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Kamar V, Dağalp R, Taştekin M. Determination of Heavy Metals in Almonds and Mistletoe as a Parasite Growing on the Almond Tree Using ICP-OES or ICP-MS. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 185:226-235. [PMID: 29285722 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the elements of Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sr, Pb, Ti, and Zn were determined in the leaves, fruits, and branches of mistletoe, (Viscum albüm L.), used as a medicinal plant, and in the leaves, branches and barks of almond tree which mistletoe grows on. The aim of the study is to investigate whether the mistletoe are more absorbent than the almond tree in terms of the heavy metal contents and the determination of the amount of the elements penetrated into the mistletoe from the almond tree. ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) was used for the analysis of As, Cd, Mo, and Pb, whereas ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) was used for the other elements. The results obtained were statistically evaluated at 95% confidence level. Within the results obtained in this study, it was determined whether there is a significant difference between metal elements in almond tree and mistletoe, or not. As a result, it was observed that there were higher contents of B, Ba, K, Mg, and Zn in the mistletoe than in the almond tree. K was found much higher than other elements in the mistletoe. On the other hand, Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Sr, Pb, and Ti contents were determined to be more in almond tree than mistletoe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veysi Kamar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rukiye Dağalp
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Taştekin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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NCCAM/NCI Phase 1 Study of Mistletoe Extract and Gemcitabine in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:964592. [PMID: 24285980 PMCID: PMC3826324 DOI: 10.1155/2013/964592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE European Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extracts (mistletoe) are commonly used for cancer treatment in Europe. This phase I study of gemcitabine (GEM) and mistletoe in advanced solid cancers (ASC) evaluated: (1) safety, toxicity, and maximum tolerated dose (MTD), (2) absolute neutrophil count (ANC) recovery, (3) formation of mistletoe lectin antibodies (ML ab), (4) cytokine plasma concentrations, (5) clinical response, and (6) pharmacokinetics of GEM. METHODS DESIGN increasing mistletoe and fixed GEM dose in stage I and increasing doses of GEM with a fixed dose of mistletoe in stage II. Dose limiting toxicities (DLT) were grade (G) 3 nonhematologic and G4 hematologic events related to platelets and granulocytes only [corrected]; MTD was reached with 2 DLTs in one dosage level. Response in stage IV ASC was assessed with descriptive statistics. Statistical analyses examined clinical response/survival and ANC recovery. RESULTS DLTs were G4 neutropenia, G4 thrombocytopenia, G4 acute renal failure, and G3 cellulitis, attributed to mistletoe. GEM 1300 mg/m(2) [corrected] and mistletoe 250 mg combined were the MTD. Of 44 patients, 24 developed nonneutropenic fever and flu-like syndrome. GEM pharmacokinetics were unaffected by mistletoe. All patients developed ML3 IgG antibodies. ANC showed a trend to increase between baseline and cycle 2 in stage I dose escalation. 6% of patients showed partial response, 42% stable disease. Median survival was 200 days. Compliance with mistletoe injections was high. CONCLUSION GEM plus mistletoe is well tolerated. No botanical/drug interactions were observed. Clinical response is similar to GEM alone.
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Jung JH, Kim YH, Song TJ, An H, Kim KD, Kim IB, Yoon TJ, Kim JB. Adjuvant effect of Korean mistletoe lectin on mucosal immunity induction following intranasal immunization with hemagglutinin antigen. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Lee SJ, Son YO, Kim H, Kim JY, Park SW, Bae JH, Kim HH, Lee EY, Chung BS, Kim SH, Kang CD. Suppressive effect of a standardized mistletoe extract on the expression of activatory NK receptors and function of human NK cells. J Clin Immunol 2007; 27:477-85. [PMID: 17530391 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite long-term use of mistletoe extracts for cancer treatment, their mode of action remains elusive. In this study, it was studied in vitro if mistletoe extract is able to modulate the expression of natural cytotoxic receptors (NCRs) and NKG2D receptor, which stimulate natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Unexpectedly, a mistletoe extract, ABNOBA viscum Fraxini, inhibited the expression level of NKp46 and NKG2D receptors in dose- and time-dependent manners. The levels of NKp30 and NKG2D receptors were remarkably induced and NKp44 was slightly induced after 48 h treatment with IL-2 and IL-15 in both mRNA and surface expression. The activatory NK receptors were not induced significantly after treatment with IL-12, IL-18, and IL-21 for 48 h. Induction of activatory NK receptors by IL-2 and IL-15 was suppressed almost to the untreated levels by treatment with mistletoe extract, which appeared to induce apoptosis of NK cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, the treatment with IL-2 and IL-15 did not prevent the mistletoe-induced NK-cell death. Mistletoe extract inhibited significantly the cytotoxic activity of resting and IL-2- or IL-15-stimulated NK cells. These results suggest that inhibition of survival and function of NK cells by mistletoe extract may curtail in part the therapeutic effects of mistletoe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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5
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Schink M, Tröger W, Goyert A, Scheuerecker H, Selbmann HK, Glaser F. [Correlation of NK cell activity against autologous tumour cells and K562 cells with the clinical outcome during therapy with mistletoe extracts]. Complement Med Res 2006; 13:147-55. [PMID: 16868360 DOI: 10.1159/000092624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suppression of NK cell activity is considered to be an unfavourable prognostic factor for tumour progression. There is proof that mistletoe extracts may increase NK cell activity. However, the inverse relation between an increase of NK cell activity and clinical progress of cancer has not been investigated. AIM AND DESIGN The relation of NK cell activity and progress of cancer in patients under therapy with mistletoe extracts was examined in a prospective, monocentric, cohort study. At the same time the in vitro killing of K562 cells and autologous tumour cells was compared. PATIENTS AND METHODS 40 patients with operable cancer of the breast or colon were included. The patients did not receive any immunologically relevant therapies except for mistletoe extracts. The absolute NK cell count in peripheral blood as well as the in vitro NK cell activity were monitored for up to 2 years and compared with clinical outcome as well as quality of life. RESULTS The absolute NK cell count in peripheral blood increased within the observation period. Patients without progression had a significantly higher mean activity of NK cells against K562 cells than patients with progression. In the latter group, only stage IV patients showed reduced NK cell activity. The killing activity against autologous tumour cells was <5% in about 77.5% of the patients and could not be evaluated further. The NK cell activity against K562 cells was not related to the number of NK cells. CONCLUSIONS We found a relation between NK cell activity and the progression of malignant disease. In further studies the causality of this relation has to be clarified. The establishment of NK cell activity against autologous tumour cells as a suitable parameter during follow-up was not successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schink
- Forschungsabteilung, Verein Filderklinik e.V., Filderstadt, Deutschland.
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Heinzerling L, von Baehr V, Liebenthal C, von Baehr R, Volk HD. Immunologic effector mechanisms of a standardized mistletoe extract on the function of human monocytes and lymphocytes in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. J Clin Immunol 2006; 26:347-59. [PMID: 16705487 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-006-9023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Even though mistletoe extracts have been in clinical use for centuries their exact mode of action is still unknown. Currently, the application scheme for registered preparations is a dose-escalating scheme to thus reduce side effects. In this study, healthy controls and patients were evaluated for their immunologic response to treatment with a standardized mistletoe extract (Iscador). It shows a strong effect as adjuvant that induces TNF-alpha and IL-12, which was partly mediated via CD14. Desensitization of the TNF-alpha response could be shown after repeated application in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Iscador induces a specific lymphocyte sensitization upon multiple injections and production of IgG1- and IgG3 -mistletoe antibodies. Remarkably, a systemic bystander effect (heterologous immunity against other recall antigens) was observed after long-term treatment. In conclusion, dose-escalation reduces the monocyte-related clinical side effects. A T-lymphocyte sensitization stimulates mainly a specific Th1 response. The most interesting clinical long-term effect is the bystander stimulation of various memory T cells that might mediate in vivo antitumor and antiinfectious T-cell response under mistletoe-extract immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Heinzerling
- Department of Medical Immunology, Charité - University Hospital, Berlin, Germany.
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Mabed M, El-Helw L, Shamaa S. Phase II study of viscum fraxini-2 in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:65-9. [PMID: 14710208 PMCID: PMC2395314 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Although a wide range of therapeutic options is available, the efficacy of these methods and the prognosis of patients with HCC remain very poor. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of viscum fraxini-2 in patients with chemotherapy–naïve, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. 23 patients with unrespectable HCC who had received no prior systemic chemotherapy with objectively measurable tumors were enrolled on this study. The mistletoe preparation for the study is an aqueous injectable solution. It contains one milliliter of viscum fraxini in dilution stage–2 (15 mg extract of 20 mg mistletoe herb from ash tree, diluted in di-natrium-mono-hydrogen phosphate, ascorbic acid and water) which is equivalent to 10 000 ng/ml injection ampoules. 2 ampoules of viscum fraxini–2 were administered subcutaneously once weekly. As assessed by conventional imaging criteria, 3 (13.1%) patients have achieved complete response, 2 (8.1%) patients have achieved a partial response. 9 (39.1%) had progressive disease while 9 (39.1%) patients didn't have evaluation of response due to early death. The median overall survival time for all patients was 5 months (range 2–38 months), for those who achieved a CR was 29 months (range 12–38 months) and, for those who achieved a PR was 6.5 months (range 6–7 months). The median progression free survival for all patients was 2 months (range 1–38 months), for those who achieved a CR, it was 29 months (range 8–38 months) and for those who achieved a partial response, it was 5 months (range 4–6 months). No hematologic toxicity has been encountered. The spectrum of non-hematologic toxicity was mild. The WHO toxicity criteria grade 3–4 were 34.8% drug related fever, 13.1% erthyma at injection site and 17.4% pain at the site of injection. No drug related discontinuation or toxic deaths have occurred. Viscum fraxini-2 seems to be particularly promising in patients with advanced HCC, it shows antitumor activity and low toxicity profile. Further studies in combination with other active agents are clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mabed
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Mansky PJ, Grem J, Wallerstedt DB, Monahan BP, Blackman MR. Mistletoe and gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer: a model for the phase I study of botanicals and botanical-drug interactions in cancer therapy. Integr Cancer Ther 2004; 2:345-52. [PMID: 14713326 DOI: 10.1177/1534735403259061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts of the European mistletoe (MTE), Viscum album, the most widely used cancer treatment in Germany, have been used in European countries as sole intervention or as adjunct to conventional cancer therapies for more than 80 years. Preclinical data suggest immunostimulatory and cytotoxic effects of MTE. While the clinical efficacy of MTE in cancer is being investigated, toxicity and potential interactions of MTE with standard chemotherapeutic agents are unknown. Gemcitabine is an approved antimetabolite chemotherapeutic agent effective as single agent in patients with solid tumors (ST). The documented metabolism and pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine make this agent well suited for the study of botanical-chemotherapy drug interactions (BDIA) in cancer. Based on reports of altered drug metabolism associated with botanical preparations, research into BDIA has intensified. The phase I, 2-stage, dose-escalation study outlined here will test MTE with gemcitabine as a paradigm for the phase I investigation of botanical-drug combination treatments in patients with advanced ST. The protocol including the following components has been reviewed and approved by the National Cancer Institute Institutional Review Board (IRB), the National Naval Medical Center IRB, and the Navy Clinical Investigation Program (study 02-074): (1) use of a standardized MTE, approved by the Food and Drug Administration for investigational use; (2) independent verification of key MTE components considered biologically active; (3) identification of contaminants and adulterants; (4) pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and its principal metabolites before and upon exposure to MTE; (5) safety and toxicity data collection; (6) assays of plasma ML antibody production in vivo; and (7) pharmacodynamic studies of the botanical-drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Mansky
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2669, USA.
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Yoon TJ, Yoo YC, Kang TB, Song SK, Lee KB, Her E, Song KS, Kim JB. Antitumor activity of the Korean Mistletoe Lectin is attributed to activation of macrophages and NK cells. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26:861-7. [PMID: 14609136 DOI: 10.1007/bf02980033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory effect of the lectins (KML-C) isolated from Korean mistletoe (KM; Viscum album coloratum) on tumor metastases produced by murine tumor cells (B16-BL6 melanoma, colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma and L5178Y-ML25 lymphoma cells) was investigated in syngeneic mice. An intravenous (i.v.) administration of KML-C (20-50 ng/mouse) 2 days before tumor inoculation significantly inhibited lung metastases of both B16-BL6 and colon 26-M3.1 cells. The prophylactic effect of 50 ng/mouse of KML-C on lung metastasis was almost the same with that of 100 microg/mouse of KM. Treatment with KML-C 1 day after tumor inoculation induced a significant inhibition of not only the experimental lung metastasis induced by B16-BL6 and colon 26-M3.1 cells but also the liver and spleen metastasis of L5178Y-ML25 cells. Furthermore, multiple administration of KML-C given at 3 day-intervals after tumor inoculation led to a significant reduction of lung metastasis and suppression of the growth of B16-BL6 melanoma cells in a spontaneous metastasis model. In an assay for natural killer (NK) cell activity, i.v. administration of KML-C (50 ng/mouse) significantly augmented NK cytotoxicity against Yac-1 tumor cells 2 days after KML-C treatment. In addition, treatment with KML-C (50 ng/mouse) induced tumoricidal activity of peritoneal macrophages against B16-BL6 and 3LL cells. These results suggest that KML-C has an immunomodulating activity to enhance the host defense system against tumors, and that its prophylactic and therapeutic effect on tumor metastasis is associated with the activation of NK cells and macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Female
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Korea
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Metastasis/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Transplantation/methods
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Plant Lectins/isolation & purification
- Plant Lectins/therapeutic use
- Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
- Viscum album/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek Joon Yoon
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Han Dong University, Namsong-Ri 3, Buk-Ku, Pohang, Korea
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Abstract
Extracts and preparations from the tree parasitic plant mistletoe (Viscum album L.) have been used in the treatment of cancer for decades. Numerous preclinical and in vitro studies have reported immunostimulatory, cytotoxic, and proapoptotic effects. Translation of these effects into clinical response continues to pose a problem. While a number of clinical studies have found improvement in quality of life (QOL), data on the efficacy of mistletoe to prolong survival are conflicting and of variable quality. Clinical trial data regarding the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of mistletoe components with known in vitro or preclinical activity are lacking. Mistletoe is a widely used form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for cancer treatment, and research into its use poses the challenges of translation of preclinical data into demonstrable clinical efficacy and investigating CAM approaches as a component of complex cancer treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Mansky
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8 West Drive, Quarters 15-B1, MSC 2669, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Tabiasco J, Pont F, Fournié JJ, Vercellone A. Mistletoe viscotoxins increase natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:2591-600. [PMID: 12027898 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mistletoe extracts have immunomodulatory activity. We show that nontoxic concentrations of Viscum album extracts increase natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing of tumor cells but spare nontarget cells from NK lysis. The compounds responsible for this bioactivity were isolated from mistletoe and characterized. They have low molecular mass and are thermostable and protease-resistant. After complete purification by HPLC, they were identified by tandem MS as viscotoxins A1, A2 and A3 (VTA1, VTA2 and VTA3, respectively). Whereas micromolar concentrations of these viscotoxins are cytotoxic to the targets, the bioactivity with respect to NK lysis is within the nanomolar range and differs between viscotoxin isoforms: VTA1 (85 nm), VTA2 (18 nm) and VTA3 (8 nm). Microphysiometry and assays of cell killing indicate that, within such nontoxic concentrations, viscotoxins do not activate NK cells, but act on cell conjugates to increase the resulting lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tabiasco
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U563 and Service de spectrométrie de masse de l' IFR 30, CHU Purpan, BP3028, Toulouse, France
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12
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Yoon TJ, Yoo YC, Kang TB, Her E, Kim SH, Kim K, Azuma I, Kim JB. Cellular and humoral adjuvant activity of lectins isolated from Korean mistletoe (Viscum album colaratum). Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:881-9. [PMID: 11379043 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The adjuvant effect of lectins (KML-C) isolated from Korean mistletoe (Viscum album coloratum) on induction of humoral and cellular immune responses against keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH) was examined. When mice were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) with KLH (20 micrograms/mouse) admixed with or without 50 ng/mouse of KML-C (KLH + KML-C), mice immunized with KLH + KML-C showed significantly higher antibody titers against KLH than those immunized with KLH alone, showing the highest titer 5 weeks after immunization. Furthermore, boost immunization with KLH + KML-C at 2-week interval elicited much higher activity than single immunization to enhance antibody responses against KLH. The assay for determining isotypes of antibodies revealed that KML-C augmented KLH-specific antibody titers of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b. The culture supernatants obtained from the splenocytes of mice treated with KLH + KML-C also showed a higher level of both KLH-specific Th-1 (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) and Th-2 type cytokine (IL-4). In an in vitro analysis of T lymphocyte proliferation to KLH on week 4, the splenocytes of mice treated with KLH + KML-C showed a significantly higher proliferating activity than those treated with KLH alone. In addition, mice immunized twice with KLH + KML-C and followed by intrafootpad (i.f.) injection of KLH (50 micrograms/site) 14 weeks after the primary immunization induced a higher delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction than mice treated with KLH alone. These results suggest that KML-C is a potent immunoadjuvant to enhance cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Yoon
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Han Dong University, Namsong-Ri 3, Buk-ku, Pohang, Kyungbook 791-940, South Korea
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13
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Kunze E, Schulz H, Ahrens H, Gabius HJ. Lack of an antitumoral effect of immunomodulatory galactoside-specific mistletoe lectin on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 1997; 49:167-80. [PMID: 9314050 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(97)80004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present animal experiment was to study the effect of galactoside-specific lectin or agglutinin (VAA) from mistletoe (Viscum album L.) on chemically induced tumor development in the urinary bladder of rats. Since VAA has been shown to exert a remarkable immunomodulating effect, any change in tumor formation would indicate a lectin-triggered immune control of urothelial carcinogenesis in the used model. To produce vesical neoplasms the direct-acting urothelial carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was administered at a single intravesical dose (7.5 mg/kg body weight). Highly purified VAA was given subcutaneously twice a week at the immunomodulatory dose of 1 ng/kg body weight over a period of 6 months during the critical phases of tumor development. After a total experimental time of 15 months the incidence of epithelial bladder tumors was 29.3% in controls versus 27.9% in rats additionally receiving the lectin and thus not significantly different in both experimental groups. There were, moreover, no substantial differences in the histopathologic spectrum of epithelial tumors induced, their patterns of growth, grades of cellular malignancy and local extension. The frequency and histopathology of mesenchymal bladder tumors as well as the incidence and morphology of carcinomas of the ureters and renal pelves also proved to be similar in controls and in rats treated with VAA. In conclusion, the present data provide no evidence for a modifying or even inhibitory effect of the immunomodulatory galactoside-specific mistletoe lectin on experimental urothelial carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinogens
- Carcinoma, Papillary/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Papillary/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Female
- Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous/chemically induced
- Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous/drug therapy
- Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous/pathology
- Methylnitrosourea
- Mistletoe
- Plant Preparations
- Plant Proteins
- Plants, Medicinal
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 2
- Toxins, Biological/therapeutic use
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kunze
- Zentrum Pathologie der Universität Göttingen, Germany
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Steinmassl M, Anderer FA. Enhancement of human NK and LAK cytotoxicity against HCMV-infected cells by rhamnogalacturonan: specificity of reaction. Viral Immunol 1996; 9:27-34. [PMID: 8733917 DOI: 10.1089/vim.1996.9.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and their subpopulations obtained from healthy donors were used to study improvement of MHC-unrestricted cytotoxic reactions against cells infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) at different multiplicities of infection. Natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cytotoxicity against HCMV-infected cells was greatly enhanced in the presence of rhamnogalacturonan (500 ng/ml). The increase of the multiplicity of infection from MOI 0.1 to 1.0 had only a slight effect on cytotoxicity enhancement by rhamnogalacturonan. The chemical specificity of interaction of rhamnogalacturonan with effector cells and virus-infected cells was found to be analogous to the interaction with tumor cells, i.e., both types of target cells must express a receptor for rhamnogalacturonan since rhamnogalacturonan-mediated enhancement of NK and LAK cytotoxicity against HCMV-infected cells was similarly inhibited by preincubation of CD56+ effector cells with 60% deacetylated D-mannose pentaacetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steinmassl
- Friedrich-Miescher-Laboratorium der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Tübingen, Germany
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Yoon TJ, Yoo YC, Choi OB, Do MS, Kang TB, Lee SW, Azuma I, Kim JB. Inhibitory effect of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album coloratum) extract on tumour angiogenesis and metastasis of haematogenous and non-haematogenous tumour cells in mice. Cancer Lett 1995; 97:83-91. [PMID: 7585483 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(95)03956-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We examined the inhibitory effect of an aqueous extract (referred to as KM-110) from Viscum album coloratum, a Korean mistletoe, on tumour metastasis produced by highly metastatic murine tumour cells, B16-BL6 melanoma, colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma and L5178Y-ML25 lymphoma cells, using experimental and spontaneous metastasis models in syngeneic mice. In experimental metastasis of B16-BL6 and colon 26-M3.1 cells, intravenous (i.v.) administration of KM-110 (100 micrograms/mouse) 1 day after tumour inoculation significantly inhibited lung metastasis of both tumour cells. The administration of KM-110 also exhibited a therapeutic effect on liver and spleen metastasis of L5178Y-ML25 lymphoma cells. Furthermore, in spontaneous metastasis of B16-BL6 melanoma cells, multiple administration of KM-110 into tumour-bearing mice resulted in significant inhibition of lung metastasis by tumour cells, as well as the suppressive activity to the growth of primary tumour. In in vivo analysis for tumour-induced angiogenesis, the i.v. administration of KM-110 suppressed tumour growth and inhibited the number of blood vessels oriented towards the tumour mass. In a bioassay, the culture supernatant (KM-110-treated medium) of murine peritoneal macrophages that had been stimulated with KM-110 (1-10 micrograms/ml) for 30 min followed by 24 h incubation in fresh medium showed a strong tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) activity. In addition, KM-110-treated medium significantly inhibited the growth of in vitro cultures of rat lung endothelial (RLE) cells. These results suggested that the extract of Korean mistletoe inhibits tumour metastasis caused by haematogenous as well as non-haematogenous tumour cells, and that its antimetastatic effect results from the suppression of tumour growth and the inhibition of tumour-induced angiogenesis by inducing TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Yoon
- Animal Resources Research Center College of Animal Husbandry, Kon-Kuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Zhu HG, Voetsch W, Hauer J, Anderer FA. Chemospecificity and cross-reactivity of target cell recognition by human CD56+ NK and LAK cells. Scand J Immunol 1995; 41:545-52. [PMID: 7770724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of specific cytotoxicity of highly purified (> 95%) human CD56+ NK and LAK cells against K562 tumour cells was studied with various sugar acetates. Maximum inhibitory specificity was obtained with 60%-deacetylated penta-acetates of mannose, galactose, glucose, or 80%-deacetylated penta-O-acetate of N-acetyl neuraminic acid. The inhibition was strictly dosedependent and 100% inhibition was achieved in the concentration range of 500-1000 nmoles/ml with all four sugar acetate samples. Enhancement of specific cytotoxicity in the presence of rhamnogalacturonan (RG; 500 ng/ml), acting as a bridging molecule, was also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner with the same inhibitory specificity and within the same concentration range indicating involvement of the same number of sugar acetate-specific receptors. Moreover, formation of lytic CD56+ effector cell/tumour cell (E/T) conjugates was equally well inhibited whereas formation of total E/T conjugates was only partially inhibited (NK: 44-73%; LAK: 46-50%). E/T conjugate formation in the presence of RG was enhanced. Inhibition of the enhancement of formation of lytic E/T conjugates in the presence of RG was again completely accomplished with the same inhibitory specificity and within the same concentration ranges as recorded for E/T conjugate formation in the absence of RG. However, inhibition of total E/T conjugate formation was again only partially achieved at the given concentrations. The data support the assumption of an NK cell receptor with specificity for acetylated carbohydrate moieties on target cells or on bridging molecules such as RG.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Zhu
- Friedrich Miescher-Laboratorium, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Tuebingen, Germany
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Zhu HG, Zollner TM, Klein-Franke A, Anderer FA. Enhancement of MHC-unrestricted cytotoxic activity of human CD56+ CD3- natural killer (NK) cells and CD3+ T cells by rhamnogalacturonan: target cell specificity and activity against NK-insensitive targets. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1994; 120:383-8. [PMID: 7514604 DOI: 10.1007/bf01240135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan-mediated enhancement of MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity was studied with freshly isolated CD56+CD3- natural killer (NK) cells, interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated CD56+ lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells und IL-2/anti-CD3-activated T cells as effector cells using NK-sensitive and NK-insensitive tumor cells as targets. The rhamnogalacturonan fractions IM, IP, and IQ were prepared from commercially available extracts of Viscum album. The dose/response relation of IM, IP, and IQ demonstrated the presence of various concentrations of cytotoxicity-enhancing compounds in all three fractions that were identified as rhamnogalacturonans by degradation studies with poly-alpha-D-galacturonidase (EC 3.2.1.15) and alpha-1,6-rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40). Specific cytotoxicity of all three effector cell populations as well as the respective rhamnoagalacturonan-mediated cytotoxicity enhancement was readily inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by 60%-deacetylated mannose pentaacetate. Rhamnogalacturonan-mediated enhancement of cytotoxicity of fresh CD56+ NK cells was also observed with four of five NK-insensitive tumor cells as targets, indicating that the effector-cell/tumor-cell bridging activity of rhamnogalacturonans renders NK-insensitive targets susceptible to NK-mediated lysis. Moreover, the rhamnogalacturonan-mediated cytotoxicity enhancement became even more prominent when lymphokine-activated CD56+ LAK and CD3+ T cells were assayed with the NK-insensitive tumor cell targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Zhu
- Friedrich-Miescher-Laboratorium, Max-Planck-Gesellscaft, Tübingen, Germany
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Büssing A, Azhari T, Ostendorp H, Lehnert A, Schweizer K. Viscum album L. extracts reduce sister chromatid exchanges in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A:1836-41. [PMID: 7880615 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(94)00299-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of Viscum album L. extracts were shown to significantly reduce sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy individuals. This decrease of SCE could not be explained either by changes in lymphocyte subpopulations, by cytostatic effects of the drug or by accelerated proliferation of PHA-stimulated PBMC. Currently, no other cells tested have shown this effect. One therapeutic effect of these anti-mutagenic drugs could be a stabilisation of mononuclear blood cell DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Büssing
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Technical University Aachen, F.R.G
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Hauer J, Anderer FA. Mechanism of stimulation of human natural killer cytotoxicity by arabinogalactan from Larix occidentalis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1993; 36:237-44. [PMID: 8439987 PMCID: PMC11038192 DOI: 10.1007/bf01740905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/1992] [Accepted: 11/02/1992] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as well as cultures of preseparated peripheral non-adherent cells (PNAC) and monocytes showed enhancement of natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity against K562 tumor cells when pretreated with arabinogalactan from Larix occidentalis for 48-72 h. Lack of enhanced responses of PBMC (37% of donors) did not necessarily mean that PNAC and monocyte cultures were also non-responsive to arabinogalactan treatment. Moreover, PBMC, PNAC and monocytes of individual donors could exhibit various responses to arabinogalactan when cultures derived from bleedings after intervals of several months were assayed. Arabinogalactan-mediated enhancement of NK cytotoxicity was not initiated directly but was found to be governed by the cytokine network. Generally, arabinogalactan pretreatment induced an increased release of interferon gamma (IFN gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and IL-6 but only IFN gamma was involved in enhancement of NK cytotoxicity since cytotoxicity enhancement of PBMC and PNAC but not that of monocytes could be blocked when anti-IFN gamma antibodies were present during pretreatment. The presence of anti-IL-2 antibodies completely blocked NK cytotoxicity enhancement of PBMC and only moderately that of PNAC and monocytes. This blocking effect was also observed when no detectable increase of IL-2 release could be recorded. The receptor specificity of arabinogalactan is not well characterized. Initial information obtained from comparative studies indicated that arabinogalactan presumably interacts with a receptor that showed specificity for a NK-cytotoxicity-enhancing oligo-saccharide from Viscum album extracts since the action of both components was not synergistic but rather competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hauer
- Friedrich-Miescher-Laboratorium, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Schultze JL, Stettin A, Berg PA. Demonstration of specifically sensitized lymphocytes in patients treated with an aqueous mistletoe extract (Viscum album L.). KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1991; 69:397-403. [PMID: 1921242 DOI: 10.1007/bf01647413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes of 25 patients treated with an aqueous mistletoe extract (Viscum album L.) for up to 6 months (group 1), up to 2 years (group 2), and more than 2 years (group 3) were examined in 3- and 7-day cultures for specifically sensitized lymphocytes. The whole extract (HM), the lectin-polysaccharide fraction (HM-LP), and the 'viscotoxin' fraction (HM-V) were added at concentrations ranging from 0.5 micrograms to 12.5 mg extract/ml. Lymphocytes from four of the nine group 2 patients and five of the ten group 3 patients reacted specifically with HM and HM-LP at an optimal dose of 5.0 mg/ml, but did not react with HM-V. Stimulation indices varied between 1.6 and 16. In the patients of group 3 this effect was observed only when their lymphocytes were co-stimulated in the 3-day cultures with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), in contrast to the four patients of group 2 who reacted only in the 7-day cultures with HM-LP without PHA co-stimulation. Patients' lymphocytes had to be protected from mistletoe lectin-induced cytotoxicity by the addition of their own sera containing anti-mistletoe lectin antibodies. Lymphocytes from tumor patients (n = 18) never treated with mistletoe extracts and healthy individuals (n = 18) showed no specific proliferative response when tested in 3- and 7-day cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Medizinische Klinik, Abteilung II, Universität Tübingen
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Chemical specificity of effector cell/tumor cell bridging by a Viscum album rhamnogalacturonan enhancing cytotoxicity of human NK cells. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1990; 19:69-77. [PMID: 2407685 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(90)90028-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The component in Viscum album extract Iscador-M enhancing the NK cytotoxicity of human CD56+CD3- NK cells (87-95% enrichment) in cocultures with K562 tumor cells and increasing the formation of NK cell/tumor cell conjugates was identified as a rhamnogalacturonan. Both activities were abolished by treatment of V. album extract with poly-alpha-D-galacturonidase and alpha-rhamnosidase and both activities were inhibited in the presence of galacturonic acid and acetylated rhamnose (6-deoxymannose). Inhibition was also observed in the presence of structurally related derivatives such as acetylated mannose or acetylated mannonic acid gamma-lactone, the latter exhibiting a 5-10-fold higher inhibitory potential. The rapid formation of NK cell/tumor cell conjugates in the presence of V. album extract was based on the bridging of NK cells with tumor cells by rhamnogalacturonan. Using a specifically adapted agglutination assay, the saccharide residues of the rhamnogalacturonan interacting with NK cells and tumor cells could be identified by the formation of homologous cell conjugates induced by acetylated rhamnose or acetylated mannose conjugated to dextran and by polygalacturonic acid: terminal acetylated rhamnose or acetylated mannose bound only to NK cells in a dose-dependent manner but not to K562 tumor cells, and terminal galacturonic acid only to K562 tumor cells but not to NK cells. This type of bridging represents a novel mechanism of enhancement of NK cytotoxicity.
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Mueller EA, Anderer FA. A Viscum album oligosaccharide activating human natural cytotoxicity is an interferon gamma inducer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990; 32:221-7. [PMID: 2124513 PMCID: PMC11038774 DOI: 10.1007/bf01741704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/1990] [Accepted: 08/29/1990] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Commercial Viscum album extract Helixor-M contains a dialysable oligosaccharide (HM-BP) that activates natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity against K562 tumour cells when preincubated with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for 72 h. The activated effector cells were exclusively found in the monocyte/macrophage subpopulation. However, when peripheral non-adherent cells (PNAC) were preincubated with HM-BP for 72 h the NK cytotoxicity of CD56+CD3- NK cells was activated. This discrepancy was found to be due to the release of prostaglandin E2 from activated monocytes/macrophages, which blocked activation of the cytotoxicity of NK cells. Analysis of the supernatant culture medium after 72 h preincubation demonstrated that HM-BP induced release of interferon gamma (IFN gamma) from T cells (preferentially from CD3+CD4+ cells) and of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) from monocytes/macrophages. Release of IFN gamma was the crucial step for activation of NK cytotoxicity since enhancement of NK cytotoxicity during pretreatment of PBMC or PNAC with HM-BP was completely blocked in the presence of anti-IFN gamma antibodies. Anti-interleukin-2, anti-TNF alpha or anti-IFN alpha antibodies had no effect on the HM-BP-induced enhancement of NK cytotoxicity. The activation of the NK cytotoxicity of nonadherent cells by interleukin-2 treatment was found to be synergistic to the enhancement of NK cytotoxicity by treatment with HM-BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mueller
- Friedrich-Miescher-Laboratorium, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Hülsen H, Kron R, Mechelke F. Influence of Viscum album preparations on the natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity of peripheral blood. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1989; 76:530-1. [PMID: 2615845 DOI: 10.1007/bf00374131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Hülsen
- Institut für Genetik, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart
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Mueller EA, Hamprecht K, Anderer FA. Biochemical characterization of a component in extracts of Viscum album enhancing human NK cytotoxicity. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1989; 17:11-8. [PMID: 2708032 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(89)90003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of human NK cytotoxicity in the presence of fresh Viscum album extract and some commercial V. album extracts Iscador correlated strictly with an increased formation of lytic effector cell/K562 tumor cell conjugates in the single-cell assay. Both activities were completely destroyed by pretreatment of V. album extracts with pectinase, hemicellulase, amyloglucosidase and alpha-glucosidase, but not with proteases and RNase, i.e., the activities are linked to a polysaccharide. The active component in V. album extract was non-dialysable at a molecular weight cutoff of 10,000. Inhibition of both activities was observed with D-galacturonic acid, poly-galacturonic acid and pectins. The site of galacturonic acid-specific interaction could be identified on the effector cells. The rate of effector cell/tumor cell conjugate formation in the presence of V. album extracts, as well as the abrogation of both activities by pretreatment of V. album extracts with exoglycosidases specific for sugars other than galacturonic acid indicated an action of the NK cytotoxicity-enhancing component on the basis of a bridging mechanism. However, no conclusive results could be obtained for the structural specificity of the site interacting with the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mueller
- Friedrich-Miescher-Laboratorium, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Tübingen, F.R.G
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