Interleukin-8 and the chemokine family

Biomarkers associated with vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease following influenza A virus infection in swine

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major pathogen in the swine industry. Whole-inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines in swine are highly effective against homologous viruses but provide limited protection to antigenically divergent viruses and may lead to vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) after heterologous infection. Although VAERD is reproducible in laboratory studies, clinical diagnosis is challenging, as it would require both knowledge of prior vaccine history and evidence of severe disease by assessment of pathologic lesions at necropsy following infection with a heterologous virus. The objective of this study was to identify potential biomarkers for VAERD for antemortem clinical diagnosis. Naïve pigs were split into two groups, and one group was vaccinated with IAV WIV vaccine. All pigs were then challenged with a heterologous virus to induce VAERD in the vaccinated group and necropsied at 5 days post infection (dpi). Blood was collected on 0, 1, 3, and 5 dpi, and assessed by hematology, plasma chemistry, acute phase proteins, and citrullinated H3 histone (CitH3) assays. Additionally, cytokine and CitH3 levels were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected at necropsy. Compared to nonvaccinated challenged pigs, blood collected from vaccinated and challenged (V/C) pigs with VAERD had elevated white blood cells and neutrophils, elevated C-reactive protein and haptoglobin acute phase proteins, and elevated CitH3. In BALF, the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 and CitH3 were elevated in V/C pigs. In conclusion, a profile of elevated white blood cells and neutrophils, elevated C-reactive protein and haptoglobin, and elevated CitH3 may be relevant for a clinical antemortem IAV VAERD diagnosis.

Study on the rationality of small diameter metallic airway stent in treatment of tracheal stenosis in injured rabbits

BACKGROUND

To observe the occurrence of related complications after self-expandable metallic (SEM) airway stents implantation with different diameters at different time points, and to provide theoretical basis for the optimal chioce of existing airway stents in clinical practice.

METHODS

Healthy New Zealand white rabbits were used to establish benign tracheal stenosis models after chest CT examination. Forty-fivemodel rabbits with more than 50% of airway stenosis were divided into two groups. Small-diameter SEM stents (The ratio of stent diameter to airway diameter is nearly 1.0) were implanted in Group A in 21 rabbits, and large-diameter tracheal stents (The ratio of stent diameter to airway diameter is more than 1.2) were implanted in Group B in 24 rabbits. Stent-related complications were observed after stent implantation in 2nd,4th,8th, and 12th week by bronchoscopygross anatomy, pathological and the expressions of IL-1RA, IL-8 and MMP9 in involved tracheal.

RESULTS

The incidence rate of tracheomalacia of stent was significantly higher in group B (24/24 100%) than that in group A (1 /21,4.8%) (P < 0.05). The incidence rate of scar contracture at both ends of stent was significantly higher than in group B (11 / 24,45.8%) that in group A (2 /21, 9.5%) (P < 0.05). The pathological results of both A and B showed that the columnar epithelium of bronchial mucosa began to damage and detach, inflammatory cells infiltrated after 2nd and 4th week of stenting, The epithelium was repaired, the lamina propria glands almost disappeared, collagen fiber proliferation was obvious, and scars were formed after 8th and 12th week of stenting. ELISA results revealed that the expressions of IL-1RA, IL-8, and MMP9 were increased in the stent group than in model rabbit with benign tracheal stenosis. IL-1RA and MMP9 increased at different periods in group B, but the expression of IL-1RA and MMP9 showed a tread of increasing in the early stage and then decreasing in group A.

CONCLUSION

Metal stents can cause different degrees of stent-related complications in rabbits with benign tracheal stenosis. The incidence of stent-induced tracheomalacia and scar contracture were higher in Group B than that in Group A. IL-1RA, IL-8 and MMP9 may be involved in the development of complications after stentimplantation and peak value of group B movered backward. ing.

Unlocking the secrets: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and their devastating effects on lung cancer

Lung cancer (LCs) is still a serious health problem globally, with many incidences attributed to environmental triggers such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). VOCs are a broad class of compounds that can be released via various sources, including industrial operations, automobile emissions, and indoor air pollution. VOC exposure has been linked to an elevated risk of lung cancer via multiple routes. These chemicals can be chemically converted into hazardous intermediate molecules, resulting in DNA damage and genetic alterations. VOCs can also cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and a breakdown in the cellular protective antioxidant framework, all of which contribute to the growth of lung cancer. Moreover, VOCs have been reported to alter critical biological reactions such as cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, leading to tumor development and metastasis. Epidemiological investigations have found a link between certain VOCs and a higher probability of LCs. Benzene, formaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are some of the most well-researched VOCs, with comprehensive data confirming their cancer-causing potential. Nevertheless, the possible health concerns linked with many more VOCs and their combined use remain unknown, necessitating further research. Identifying the toxicological consequences of VOCs in LCs is critical for establishing focused preventative tactics and therapeutic strategies. Better legislation and monitoring mechanisms can limit VOC contamination in occupational and environmental contexts, possibly reducing the prevalence of LCs. Developing VOC exposure indicators and analyzing their associations with genetic susceptibility characteristics may also aid in early identification and targeted therapies.

Comparative analyses of tumour immune microenvironment between collecting duct carcinoma and fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma

AIMS

Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) and fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (FH-deficient RCC) have similar histological morphologies and both show a poor prognosis. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor has been approved for the treatment of RCC. However, tumour-infiltrating neutrophils stimulated by interleukin-8 (IL-8) interfere with PD-L1 inhibitors. Here, we retrospectively analysed PD-L1 and IL-8 expression, and examined its relationship with infiltrating immune cells.

METHODS

Nine cases of CDC and seven cases of FH-deficient RCC were selected. We defined PD-L1 and IL-8 expression by the Tumour Proportion Score and Combined Positive Score (CPS). We counted the numbers of CD8+, CXCR2+, CD11b+, CD66b+ and CD33+ immune cells located in the tumour components.

RESULTS

A number of CXCR2+ (p=0.0058), CD11b+ (p=0.0070) and CD66b+ (p=0.0067) immune cells infiltrating into CDC were significantly higher than those infiltrating into FH-deficient RCC. In CDC, PD-L1 expression was correlated with a high density of CD8+ lymphocytes (p=0.0389), but was not in FH-deficient RCC (p=0.6985). IL-8 CPS was significantly higher in CDC than in FH-deficient RCC (p=0.0069). In addition, among the CDC cases, IL-8 CPS showed significant positive correlations with CXCR2+, CD11b+ and CD66b+ immune cell densities (p=0.0250, p=0.0104 and p=0.0374, respectively), whereas FH-deficient RCC showed no significant correlations between IL-8 CPS and immune cell densities.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest the difference of each tumour microenvironment between CDC and FH-deficient RCC, and IL-8 is a potential therapeutic target for treating CDC, but not FH-deficient RCC.

Functionalized optical fiber ball-shaped biosensor for label-free, low-limit detection of IL-8 protein

Detection of biomarkers for tracking disease progression is becoming increasingly important in biomedicine. Using saliva as a diagnostic sample appears to be a safe, cost-effective, and non-invasive approach. Salivary interleukin-8 levels demonstrate specific changes associated with diseases such as obstructive pulmonary disease, squamous cell carcinoma, oral cancer, and breast cancer. Traditional protein detection methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), mass spectrometry, and Western blot are often expensive, complex, and time-consuming. In this study, an optical fiber-based biosensor was developed to detect salivary IL-8 protein in a label-free manner. The biosensor was able to achieve an ultra-low limit detection of 0.91 fM. Moreover, the tested concentration range was wide: from 273 aM to 59 fM. As a proof-of-concept for detecting the protein in real clinical samples, the detection was carried out in artificial saliva. It was possible to achieve high sensitivity for the target protein and minimal signal alterations for the control proteins.

The cell stress and immunity cycle in cancer: Toward next generation of cancer immunotherapy

The cellular stress and immunity cycle is a cornerstone of organismal homeostasis. Stress activates intracellular and intercellular communications within a tissue or organ to initiate adaptive responses aiming to resolve the origin of this stress. If such local measures are unable to ameliorate this stress, then intercellular communications expand toward immune activation with the aim of recruiting immune cells to effectively resolve the situation while executing tissue repair to ameliorate any damage and facilitate homeostasis. This cellular stress-immunity cycle is severely dysregulated in diseased contexts like cancer. On one hand, cancer cells dysregulate the normal cellular stress responses to reorient them toward upholding growth at all costs, even at the expense of organismal integrity and homeostasis. On the other hand, the tumors severely dysregulate or inhibit various components of organismal immunity, for example, by facilitating immunosuppressive tumor landscape, lowering antigenicity, and increasing T-cell dysfunction. In this review we aim to comprehensively discuss the basis behind tumoral dysregulation of cellular stress-immunity cycle. We also offer insights into current understanding of the regulators and deregulators of this cycle and how they can be targeted for conceptualizing successful cancer immunotherapy regimen.

Advances in Biomedical Applications of Solution Blow Spinning

In recent years, Solution Blow Spinning (SBS) has emerged as a new technology for the production of polymeric, nanocomposite, and ceramic materials in the form of nano and microfibers, with similar features to those achieved by other procedures. The advantages of SBS over other spinning methods are the fast generation of fibers and the simplicity of the experimental setup that opens up the possibility of their on-site production. While producing a large number of nanofibers in a short time is a crucial factor in large-scale manufacturing, in situ generation, for example, in the form of sprayable, multifunctional dressings, capable of releasing embedded active agents on wounded tissue, or their use in operating rooms to prevent hemostasis during surgical interventions, open a wide range of possibilities. The interest in this spinning technology is evident from the growing number of patents issued and articles published over the last few years. Our focus in this review is on the biomedicine-oriented applications of SBS for the production of nanofibers based on the collection of the most relevant scientific papers published to date. Drug delivery, 3D culturing, regenerative medicine, and fabrication of biosensors are some of the areas in which SBS has been explored, most frequently at the proof-of-concept level. The promising results obtained demonstrate the potential of this technology in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.

Recombinant Attenuated Edwardsiella piscicida Vaccine Displaying Regulated Lysis to Confer Biological Containment and Protect Catfish against Edwardsiellosis

We implemented a unique strategy to construct a recombinant attenuated Edwardsiella vaccine (RAEV) with a biological containment phenotype that causes regulated bacterial cell wall lysis. This process ensures that the vaccine strain is not able to persist in the environment. The murA gene is responsible for the catalysis of one of the first steps in the biosynthesis of muramic acid, which is a crucial component of the bacterial cell wall. The regulated lysis phenotype was achieved by inserting the tightly regulated araC ParaBAD cassette in place of the chromosomal murA promoter. Strains with this mutation require growth media supplemented with arabinose in order to survive. Without arabinose, they are unable to synthesize the peptidoglycan cell wall. Following the colonization of fish lymphoid tissues, the murA protein is no longer synthesized due to the lack of arabinose. Lysis is subsequently achieved in vivo, thus preventing the generation of disease symptoms and the spread of the strain into the environment. Vaccine strain χ16016 with the genotype ΔPmurA180::TT araC ParaBADmurA is attenuated and shows a higher LD50 value than that of the wild-type strain. Studies have demonstrated that χ16016 induced TLR4, TLR5, TLR8, TLR9, NOD1 and NOD2-mediated NF-κB pathways and upregulated the gene expression of various cytokines, such as il-8, il-1β, tnf-a, il-6 and ifn-γ in catfish. We observed significant upregulation of the expression profiles of cd4, cd8 and mhc-II genes in different organs of vaccinated catfish. Vaccine strain χ16016 induced systemic and mucosal IgM titers and conferred significant protection to catfish against E. piscicida wild-type challenge. Our lysis RAEV is the first live attenuated vaccine candidate designed to be used in the aquaculture industry that displays this biological containment property.

Nanoparticulate impurities in the pharmaceutical excipient trehalose induce an early immune response

BACKGROUND

Pharmaceutical excipients are an important part of biological products. However, few attempts have been made to distinguish between the risk of inflammation associated with the biological products themselves and that associated with excipients. The analysis of early immune response risk associated with excipients added to biological products is an important step in exploring the complex mechanism of side effects in susceptible patients.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In this study, nanoparticle impurities (NPIs) were extracted from trehalose and characterized. A mouse popliteal lymph node cell (PLNA) model, a mouse spleen lymphocyte model, a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytokine release model, and a macrophage complement activation model were established to comprehensively evaluate the early immune risk related to impurities in the trehalose excipient. Although popliteal lymph node cell counts in mice did not show significant differences, all other models indicated possible immune risk. In the PLNA model, NPIs caused significant toe thickening in mice, whereby the content of IgE and MCP-1 increased significantly. NPIs significantly increased the proliferation and differentiation of spleen lymphocytes according to the CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. After treatment with NPIs, the release of IgE and a variety of cytokines (MIP-1α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α) in human peripheral blood cells was significantly increased according to ELISA, while a concomitant increase of C3a/C5a as well as C4a/Bb proved that NPIs activated the complement system.

CONCLUSION

NPIs from trehalose elicited an immune response in vitro, and the immune response to trehalose may be related to NPIs and not the excipient itself. Different batches of trehalose showed different immune response effects. The currents research suggests that when trehalose is applied in high-risk administration routes, NPIs should be assessed and reasonably controlled.

Immune cells and associated molecular markers in dermal fibrosis with focus on raised cutaneous scars

Raised dermal scars including hypertrophic, and keloid scars as well as scalp-associated fibrosing Folliculitis Keloidalis Nuchae (FKN) are a group of fibrotic raised dermal lesions that mostly occur following cutaneous injury. They are characterized by increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, primarily excessive collagen type 1 production by hyperproliferative fibroblasts. The extent of ECM deposition is thought to be proportional to the severity of local skin inflammation leading to excessive fibrosis of the dermis. Due to a lack of suitable study models, therapy for raised dermal scars remains ill-defined. Immune cells and their associated markers have been strongly associated with dermal fibrosis. Therefore, modulation of the immune system and use of anti-inflammatory cytokines are of potential interest in the management of dermal fibrosis. In this review, we will discuss the importance of immune factors in the pathogenesis of raised dermal scarring. The aim here is to provide an up-to-date comprehensive review of the literature, from PubMed, Scopus, and other relevant search engines in order to describe the known immunological factors associated with raised dermal scarring. The importance of immune cells including mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and relevant molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, antibodies, transcription factors, and other immune-associated molecules as well as tissue lymphoid aggregates identified within raised dermal scars will be presented. A growing body of evidence points to a shift from proinflammatory Th1 response to regulatory/anti-inflammatory Th2 response being associated with the development of fibrogenesis in raised dermal scarring. In summary, a better understanding of immune cells and associated molecular markers in dermal fibrosis will likely enable future development of potential immune-modulated therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic targets in raised dermal scarring.

Chemokine Regulation in Temporomandibular Joint Disease: A Comprehensive Review

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are conditions that affect the muscles of mastication and joints that connect the mandible to the base of the skull. Although TMJ disorders are associated with symptoms, the causes are not well proven. Chemokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of TMJ disease by promoting chemotaxis inflammatory cells to destroy the joint synovium, cartilage, subchondral bone, and other structures. Therefore, enhancing our understanding of chemokines is critical for developing appropriate treatment of TMJ. In this review, we discuss chemokines including MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-3a, RANTES, IL-8, SDF-1, and fractalkine that are known to be involved in TMJ diseases. In addition, we present novel findings that CCL2 is involved in β-catenin-mediated TMJ osteoarthritis (OA) and potential molecular targets for the development of effective therapies. The effects of common inflammatory factors, IL-1β and TNF-α, on chemotaxis are also described. In conclusion, this review aims to provide a theoretical basis for future chemokine-targeted therapies for TMJ OA.

LY3041658/ interleukin-8 complex structure as targets for IL-8 small molecule inhibitors discovery using a combination of in silico methods

Since interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) and its receptor, CXCR1 and CXCR2, were known in the early 1990s, biological pathways related to these proteins were proven to have high clinical value in cancer and inflammatory/autoimmune conditions treatment. Recently, IL-8 has been identified as biomarker for severe COVID-19 patients and COVID-19 prognosis. Boyles et al. (mAbs 12 (2020), pp. 1831880) have published a high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of the LY3041658 Fab in a complex human CXCL8. They described the ability to bind to IL-8 and the blocking of IL-8/its receptors interaction by the LY3041658 monoclonal antibody. Therefore, the study has been designed to identify potential small molecules inhibiting interleukin-8 by targeting LY3041658/IL-8 complex structure using an in silico approach. A structure‑based pharmacophore and molecular docking models of the protein active site cavity were generated to identify possible candidates, followed by virtual screening with the ZINC database. ADME analysis of hit compounds was also conducted. Molecular dynamics simulations were then performed to survey the behaviour and stability of the ligand-protein complexes. Furthermore, the MM/PBSA technique has been utilized to evaluate the free binding energy. The final data confirmed that one newly obtained compound, ZINC21882765, may serve as the best potential inhibitor for IL-8.

The Response of the Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Transcriptome to Variation in Magnesium Concentration

Vascular endothelial cells have a critical role in the maintenance of cardiovascular function. Evidence suggests that endothelial function may be compromised under conditions of magnesium deficiency, which increases vulnerability to inflammation. Whole genome transcription analysis was used to explore the acute (24 h) effects of magnesium on human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultured in low (0.1 mM) or high (5 mM) concentrations. With low magnesium 2728 transcripts were differentially expressed compared to the 1 mM control cultures and 3030 were differentially expressed with high magnesium. 615 transcripts were differentially expressed under both conditions, of which only 34 showed a concentration-dependent response. Analysis indicated that cellular organisation and biogenesis and key cellular processes such as apoptosis were impacted by both low and high conditions. High magnesium also influenced protein binding functions, intracellular signal transduction, metabolic and catalytic processes. Both conditions impacted on stress-related processes, in particular the inflammatory response. Key mediators of calcium-dependent regulation of gene expression were responsive to both high and low magnesium conditions. The HUVEC transcriptome is highly sensitive to acute changes in the concentration of magnesium in culture medium. The findings of this study support the view that whilst inflammation is an important process that is responsive to magnesium, the function of the endothelium may be impacted by other magnesium-induced changes including maintenance of cellular integrity, receptor expression and metabolic functions. The high proportion of transcripts that did not show a concentration-dependent response suggests variation in magnesium may elicit indirect changes, possibly mediated by other ions.

Effects of a whole food diet on immune function and inflammatory phenotype in healthy dogs: A randomized, open-labeled, cross-over clinical trial

Whole foods in humans decrease inflammation and risk for various diseases, as well as increase weight loss and immune function. Nutrition has been shown to be an integral component in the management of various diseases in dogs but the immunologic and anti-inflammatory effects of whole food diets have not been explored. Therefore, our objective was to assess the effect of feeding a whole food diet on immune function and inflammatory phenotype in healthy dogs. A prospective, randomized, open-labeled, cross-over clinical trial was performed. Sixteen healthy client-owned dogs were fed either a whole food or an extruded dry diet, and after 67 days, they were fed the alternate diet for an additional 67 days. Blood samples were obtained at the completion of each treatment arm (i.e., days 67 and 134). Serum c-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), and serum amyloid-A (SAA) were measured with ELISA assays. Whole blood cultures were performed with exposure to a phosphate-buffered solution (PBS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). A canine specific multiplex bead-based assay was then used to measure tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-2, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 concentrations. Granulocyte/monocyte (GM) phagocytosis and oxidative burst associated with Escherichia coli were evaluated via flow cytometry. Dogs fed a whole food diet had significantly lower TNF-α-to-IL-10 ratios (P = 0.05) and higher production of IL-8 (P = 0.03) with LTA-exposed leukocytes compared to dogs fed an extruded dry diet. There were no between-treatment differences in the remaining leukocyte cytokine responses, serum CRP, Hp, SAA concentrations, or GM phagocytic and oxidative burst capacities. Whole food diets could have immunomodulatory effects in dogs. Future studies in non-healthy dogs are warranted.

Bacteriocin BacSp222 and Its Succinylated Forms Exhibit Proinflammatory Activities Toward Innate Immune Cells

Purpose

The zoonotic opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus pseudintermedius 222 produces BacSp222 - an atypical peptide exhibiting the features of a bacteriocin, a virulence factor, and a molecule modulating the host inflammatory reaction. The peptide is secreted in an unmodified form and, additionally, two forms modified posttranslationally by succinylation. This study is a comprehensive report focusing on the proinflammatory properties of such molecules.

Methods

The study was performed on mouse monocyte/macrophage-like and endothelial cell lines as well as human neutrophils. The following peptides were studied: BacSp222, its succinylated forms, the form deprived of formylated methionine, and a reference bacteriocin - nisin. The measurements of the nitric oxide (NO) level, induced NO synthase (iNOS) expression, the profile of secreted cytokines, NF-kappa-B activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) biosynthesis, and the formation of extracellular traps were conducted to evaluate the proinflammatory activity of the studied peptides.

Results

BacSp222 and its succinylated forms effectively induced NO production and iNOS expression when combined with IFN-gamma in macrophage-like cells. All natural BacSp222 forms used alone or with IFN-gamma stimulated the production of TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and IL-1-alpha, while the co-stimulation with IFN-gamma increased IL-10 and IL-27. Upregulated TNF-alpha secretion observed after BacSp222 exposition resulted from increased expression but not from membrane TNF-alpha proteolysis. In neutrophils, all forms of bacteriocin upregulated IL-8, but did not induce ROS production or NETs formation. In all experiments, the activities of deformylated bacteriocin were lower or unequivocal in comparison to other forms of the peptide.

Conclusion

All naturally secreted forms of BacSp222 exhibit proinflammatory activity against monocyte-macrophage cells and neutrophils, confirming that the biological role of BacSp222 goes beyond bactericidal and cytotoxic effects. The atypical posttranslational modification (succinylation) does not diminish its immunomodulatory activity in contrast to the lower antibacterial potential or cytotoxicity of such modified form established in previous studies.

Bivalent hemagglutinin and neuraminidase influenza replicon particle vaccines protect pigs against influenza a virus without causing vaccine associated enhanced respiratory disease

Alphavirus-derived RNA replicon particle (RP) vaccines represent the next generation of swine influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines, as they were shown to be safe, effective, and offer advantages over traditional vaccine platforms. IAV is a significant respiratory pathogen of swine and there is a critical need to improve current commercial swine IAV vaccine platforms. Adjuvanted whole inactivated virus (WIV) IAV swine vaccines provide limited heterologous protection and may lead to vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD). This study investigated the ability of RP IAV hemagglutinin (HA) vaccines to avoid VAERD and evaluated experimental multivalent HA and neuraminidase (NA) RP vaccines. RP vaccines were formulated with HA or NA heterologous or homologous to the challenge virus in monovalent HA or HA and NA bivalent combinations (HA/NA bivalent). Pigs were vaccinated with an HA RP, HA/NA bivalent RP, or heterologous HA WIV, followed by IAV challenge and necropsy 5 days post infection. RP vaccines provided homologous protection from challenge and induced robust peripheral and local antibody responses. The RP vaccine did not induce VAERD after challenge with a virus containing the heterologous HA, in contrast to the traditional WIV vaccine. The HA monovalent and HA/NA bivalent RP vaccines showed superior protection compared to traditional WIV. Additionally, the RP platform allows greater flexibility to adjust HA and NA content to reflect circulating IAV in swine antigenic diversity.

Evaluation of Recombinant Bovine Interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) as a Treatment for Chronic Intramammary Infection in Dairy Cows

Mastitis is one of the main contributors to antimicrobial resistance in livestock, so alternative therapies are being investigated to address it. The present study assessed the capability of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) to improve neutrophil function in the mammary gland and resolve chronic high somatic cell count (SCC) in Holstein cows. Multiparous cows (n = 8) with more than 300,000 SCC per mL were allocated to one of two intramammary infusions: saline (10 mL of saline solution) or rbIL-8 (1.57 mg/mL of recombinant bovine IL-8 diluted in 9 mL of saline). In addition, there was an untreated control group (n = 2, SCC < 300,000 SCC/mL). Milk samples were collected post-treatment at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 144 h to quantify milk SCC, haptoglobin, and IgG concentrations. Neutrophil’s phagocytosis in milk and blood was evaluated via flow cytometry at 0, 24, and 48 h. The log of SCC did not differ between the infused groups (p = 0.369). Neutrophils presented a similar log of cells with high fluorescence for propidium-iodide (PI) and dihydrorhodamine (DHR) in milk (p = 0.412) and blood samples (p = 0.766) in both infused groups. Intramammary infusion of 1.57 mg/mL of rbIL-8 did not improve neutrophils response and failed to resolve chronic high SCC.

Solution blow spinning of highly deacetylated chitosan nanofiber scaffolds for dermal wound healing

Biocompatible fibrous scaffolds based on highly deacetylated chitosan were fabricated using high-throughput solution blow spinning. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the chitosan nanofiber scaffolds had ultrafine and continuous fibers (300-1200 nm) with highly interconnected porous structures (30-75% porosity), mimicking some aspects of the native extracellular matrix in skin tissue. Post-treatment of as-spun nanofibers with aqueous potassium carbonate solution resulted in a fibrous scaffold with a high chitosan content that retained its fibrous structural integrity for cell culture. Analysis of the mechanical properties of the chitosan nanofiber scaffolds in both dry and wet conditions showed that their strength and durability were sufficient for wound dressing applications. Significantly, the wet scaffold underwent remarkable elastic deformation during stretch such that the elongation at break dramatically increased to up to 44% of its original length, showing wavy fiber morphology near the break site. The culture of normal human dermal fibroblast cells onto scaffolds for 1-14 days demonstrated that the scaffolds were highly compatible and a suitable platform for cell adhesion, viability, and proliferation. Secretion profiles of wound healing-related proteins to the cell culture medium demonstrated that chitosan fibers were a promising scaffold for wound healing applications. Overall, the dense fibrous network with high porosity of the chitosan nanofiber scaffold and their mechanical properties indicate that they could be used to design and fabricate new materials that mimic the epidermis layer of natural skin.

Endometriosis pain and epithelial neutrophil activating peptide-78 levels

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disorder involved in the pathogenesis of chronic pelvic pain, based on a probable up regulation of the inflammatory system. The objective of the study is to investigate the peritoneal and serum levels of ENA-78 with the severity of endometriosis symptoms (dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain and dyspareunia) using the visual analogue scale (VAS). This is a prospective case–control study that included 53 symptomatic women with evidence of endometriosis and 53 age-matched controls who underwent elective laparoscopic surgery for benign diseases. The concentration of ENA-78 was assessed in blood and peritoneal fluid samples in the follicular phase. In peritoneal fluid and plasma, the concentration of ENA-78 was significantly higher in cases than in controls (p < 0.001). A significant correlation was observed between peritoneal fluid ENA-78 levels and the severity of dysmenorrhea (Spearman Rho = 0.237; p = 0.014), and chronic pelvic pain (Spearman Rho = 0.220; p = 0.022) in endometriosis patients. Plasma levels ENA-78 showed a significant correlation with the severity (VAS score) of chronic pelvic pain (Spearman Rho = 0.270, p = 0.005 for cases), though a weak correlation was evident between plasma levels of ENA-78 and severity of dysmenorrhea (Spearman Rho = 0.083, p = 0.399 for cases). In conclusion, chronic pelvic pain in endometriosis is caused by changes of local and systemic activated chemokine patterns. These modifications involve the relationship between pro-inflammatory, angiogenic and angiostatic chemokines that modulate the severity of endometriosis associated symptoms.

Overview of First-Line and Second-Line Pharmacotherapies for Osteoarthritis with Special Focus on Intra-Articular Treatment

Osteoarthritis (OA) can be defined as the result of pathological processes of various etiologies leading to damage to the articular structures. Although the mechanism of degenerative changes has become better understood due to the plethora of biochemical and genetic studies, the drug that could stop the degenerative cascade is still unknown. All available forms of OA therapy are based on symptomatic treatment. According to actual guidelines, comprehensive treatment of OA should always include a combination of various therapeutic options aimed at common goals, which are pain relief in the first place, and then the improvement of function. Local treatment has become more common practice, which takes place between rehabilitation and pharmacological treatment in the hierarchy of procedures. Only in the case of no improvement and the presence of advanced lesions visible in imaging tests, should surgery be considered. Currently, an increasing number of studies are being published suggesting that intra-articular injections may be as effective or even more effective than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and result in fewer systemic adverse events. The most commonly used preparations are hyaluronic acid (HA), glucocorticosteroids (GS), and also platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in recent years. This review aims to present the mechanism of action and clinical effectiveness of different pharmacological options in relieving pain and improving functions in OA as well as the emerging approach in intra-articular treatment with PRP.

Effect of 6‐n‐propyl‐2‐thiouracil or dexamethasone administration on the responses of antimicrobial components in goat milk to intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion

Heat stress impacts the immune system of dairy animals by altering the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and thyroid function, leading to conditions such as hypothyroidism and hypercortisolism. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of hypothyroidism and hypercortisolism on the response of mammary innate immune function to inflammation caused by Escherichia coli in dairy goats. To induce hypothyroidism and hypercortisolism, we administered 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU; for 21 days) and dexamethasone (DEX; for 5 days), respectively, to six goats each; six goats without treatment were used as the control group. After treatment, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli O111 was infused into the mammary gland. Somatic cell counts (SCC) and levels of lactoferrin (LF), S100A7, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in milk until 7 days after LPS infusion were measured. An increase in SCC after LPS infusion was inhibited in both PTU and DEX groups, and an increase in LF after LPS infusion was inhibited in PTU group, compared with that in the control group. The results of the present study suggest that the recruitment of neutrophils and LF production decreased under hypothyroidism or hypercortisolism, which may be one of the causes underlying increased incidence of mastitis in dairy animals under heat stress conditions.

AEOL 10150 Alleviates Radiation-induced Innate Immune Responses in Non-human Primate Lung Tissue

ABSTRACT

To study the molecular and cellular mechanisms of radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) in a non-human primate model, Rhesus macaques were irradiated with lethal doses of radiation to the whole thorax. A subset of the irradiated animals was treated with AEOL 10150, a potent catalytic scavenger of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Lung tissues were collected at necropsy for molecular and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies. Microarray expression profiling in the irradiated lung tissues identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways important in innate immunity. The elevated expression of cytokines (CCL2, CCL11, IL-8), complement factors (CFB, C3), apoptosis-related molecules (p53, PTEN, Bax, p21, MDM2, c-Caspase 3), and adhesion molecules (fibronectin, integrin β6, ICAM-1) were further studied using real-time PCR, Western blot, or IHC. Oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration were increased in the irradiated lungs. Treatment with AEOL 10150 significantly decreased oxidative stress and monocyte/macrophage infiltration. Cytokine/chemokine-induced excessive innate immune response after thoracic irradiation plays an important role in RILI. To our knowledge, this is the first study to highlight the role of cytokine/chemokine-induced innate immune responses in radiation-induced pulmonary toxicity in a NHP model.

Comparison of mesenchymal stromal cells from peritoneal dialysis effluent with those from umbilical cords: characteristics and therapeutic effects on chronic peritoneal dialysis in uremic rats

Background

A long-term of peritoneal dialysis (PD) using a hypertonic PD solution (PDS) leads to patient’s peritoneal membrane (PM) injury, resulting in ultrafiltration failure (UFF) and PD drop-out. Our previous study shows that PD effluent-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (pMSCs) prevent the PM injury in normal rats after repeated exposure of the peritoneal cavity to a PDS. This study was designed to compare the cytoprotection between pMSCs and umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) in the treatment of both PM and kidney injury in uremic rats with chronic PD.

Methods

5/6 nephrectomized (5/6Nx) Sprague Dawley rats were intraperitoneally (IP) injected Dianeal (4.25% dextrose, 10 mL/rat/day) and were treated with pMSCs or umbilical cord (UC)-MSCs (approximately 2 × 10⁶/rat/week, IP). Ultrafiltration was determined by IP injection of 30 mL of Dianeal (4.25% dextrose) with 1.5-h dewell time, and kidney failure by serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). The structure of the PM and kidneys was assessed using histology. Gene expression was examined using quantitative reverse transcription PCR, and protein levels using flow cytometric and Western blot analyses.

Results

We showed a slight difference in the morphology between pMSCs and UC-MSCs in plastic dishes, and significantly higher expression levels of stemness-related genes (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2, CCNA2, RAD21, and EXO1) and MSCs surface markers (CD29, CD44, CD90 and CD105) in UC-MSCs than those in pMSCs, but no difference in the differentiation to chondrocytes, osteocytes or adipocytes. pMSC treatment was more effective than UC-MSCs in the protection of the MP and remnant kidneys in 5/6Nx rats from PDS-induced injury, which was associated with higher resistance of pMSCs than UC-MSCs to uremic toxins in culture, and more reduction of peritoneal mesothelial cell death by the secretome from pMSCs than from UC-MSCs in response to PDS exposure. The secretome from both pMSCs and UC-MSCs similarly inactivated NOS2 in activated THP1 cells.

Conclusions

As compared to UC-MSCs, pMSCs may more potently prevent PDS-induced PM and remnant kidney injury in this uremic rat model of chronic PD, suggesting that autotransplantation of ex vivo-expanded pMSCs may become a promising therapy for UFF and deterioration of remnant kidney function in PD patients.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02473-9.

Novel leukocyte-depleted platelet-rich plasma-based skin equivalent as an in vitro model of chronic wounds: a preliminary study

BACKGROUND

Chronic leg ulcerations are associated with Haemoglobin disorders, Type2 Diabetes Mellitus, and long-term venous insufficiency, where poor perfusion and altered metabolism develop into a chronic inflammation that impairs wound closure. Skin equivalent organotypic cultures can be engineered in vitro to study skin biology and wound closure by modelling the specific cellular components of the skin. This study aimed to develop a novel bioactive platelet-rich plasma (PRP) leukocyte depleted scaffold to facilitate the study of common clinical skin wounds in patients with poor chronic skin perfusion and low leukocyte infiltration. A scratch assay was performed on the skin model to mimic two skin wound conditions, an untreated condition and a condition treated with recombinant tumour necrotic factor (rTNF) to imitate the stimulation of an inflammatory state. Gene expression of IL8 and TGFA was analysed in both conditions. Statistical analysis was done through ANOVA and paired student t-test. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

A skin model that consisted of a leukocyte-depleted, platelet-rich plasma scaffold was setup with embedded fibroblasts as dermal equivalents and seeded keratinocytes as multi-layered epidermis. Gene expression levels of IL8 and TGFA were significantly different between the control and scratched conditions (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively), as well as between the control and treated conditions (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively). The scratch assay induced IL8 upregulation after 3 h (p < 0.05) which continued to increase up to day 1 (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the administration of TNF led to the downregulation of IL8 (p < 0.01), followed by an upregulation on day 2. IL8 gene expression decreased in the scratched condition after day 1 as the natural healing process took place and was lower than in the treated condition on day 8 (p < 0.05). Both untreated and treated conditions showed a downregulation of TGFA 3 h after scratch when compared with the control condition (p < 0.01). Administration of rTNF showed significant downregulation of TGFA after 24 h when compared with the control (p < 0.01) and treated conditions (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that a leukocyte-depleted PRP-based skin equivalent can be a useful model for the in vitro study of chronic skin wounds related to poor skin perfusion.

The Effects of Dietary Porous Zinc Oxide Supplementation on Growth Performance, Inflammatory Cytokines and Tight Junction's Gene Expression in Early-Weaned Piglets

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary porous ZnO supplementation on the growth performance, inflammatory cytokines and tight junction's gene expression in weaned piglets. A total of 192 weaned piglets were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups (n=48/group) and fed, during 14 d, with one of the following dietary treatments: 1) basal diet (NC); 2) basal diet with 3,000 mg/kg of conventional ZnO (PC); 3) basal diet with 750 mg/kg of porous ZnO (low inclusion porous ZnO, LP-ZnO); 4) basal diet with 1,500 mg/kg porous ZnO (high inclusion porous ZnO, HP-ZnO). Results showed that dietary supplementation with regular ZnO or porous ZnO (750 and 1,500 mg/kg) improved average daily gain (ADG), feed to gain ratio (F/G) and jejunum morphology, while decreasing diarrhea incidence. Compared with the NC group, porous ZnO at both doses (750 or 1,500 mg/kg) increased serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentrations, but decreased serum glucose (GLU). Moreover, the mRNA expression of anti-inflammation cytokine (TGF-β), tight junction (Occludin, ZO-1) in the jejunum by different ZnO administration were significantly increased compared with the NC group, while mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-8), membrane channels that transport water (AQP3) and miR-122a were significantly decreased. It can be concluded that porous ZnO even at low dose (750 mg/kg) can be an effective alternative to pharmacological (3,000 mg/kg) conventional ZnO in reducing diarrhea, promoting the growth performance, increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and tight junctions, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines of weaned piglets.

The Role of Antibodies Against the Crude Capsular Extract in the Immune Response of Porcine Alveolar Macrophages to In Vitro Infection of Various Serovars of Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis

In Glässer’s disease outbreaks, Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis has to overcome the non-specific immune system in the lower respiratory tract, the alveolar macrophages. Here we showed that porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) were able to recognize and phagocyte G. parasuis with strain-to-strain variability despite the presence of the capsule in virulent (serovar 1, 5, 12) as well in avirulent strains (serovar 6 and 9). The capsule, outer membrane proteins, virulence-associated autotransporters, cytolethal distending toxins and many other proteins have been identified as virulence factors of this bacterium. Therefore, we immunized pigs with the crude capsular extract (cCE) from the virulent G. parasuis CAPM 6475 strain (serovar 5) and evaluated the role of the anti-cCE/post-vaccinal IgG in the immune response of PAMs to in vitro infection with various G. parasuis strains. We demonstrated the specific binding of the antibodies to the cCE by Western-blotting assay and immunoprecipitation as well as the specific binding to the strain CAPM 6475 in transmission electron microscopy. In the cCE, we identified several virulence-associated proteins that were immunoreactive with IgG isolated from sera of immunized pigs. Opsonization of G. parasuis strains by post-vaccinal IgG led to enhanced phagocytosis of G. parasuis by PAMs at the first two hours of infection. Moreover, opsonization increased the oxidative burst and expression/production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The neutralizing effects of these antibodies on the antioxidant mechanisms of G. parasuis may lead to attenuation of its virulence and pathogenicity in vivo. Together with opsonization of bacteria by these antibodies, the host may eliminate G. parasuis in the infection site more efficiently. Based on these results, the crude capsular extract is a vaccine candidate with immunogenic properties.

The impact of reactive oxygen species in the development of cardiometabolic disorders: a review

Oxidative stress, an alteration in the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidant buffering capacity, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disorders (CMD). At physiological levels, ROS functions as signalling mediators, regulates various physiological functions such as the growth, proliferation, and migration endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC); formation and development of new blood vessels; EC and SMC regulated death; vascular tone; host defence; and genomic stability. However, at excessive levels, it causes a deviation in the redox state, mediates the development of CMD. Multiple mechanisms account for the rise in the production of free radicals in the heart. These include mitochondrial dysfunction and uncoupling, increased fatty acid oxidation, exaggerated activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX), reduced antioxidant capacity, and cardiac metabolic memory. The purpose of this study is to discuss the link between oxidative stress and the aetiopathogenesis of CMD and highlight associated mechanisms. Oxidative stress plays a vital role in the development of obesity and dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and diabetes, hypertension via various mechanisms associated with ROS-led inflammatory response and endothelial dysfunction.

Immunological alterations in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and experimental autoimmune prostatitis model: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

As one of the most common conditions in urological outpatients, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) puzzles many individuals because of its unclear etiology and lack of effective treatment. Recently, immunological alterations underpinning CP/CPPS have been extensively investigated.

METHODS

The PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane library, and EMBASE databases were used to search original articles on immune mediators in patients with CP/CPPS and in experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) models through April 10, 2020. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated to summarize the differences in immune mediator levels between groups. Funnel plot, Begg's funnel plot, Egger's regression test, and the sensitivity analysis were applied to determine and visualize the stability of our findings.

RESULTS

A total of 34 original studies were included in the meta-analysis, including 24 studies on patients with CP/CPPS and 10 studies on EAP models. We found that TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 were the four immune mediators that elevated in most of the samples derived from patients with CP/CPPS and the EAP models. The adjusted publication bias analysis indicated that publication bias was not existed, and the sensitivity analyses showed that the results were stable.

CONCLUSIONS

Immune responses play significant roles during the pathogenesis of CP/CPPS by promoting intraprostatic inflammation. Our findings provide potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for CP/CPPS patients.

Description of the Follicular Fluid Cytokine and Hormone Profiles in Human Physiological Natural Cycles

PURPOSE

Exogenous gonadotrophins administration during in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles could significantly alter the endogenous follicular regulation system and could influence oocyte quality. The analysis of the follicular fluid (FF) cytokine and hormone profiles in physiological natural cycles is crucial to appreciate the role of FF milieu on follicle development. So far, the FF cytokine profile has been analyzed only in controlled ovarian stimulation cycles and in modified natural cycles. Our study defines, in physiological natural cycles, the cytokine and hormone profiles of individual FF aspirated from antral follicles.

METHODS

A total of 203 FFs obtained from 83 women with regular menstrual cycles undergoing ovarian tissue cryopreservation were analyzed: 115 FFs from Group 1 (10 to 29 years of age) and 88 FFs from Group 2 (30 to 40 years of age). In individual FF, 27 cytokines were measured with xMAP technology, and progesterone, estrone, estradiol, testosterone, androstenedione concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

FF hormone profiles were not different in follicular and luteal phase, suggesting that FF hormones are regulated independently of the endogenous gonadotrophins-possibly because 74% of the punctured follicles, which were ≤6 mm, did not require cyclic pituitary function. The follicle size was influenced not only by the FF cytokine profile but also by the FF hormone profile, both of which are dependent on age.

MAIN CONCLUSIONS

In physiological natural cycles, FF hormones seems to be regulated independently of the endogenous gonadotropins. Age influences FF hormone and cytokine profiles and the compelling relationship between FF hormones and FF cytokines could influence the follicle development.

Immunological response of human leucocytes after exposure to lipopolysaccharides from Porphyromonas gingivalis

Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a gram-negative bacterium and an important etiologic agent of periodontitis. P. gingivalis releases outer membrane vesicles containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which can penetrate periodontal tissues. Once in the periodontal tissues and in contact with immune cells, it may participate in the destructive innate host response associated with the disease. The exact mechanism of P. gingivalis LPS in the disease process is not clear, but it is known to affect a variety of immune responses.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate how LPS from P. gingivalis affect neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, cell death and production of cytokines from human neutrophils and peripheral mononuclear blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Isolated neutrophils and PBMCs were cultured with LPS from P. gingivalis or Escherichia coli (E. coli) (control). The NET formation was measured using Sytox green stain. Cell death of neutrophils and PBMCs was analyzed using flow cytometry or Sytox green stain. Cytokine production was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit or Bio-Plex assay.

RESULTS

Exposure to LPS from P. gingivalis and E. coli caused significantly lower cell death in neutrophils. NETs were formed after exposure to the two different LPS. In PBMCs, exposure to P. gingivalis and E. coli LPS caused increased levels of IL-1β and IL-6 compared to unstimulated controls. Increased cell death in PBMCs after exposure to LPS from E. coli in comparison to LPS from P. gingivalis and unstimulated controls was also observed.

CONCLUSIONS

LPS from P. gingivalis has the ability to affect both human neutrophils and PBMCs with regard to cytokine production, cell death and production of NETs. LPS from P. gingivalis could be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, and our results may contribute information regarding possible markers for diagnosis and targets for treatment of periodontal disease.

Current Concepts of Biliary Atresia and Matrix Metalloproteinase-7: A Review of Literature

Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare cholangiopathy of infancy in which the bile ducts obliterate, leading to profound cholestasis and liver fibrosis. BA is hypothesized to be caused by a viral insult that leads to over-activation of the immune system. Patients with BA are surgically treated with a Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE), which aims to restore bile flow from the liver to the intestines. After KPE, progressive liver fibrosis is often observed in BA patients, even despite surgical success and clearance of their jaundice. The innate immune response is involved during the initial damage to the cholangiocytes and further differentiation of the adaptive immune response into a T-helper 1 cell (Th1) response. Multiple studies have shown that there is continuing elevation of involved cytokines that can lead to the progressive liver fibrosis. However, the mechanism by which the progressive injury occurs is not fully elucidated. Recently, matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) has been investigated to be used as a biomarker to diagnose BA. MMPs are involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, but also have non-ECM related functions. The role of MMP-7 and other MMPs in liver fibrosis is just starting to be elucidated. Multiple studies have shown that serum MMP-7 measurements are able to accurately diagnose BA in a cohort of cholestatic patients while hepatic MMP-7 expression correlated with BA-related liver fibrosis. While the mechanism by which MMP-7 can be involved in the pathophysiology of BA is unclear, MMP-7 has been investigated in other fibrotic pathologies such as renal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. MMP-7 is involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, reducing cell-to-cell contact by shedding of E-cadherin, amplifying inflammation and fibrosis via osteopontin (OPN) and TNF-α while it also appears to play a role in induction of angiogenesis This review aims to describe the current understandings of the pathophysiology of BA. Subsequently, we describe how MMP-7 is involved in other pathologies, such as renal and pulmonary fibrosis. Then, we propose how MMP-7 can potentially be involved in BA. By doing this, we aim to describe the putative role of MMP-7 as a prognostic biomarker in BA and to provide possible new therapeutic and research targets that can be investigated in the future.

Pirfenidone regulates LPS mediated activation of neutrophils

Excessive inflammation or its absence may result in impaired wound healing. Neutrophils are among the first innate immune cells to arrive at the injury site. They participate in infection control and debris removal to initiate healing. If not timely resolved, neutrophils can cause excessive tissue inflammation and damage. Drugs with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects are of promise for improving healing by balancing the primary defensive functions and excessive tissue damage actions. Of interest, pirfenidone (Pf), an FDA approved anti-fibrotic drug to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, has been shown to ameliorate inflammation in several animal models including mouse deep partial-thickness burn wounds. However, there is a lack of mechanistic insights into Pf drug action on inflammatory cells such as neutrophils. Here, we examined the treatment effects of Pf on LPS-stimulated neutrophils as a model of non-sterile inflammation. Firstly, Pf reduced chemotaxis and production of pro-inflammatory ROS, cytokines, and chemokines by LPS-activated neutrophils. Secondly, Pf increased anti-inflammatory IL-1RA and reduced neutrophil degranulation, phagocytosis, and NETosis. Thirdly, Pf affected downstream signaling kinases which might directly or indirectly influence neutrophil responses to LPS. In conclusion, the results suggest that Pf lessens the inflammatory phenotypes of LPS-activated neutrophils.

Molecular characterization and gene expression analysis of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 in the South American fish Piaractus mesopotamicus challenged with Aeromonas dhakensis

In the present study, the complete characterization of cDNA and genomic sequences of IL-1β and IL-8, as well as the expression profile of these genes in the South American fish pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is provided. The full-length pmIL-1β cDNA was composed of 1208 nucleotides that would produce a precursor peptide with 273 amino acid residues. A putative caspase-1 cleavage site, similar to what is found in mammalian IL-1β, was identified producing a mature peptide with a theoretical molecular weight of 17.21 kDa. The pmIL-8 cDNA sequence consisted of 1019 nucleotides which encoded a 95-amino acid protein with a theoretical molecular weight of 10.43 kDa that showed all typical CXC chemokine features, including a 20-residue signal peptide and four conserved cysteine residues. Constitutive mRNA expression was detected for both genes in the liver, head kidney, gill, intestine, skin and spleen. After a bacterial challenge, up-regulation was detected for both pmIL-1β and pmIL-8 in the spleen and head kidney at 12 h post-infection. At 24 h post-infection there was a decrease in the expression of both genes, with pmIL-8 showing a significant down-regulation in the liver and head kidney when compared to the control groups.

Surface Texturization of Breast Implants Impacts Extracellular Matrix and Inflammatory Gene Expression in Asymptomatic Capsules

BACKGROUND

Texturing processes have been designed to improve biocompatibility and mechanical anchoring of breast implants. However, a high degree of texturing has been associated with severe abnormalities. In this study, the authors aimed to determine whether implant surface topography could also affect physiology of asymptomatic capsules.

METHODS

The authors collected topographic measurements from 17 different breast implant devices by interferometry and radiographic microtomography. Morphologic structures were analyzed statistically to obtain a robust breast implant surface classification. The authors obtained three topographic categories of textured implants (i.e., "peak and valleys," "open cavities," and "semiopened cavities") based on the cross-sectional aspects. The authors simultaneously collected 31 Baker grade I capsules, sorted them according to the new classification, established their molecular profile, and examined the tissue organization.

RESULTS

Each of the categories showed distinct expression patterns of genes associated with the extracellular matrix (Timp and Mmp members) and inflammatory response (Saa1, Tnsf11, and Il8), despite originating from healthy capsules. In addition, slight variations were observed in the organization of capsular tissues at the histologic level.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors combined a novel surface implant classification system and gene profiling analysis to show that implant surface topography is a bioactive cue that can trigger gene expression changes in surrounding tissue, even in Baker grade I capsules. The authors' new classification system avoids confusion regarding the word "texture," and could be transposed to implant ranges of every manufacturer. This new classification could prove useful in studies on potential links between specific texturizations and the incidence of certain breast-implant associated complications.

ASSOCIATION OF IL-8 -251T>A (RS4073) POLYMORPHISM WITH SUSCEPTIBILITY TO GASTRIC CANCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS BASED ON 33 CASE-CONTROL STUDIES

BACKGROUND

The role of -251A>T polymorphism in the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene in gastric cancer was intensively evaluated, but the results of these studies were inconsistent.

OBJECTIVE

Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive data on the association of IL-8 -251T>A polymorphism with gastric cancer.

METHODS

All eligible studies were identified in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Wanfang and CNKI databases before September 01, 2019. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived from a fixed effect or random effect model.

RESULTS

A total of 33 case-control studies with 6,192 cases and 9,567 controls were selected. Overall, pooled data showed that IL-8 -251T>A polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer under all five genetic models, i.e., allele (A vs T: OR=1.189, 95% CI 1.027-1.378, P=0.021), homozygote (AA vs TT: OR=1.307, 95% CI 1.111-1.536, P=0.001), heterozygote (AT vs TT: OR=1.188, 95% CI 1.061-1.330, P=0.003), dominant (AA+AT vs TT: OR=1.337, 95% CI 1.115-1.602, P=0.002) and recessive (AA vs AT+TT: OR=1.241, 95% CI 1.045-1.474, P=0.014). The stratified analysis by ethnicity revealed an increased risk of gastric cancer in Asians and mixed populations, but not in Caucasians. Moreover, stratified by country found a significant association in Chinese, Korean and Brazilian, but not among Japanese.

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis suggests that the IL-8 -251T>A polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer, especially by ethnicity (Asian and mixed populations) and country (Chinese, Korean and Brazilian).

Autoinflammation in addition to combined immunodeficiency: SLC29A3 gene defect

INTRODUCTION

H Syndrome is an autosomal recessive (AR) disease caused by defects in SLCA29A3 gene. This gene encodes the equilibrative nucleoside transporter, the protein which is highly expressed in spleen, lymph node and bone marrow. Autoinflammation and autoimmunity accompanies H Syndrome (HS).

AIM

The aim was to further elucidate the mechanisms of disease by molecular studies in a patient with SLC29A3 gene defect.

PATIENT AND METHODS

Mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal integrity, cytokine response in response to stimulation with different pattern recognition receptor ligands, and circulating cell-free mitochondrial-DNA(ccf-mtDNA) level in plasma were analyzed compared to controls to understand the cellular triggers of autoinflammation. RNA sequencing (RS) analyses were also performed in monocytes before/after culture with lipopolysaccharide.

RESULTS

Patient had progressive destructive arthropathy in addition to clinical findings due to combined immunodeficiency. Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), vitiligo, diabetes, multiple autoantibody positivity, lymphopenia, increased acute phase reactants were present. Recent thymic emigrants (RTE), naïve T cells were decreased, effector memory CD4 + T cells, nonclassical inflammatory monocytes were increased. Patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells secreted more IL-1β and IL-6, showed lysosomal disruption and significant mitochondrial dysfunction compared to healthy controls. Plasma ccf-mtDNA level was significantly elevated compared to age-matched controls (p < 0.05). RNA sequencing studies revealed decreased expression of NLR Family Caspase Recrument-Domain Containing 4(NLRC4), 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 4(PFKFB4), serine dehydratase(SDS), heparan sulfate(Glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 1(HS3ST1), neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH1), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in patient's monocytes compared to controls. Longstanding PRCA, which is possibly autoimmune, resolved after initiating monthly intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) and low dose steroids to the patient.

CONCLUSION

Although autoinflammation and autoimmunity are reported in HS, by functional analyses we here show in the present patient that over-active inflammasome pathway in HS might be related with mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction. Increased plasma ccf-mtDNA may be used as a biomarker of inflammasomopathy in HS. HS should be included in the classification of primary immunodeficiency diseases.

Clinico-Biological Implications of Modified Levels of Cytokines in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Possible Therapeutic Role

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is the main cause of mortality among hematologic diseases in Western nations. B-CLL is correlated with an intense alteration of the immune system. The altered functions of innate immune elements and adaptive immune factors are interconnected in B-CLL and are decisive for its onset, evolution, and therapeutic response. Modifications in the cytokine balance could support the growth of the leukemic clone via a modulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis, as some cytokines have been reported to be able to affect the life of B-CLL cells in vivo. In this review, we will examine the role played by cytokines in the cellular dynamics of B-CLL patients, interpret the contradictions sometimes present in the literature regarding their action, and evaluate the possibility of manipulating their production in order to intervene in the natural history of the disease.

A paracrine interaction between granulosa cells and leukocytes in the preovulatory follicle causes the increase in follicular G-CSF levels

Objective

Follicular granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a new biomarker of oocyte quality and embryo implantation in in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. Its role in reproduction is poorly understood. Our study aimed to investigate the mechanisms and cells responsible for G-CSF production in the preovulatory follicle.

Design

Laboratory research study.

Setting

Single-center study.

Interventions

Granulosa cells and leukocytes were isolated from the follicular fluids (FF) or the blood of women undergoing IVF and from the blood of a control group of women with spontaneous ovulatory cycles to perform cocultures.

Main outcome measure

G-CSF-secreted protein was quantified in the conditioned media of cocultures.

Results

G-CSF secretion was considerably increased in cocultures of granulosa cells and leukocytes. This effect was maximal when leukocytes were isolated from the blood of women in the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle or from the FF of women undergoing IVF. The leukocyte population isolated from the FF samples of women undergoing IVF had a higher proportion of granulocytes than that isolated from the corresponding blood samples. Leukocytes induced the synthesis and secretion of G-CSF by granulosa cells. Among a range of other FF cytokines/chemokines, only growth-regulated oncogene alpha (GROα) was also increased.

Conclusion

The notable rise in G-CSF at the time of ovulation coincides with the accumulation of follicular granulocytes, which stimulate G-CSF production by granulosa cells via paracrine interactions. High follicular G-CSF concentrations may occur in follicles with optimal granulosa–leukocyte interactions, which could explain the increased implantation rate of embryos arising from these follicles.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s10815-020-01692-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Myxobacteria-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles: Potential Applicability Against Intracellular Infections

In 2019, it was estimated that 2.5 million people die from lower tract respiratory infections annually. One of the main causes of these infections is Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium that can invade and survive within mammalian cells. S. aureus intracellular infections are difficult to treat because several classes of antibiotics are unable to permeate through the cell wall and reach the pathogen. This condition increases the need for new therapeutic avenues, able to deliver antibiotics efficiently. In this work, we obtained outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from the myxobacteria Cystobacter velatus strain Cbv34 and Cystobacter ferrugineus strain Cbfe23, that are naturally antimicrobial, to target intracellular infections, and investigated how they can affect the viability of epithelial and macrophage cell lines. We evaluated by cytometric bead array whether they induce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in blood immune cells. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry, we also investigated their interaction and uptake into mammalian cells. Finally, we studied the effect of OMVs on planktonic and intracellular S. aureus. We found that while Cbv34 OMVs were not cytotoxic to cells at any concentration tested, Cbfe23 OMVs affected the viability of macrophages, leading to a 50% decrease at a concentration of 125,000 OMVs/cell. We observed only little to moderate stimulation of release of TNF-alpha, IL-8, IL-6 and IL-1beta by both OMVs. Cbfe23 OMVs have better interaction with the cells than Cbv34 OMVs, being taken up faster by them, but both seem to remain mostly on the cell surface after 24 h of incubation. This, however, did not impair their bacteriostatic activity against intracellular S. aureus. In this study, we provide an important basis for implementing OMVs in the treatment of intracellular infections.

CXCL5 Modified Nanoparticle Surface Improves CXCR2+ Cell Selective Internalization

Driving nanomaterials to specific cell populations is still a major challenge for different biomedical applications. Several strategies to improve cell binding and uptake have been tried thus far by intrinsic material modifications or decoration with active molecules onto their surface. In the present work, we covalently bound the chemokine CXCL5 on fluorescently labeled amino-functionalized SiO₂ nanoparticles to precisely targeting CXCR2⁺ immune cells. We synthesized and precisely characterized the physicochemical features of the modified particles. The presence of CXCL5 on the surface was detected by z-potential variation and CXCL5-specific electron microscopy immunogold labeling. CXCL5-amino SiO₂ nanoparticle cell binding and internalization performances were analyzed in CXCR2⁺ THP-1 cells by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. We showed improved internalization of the chemokine modified particles in the absence or the presence of serum. This internalization was reduced by cell pre-treatment with free CXCL5. Furthermore, we demonstrated CXCR2⁺ cell preferential targeting by comparing particle uptake in THP-1 vs. low-CXCR2 expressing HeLa cells. Our results provide the proof of principle that chemokine decorated nanomaterials enhance uptake and allow precise cell subset localization. The possibility to aim at selective chemokine receptor-expressing cells can be beneficial for the diverse pathological conditions involving immune reactions.

Significance of the IL-8 pathway for immunotherapy

IL-8 (CXCL-8) is a chemoattractant factor for myeloid leukocytes, that is produced in large quantities by many solid tumors. Levels of IL-8, which can act upon a variety of immune and nonimmune cells, can tell us a lot about tumors, including their size (positive association) and how likely they are to respond to immunotherapy (negative association). This is because the IL-8 produced by tumors can promote angiogenesis, recruit immunosuppressive cells like neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and stimulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which is a precursor to metastasis. In a pooled analysis of several clinical trials in kidney cancer, melanoma, and lung cancer, it was found that patients with higher baseline concentrations of IL-8 in the blood experienced worse outcomes and lower overall survival after being treated with immunotherapy. Currently, the field that relates IL-8 to immunotherapy is leading to numerous and promising clinical trials that combine the inhibition of IL-8 with existing immunotherapeutic therapies. For this reason, multiple constructs based on IL-8 agonists are being developed clinically by the pharmaceutical and biotech industries.

Schisandrin A protects intestinal epithelial cells from deoxynivalenol-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative damage and inflammation

Extensive research has revealed the association of continued oxidative stress with chronic inflammation, which could subsequently affect many different chronic diseases. The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) frequently contaminates cereals crops worldwide, and are a public health concern since DON ingestion may result in persistent intestinal inflammation. There has also been considerable attention over the potential of DON to provoke oxidative stress. In this study, the cytoprotective effect of Schisandrin A (Sch A), one of the most abundant active dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans in the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill (also known as Chinese magnolia-vine), was investigated in HT-29 cells against DON-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation. Sch A appeared to protect against DON-induced cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells, and significantly lessened the DON-stimulated intracellular reactive oxygen species and nitrogen oxidative species production. Furthermore, Sch A lowered DON-induced catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzyme activities but maintains glutathione S transferase activity and glutathione levels. Mechanistic studies suggest that Sch A reduced DON-induced oxidative stress by down-regulating heme oxygenase-1 expression via nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 signalling pathway. In addition, Sch A decreased the DON-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 expression and secretion. This may be mediated by preventing DON-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB, as well as activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways. In the light of these findings, we concluded that Sch A exerted a cytoprotective role in DON-induced toxicity in vitro, and it would be valuable to examine in vivo effects.

Sick fat: the good and the bad of old and new circulating markers of adipose tissue inflammation

Adipose tissue (AT) is one of the largest endocrine organs contributing to metabolic homeostasis. The functional pleiotropism of AT depends on its ability to secrete a large number of hormones, cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins and growth factors, all influencing many local and systemic physiological and pathophysiological processes. In condition of chronic positive energy balance, adipocyte expansion, hypoxia, apoptosis and stress all lead to AT inflammation and dysfunction, and it has been demonstrated that this sick fat is a main risk factor for many metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver, cardiovascular disease and cancer. AT dysfunction is tightly associated with aberrant secretion of bioactive peptides, the adipocytokines, and their blood concentrations often reflect the expression in the AT. Despite the existence of an association between AT dysfunction and systemic pro-inflammatory state, most of the circulating molecules detectable in obese and dysmetabolic individuals do not identify specifically the condition of sick fat. Based on this premise, this review provides a concise overview of "classic" and novel promising adipocytokines associated with AT inflammation and discusses possible critical approaches to their interpretation in clinical practice.

Comparison of Chemokine CXCL-1 and Interleukin-6 Concentrations in the Subretinal Fluid and Vitreous in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment

Purpose: Comparison of IL-6 and CXCL-1 concentrations and CXCL-1/IL-6 ratio correlations with clinical parameters (RRD extent, duration, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy - PVR-grade) between subretinal fluid (SRF) and vitreous during rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) complicated with PVR.Methods: A total of 71 eyes of 71 patients with primary RRD possibly complicated with PVR were included; 36 eyes treated with scleral buckling and 35 eyes with pars-plana vitrectomy. Enzyme-Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay was employed for CXCL-1/IL-6 measurement (ng/ml).Results: Correlation analysis between mean CXCL-1/IL-6 ratio and clinical parameters revealed non-significant results. CXCL-1/IL-6 ratio was significantly elevated in phakic eye vitreous. Optimum circumstances for elevated chemokine levels during RRD were considerable extent (2-3-quadrant) and duration (29-60-day) complicated with PVR C.Conclusions: SRF appears to be characterized by greater chemokine concentrations while vitreous retains several structural characteristics that may assist in investigating inflammation and improving understanding of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms during RRD complicated with PVR.

TNF-α in Combination with Palmitate Enhances IL-8 Production via The MyD88- Independent TLR4 Signaling Pathway: Potential Relevance to Metabolic Inflammation

Elevated levels of IL-8 (CXCL8) in obesity have been linked with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The mechanisms that lead to the profound production of IL-8 in obesity remains to be understood. TNF-α and saturated free fatty acids (FFAs) are increased in obese humans and correlate with insulin resistance. Hence, we sought to investigate whether the cooccurrence of TNF-α and FFAs led to increase the production of IL-8 by human monocytes. We found that co-stimulation of human monocytes with palmitate and TNF-α led to increased IL-8 production as compared to those stimulated with palmitate or TNF-α alone. The synergistic production of IL-8 by TNF-α/palmitate was suppressed by neutralizing anti- Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) antibody and by genetic silencing of TLR4. Both MyD88-deficient and MyD88-competent cells responded comparably to TNF-α/Palmitate. However, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon (TRIF) inhibition or interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF3) knockdown partly blocked the synergistic production of IL-8. Our human data show that increased adipose tissue TNF-α expression correlated positively with IL-8 expression (r = 0.49, P = 0.001). IL-8 and TNF-α correlated positively with macrophage markers including CD68, CD163 and CD86 in adipose tissue. These findings suggest that the signaling cross-talk between saturated fatty acid palmitate and TNF-α may be a key driver in obesity-associated chronic inflammation via an excessive production of IL-8.

Cytokine Profile in Patients with Aseptic Loosening of Total Hip Replacements and Its Relation to Metal Release and Metal Allergy

Metal release from total hip replacements (THRs) is associated with aseptic loosening (AL). It has been proposed that the underlying immunological response is caused by a delayed type IV hypersensitivity-like reaction to metals, i.e., metal allergy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunological response in patients with AL in relation to metal release and the prevalence of metal allergy. THR patients undergoing revision surgery due to AL or mechanical implant failures were included in the study along with a control group consisting of primary THR patients. Comprehensive cytokine analyses were performed on serum and periimplant tissue samples along with metal analysis using inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Patient patch testing was done with a series of metals related to orthopedic implant. A distinct cytokine profile was found in the periimplant tissue of patients with AL. Significantly increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IFN-γ and TNF-α, but also the anti-inflammatory IL-10 were detected. A general increase of metal concentrations in the periimplant tissue was observed in both revision groups, while Cr was significantly increased in patient serum with AL. No difference in the prevalence of metal sensitivity was established by patch testing. Increased levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α point to an innate immune response. However, the presence of IL-2 and IFN-γ indicates additional involvement of T cell-mediated response in patients with AL, although this could not be detected by patch testing.

The effects of prebiotics on growth performance and in vitro immune biomarkers in weaned pigs

The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effects of prebiotics in nursery pigs on growth performance and immune biomarkers. Sixty-four weaned pigs (31 ± 1 d; BW 8 ± 0.1 kg) of mixed gender were housed (4 pigs/pen) in an environmentally controlled nursery with ad libitum access to feed and water over a 35-d study. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: control (53% corn, 32% SBM, 7% fishmeal, 8% others), control + 2.5% GroBiotic-S (GS), control + 0.05% chicory (CL), or control + 0.5% chicory (CH). Feeders and pigs were weighed weekly. On day 21, blood samples were obtained from three pigs/treatment for collection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Isolated PBMC were cultured and subsequently challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 20 ng/mL). Cell culture supernatants were collected for quantification of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-10, respectively. Dietary treatment had no effect on BW. At days 28 to 35, pigs fed GS (790 ± 15 g), CL (704 ± 15 g), or CH (692 ± 15 g) had greater (P < 0.05) ADG compared with control (643 ± 15 g) pigs. In addition, overall (days 0–35), pigs fed GS (823 ± 18 g), CL (783 ± 18 g), or CH (782 ± 18 g) had greater (P < 0.05) ADFI compared with control, and ADFI for GS-fed pigs was greater (P < 0.05) than either CL or CH. There was no difference in G:F among treatments. In vitro LPS challenge increased (P < 0.05) IL-8 secretion from PBMC isolated from CL (23,731 ± 3,221 pg/mL) pigs compared with control (10,061 ± 3,221 pg/mL) and CH (12,411 ± 3,221 pg/mL) pigs. Secretion of IL-10 from PBMC isolated from CL (63 ± 9 pg/mL) pigs was greater (P < 0.05) compared with control (22 ± 9 pg/mL) pigs and tended (P < 0.1) to be greater compared with CH (34 ± 9 pg/mL) pigs. Results indicate that inclusion of prebiotics in nursery pig diets has positive effects on growth performance and may have immunomodulatory effects (in vitro) on cells isolated from prebiotic-fed pigs.

Influence of Interleukin-8 and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation in the Tumor Microenvironment: Is There a Pathogenic Role?

In this review, we will highlight several studies that revolve around interleukin-8 (IL-8) and show the multiple facets that could take in the tumor microenvironment. Chemokines that attract neutrophils (to a large extent, IL-8) can have a bimodal behavior inducing the migration of them in the first place and later favoring the formation of NETs in the place of emission focus of the chemokine. Also, this mechanism occurs when neutrophils migrate to tumor cells and where the extrusion of NETs in the tumor is observed. A possible participation of NETs in cancer progression was considered; however, until now, it is difficult to decide if NETosis plays a pro- or antitumor role, although it is necessary to emphasize that there is more experimentation focused on the protumorigenic aspect of the NETs. The formation of NETs has a relevant role in the inhibition of the immune response against the tumor generated by neutrophils and in turn favoring the processes involved in the development of tumor metastasis. It is striking that we do not have more complete information about the effects of circulating chemokines on neutrophils in cancer patients and hence the suitability of this review. No one has observed to date the impact that it could have on other cell populations to inhibit the arrival of neutrophils and the formation/elimination of NETs. However, the extent to which NETs affect the function of other cells of the immune system in the tumor context has not been directly demonstrated. It is necessary to identify possible combinations of immunotherapy that involve the modulation of neutrophil activity with other strategies (immunomodulatory antibodies or adoptive cell therapy). Therefore, knowing the mechanisms by which tumors take advantage of this ability of neutrophils to form NETs is very important in the search for antitumor therapies and thus be able to take advantage of the possible immunotherapeutic combinations that we currently have in clinical practice.

Immunology of Wound Healing

Purpose of Review

Chronic wounds are a tremendous burden on the healthcare system and lead to significant patient morbidity and mortality. Normal cutaneous wound healing occurs through an intricate and delicate interplay between the immune system, keratinocytes, and dermal cells. Each cell type contributes signals that drive the normal phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This paper reviews how various immunological cell types and signaling molecules influence the way wounds develop, persist, and heal.

Recent Findings

Concurrent with the achievement of hemostasis, neutrophils are the first cells to migrate to the wound bed, brought in by pro-inflammatory signals including IL-8. Their apoptosis and engulfment by macrophages (efferocytosis) provides a key signal to the local immune milieu, including macrophages, to transition to an anti-inflammatory, pro-repair state, where angiogenesis occurs and granulation tissue is laid down. Myofibroblasts, activated through contractile forces and signaling molecules, then drive remodeling, where granulation tissue becomes scar. Unchecked inflammation at this stage can result in abnormal scar formation.

Summary

Although the derangement of immune signals at any stage can result in impaired wound healing, recent research has shown that the key transition point lies between the inflammatory and the proliferative phases. This review summarizes the events that facilitate this transition and discusses how this process can be disrupted, leading to chronic, non-healing wounds.