Dimensions of personality: 16, 5 or 3?—Criteria for a taxonomic paradigm

Associations of temperament, family functioning with loneliness trajectories in patients with breast cancer: a longitudinal observational study

PURPOSE

Loneliness is a prevalent affective issue among patients with breast cancer, with its developmental trajectory being a contentious subject. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore trends in loneliness in patients with breast cancer and identify predictors of different trajectory categories.

METHODS

Using convenience sampling, 176 patients planning to undergo breast cancer surgery in a university hospital in Shaanxi Province, China, were followed up six times over 12 months following surgery, and data from 144 patients were analyzed. The data were analyzed using a mixed growth model (GMM) and logistic regression.

RESULTS

Two latent classes of loneliness trajectory were identified among patients with breast cancer, namely "persistent high loneliness" and "persistent low loneliness." Patients who with education level of junior secondary and less (OR = 13.59, P = 0.002), had a melancholic temperament (OR = 12.07, P = 0.002) were more likely to be categorized in the "persistent high loneliness group", whereas the better family functioning (OR = 0.60, P < 0.001) and choleric temperament (OR = 0.16, P = 0.025) of the patients were more likely to be categorized in the "persistent low loneliness group".

CONCLUSION

Patients with breast cancer exhibit diverse trajectories of loneliness, with educational level, temperament type, and family functioning being predictive of these trajectories. Therefore, it is crucial to promptly identify populations at risk in a clinical setting and devise intervention strategies, grounded in identified trajectory characteristics and influencing factors, to enhance patient outcomes.

Role of Psychological Factors in Migraine

Migraine, marked by moderate to severe headaches, is frequently accompanied by reversible neurological symptoms. Recent studies have revealed a complex and significant relationship between psychological factors and the onset and progression of migraine. Personality traits, such as neuroticism and harm avoidance, play a crucial role in the development, progression, and treatment outcomes of migraines. Migraine patients often experience comorbid mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, which contribute to a diminished quality of life by exacerbating migraine-related disability and impaired occupational functioning. In particular, high levels of pain catastrophizing and anxiety sensitivity in migraine sufferers reflect their negative cognitive beliefs, which are closely linked to both their personality traits and vulnerability to mental disorders. This article explores the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the relationship between migraine and psychological factors, including genetic influences, overlapping brain regions, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) dysfunction, and neurogenic inflammation. While traditional pharmacological treatments for migraine are often influenced by psychological factors and may have limited efficacy, psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and positive thinking therapy, has been increasingly recognized for its role in alleviating the psychological symptoms associated with migraine and enhancing overall therapeutic outcomes.

Temperament and Offending Behaviors in Male Adolescents

The aim of the current paper was to examine temperament profiles and temperament dimensions as risk factors for persistent criminal behavior in juveniles who offended (JOs). A sample of 137 male adolescents from a Swiss detention center and 137 age and sex matched community controls were included in the present study. Temperament was measured with the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI). Using Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), three temperament profiles were found, a "moderate," an "adventurous-disinhibited" (higher levels of novelty seeking, lower levels of harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence), and a "worried-passive" profile (higher levels of harm avoidance, low persistence). None of the profiles and dimensions were associated with detention sample (i.e., JO) status. In JOs, the "novelty seeking" scale predicted recidivism after release from detention even when controlling for other covariates. Further research should address temperament profiles and temperament dimensions in larger samples of JOs to elaborate their relation to previous and future offending behavior.

Opinion: Which animals have personality?

Human personality generally refers to coherent individuating patterns in affect, behavior, and cognition. We can only observe and measure behavior, from which we then infer personality and other psychological processes (affect, cognition, etc.). We emphasize that the study of personality always explains or summarizes patterns not only in behavior but also in these other psychological processes inferred from behavior. We thus argue that personality should be attributed only to nonhuman animals with behaviors from which we can infer a sufficiently rich set of psychological processes. The mere inference of a biological trait that explains behavioral variability, on our view, is not sufficient to count as a personality construct and should be given a different term. Methodologically, inferring personality in nonhuman animals entails challenges in characterizing ecologically valid behaviors, doing so across rich and varied environments, and collecting enough data. We suggest that studies should gradually accumulate such corpora of data on a species through well-curated shared databases. A mixture of approaches should include both top-down fit with extant human personality theories (such as the Big Five) as well as bottom-up discovery of species-specific personality dimensions. Adopting the above framework will help us to build a comparative psychology and will provide the most informative models also for understanding human personality, its evolution, and its disorders.

Omnichannel Retailing in Light of Psychological Factors: A Mediated Model

Purpose

Retail businesses have been seeing dramatic changes in the last decades. It has evolved from single-channel retailing to omnichannel retailing, providing a seamless shopping experience to customers. Customers armed with modern technology are creating challenges for retailers and forcing them to create an omnichannel environment. So, implementing an omnichannel retailing strategy is a big challenge for retail managers in the age of modern technologies. Retailers could evaluate consumers' usage intention of omnichannel retailing based on technological and psychological factors. However, research based on psychological factors is limited in the prevailing literature on omnichannel retailing. Based on the Motivational Model (MM) and Big-Five Factors (BFF) of personality traits, the study tried to fill the gap regarding the influence of psychological factors on omnichannel usage intention.

Methods

A sample of 724 respondents through a structured questionnaire from a developing economy. The target population of the current study was internet users, as they might be prospective Omni shoppers in the near future. Relationships were tested through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS 23.

Results

Results revealed that personality traits directly correlate with omnichannel usage intention, while motivations (intrinsic and extrinsic) partially mediate these relationships. Moreover, the results of the current study also revealed that the personality traits extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are vital antecedents of behavioral intention. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations positively impact consumers' usage intention, while extrinsic motivation partially mediates intrinsic motivation and consumers' usage intention. Additionally, full mediation prevails in the association of consumers' usage intention and personality traits (emotional stability and Openness to experiences).

Originality

The domino effects provide a solid theoretical milestone in understanding the phenomenon of omnichannel retailing strategy and facilitates marketing managers to design channel strategies for emerging economics.

The mediating role of big five traits and self-efficacy on the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial behavior: Study of Tunisian university graduate employees

The present paper aimed to explore the mediating roles of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and the big five personality traits in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and university graduate employees' entrepreneurial behavior. Structural equations modeling was applied to data collected through a survey questionnaire among 300 Tunisian employees with a university degree working in the private sector who participated in 2021 in an entrepreneurship education program provided by the Sfax Business Center, a Public-Private organization. The results demonstrate that entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and the big five personality traits affect entrepreneurial behavior positively. Moreover, entrepreneurship education has a positive effect on self-efficacy and the big five personality traits. The findings also show a significant partial mediation of self-efficacy and the big five personality traits on the relationships between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial behavior.

Introversion, Extraversion, and Worsening of Chronic Pain Impact during Social Isolation: A Mediation Analysis

COVID-19 social distancing mandates increased social isolation, resulting in changes in pain severity and interference among individuals with chronic pain. Differences in personality (e.g., introversion/extraversion) may modulate responses to social isolation. We examined the influence of introversion on reported social distancing-related increases in pain interference and assessed for mediators of this relationship. Individuals with chronic pain (n = 150) completed validated questionnaires 4-8 weeks after implementation of social distancing mandates. Introversion/extraversion was measured using a subscale of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and changes in pain and psychosocial variables were calculated by comparing participants' recalled and current scores. Association between introversion/extraversion and other variables were assessed using linear regression. A parallel mediation was used to examine mediators of the association between introversion and change in pain interference. Higher introversion was associated with a decrease in pain interference after social distancing (Rho = - .194, p = .017). Parallel mediation analysis revealed that the relationship between introversion/extraversion and change in pain interference was mediated by changes in sleep disturbance and depression, such that higher introversion was associated with less isolation-induced sleep disruption and depression, and thereby less worsening of pain interference. These findings suggest that personality factors such as introversion/extraversion should be considered when personalizing treatment of chronic pain.

Personality in Chronic Headache: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Background

Chronic headache (CH) is a condition that includes different subtypes of headaches and that can impair different life domains. Personality traits can play a relevant role both in the development and in coping with this medical condition. The first aim of the present study is to realize a systematic review of the personality traits associated with CH compared to healthy controls; the second objective is to carry out a quantitative meta-analysis with the studies using the same instrument to assess personality traits.

Method

The literature search encompassed articles published from 1988 until December 2022 on the major databases in the field of health and social sciences: PubMed, Scopus, PsychInfo, and Web of Science.

Results

Thirteen studies were included in the systematic review, but only three studies were deeply explored in a meta-analysis since the only ones used a common instrument for personality assessment (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory). According to the meta-analysis, different subtypes of CH patients scored higher than healthy controls on Hypochondriasis and Hysteria Scales. The systematic review showed higher levels of depressive and anxious personality dimensions and pain catastrophizing in CH compared to healthy controls. Moreover, frequent-chronic forms and medication-overuse headache were the most symptomatic and frail categories showing higher levels of dysfunctional personality traits and psychopathological symptoms.

Conclusions

These results seem to confirm a "neurotic profile" in patients suffering from CH. The identification of the main personality traits involved in the onset and maintenance of headache disorders represents an important objective for developing psychological interventions.

Personality Traits and Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review

(1) Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative autoimmune disease. Fatigue is a prevalent and debilitating symptom that significantly impacts the quality of life of these patients. A relationship between personality traits and fatigue in MS has been hypothesized but not clearly defined. (2) Methods: A literature search was carried out from databases up to April 2023 for studies correlating personality traits and fatigue in patients suffering from MS. (3) Results: A total of ten articles was included; most of the studies depict a neuroticism-fatigue correlation; however, they were not consistent in terms of the fatigue, personality, and covariate assessments. (4) Conclusions: The clinical and methodological heterogeneity of the included studies prevented us from drawing any firm conclusion on the link between personality traits and fatigue in MS. Several models of personality and different fatigue assessments have been found. Despite this, a common pathway shows that the neuroticism trait or similar personality patterns has a role in fatigue diagnosis. This may be a useful target to improve the quality of life and enhance the modification of the disease treatment results. Further homogeneous and longitudinal studies are needed.

The role of objectively recorded smartphone usage and personality traits in sleep quality

Purpose

The proliferation of smartphones, accompanied by internet facilities, has contributed to a decrease in sleep quality over the last decades. It has been revealed that excessive internet usage impacts the physical and mental health of smartphone users, while personality traits (PT) could play a role in developing internet addictions and preventing their negative effects. The objective of the present study is to assess the role of PT and smartphone usage in sleep quality.

Method

The sample comprised 269 participants, 55% females, within the age range of 15-64 years. We objectively collected one-week smartphone apps usage data from the participants. They also responded to demographics and the PT (BFI-10) questionnaires. The usage data of smartphone apps were processed to calculate smartphone usage amounts and sleep variables, including sleep duration, sleep distraction, sleeping time, and wake-up time. The data were analyzed using the correlation coefficient and regression analyses.

Results

The results indicated that more smartphone usage was associated with reduced sleep duration, increased sleep distraction, and later bedtime. Furthermore, smartphone users with the conscientiousness trait had a longer sleep duration, earlier sleeping time, less sleep distraction, and earlier wakeablity. Sleep distraction was positively associated with openness. Extraversion and neuroticism were found to be positive predictors of early wakeablity. Neuroticism had a negative association with early wakeablity. Finally, the implications of the study have been discussed.

Conclusion

Our study's usage of data that was acquired objectively has strong methodological qualities. The present study is the first to contribute to the literature on the role of PT and objectively measured smartphone usage in the prediction of sleep quality. We found that smartphone use and sleep variables are associated with PT. Other scholars can use our dataset for benchmarking and future comparisons.

The relationship between parenting behavior and the personality of kindergarten children

According to Cloninger's biosocial model of personality touching upon temperament and character, personality development is a lifelong adaptive process that begins in early childhood. Similarly, theories of parenting behavior and attachment predict that associations between personality and parenting behavior should be found in young children. The present study therefore had the goal to investigate, whether associations between parenting behavior and personality in terms of Cloninger's temperament and character dimensions previously found in adolescence and adults can already be observed in kindergarten children. This study assessed personality in a sample of 324 kindergarten children (169 girls/155 boys) aged 3-6 years (M _age = 4.59, SD = 0.90). Parents rated their children's temperament and character using the JTCI 3-6 R questionnaire, which has been specifically developed to measure personality dimensions in three to six-year-olds according to Cloninger's model. Character traits (especially Self-Transcendence), which reach mature levels in adults, may not be reliably assessed in three-year-old children. Parenting behavior was documented using the DEAPQ-EL-GS self-report questionnaire measuring the parenting behavior dimensions Responsiveness and Demandingness. Correlation analyses revealed that responsive parenting behavior was positively related to the personality dimensions Reward Dependence, Self-Directedness, and Self-Transcendence. Demanding parenting behavior was positively related to the personality dimension Novelty Seeking, but negatively related to the personality dimensions Persistence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness. Although the cross-sectional design of our study prevents unequivocal conclusions about the causal direction of these associations, our results highlight possible differential consequences of responsive vs. demanding parenting behavior for personality development in children in line with theories of parenting behavior and attachment. Our results thus advance earlier work in adolescents and adults, by showing that parenting behavior influences the development of the child's personality according to Cloninger's biosocial model already in three to six-year-olds.

Trajectories and predictors of social avoidance in female patients with breast cancer

Background

Social avoidance plays an important role in influencing quality of life among patients with breast cancer. Social avoidance behaviors change with treatment periods. However, the trajectory patterns and the predictive factors have not been fully studied.

Objective

This study examined the growth trajectory of social avoidance and its predictors in patients with breast cancer.

Materials and methods

A total of 176 patients with breast cancer in a university hospital in Shaanxi Province, China, were followed up four times over 6 months following surgery, and data from the final 144 patients were analyzed. The growth mixed model (GMM) was used to identify the trajectory categories, and the predictive factors of the trajectory types were analyzed by logistic regression.

Results

The best-fit growth mixture modeling revealed three class models: persistent high social avoidance group (Class 1), social avoidance increased first and then decreased group (Class 2), and no social avoidance group (Class 3), accounting for 13.89, 31.94, and 54.17% of patients, respectively. Single-factor analysis showed that family income per capita, residence, and temperament type were related to the social avoidance trajectory. Logistic regression analysis showed that only temperament type was an independent predictor of the social avoidance trajectory, and patients with melancholia were more likely to have persistent high social avoidance.

Conclusion

Our study proved the heterogeneity of social avoidance behaviors and the influencing effect of temperament type on the development of social avoidance behaviors in Chinese patients with breast cancer. Health professionals should pay more attention to patients who are at higher risk of developing a persistent social avoidance pattern and provide target interventions.

The effect of personality traits on employees' annual salaries in Chinese startups

Personality is a relatively regular habit of a person. It exerts a specific influence on personal behavior and the corresponding results. At the same time, personality can provide a certain degree of explanation for the differences among individuals in behavior and the related consequences. Economic differences are one of the discrepancies that exist among individuals. In order to explore the quantitative relationship between personality and individual income, this study takes 376 active employees of Chinese startups as the primary research objects. Additionally, considering the simplification and convenience of the survey, the annual salary investigated by this study is the pre-tax income of active startup employees. It uses quantitative methods to analyze the relationship between their personality traits and annual salary. Unlike the measures used in previous studies, this study employed the HEXACO-60 Inventory created by Ashton and Lee to investigate employees' personality traits. Compared to the Big Five model, HEXACO (Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Consciousness, Open to Experience, and Agreeableness) adds a new dimension to evaluate personality traits, called Honesty-Humility (H-H). H-H did not appear in previous studies related to personality and individual income. Therefore, there is no reference to the relationship between H-H and personal earnings. Considering that the content of H-H is highly consistent with the components of inter locus of control and the core spirit advocated by the Confucian culture, which influences Chinese people profoundly, this paper proposes a bold hypothesis, that is, H-H has a positive correlation with employees' annual salaries. Meanwhile, other corresponding hypotheses for the correlation between the other personality traits in HEXACO and employees' annual salaries are proposed. After that, the above hypotheses are tested with the help of correlation analysis. Then, the following conclusions can be quickly drawn. Consciousness, eXtraversion, Open to Experience, and Honesty-Humility positively correlate with employees' annual salaries. In comparison, Emotionality and Agreeableness negatively correlate with employees' annual salaries.

The Relationship between Personality Traits and Facebook Addiction among Adolescents in an Urban, Rural and Semi-Rural Secondary School

Facebook is and was intended to provide a place for friends to connect within the bustling academic environment and to encourage openness for ideas and interests. When used sparingly, it can provide an individual with a sense of group belonging and connection, sharing and offering hope and advice. The misuse of Facebook can have detrimental effects on one's quality of life that often lead to addiction. In this correlation design study, secondary-school-aged adolescents' Facebook addiction was compared to personality attributes. Through a convenience sample, 240 teenagers in total (106 men and 134 females) were chosen. The respondents answered questions about their demographics, Facebook Addiction, and Junior Eysenck Personality. The findings showed a substantial inverse correlation between Facebook addiction and neuroticism (r = -0.260, p < 0.01) and psychoticism (r = -0.189, p < 0.01). There was no discernible statistical link between Facebook Addiction and Extraversion. The study comes to the conclusion that although social networking sites such as Facebook have good effects on adolescents' lives, their use needs to be regulated, the risks were highlighted, and at-risk individuals can receive intervention approaches, such as social skills training.

Designing Gestures of Robots in Specific Fields for Different Perceived Personality Traits

Since their development, social robots have been a popular topic of research, with numerous studies evaluating their functionality or task performance. In recent years, social robots have begun to be regarded as social actors at work, and their social attributes have been explored. Therefore, this study focused on four occupational fields (shopping reception, home companion, education, and security) where robots are widely used, exploring the influence of robot gestures on their perceived personality traits and comparing the gesture design guidelines required in specific occupational fields. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, an interactive script was developed; moreover, observation was employed to derive gestures related to the discourse on the fields of interest. The second stage involved robot experimentation based on human–robot interaction through video. Results show that metaphoric gestures appeared less frequently than did deictic, iconic, or beat gestures. Robots’ perceived personality traits were categorized into sociality, competence, and status. Introducing all types of gestures helped enhance perceived sociality. The addition of deictic, and iconic gestures significantly improved perceived competence and perceived status. Regarding the shopping reception robot, after the inclusion of basic deictic and iconic gestures, sufficient beats gestures should be implemented to create a friendly and outgoing demeanor, thereby promoting user acceptance. In the home companion, education, and security contexts, the addition of beat gestures did not affect the overall acceptance level; the designs should instead be focused on the integration of the other gesture types.

Personality and Age of Male National Team of Ukraine in Kyokushin Karate-Pilot Study

This article is a continuation of the research on personality in combat sports in karate. The authors’ goal was to verify the relationship between personality and age of kyokushin karate practitioners. The male national team of Ukraine in karate kyokushin (N = 7) participated in the personality study with the use of the Big Five model. The NEO-FFI (NEO Five-Factor Inventory) Personality Questionnaire was applied as a research tool and the package of statistical methods IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0 (IBM Polska, Warszawa, Poland) was used to compute the research results. The study showed that there were differences in the intensity of openness to experiences between individual samples only at the level of the statistical trend. Masters showed a higher level of openness to experiences in relation to juniors (p = 0.081) and seniors (p = 0.097). Also, a negative and strong correlation between the intensity of neuroticism and conscientiousness among the respondents was noted. A conclusion was drawn that, with age, karatekas probably manifest greater openness to experience, which is the result of their sports experience, high sports level and pro-health values of karate. On the other hand, good emotional adaptation of karatekas is strictly related to conscientiousness.

Smartphone Addiction and Eysenck's Personality Traits Among Chinese Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis

With the quickly rising popularity of smartphone among adolescents over the past decade, studies have begun to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction and Eysenck's personality traits. Despite numerous studies on this topic, however, findings have been mixed and there is a lack of consensus regarding this relationship. Thus, this meta-analysis aimed to explore the relationship between smartphone addiction and Eysenck's personality traits in Chinese adolescents, as well as its possible moderators. Through literature search and screening, 33 studies were included, comprising 79 independent effect sizes with a total of 17, 737 subjects. A random effects model was selected, and it was found that smartphone addiction was positively associated with psychoticism (r = 0.16, p < 0.001) and neuroticism (r = 0.32, p < 0.001), but not significantly associated with extroversion (r = -0.06, p = 0.079). The moderating effect test showed that sex and year of study publication had significant influences on the relationship between smartphone addiction and psychoticism, and the year of study publication had a significant influence on the relationship between smartphone addiction and neuroticism. This study is the first meta-analysis on the relationship between smartphone addiction and Eysenck's personality traits among adolescents in China, and the results have helped to clarify the controversy of previous studies regarding this relationship.

A Thoughtful Insight on Women Entrepreneur’s Investment Attitude

This study endeavors to be cognizant of the investment paradigm of women entrepreneurs and reveal their ambitions, professionalism, and desire to form a robust framework in the context of economic development. These persistent attributes of women entrepreneurs for economic development persuaded us to investigate factors that influence women’s attitude to make a long-term investment decision in their business regardless of uncertainty. This study adopted a deductive approach and assessed data using the PLS-SEM technique through Smart PLS 3.3.3. Around 330 adequate responses from Karachi and Lahore using a self-designed structured questionnaire revealed that women’s investment attitude has a positive significant mediating effect on social, behavioral factors, and investment decisions. Whereas, women’s investment attitude did not depict a positive significant mediating effect on personal factors and investment decisions. It was quite interesting to know that uncertainty did not reveal a significant moderating effect between investment attitude and investment decision. The study highlights measures suggested empowering women entrepreneurs who strive to enhance their performance and achieve sustainable development goals without being discouraged by society. Moreover, focusing risk-taking attributes to set an example for those who do not come forth. The novelty of the study in the context of women entrepreneur’s investment attitude well contributes to the existing literature and recommends future scholars to expand the horizon of the existing area of the study in the context of cultural, demographic, and seasonal factors, which are also affecting women entrepreneur’s investment decisions.

How personality affects reaction. A mental health behavioral insight review during the Pandemic

The fear caused by the Covid-19 pandemic is changing our psychology and behavior. This ongoing negative event, imposing restrictions such as home isolation and social distancing, can result in heightened anxiety, depression and a sense of loneliness, with immediate effects on mental health. This study investigates adolescents’ reaction to the pandemic, by analyzing the behavioral mental health trends of depression, anxiety and sense of loneliness, in relation to personality traits. After controlling for demographics and family background, our results reveal strong relationships between several personality traits and psychological health indicators, during the pandemic in Greece. A total of 419 secondary school students (aged 12–18) were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), the Big Five Inventory for measuring personality (BFI) and the Children’s Loneliness Questionnaire (CLS) during two time periods within pandemic. Overall, it appears that depression increased significantly in line with the escalation of the pandemic, while anxiety decreased, with the strongest predictors being the personality variables of extraversion, neuroticism and openness. Surprisingly, the study also revealed that the level of extraversion has a positive effect on changes in anxiety, while a negative one on changes in depression. On the other hand, neuroticism and openness seem to negatively correlate with anxiety changes and positively with depression changes. These findings highlight the importance of considering these variables in addressing individuals’ mental health behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic and elucidate the literature by offering a deeper understanding of the strong relationship between personality, depression and anxiety.

What Do They Do? Construction of a Team Leader Intervention Model

This research report aimed to present a team leader intervention model regarding when unexpected events arise in meetings. Onward, the model will form a starting point for the creation and validation of a team leader interventions inventory. Sixteen managers provided the empirical material for the construction of the model. The subjects proposed as many interventions as possible based on 10 different group meeting scenarios. In total, 327 interventions were proposed, which constituted the basis for a conceptual framework comprising six categories—Control, Inform, Initiate, Investigate, Support, and Avoid. Three of the categories correspond to classical leadership behaviours: the Control category to Authoritative Leadership and Task Behaviour and structure; the Support category to Democratic Leadership and Relationship Behaviour and consideration; and the Avoid category to Laissez-Faire Leadership, letting events pass without taking leadership. In addition, the conceptual framework includes three new categories in addition to the classical leadership theory. The Inform category is related to the controlling function. When the leader clarifies goals and how to achieve the goals, it is indirectly a controlling function. The Initiate category is related to launching procedural or distracting activities. Finally, the Investigate category is an almost necessary step ahead of the other categories. Before controlling, informing, initiating, supporting, or avoiding, the leader ought to investigate the causes of the disorder and then decide which intervention is most appropriate.

Understanding Patient Personality in Medical Care: Five-Factor Model

Personality is the description of an individual's tendencies when acting or reacting to others. Clinicians spontaneously form impressions of a patient's apparent personality yet such unstructured impressions might lead to snap judgments or unhelpful labels. Here we review the evidence-based five-factor model from psychology science for understanding personalities (OCEAN taxonomy). Openness to experience is defined as the general appreciation for a variety of experiences. Conscientiousness is the tendency to exhibit self-discipline. Extraversion is the degree of engagement with the external world. Agreeableness is the general concern for social harmony. Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions. An awareness of these five dimensions might help clinicians avoid faulty judgments from casual contact. Expert assessment of personality requires extensive training and data, thereby suggesting that clinicians should take a humble view of their own unsophisticated impressions of a patient's personality.

Assessment of Personality Traits Influencing the Performance of Men in Team Sports in Terms of the Big Five

The purpose of this article is to define the perspective from which a coach should analyze and evaluate personality traits that influence sports performance in team sports. The subjects of the research are Polish players (N = 300) in senior age (20–29 years) from 10 team sports (each n = 30). A sample of champions (n = 13) was selected from the study population, and the Big Five model was applied to examine their personality with the use of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed with the IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 25. The study revealed statistically significant differences between team sports in four personality traits: neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Champions of team sports were characterized by a lower level of neuroticism, a higher level of extraversion, and openness to experiences in relation to other sportsmen. It was also confirmed that the personality traits distribution levels depend on the sport discipline. Therefore, an important role must be assigned to those mental training techniques that favor emotional balance, team communication, and tactical thinking skills and are manifested in triggering start-up readiness.

Personality traits and health‐risk behaviours in university students

Relations between personality and health‐risk behaviours in university undergraduates were examined using multiple measures of personality across multiple samples (N = 1151). Big Five personality variables, at both factor and facet levels, were used to predict three specific health‐risk behaviours: (a) tobacco consumption, (b) alcohol consumption and (c) speeding in an automobile. Our findings showed that low Conscientiousness and low Agreeableness were uniformly associated with this cluster of potentially health damaging behaviours. Extraversion was additionally associated with alcohol use. Interaction effects were found between Conscientiousness and Agreeableness on smoking and (for men only) on drinking. Other personality variables not centrally related to the Big Five, such as Risk‐Taking (high) and Integrity (low), were also implicated in the present health‐risk behaviours. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Interacting personality traits? Smoking as a test case

We question whether it is profitable to look at smoking (both smoking status and the number of cigarettes smoked a day): (1) in terms of the personality traits of Extraversion, Neuroticism and Psychoticism; (2) in terms of their pairwise interactions; (3) with respect, rather, to impulsivity or sensation seeking; or (4) taking into consideration both these levels of analysis. Our sample comprised 121 smokers and 111 non‐smokers (mostly students). No interactions were predictive of smoking. Both Psychoticism and impulsivity were found to be central traits—thereby providing support for the notion that it is a better strategy to look at smoking in terms of both these levels of analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A spherical conceptualization of personality traits

This research utilizes the geometric structure of the two‐dimensional Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC), and adds the Five‐Factor Model (FFM) dimension of conscientiousness to create a three‐dimensional spherical model of personality; the interpersonal sphere (IPS). A sample of 250 participants was initially used to select items that conformed to the geometric locations of 26 different characteristics on the IPS. A separate sample of 251 participants confirmed the geometric structure of these characteristic measures using randomization tests. To demonstrate an application of this three‐dimensional model, the IPS was employed as a geometric taxonomy to map various personality constructs. The combined sample of 501 participants was used to cartographically locate 164 scales from the NEO Personality Inventory, (NEO‐PI‐R), the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), and the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI‐R) onto the IPS. The spherical conception of traits provided by the three‐dimensional IPS is discussed as both an extension of the FFM and the two‐dimensional IPC. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Towards a refined structure of personality traits

In this article we pursue two goals. The first is a further articulation of the dimensionality of the Dutch trait domain. The second is a detailed mapping of the factorial trait structure, one which includes intelligible and proper niches for various nuances of the trait language and for different interpretations of the main factors of personality language. In realizing these goals, we discuss the reliance on theory in structuring and modelling the domain in question, the type of model to be used, and the comprehensiveness versus the economy of domain representation. The advantages and disadvantages of the simple structure model and the circumplex model are commented upon, and a new framework that integrates these two models is presented. The present results provide confirmation of the existence of five major dimensions that cover the trait domain: (I) Extraversion or Surgency, (II) Agreeableness, (III) Conscientiousness, (IV) Emotional Stability, and (V) Intellect or Openness to Experience. The newly developed representational model, revealing a refined structure of personality characteristics, not only clarifies some of the problems faced in interpreting the Big Five factors, but also forms a starting point for applications.

How valid is the psychoticism scale? A comment on the Van Kampen critique

Van Kampen (1993) has published a paper in which he criticizes the concept of psychoticism and the use of the P scale as a measuring device, and advances measures for his own S scale and its validity. This reply attempts to clarify the notion of ‘validity’, and to demonstrate that there is a considerable body of experimental evidence to show that P has a high degree of construct validity, whereas the Van Kampen S scale lacks completely any degree of construct validity. Several examples are given of how the experimental evidence legitimates both the P scale, and the theory (nomological network) on which it is based.

A Big Five personality inventory in two non‐Indo‐European languages

In this study we report on two successful replications of a five‐factor personality inventory in two non‐Indo‐European languages, Estonian and Finnish, which both belong to the group of Uralic languages. Costa and McCrae's (1985) NEO Personality Inventory was adapted to these two languages. By all relevant psychometric parameters neither developed construct differs from the original construct: the reliabilities of only 11 per cent for the Estonian and 36 per cent for the Finnish subscale were lower than those of the respective NEO‐PI scales. The factor structure of both Estonian and Finnish inventories was very close to the five‐factor structure of the NEO‐PI, accounting for 71.7 per cent and 67.0 per cent of the variance, respectively. In spite of this generally good agreement, some language‐ or culture‐dependent differences were observed. Both Estonian and Finnish women were more extroverted and conscientious than men, compared with their English‐speaking counterparts. Also, some differences exist in the need for other people's company and excitement seeking. In the Balto‐Fennic culture gregariousness appears to presuppose some emotional stability and openness and excitement seeking is conceptualized more as a tool of rescuing from anxiety, depression, and low self‐esteem. This study is considered as a step towards determination of which parts of the most popular instrument for the measurement of the Big Five personality dimensions are truly universal and which parts of it are specific to a particular language and culture.

An expedition in search of a fifth universal factor: Key issues in the lexical approach

It is argued that the fifth factor of the Big Five Model of personality traits cannot yet claim universal status. In order to identify a fifth factor within the lexical approach it is necessary to make full use of the potentialities of the psycholexical principles. Several flaws in the lexical enterprise are discussed, both regarding the theoretical delineation of traits and the operational—dictionary‐related—identification of trait descriptors. Hitherto largely implicit definitions of traits should be made explicit, and agreement should be reached about the theoretical width of the trait domain. Also, in order to obtain cross‐culturally comparable results, the procedural steps in the lexical search for trait terms should follow an agreed‐upon standard. None of the nominated fifth factors, for instance, Culture, Intellect, or Openness to Experience, has both proceeded from the lexical method and received unquestionable cross‐cultural affirmation.

The Relationship between Individual Differences in Intraindividual Variability in Core Affect and Interpersonal Behaviour

How people's feelings and interpersonal behaviour change across time can be represented as movements within a core affect and an interpersonal space. To gain insight into the relationship between affect and behaviour dynamics, the present study examined how individual differences in intraindividual variability in core affect relate to those in interpersonal behaviour, and how both are related to personality traits. In an experience sampling study, 63 participants were asked to monitor their core affect during one week and their interpersonal behaviour during another one. The results demonstrated a fairly consistent correspondence between several indices of people's variability in core affect and interpersonal behaviour, indicating that emotional lability also signals behavioural volatility and vice versa. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The five‐factor personality inventory: cross‐cultural generalizability across 13 countries

In the present study, we investigated the structural invariance of the Five‐Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI) across a variety of cultures. Self‐report data sets from ten European and three non‐European countries were available, representing the Germanic (Belgium, England, Germany, the Netherlands, USA), Romance (Italy, Spain), and Slavic branches (Croatia, Czech Republic, Slovakia) of the Indo‐European languages, as well as the Semito‐Hamitic (Israel) and Altaic (Hungary, Japan) language families. Each data set was subjected to principal component analysis, followed by varimax rotation and orthogonal Procrustes rotation to optimal agreement with (i) the Dutch normative structure and (ii) an American large‐sample structure. Three criteria (scree test, internal consistency reliabilities of the varimax‐rotated components, and parallel analysis) were used to establish the number of factors to be retained for rotation. Clear five‐factor structures were found in all samples except in the smallest one (USA, N = 97). Internal consistency reliabilities of the five components were generally good and high congruence was found between each sample structure and both reference structures. More than 80% of the items were equally stable within each country. Based on the results, an international FFPI reference structure is proposed. This reference structure can facilitate standardized communications about Big Five scores across research programmes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The structure of social effects: Personality as impact on others

Social‐effect descriptors (like charming and annoying) register the individual's footprint on the social world. Highly prototypical social‐effects terms in English were identified and factor‐analysed in peer‐ratings, with comparisons to the same procedures in self‐ratings. Two internally replicated factors were highly interpretable. They reflect the extent to which a person is a source of pleasure to others, or alternatively is a source of pain to others. The factors are linked to hedonic principles and basic appraisal tendencies. Extension‐correlation analyses indicated that variation in social‐effects dimensions is represented diffusely in Big Five and six‐factor measures, but corresponds more directly to variation in a Big Two personality structure that has previously been found to arise rather ubiquitously across cultures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Do I Have a Personality? Endowing Care Robots with Context-Dependent Personality Traits

Recent studies have revealed the key importance of modelling personality in robots to improve interaction quality by empowering them with social-intelligence capabilities. Most research relies on verbal and non-verbal features related to personality traits that are highly context-dependent. Hence, analysing how humans behave in a given context is crucial to evaluate which of those social cues are effective. For this purpose, we designed an assistive memory game, in which participants were asked to play the game obtaining support from an introvert or extroverted helper, whether from a human or robot. In this context, we aim to (i) explore whether selective verbal and non-verbal social cues related to personality can be modelled in a robot, (ii) evaluate the efficiency of a statistical decision-making algorithm employed by the robot to provide adaptive assistance, and (iii) assess the validity of the similarity attraction principle. Specifically, we conducted two user studies. In the human–human study (N=31), we explored the effects of helper’s personality on participants’ performance and extracted distinctive verbal and non-verbal social cues from the human helper. In the human–robot study (N=24), we modelled the extracted social cues in the robot and evaluated its effectiveness on participants’ performance. Our findings showed that participants were able to distinguish between robots’ personalities, and not between the level of autonomy of the robot (Wizard-of-Oz vs fully autonomous). Finally, we found that participants achieved better performance with a robot helper that had a similar personality to them, or a human helper that had a different personality.

Social Distancing and Lockdown - An Introvert's Paradise? An Empirical Investigation on the Association Between Introversion and the Psychological Impact of COVID19-Related Circumstantial Changes

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic has effected the implementation of social distancing and lockdown measures across the globe, and the psychological impact of associated life changes is experienced more severely by some individuals than others. Anecdotal evidence points to a common belief among the general public that introverts are faring better than their extraverted counterparts to this end. However, the claim lacks empirical research, and seems counterintuitive when the broader literature on the association between introversion and mental health is considered. The current study investigated whether the psychological impact of COVID19-related circumstantial changes was moderated by introversion, based on outcome measures across psychosocial, cognitive, and affective domains. The role of several demographic factors in determining COVID19-related mental health symptoms was also examined. One hundred and fourteen individuals (64 USA residents) completed measures of introversion, and reported on the extent to which they experienced loneliness, anxiety, depression and cognitive impairments as a function of COVID19-related circumstantial changes. Results showed that introversion predicted more severe loneliness, anxiety, and depression experienced as a function of COVID19-related circumstantial changes, but not cognitive impairments. Among the range of demographic factors examined (age, gender, living condition, recent unemployment), living with others (vs. living alone) predicted more severe COVID19-related mental health symptoms. However, these effects were only observed on outcome measures pertaining to anxiety and cognitive impairments, but not loneliness and depression. Current findings have implications for both consumers and disseminators of information on popular internet hubs. Current findings also highlight the possibility that living with others (close human affiliation) may have protective and detrimental effects on different domains of mental health during the COVID19 pandemic.

Personality, cognition and behavior in chimpanzees: a new approach based on Eysenck's model

Personality has been linked to individual variation in interest and performance in cognitive tasks. Nevertheless, this relationship is still poorly understood and has rarely been considered in animal cognition research. Here, we investigated the association between personality and interest, motivation and task performance in 13 sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) housed at Fundació Mona (Spain). Personality was assessed with a 12-item questionnaire based on Eysenck's Psychoticism-Extraversion-Neuroticism model completed by familiar keepers and researchers. Additionally, personality ratings were compared to behavioral observations conducted over an 11-year period. Experimental tasks consisted in several puzzle boxes that needed to be manipulated in order to obtain a food reward. Dependent variables included participation (as an indicator of interest), success and latency (as measures of performance), and losing contact with the task (as an indicator of motivation). As predicted, we obtained significant correlations between Eysenck's personality traits and observed behaviors, although some expected associations were absent. We then analyzed data using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, running a model for each dependent variable. In both sexes, lower Extraversion and lower Dominance were linked to a higher probability of success, but this effect was stronger in females. Furthermore, higher Neuropsychoticism predicted higher probability of success in females, but not in males. The probability of losing contact with the task was higher in young chimpanzees, and in those rated lower on Extraversion and higher on Dominance. Additionally, chimpanzees rated higher on Neuropsychoticism were also more likely to stop interacting with the task, but again this was more evident in females. Participation and latency were not linked to any personality trait. Our findings show that the PEN may be a good model to describe chimpanzee personality, and stress the importance of considering personality when interpreting the results of cognitive research in non-human primates.

Why People Don't Use Facebook Anymore? An Investigation Into the Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Traits and the Motivation to Leave Facebook

This study linked the big five personality traits with motivational factors to leave Facebook based on a survey of 218 former Facebook users. The big five were related with eight main factors retrieved from existing literature. Results showed that neuroticism was positively related to addiction, banality, peer pressure, and privacy while conscientiousness was negatively related to peer pressure, addiction, annoyance, and emergence of new platforms. Openness was positively related with banality but negatively with addiction and peer pressure. Theoretical and practical interpretations are also discussed.

Traits and Adaptations: A Theoretical Examination and New Empirical Evidence

We investigated the distinction between traits (also labelled basic tendencies or dispositions) and (characteristic) adaptations, two related features of the personality system postulated to influence how personality manifests throughout the lifespan. Traits are alleged to be universal, causal, and enduring entities that exist across cultures and through evolutionary time, whereas learned adaptations are acquired through sustained interaction with cultural, physical, and social environments. Although this distinction is central to several personality theories, they provide few measurable criteria to distinguish between traits and adaptations. Moreover, little research has endeavoured to operationalize it, let alone test it empirically. Drawing on insights from four frameworks—the Five–Factor Theory, Cybernetic Big Five Theory, Disposition–Adaptation–Environment Model, and New Big Five—we attempted to investigate the distinction both theoretically and empirically. Using various experimental rating conditions, we first scored 240 questionnaire items in their degrees of definitionally reflecting traits and/or adaptations. Next, we correlated these definitional ratings with the items’ estimates of rank–order stability, consensual validity, and heritability—criteria often associated with personality traits. We found some evidence that items rated as more trait–like and less adaptation–like correspond to higher cross–rater agreement and stability but not heritability. These associations survived controlling for items’ retest reliability, social desirability, and variance. The theoretical and empirical implications of these findings are discussed. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

An atlas of personality, emotion and behaviour

A novel two-dimensional matrix taxonomy, or atlas, of personality, emotion and behaviour is presented. The two dimensions of the atlas, affiliation and dominance, are demonstrated to have theoretical foundations in neurobiology and social psychology. Both dimensions are divided into five ordinal categories, creating a square matrix of 25 cells. A new catalogue of 20,669 English words descriptive of personality, emotion, behaviour, and power is also presented. The catalogue is more comprehensive than previous catalogues, and is novel in its inclusion of intrapersonal, group, and societal behaviours. All words in the catalogue were scored according to the atlas, facilitating visualisation in two dimensions. This enabled a contiguous and novel comparison of existing psychological taxonomies, as well as broader societal concepts such as leadership, ethics, and crime. Using the atlas, a novel psychological test is developed with improved sensitivity and specificity.

Designing emotional BDI agents: good practices and open questions

Intelligent agents built on the basis of the BDI (belief–desire–intention) architecture are known as BDI agents. Currently, due to the increasing importance given to the affective capacities, they have evolved giving way to the BDI emotional agents. These agents are generally characterized by affective states such as emotions, mood or personality but sometimes also by affective capacities such as empathy or emotional regulation. In the paper, a review of the most relevant proposals to include emotional aspects in the design of BDI agents is presented. Both BDI formalizations and BDI architecture extensions are covered. From the review, common findings and good practices modeling affect, empathy and regulatory capacities in BDI agents, are extracted. In spite of the great advance in the area several, open questions remain and are also discussed in the paper.

Personality profile and depression in migraine: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Despite the clinical importance of psychological factors in migraine, the relationship between personality traits, depression, and migraine has been poorly investigated.

OBJECTIVE

To delineate the personality profile distinctive for migraineurs and to explore the relationship between personality traits and depression in migraineurs compared to non-migraineurs.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed up to March 2019 using PsycInfo (PROQUEST), PubMed and Scopus. Sixteen primary studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

The meta-analysis on the personality defined according to Psychobiological model revealed high Harm Avoidance (Hedges'g = 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01-0.60), Persistence (Hedges'g = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.01to - 0.72) and low self-directedness (Hedges'g = - 0.33; 95% CI = -0.57 to - 0.09) in migraineurs. The meta-analysis on the personality defined according to Three Factor Model revealed high neuroticism (Hedges'g = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.32-0.63) and low extraversion (Hedges'g = - 0.08; 95% CI = - 0.14 to - 0.03) in migraineurs. Meta-regression analysis revealed that neuroticism moderated the relationship between depression and migraine.

CONCLUSION

The findings evidenced that migraine is characterized by specific personality traits. Among them, neuroticism influenced the severity of depression in migraineurs, and, therefore, an early evaluation of the personality traits could allow identifying patients susceptible to develop migraine-associated psychopathological symptoms.

The Eysenck Personality Profile in Selected Groups of Ophthalmological Patients

Personality correlates in patients with eye diseases have bidirectional influence. It is possible that personality variables lead to behaviours that may influence the cause of eye problems, but the opposite is also possible, that eye problems could have a direct effect on personality. The aim of this study was to evaluate personality traits in patients with glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and cataract using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Obtained results showed similar personality profiles in patients with glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and cataract. However, extraversion and neuroticism were higher in patients with diabetes, while the psychopathic traits are the highest in the group of cataract. Age and gender of patients do not influence the scores obtained on the questionnaire confirmed with one way ANOVA. Not significant difference in parameters (tested with Student t-test) was obtained between groups. It is proposed psychological evaluation to be included in the assessment of more serious eye diseases for helping patients to adjust and adapt to the condition and treatment.