly encoded for AR children, for tokens with intonation patterns (steady and rise-fall) that occur infrequently in connected discourse. In discrimination tasks, which have a greater memory and cognitive load, DYS children scored lower than AR children across all conditions. CONCLUSIONS Unusual intonation patterns had a disproportionate (but small) effect on consonant intelligibility in noise for DYS children, but adding talker variability did not. DYS children do not appear to have a general problem in perceiving speech in degraded conditions, which makes it unlikely that they lack robust phonological representations.
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Goldfus C. Knowledge foundations for beginning reading teachers in EFL. Ann Dyslexia 2012; 62:204-221. [PMID: 22815105 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-012-0073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the knowledge that teachers need in order to become successful early reading teachers in English as a foreign language. The findings showed that in-service teachers had better content knowledge than pre-service teachers, although the results indicated overall low performance and insufficiently developed concepts about the structure of language, spelling rules, and academic terminology in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Goldfus
- Graduate School for Advanced Degrees, Levinsky College of Education, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A Wilson
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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McCarthy JH, Hogan TP, Catts HW. Is weak oral language associated with poor spelling in school-age children with specific language impairment, dyslexia or both? Clin Linguist Phon 2012; 26:791-805. [PMID: 22876769 PMCID: PMC3884899 DOI: 10.3109/02699206.2012.702185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that word reading accuracy, not oral language, is associated with spelling performance in school-age children. We compared fourth grade spelling accuracy in children with specific language impairment (SLI), dyslexia or both (SLI/dyslexia) to their typically developing grade-matched peers. Results of the study revealed that children with SLI performed similarly to their typically developing peers on a single-word spelling task. Alternatively, those with dyslexia and SLI/dyslexia evidenced poor spelling accuracy. Errors made by both those with dyslexia and SLI/dyslexia were characterized by numerous phonologic, orthographic and semantic errors. Cumulative results support the hypothesis that word reading accuracy, not oral language, is associated with spelling performance in typically developing school-age children and their peers with SLI and dyslexia. Findings are provided as further support for the notion that SLI and dyslexia are distinct, yet co-morbid, developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian H McCarthy
- Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Knoxville, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-word repetition (NWR) difficulties are common, but not universal, among children with specific language impairment (SLI). However, older children and adolescents with SLI have rarely been studied. Studies disagree on the relationship between NWR difficulties and difficulties with other areas of language and literacy. There is also no consensus about the underlying reason for the difficulties (some) children with SLI have with NWR. Some scholars argue that difficulties with phonological short-term memory or storage cause NWR and other language difficulties, whereas others argue that difficulties with NWR may be due more to difficulties with phonological representations. AIMS To investigate NWR abilities and their relationship to other language and literacy abilities in a group of older children with SLI and typically developing controls. To investigate the relative effects of increasing phonological complexity and the number of syllables on the ability of the participants to repeat non-words. METHODS & PROCEDURES An NWR test (The Test of Phonological Structure; TOPhS), which systematically varies phonological complexity, was administered to 15 participants with SLI (aged 11-15 years), 30 language and 15 age controls. Standardized language and literacy tests and a specific test of verb agreement and tense marking (Verb Agreement and Tense Test; VATT) were also administered. OUTCOMES & RESULTS The participants with SLI showed a bimodal distribution: half achieved age-appropriate NWR, while half scored significantly below language and age controls (d > 7). The two groups of participants with SLI (high versus low scorers) only differed in NWR (d > 5) and agreement (d > 3) and tense marking (d > 2.5), not on the standardized language and literacy measures administered. NWR was also highly correlated with verb agreement (r= 0.97) and tense marking (r= 0.89) among participants with SLI, but not among controls (r= 0.16 and 0.30 respectively). Phonological complexity was related to NWR accuracy, particularly among participants with SLI. The number of syllables had no independent effect on NWR performance for any group. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS Some children with SLI (who have good NWR) have language difficulties unrelated to any of the factors underlying NWR. Others have a (probably additional) deficit which affects NWR and also leads to greater difficulties with verb agreement and tense marking. The results indicate that difficulties with this particular NWR test are more likely to be due to a deficit with phonology per se, rather than with phonological short-term memory or storage.
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Lin YT, Liu CM, Chiu MJ, Liu CC, Chien YL, Hwang TJ, Jaw FS, Shan JC, Hsieh MH, Hwu HG. Differentiation of schizophrenia patients from healthy subjects by mismatch negativity and neuropsychological tests. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34454. [PMID: 22496807 PMCID: PMC3320618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder with diverse presentations. The current and the proposed DSM-V diagnostic system remains phenomenologically based, despite the fact that several neurobiological and neuropsychological markers have been identified. A multivariate approach has better diagnostic utility than a single marker method. In this study, the mismatch negativity (MMN) deficit of schizophrenia was first replicated in a Han Chinese population, and then the MMN was combined with several neuropsychological measurements to differentiate schizophrenia patients from healthy subjects. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 120 schizophrenia patients and 76 healthy controls were recruited. Each subject received examinations for duration MMN, Continuous Performance Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Third Edition (WAIS-III). The MMN was compared between cases and controls, and important covariates were investigated. Schizophrenia patients had significantly reduced MMN amplitudes, and MMN decreased with increasing age in both patient and control groups. None of the neuropsychological indices correlated with MMN. Predictive multivariate logistic regression models using the MMN and neuropsychological measurements as predictors were developed. Four predictors, including MMN at electrode FCz and three scores from the WAIS-III (Arithmetic, Block Design, and Performance IQ) were retained in the final predictive model. The model performed well in differentiating patients from healthy subjects (percentage of concordant pairs: 90.5%). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE MMN deficits were found in Han Chinese schizophrenia patients. The multivariate approach combining biomarkers from different modalities such as electrophysiology and neuropsychology had a better diagnostic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Dou-Liou City, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Jeng Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Shan Jaw
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Chi Shan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming H. Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Dou-Liou City, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Smith AL, Staines WR. Externally cued inphase bimanual training enhances preparatory premotor activity. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:1846-57. [PMID: 22401934 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have demonstrated that cortical potentials representing motor preparation for visually-cued movements are enhanced following a single session of visually-cued bimanual movement training (BMT). The neuroanatomical sources that contribute to these rapid training-induced adaptations were unclear. To address this, we compared cortical potentials associated with motor preparation for visually-cued (movement-related potential, MRP) and self-paced (Bereitschaftspotential, BP) movements and investigated adaptations of these following BMT. METHODS EEG recorded the cued MRP and self-paced BP during two experiments. In experiment one, pre and post self-paced unimanual trials were interspersed with cued inphase BMT. In experiment two, self-paced and visually-cued movement trials were performed to assess the differences between and the contributing neural sources to the cued MRP and self-paced BP. RESULTS Inphase BMT does not affect the early BP. Source localization analysis revealed that the preparatory portion of the cued MRP and self-paced BP are generated by the lateral premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The early cued MRP and self-paced BP have unique cortical generators and are independently modulated by specific training types. SIGNIFICANCE These novel findings have implications for interpreting rapid, single-session, training adaptations previously observed. These cortical potentials may also be useful measurement tools to gauge within-session cortical modulations in response to specific modes of rehabilitative training in the stroke population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Stekelenburg JJ, Vroomen J. Electrophysiological evidence for a multisensory speech-specific mode of perception. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:1425-31. [PMID: 22410413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the interpretation of auditory stimuli as speech or non-speech affects audiovisual (AV) speech integration at the neural level. Perceptually ambiguous sine-wave replicas (SWS) of natural speech were presented to listeners who were either in 'speech mode' or 'non-speech mode'. At the behavioral level, incongruent lipread information led to an illusory change of the sound only for listeners in speech mode. The neural correlates of this illusory change were examined in an audiovisual mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm with SWS sounds. In an oddball sequence, 'standards' consisted of SWS/onso/coupled with lipread/onso/, and 'deviants' consisted of SWS/onso/coupled with lipread/omso/. The AV deviant induced a McGurk-MMN for listeners in speech mode, but not for listeners in non-speech mode. These results demonstrate that the illusory change in the sound by incongruent lipread information evoked an MMN which presumably takes place at a pre-attentive sensory processing stage.
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Leite J, Carvalho S, Galdo-Alvarez S, Alves J, Sampaio A, Gonçalves OF. Affective picture modulation: valence, arousal, attention allocation and motivational significance. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 83:375-81. [PMID: 22226675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyses the modulatory effects of affective pictures in the early posterior negativity (EPN), the late positive potential (LPP) and the human startle response on both the peripheral (eye blink EMG) and central neurophysiological levels (Probe P3), during passive affective pictures viewing. The affective pictures categories were balanced in terms of valence (pleasant; unpleasant) and arousal (high; low). The data shows that EPN may be sensitive to specific stimulus characteristics (affective relevant pictures versus neutral pictures) associated with early stages of attentional processing. In later stages, the heightened attentional resource allocation as well as the motivated significance of the affective stimuli was found to elicit enhanced amplitudes of slow wave processes thought to be related to enhanced encoding, namely LPP,. Although pleasant low arousing pictures were effective in engaging the resources involved in the slow wave processes, the highly arousing affective stimuli (pleasant and unpleasant) were found to produce the largest enhancement of the LPP, suggesting that high arousing stimuli may are associated with increased motivational significance. Additionally the response to high arousing stimuli may be suggestive of increased motivational attention, given the heightened attentional allocation, as expressed in the P3 probe, especially for the pleasant pictures. The hedonic valence may then serve as a mediator of the attentional inhibition to the affective priming, potentiating or inhibiting a shift towards defensive activation, as measured by the startle reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Leite
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab Cipsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Portugal
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Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, O'Leary KC, Scudder MR, Wu CT, Castelli DM, Hillman CH. The effects of an afterschool physical activity program on working memory in preadolescent children. Dev Sci 2011; 14:1046-58. [PMID: 21884320 PMCID: PMC3177170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of a 9-month randomized control physical activity intervention aimed at improving cardiorespiratory fitness on changes in working memory performance in preadolescent children relative to a waitlist control group. Participants performed a modified Sternberg task, which manipulated working memory demands based on encoding set sizes, while task performance and the contingent negative variation (CNV) event-related brain potential were measured. Analyses revealed that the physical activity intervention led to increases in cardiorespiratory fitness and improved Sternberg task performance. Further, the beneficial effects of the physical activity intervention were greater for a task condition requiring greater working memory demands. In addition, the intervention group exhibited larger initial CNV at the frontal electrode site, relative to the waitlist group at post-test; an effect not observed during the pre-test. These results indicate that increases in cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with improvements in the cognitive control of working memory in preadolescent children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Baayen RH, Milin P, Đurđević DF, Hendrix P, Marelli M. An amorphous model for morphological processing in visual comprehension based on naive discriminative learning. Psychol Rev 2011; 118:438-481. [PMID: 21744979 DOI: 10.1037/a0023851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Petar Milin
- Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad
| | | | | | - Marco Marelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca
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50
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Armstrong GAB, Singhal A. Neural markers of automatic and controlled attention during immediate and delayed action. Exp Brain Res 2011; 213:35-48. [PMID: 21717099 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that visually guided and memory-guided actions are under the control of dissociable neural systems. This experiment measured event-related potentials (ERPs) in a cross-modal dual-task paradigm to investigate the attentional requirements of these two types of actions. In a primary joystick-controlled continuous reciprocal aiming task, participants moved a cursor back and forth between two targets of variable size in visually guided (VIS) and memory-guided (MEM) conditions. In a secondary dichotic listening task, ERPs were collected while infrequent high and frequent low pitch tones were delivered to both ears. Participants responded to the infrequent tones delivered to only one attended ear. Aiming and listening were performed separately and together as a dual task. We were interested in two ERP components: the P300 component, which reflects voluntary attention, and the mismatch negativity (MMN), which reflects automatic attention. The results showed that the P300 component elicited by the auditory task was decreased in amplitude by the dual-task conditions compared with the auditory task alone. Moreover, P300 latency was increased by the MEM aiming condition, but not the VIS aiming condition. On the other hand, the MMN component elicited by the auditory task was only attenuated by the VIS aiming condition, not by the MEM aiming condition. Together, these results suggest that memory-guided aiming requires more voluntary attention and less automatic attention than visually guided aiming.
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