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Land KL, Miller FG, Fugate AC, Hannon PR. The effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on ovarian- and ovulation-related fertility outcomes. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:608-631. [PMID: 36580349 PMCID: PMC10100123 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is unavoidable, which represents a public health concern given the ability of EDCs to target the ovary. However, there is a large gap in the knowledge about the impact of EDCs on ovarian function, including the process of ovulation. Defects in ovulation are the leading cause of infertility in women, and EDC exposures are contributing to the prevalence of infertility. Thus, investigating the effects of EDCs on the ovary and ovulation is an emerging area for research and is the focus of this review. The effects of EDCs on gametogenesis, uterine function, embryonic development, and other aspects of fertility are not addressed to focus on ovarian- and ovulation-related fertility issues. Herein, findings from epidemiological and basic science studies are summarized for several EDCs, including phthalates, bisphenols, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, flame retardants, parabens, and triclosan. Epidemiological literature suggests that exposure is associated with impaired fecundity and in vitro fertilization outcomes (decreased egg yield, pregnancies, and births), while basic science literature reports altered ovarian follicle and corpora lutea numbers, altered hormone levels, and impaired ovulatory processes. Future directions include identification of the mechanisms by which EDCs disrupt ovulation leading to infertility, especially in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Land
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Frances G. Miller
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Ava C. Fugate
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Patrick R. Hannon
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
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2
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Plante I, Winn LM, Vaillancourt C, Grigorova P, Parent L. Killing two birds with one stone: Pregnancy is a sensitive window for endocrine effects on both the mother and the fetus. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112435. [PMID: 34843719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a complex process requiring tremendous physiological changes in the mother in order to fulfill the needs of the growing fetus, and to give birth, expel the placenta and nurse the newborn. These physiological modifications are accompanied with psychological changes, as well as with variations in habits and behaviors. As a result, this period of life is considered as a sensitive window as impaired functional and physiological changes in the mother can have short- and long-term impacts on her health. In addition, dysregulation of the placenta and of mechanisms governing placentation have been linked to chronic diseases later-on in life for the fetus, in a concept known as the Developmental Origin of Health and Diseases (DOHaD). This concept stipulates that any change in the environment during the pre-conception and perinatal (in utero life and neonatal) period to puberty, can be "imprinted" in the organism, thereby impacting the health and risk of chronic diseases later in life. Pregnancy is a succession of events that is regulated, in large part, by hormones and growth factors. Therefore, small changes in hormonal balance can have important effects on both the mother and the developing fetus. An increasing number of studies demonstrate that exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) affect both the mother and the fetus giving rise to growing concerns surrounding these exposures. This review will give an overview of changes that happen during pregnancy with respect to the mother, the placenta, and the fetus, and of the current literature regarding the effects of EDCs during this specific sensitive window of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Plante
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada.
| | - Louise M Winn
- Queen's University, School of Environmental Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Petya Grigorova
- Département Science et Technologie, Université TELUQ, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lise Parent
- Département Science et Technologie, Université TELUQ, Montreal, QC, Canada
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3
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Dostalova P, Zatecka E, Ded L, Elzeinova F, Valaskova E, Kubatova A, Korenkova V, Langerova L, Komrskova K, Peknicova J. Gestational and pubertal exposure to low dose of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate impairs sperm quality in adult mice. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:175-184. [PMID: 32619501 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) is a compound widely used as a plasticizer, which can leach from plastics into the environment and thus influence human health. The aim of this study was to analyze whether exposure to an environmentally relevant dose of DEHP during mice fetal development or puberty can cause long-lasting changes detectable month/s after the last exposure. We used a DEHP concentration relevant to a daily human intake of 2.4-3 μg/kg of body weight/day. CD1 outbred mice were treated either in utero or postnatally during puberty and analyzed in adulthood. Analyzing fertility parameters using morphometric, histologic, genomic and proteomic methods we showed that DEHP exposure leads to decreased sperm concentration and quality, in both experimental groups. Moreover, the changes in anogenital distance, seminal vesicle weight, and testicular gene expression suggest a disturbance of androgen signaling in exposed animals. In conclusion, we hereby present, that the prenatal and pubertal exposure to a low dose of DEHP negatively influenced reproductive endpoints in male mice, and some of the effects were persistent until adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Dostalova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zatecka
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Ded
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Fatima Elzeinova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Valaskova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kubatova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vlasta Korenkova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Langerova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Komrskova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Peknicova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
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Boriollo MFG, Marques MB, da Silva TA, da Silva JJ, Dias RA, Silva Filho THN, Melo ILR, dos Santos Dias CT, Bernardo WLDC, de Mello Silva Oliveira N, Peters VM, Höfling JF, Spolidorio DMP. Antimicrobial potential, phytochemical profile, cytotoxic and genotoxic screening of Sedum praealtum A. DC. (balsam). BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:133. [PMID: 32349729 PMCID: PMC7191818 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedum praealtum has been used for a long time in traditional medicine as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Its beneficial effects have been known since ancient times, when Latinos used it to treat sore and swollen eyes. This research evaluated the antimicrobial potential, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, and some chromatographic profiles of the hydroethanolic extract of leaves, stems and roots of S. praealtum. METHODS The antimicrobial activities were carried out by broth microdilution and agar diffusion. In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by cell cultures of Aedes albopictus and the selectivity index (SI) was estimated: SI=CI50/MIC. Genotoxic and systemic toxic effects of S. praealtum leaves were analyzed by micronucleus assay in mice bone marrow. Chromatographic profiles and mass spectra were investigated by GC-MS. RESULTS Gram-positive (B. subtilis, B. cereus, M. luteus, E. faecalis and S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli, E. aerogenes, S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis and S. typhimurium) bacteria exhibited MICs ranging from 12.5-50 and 0-50 mg/ml, respectively. Sedum praealtum showed no efficacy against M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. Cytotoxicity (CI50) of S. praealtum was 4.22 and 5.96 mg/ml for leaves and stems, respectively, while its roots showed no cytotoxicity. Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) analyzes showed no differences between treatment doses (0.5-2 g/kg) and negative control (NaCl), but the PCE/NCE ratio (polychromatic erythrocyte/normochromatic erythrocyte) showed significant differences. Phytochemical screening identified thirteen compounds in the leaves, stems and roots of S. praealtum potentially associated with their biological activities. CONCLUSIONS This research comprises a first scientific study on genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effects of S. praealtum (Balsam), and it provides an initial theoretical foundation for its comprehensive use. Results showed antibacterial action of S. praealtum against gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative species (depending on the plant anatomical part), but ineffective antimycobacterial action. However, S. praealtum leaves and stems display potential cytotoxicity, contributing to the SI < 1 values. In addition, S. praealtum leaves exhibit no clastogenic and/or aneugenic effects, but it has systemic toxicity dose-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Fabiano Gomes Boriollo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP 13414-903 Brazil
| | - Milene Bueno Marques
- Center for Research and Postgraduate Studies in Animal Science, Pathology and Animal Pharmacology Area, University of Alfenas (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, MG 37132-440 Brazil
| | - Thaísla Andrielle da Silva
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP 13414-903 Brazil
| | - Jeferson Júnior da Silva
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP 13414-903 Brazil
| | - Reigson Alves Dias
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Alfenas (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, MG 37132-440 Brazil
| | - Thyago Henrique Neves Silva Filho
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Alfenas (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, MG 37132-440 Brazil
| | - Isadora Letícia Ribeiro Melo
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Alfenas (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, MG 37132-440 Brazil
| | - Carlos Tadeu dos Santos Dias
- Department of Exact Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Wagner Luís de Carvalho Bernardo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP 13414-903 Brazil
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Physiology and Oral Pathology, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOAr/UNESP), Araraquara, SP 14801-903 Brazil
| | - Nelma de Mello Silva Oliveira
- Center for Research and Postgraduate Studies in Animal Science, Pathology and Animal Pharmacology Area, University of Alfenas (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, MG 37132-440 Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Peters
- Reproductive Biology Center, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900 Brazil
| | - José Francisco Höfling
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP 13414-903 Brazil
| | - Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Physiology and Oral Pathology, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOAr/UNESP), Araraquara, SP 14801-903 Brazil
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Marzano G, Mastrorocco A, Zianni R, Mangiacotti M, Chiaravalle AE, Lacalandra GM, Minervini F, Cardinali A, Macciocca M, Vicenti R, Fabbri R, Hinrichs K, Dell'Aquila ME, Martino NA. Altered morphokinetics in equine embryos from oocytes exposed to DEHP during IVM. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1388-1404. [PMID: 31025442 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used plasticizer with endocrine-disrupting properties. In this study, we used an equine model to investigate DEHP concentrations in ovarian follicular fluid (FF), and to determine the effects of exposure of oocytes to potentially toxic concentrations of DEHP during in vitro maturation (IVM) on embryo development and quality. Embryo development was evaluated using time-lapse monitoring (TLM), a photomicroscopic tool that reveals abnormalities in cleavage kinetics unobservable by conventional morphology assessment. Blastocyst bioenergetic/oxidative status was assessed by confocal analysis. The possibility that verbascoside (VB), a bioactive polyphenol with antioxidant activity, could counteract DEHP-induced oocyte oxidative damage, was investigated. DEHP was detected in FF and in IVM media at concentrations up to 60 nM. Culture of oocytes in the presence of 500 nM DEHP delayed second polar body extrusion, reduced duration of the second cell cycle, and increased the percentage of embryos showing abrupt multiple cleavage, compared with controls. Mitochondrial activity and intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species were reduced in blastocysts from DEHP-exposed oocytes. VB addition during IVM limited DEHP-induced blastocyst damage. In conclusion, DEHP is detectable in equine FF and culture medium, and oocyte exposure to increased concentrations of DEHP during IVM affects preimplantation embryo development. Moreover, TLM, reported for the first time in the horse in this study, is an efficient tool for identifying altered morphokinetic parameters and cleavage abnormalities associated with exposure to toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Marzano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Mastrorocco
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosalia Zianni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Fiorenza Minervini
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Cardinali
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Macciocca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gynecology and Physiopathology of Human Reproductive Unit, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna,, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rossella Vicenti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gynecology and Physiopathology of Human Reproductive Unit, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna,, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fabbri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gynecology and Physiopathology of Human Reproductive Unit, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna,, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katrin Hinrichs
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Maria E Dell'Aquila
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola A Martino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Foggia, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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6
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Mei Y, Rongshuang M, Ruizhi Z, Hongyuan H, Qiyue T, Shuhua Z. Effects of Dimethyl Phthalate (DMP) on Serum Sex Hormone Levels and Apoptosis in C57 Female Mice. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2019; 17:e82882. [PMID: 31372171 PMCID: PMC6628229 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.82882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) on the reproductive system of mammal females are unclear because no studies have been conducted on this topic. METHODS In this study, 40 C57 female mice were used as experimental subjects and evenly divided into 8 groups, which were fed with mixed DMP (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg bw/day) and corn oil. After 20 days and 40 days of gavage, the mice were weighed and their individual ovary organ coefficients measured. RESULTS Changes were discovered on progesterone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in mouse serum, and on the apoptosis rate of ovarian granulosa cells. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged exposure to DMP led to decreased secretion of FSH hormones and increased secretion of E2 and LH hormones. Furthermore, DMP interfered with the pituitary-ovary axis and increased the apoptosis rate of ovarian granulosa cells. Therefore, prolonged exposure to DMP is likely to have negative effects on reproduction and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Mei
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China
| | - Ma Rongshuang
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China
| | - Zhang Ruizhi
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China
| | - Huang Hongyuan
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China
| | - Tan Qiyue
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China
| | - Zhao Shuhua
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China
- Corresponding Author: Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China. Tel: +86-13596077054,
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7
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Seyoum A, Pradhan A. Effect of phthalates on development, reproduction, fat metabolism and lifespan in Daphnia magna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:969-977. [PMID: 30453266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are used as plasticizers to increase durability, resistivity and flexibility of plastic materials. The commonly used phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is used in different plastic materials like food packaging, toys and medical devices. DEHP has been linked to different toxicities in humans as well as in animals, and as a consequence other phthalates, including dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) are being introduced. The increased use of phthalates has resulted in contamination of aquatic ecosystem and it directly threatens the aquatic life. In this study, we analyzed the effects of three phthalates DEHP, DEP and DBP using freshwater organism Daphnia magna. Although, exposure of the three phthalates at 1 and 10 μM did not result any lethality and hatching delay, the chronic exposure for 14 days resulted in reduction of body length. There was enhanced fat accumulation on exposure to all the phthalates, as indicated by oil red O staining. qRT-PCR analysis of genes involved in fat metabolism suggests that the increase in fat content could be due to inhibition of absorption and catabolism of fatty acids. Reproduction analysis showed that DBP and DEP did not alter fecundity but surprisingly, DEHP at 1 μM increased reproduction by 1.5 fold compared to control group. Phthalates also showed negative effect on lifespan as DEP at 10 μM and DBP at both 1 and 10 μM significantly reduced the lifespan. Our data indicates that along with the banned phthalate DEHP, the other substitute phthalates DEP and DBP could also have detrimental effect on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmerom Seyoum
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
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8
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Zhang JN, Zhang RQ, Liu JC, Li L, Shen W, Sun XF. Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Exposure Impairs the microRNAs Expression Profile During Primordial Follicle Assembly. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:877. [PMID: 31920986 PMCID: PMC6923199 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was performed to estimate the potential effects of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on changes of ovarian miRNA expression profile during mouse primordial follicle assembly using miRNAs-seq analysis. The ovaries of newborn mice were collected and in vitro cultured with different concentration of DEHP for 72 h. Then they were prepared for miRNAs-seq analysis. The results indicated that DEHP exposure altered ovarian miRNA expression profile of newborn mice. Eighteen differentially expressed miRNAs were screened after 100 μM DEHP exposure. The target mRNAs of differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted and further analyzed through gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and pathway enrichment analysis. Our results showed that the differentially expressed miRNAs from DEHP exposure can regulate ovarian development by targeting mRNAs involved in MAPK, mTOR, FoxO signaling pathways. Three miRNAs of miR-32-5p, miR-19a-3p, and miR-141-3p were randomly selected from the differentially expressed miRNAs to quantify their expression level by miRNA qRT-PCR. The results of qRT-PCR and miRNA-seq were consistent. Considering one of its target gene PTEN of miR-19a-3p and the decreased level of pAKT and increased Bax/Bcl-2 under DEHP exposure, we speculated that the altered expression of miR-19a-3p by DEHP exposure affected mouse primordial follicle assembly via PI3K/AKT1/mTOR signaling pathway. Epigenetic changes are one of the most important targets of toxicant exposure. The effects of DEHP exposure on microRNA (one of the epigenetic regulators) expression profile were uncovered to enrich the research on relationship of epigenetics and toxicant exposure.
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Li H, Li C, An L, Deng C, Su H, Wang L, Jiang Z, Zhou J, Wang J, Zhang C, Jin F. Phthalate esters in bottled drinking water and their human exposure in Beijing, China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 12:1-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1495272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihui An
- Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy for Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lufang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zejun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Cha S, Jung K, Lee MY, Hwang YJ, Yang E, Lee SH, Jung HI, Cheon YP. Nonmonotonic Effects of Chronic Low-Dose Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Gonadal Weight and Reproductive. Dev Reprod 2018; 22:85-94. [PMID: 29707687 PMCID: PMC5915770 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2018.22.1.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors have been concerned in toxicology but now challenged as
physiological point especially concerned with exposing dose and period. In this
study the low-dose chronic administration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthaltae (DEHP)
during reproductive period was examined to evaluate the possible roles. Adult
male and female CD-1 mice were exposed to DEHP with drinking water containing
133 1g/L and 1,330 /g/L DEHP in water according to OECD 433 guide line and
sacrificed just after weaning. The weights of uterus and ovary were decreased by
drinking of 1,330 /g/L DEHP water. There was not adverse effects on either
accumulated mating rate and mating rate depend on estrus stage, pregnancy
duration, and sex ration at birth. However, the accumulated rate of successful
delivery and litter size were significantly high at 1,330 dg/L DEHP water. The
number of epididymal sperm was significantly increased by drinking of 1,330 g/L
DEHP water. In addition, the number of follicles (primary, secondary, tertiary)
were more many than control at 1,330 /g/L DEHP water drunk mother. Though
further studies are needed to identify what are the mechanism of DEHP in
folliculogenesis and spermatogenesis. From this study we firstly report the
effect of low-dose chronic administration of DEHP with drinking could change the
ovarian follicle population size and spermatogenesis rate. Put together, those
finding is different from previous high-dose effects and suggest the
physiological role of DEHP in gonads and uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyeong Cha
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Kayeon Jung
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Yeon Jeong Hwang
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Eunhyeok Yang
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Dept. of Lifesicence, Sangmyung University, Soeul 03016, Korea
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yong-Pil Cheon
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
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Machtinger R, Gaskins AJ, Racowsky C, Mansur A, Adir M, Baccarelli AA, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Urinary concentrations of biomarkers of phthalates and phthalate alternatives and IVF outcomes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 111:23-31. [PMID: 29161633 PMCID: PMC5800972 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a class of chemicals found in a large variety of consumer products. Available experimental and limited human data show adverse effects of some phthalates on ovarian function, which has raised concerns regarding potential effects on fertility. The aim of the current study was to determine whether urinary concentrations of metabolites of phthalates and phthalate alternatives are associated with intermediate and clinical in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. We enrolled 136 women undergoing IVF in a Tertiary University Affiliated Hospital. Participants provided one to two urine samples per cycle during ovarian stimulation and before oocyte retrieval. IVF outcomes were abstracted from medical records. Concentrations of 17 phthalate metabolites and two metabolites of the phthalate alternative di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) were measured. Multivariable Poisson regression models with log link were used to analyze associations between tertiles of specific gravity adjusted phthalate or DINCH metabolites and number of total oocytes, mature oocytes, fertilized oocytes, and top quality embryos. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association between tertiles of specific gravity adjusted phthalate or DINCH metabolites and probability of live birth. Urinary concentrations of the sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (∑DEHP) and the individual metabolites mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate, mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate, and mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate were negatively associated with the number of total oocytes, mature oocytes, fertilized oocytes, and top quality embryos. Of the low molecular weight phthalates, higher monoethyl phthalate and mono-n-butyl phthalate concentrations were associated with significantly fewer total, mature, and fertilized oocytes. None of the urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations were associated with a reduced probability implantation, clinical pregnancy or live birth. Metabolites of DINCH were not associated with intermediate or clinical IVF outcomes. Our results suggest that DEHP may impair early IVF outcomes, specifically oocyte parameters. Additional research is needed to elucidate the potential effect of DEHP on female fertility in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Machtinger
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel- Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Audrey J Gaskins
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Abdallah Mansur
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel- Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Adir
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel- Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Environmental Precision Biosciences Laboratory, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Buckner SL, Pruitt AN, Thomas CN, Amin MY, Miller LL, Wiley FE, Sabbatini ME. Di-N-octylphthalate acts as a proliferative agent in murine cell hepatocytes by regulating the levels of TGF-β and pro-apoptotic proteins. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:166-175. [PMID: 29128616 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Di-n-octylphthalate (DNOP) is a phthalate used in the manufacturing of a wide variety of polyvinyl chloride-containing medical and consumer products. A study on chronic exposure to DNOP in rodents showed the development of pre-neoplastic hepatic lesions following exposure to a tumor initiator. The objective of this study was to identify the mechanisms by which DNOP leads to pre-neoplastic hepatic lesions. Mouse hepatocyte AML-12 and FL83B cells were treated with DNOP. The rate of cell proliferation was increased in treated cells in a concentration-dependent manner. DNOP increased the expression of transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β) in both cell lines, and primary culture mouse hepatocytes. The TGF-β receptor inhibitor LY2109761 impaired the effect of DNOP. The presence of pro-apoptotic proteins decreased in the presence of DNOP. Our observation indicates that DNOP, through an increase in the expression of tgf-β and a decrease in the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, acts as a proliferative agent in normal mouse hepatocytes. We also studied the morphological and functional changes of the mouse liver upon a short-term treatment of DNOP. Mice exposed to DNOP displayed an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cholestasis, which was reflected in an increase in hepatic bile acids and glutathione levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Buckner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Summerville Campus, Augusta University, 2500 Walton Way, Augusta, GA 30904, United States
| | - Allison N Pruitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Summerville Campus, Augusta University, 2500 Walton Way, Augusta, GA 30904, United States
| | - Cecilia N Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Summerville Campus, Augusta University, 2500 Walton Way, Augusta, GA 30904, United States
| | - Monisha Y Amin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Summerville Campus, Augusta University, 2500 Walton Way, Augusta, GA 30904, United States
| | - Laurence L Miller
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Summerville Campus, Augusta University, 2500 Walton Way, Augusta, GA 30904, United States
| | - Faith E Wiley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Summerville Campus, Augusta University, 2500 Walton Way, Augusta, GA 30904, United States
| | - Maria Eugenia Sabbatini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Summerville Campus, Augusta University, 2500 Walton Way, Augusta, GA 30904, United States.
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13
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Wen HJ, Chen CC, Wu MT, Chen ML, Sun CW, Wu WC, Huang IW, Huang PC, Yu TY, Hsiung CA, Wang SL. Phthalate exposure and reproductive hormones and sex-hormone binding globulin before puberty - Phthalate contaminated-foodstuff episode in Taiwan. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175536. [PMID: 28410414 PMCID: PMC5391940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In May 2011, a major incident involving phthalates-contaminated foodstuffs occurred in Taiwan. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was added to foodstuffs, mainly juice, jelly, tea, sports drink, and dietary supplements. Concerns arose that normal pubertal development, especially reproductive hormone regulation in children, could be disrupted by DEHP exposure. Objective To investigate the association between phthalate exposure and reproductive hormone levels among children following potential exposure to phthalate-tainted foodstuffs. Methods A total of 239 children aged <12 years old were recruited from 3 hospitals in north, central, and south Taiwan after the episode. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the frequency and quantity of exposures to 5 categories of phthalate-contaminated foodstuffs to assess phthalate exposure in children. Urine samples were collected for the measurement of phthalate metabolites. The estimated daily intake of DEHP exposure at the time of the contamination incident occurred was calculated using both questionnaire data and urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations. Multiple regression analyses were applied to assess associations between phthalate exposure and reproductive hormone levels in children. Results After excluding children with missing data regarding exposure levels and hormone concentrations and girls with menstruation, 222 children were included in the statistical analyses. After adjustment for age and birth weight, girls with above median levels of urinary mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, and sum of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate concentrations had higher odds of above median follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations. Girls with above median estimated average daily DEHP exposures following the contamination episode also had higher odds of sex hormone-binding globulin above median levels. Conclusions Phthalate exposure was associated with alterations of reproductive hormone levels in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Wen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chih Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Sun
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chiu Wu
- Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Huang
- Department of gynecology and obstetrics, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Yu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chao A. Hsiung
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Division of Health Policy Translation, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CAH); (SLW)
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CAH); (SLW)
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14
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Simultaneous di-oxygenation and denitrification in an internal circulation baffled bioreactor. Biodegradation 2017; 28:195-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-017-9788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Peng GJ, Chang MH, Fang M, Liao CD, Tsai CF, Tseng SH, Kao YM, Chou HK, Cheng HF. Incidents of major food adulteration in Taiwan between 2011 and 2015. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Mariana M, Feiteiro J, Verde I, Cairrao E. The effects of phthalates in the cardiovascular and reproductive systems: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:758-776. [PMID: 27424259 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Every year millions of tons of plastic are produced around the world and humans are increasingly exposed to them. This constant exposure to plastics has raised some concerns against human health, particularly when it comes to phthalates. These compounds have endocrine-disrupting properties, as they have the ability to bind molecular targets in the body and interfere with hormonal function and quantity. The main use of phthalates is to give flexibility to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymers. Phthalates are found in a variety of industrial and consumer products, and as they are not covalently bound to the plastic, phthalates contaminate the environment from which human exposure occurs. Studies in human and animal populations suggest a correlation between phthalate exposure and adverse health outcomes, particularly at the reproductive and cardiovascular systems, however there is much less information about the phthalate toxicity of the later. Thus, the main purpose of this review is to present the studies relating the effects already stated of phthalates on the cardiovascular and reproductive systems, and also present the link between these two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Mariana
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Joana Feiteiro
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ignacio Verde
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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17
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18
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Kwon B, Ji K. Estrogenic and Androgenic Potential of Phthalates and Their Alternatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5668/jehs.2016.42.3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Somasundaram DB, Selvanesan BC, Ramachandran I, Bhaskaran RS. Lactational Exposure to Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Impairs the Ovarian and Uterine Function of Adult Offspring Rat. Reprod Sci 2015; 23:549-59. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719115607995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Babu Somasundaram
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ilangovan Ramachandran
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravi Sankar Bhaskaran
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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20
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Kalo D, Hadas R, Furman O, Ben-Ari J, Maor Y, Patterson DG, Tomey C, Roth Z. Carryover Effects of Acute DEHP Exposure on Ovarian Function and Oocyte Developmental Competence in Lactating Cows. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130896. [PMID: 26154164 PMCID: PMC4496077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined acute exposure of Holstein cows to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its carryover effects on ovarian function and oocyte developmental competence. Synchronized cows were tube-fed with water or 100 mg/kg DEHP per day for 3 days. Blood, urine and milk samples were collected before, during and after DEHP exposure to examine its clearance pattern. Ovarian follicular dynamics was monitored through an entire estrous cycle by ultrasonographic scanning. Follicular fluids were aspirated from the preovulatory follicles on days 0 and 29 of the experiment and analyzed for phthalate metabolites and estradiol concentration. The aspirated follicular fluid was used as maturation medium for in-vitro embryo production. Findings revealed that DEHP impairs the pattern of follicular development, with a prominent effect on dominant follicles. The diameter and growth rate of the first- and second-wave dominant follicles were lower (P < 0.05) in the DEHP-treated group. Estradiol concentration in the follicular fluid was lower in the DEHP-treated group than in controls, and associated with a higher number of follicular pathologies (follicle diameter >25 mm). The pattern of growth and regression of the corpus luteum differed between groups, with a lower volume in the DEHP-treated group (P < 0.05). The follicular fluid aspirated from the DEHP-treated group, but not the controls, contained 23 nM mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Culturing of cumulus oocyte complexes in the follicular fluid aspirated from DEHP-treated cows reduced the proportion of oocytes progressing to the MII stage, and the proportions of 2- to 4-cell-stage embryos (P < 0.04) and 7-day blastocysts (P < 0.06). The results describe the risk associated with acute exposure to DEHP and its deleterious carryover effects on ovarian function, nuclear maturation and oocyte developmental competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Kalo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ron Hadas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ori Furman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Julius Ben-Ari
- Interdepartmental Equipment Facility, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yehoshua Maor
- Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | | | - Cynthia Tomey
- AXYS Analytical Services Inc., Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 5X2, Canada
| | - Zvi Roth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kay VR, Bloom MS, Foster WG. Reproductive and developmental effects of phthalate diesters in males. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:467-98. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.875983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Furr JR, Lambright CS, Wilson VS, Foster PM, Gray LE. A short-term in vivo screen using fetal testosterone production, a key event in the phthalate adverse outcome pathway, to predict disruption of sexual differentiation. Toxicol Sci 2014; 140:403-24. [PMID: 24798384 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to develop and validate a short-term in vivo protocol termed the Fetal Phthalate Screen (FPS) to detect phthalate esters (PEs) and other chemicals that disrupt fetal testosterone synthesis and testis gene expression in rats. We propose that the FPS can be used to screen chemicals that produce adverse developmental outcomes via disruption of the androgen synthesis pathway more rapidly and efficiently, and with fewer animals than a postnatal one-generation study. Pregnant rats were dosed from gestational day (GD) 14 to 18 at one dose level with one of 27 chemicals including PEs, PE alternatives, pesticides known to inhibit steroidogenesis, an estrogen and a potent PPARα agonist and ex vivo testis testosterone production (T Prod) was measured on GD 18. We also included some chemicals with "unknown" activity including DMEP, DHeP, DHEH, DPHCH, DAP, TOTM, tetrabromo-diethyl hexyl phthalate (BrDEHP), and a relatively potent environmental estrogen BPAF. Dose-response studies also were conducted with this protocol with 11 of the above chemicals to determine their relative potencies. CD-1 mice also were exposed to varying dose levels of DPeP from GD 13 to 17 to determine if DPeP reduced T Prod in this species since there is a discrepancy among the results of in utero studies of PEs in mice. Compared to the known male reproductive effects of the PEs in rats the FPS correctly identified all known "positives" and "negatives" tested. Seven of eight "unknowns" tested were "negatives", they did not reduce T Prod, whereas DAP produced an "equivocal" response. Finally, a dose-response study with DPeP in CD-1 mice revealed that fetal T Prod can be inhibited by exposure to a PE in utero in this species, but at a higher dose level than required in rats.Key words. Phthalate Syndrome, Fetal endocrine biomarkers, Phthalate adverse outcome pathway, testosterone production, fetal rat testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan R Furr
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, TAD, NHEERL, ORD, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
| | - Christy S Lambright
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, TAD, NHEERL, ORD, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
| | - Vickie S Wilson
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, TAD, NHEERL, ORD, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
| | - Paul M Foster
- National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Leon E Gray
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, TAD, NHEERL, ORD, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
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23
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Ventrice P, Ventrice D, Russo E, De Sarro G. Phthalates: European regulation, chemistry, pharmacokinetic and related toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:88-96. [PMID: 23603460 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are chemicals widely used in industry and the consequences for human health caused by exposure to these agents are of significant current interest. Phthalate toxicity targets the reproductive and respiratory systems primarily, but they also may be involved in the processes of carcinogenesis and even in autism spectrum disorders. This article discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in organ toxicity of phthalates; furthermore, pharmacokinetic, chemistry and the European regulation are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Ventrice
- Chair of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Italy
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24
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Abstract
Phthalate diesters, widely used in flexible plastics and consumer products, have become prevalent contaminants in the environment. Human exposure is ubiquitous and higher phthalate metabolite concentrations documented in patients using medications with phthalate-containing slow release capsules raises concerns for potential health effects. Furthermore, animal studies suggest that phthalate exposure can modulate circulating hormone concentrations and thus may be able to adversely affect reproductive physiology and the development of estrogen sensitive target tissues. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the epidemiological and experimental animal literature examining the relationship between phthalate exposure and adverse female reproductive health outcomes. The epidemiological literature is sparse for most outcomes studied and plagued by small sample size, methodological weaknesses, and thus fails to support a conclusion of an adverse effect of phthalate exposure. Despite a paucity of experimental animal studies for several phthalates, we conclude that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that phthalates are reproductive toxicants. However, we note that the concentrations needed to induce adverse health effects are high compared to the concentrations measured in contemporary human biomonitoring studies. We propose that the current patchwork of studies, potential for additive effects and evidence of adverse effects of phthalate exposure in subsequent generations and at lower concentrations than in the parental generation support the need for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Kay
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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25
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Dodson RE, Nishioka M, Standley LJ, Perovich LJ, Brody JG, Rudel RA. Endocrine disruptors and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:935-43. [PMID: 22398195 PMCID: PMC3404651 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory and human studies raise concerns about endocrine disruption and asthma resulting from exposure to chemicals in consumer products. Limited labeling or testing information is available to evaluate products as exposure sources. OBJECTIVES We analytically quantified endocrine disruptors and asthma-related chemicals in a range of cosmetics, personal care products, cleaners, sunscreens, and vinyl products. We also evaluated whether product labels provide information that can be used to select products without these chemicals. METHODS We selected 213 commercial products representing 50 product types. We tested 42 composited samples of high-market-share products, and we tested 43 alternative products identified using criteria expected to minimize target compounds. Analytes included parabens, phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan, ethanolamines, alkylphenols, fragrances, glycol ethers, cyclosiloxanes, and ultraviolet (UV) filters. RESULTS We detected 55 compounds, indicating a wide range of exposures from common products. Vinyl products contained > 10% bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and could be an important source of DEHP in homes. In other products, the highest concentrations and numbers of detects were in the fragranced products (e.g., perfume, air fresheners, and dryer sheets) and in sunscreens. Some products that did not contain the well-known endocrine-disrupting phthalates contained other less-studied phthalates (dicyclohexyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, and di-n-propyl phthalate; also endocrine-disrupting compounds), suggesting a substitution. Many detected chemicals were not listed on product labels. CONCLUSIONS Common products contain complex mixtures of EDCs and asthma-related compounds. Toxicological studies of these mixtures are needed to understand their biological activity. Regarding epidemiology, our findings raise concern about potential confounding from co-occurring chemicals and misclassification due to variability in product composition. Consumers should be able to avoid some target chemicals-synthetic fragrances, BPA, and regulated active ingredients-using purchasing criteria. More complete product labeling would enable consumers to avoid the rest of the target chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Dodson
- Silent Spring Institute, Newton, Massachusetts 02458, USA.
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Johnson KJ, Heger NE, Boekelheide K. Of mice and men (and rats): phthalate-induced fetal testis endocrine disruption is species-dependent. Toxicol Sci 2012; 129:235-48. [PMID: 22700540 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 15 years, reproductive toxicologists have explored the physiological outcomes and mechanism of fetal phthalate exposure to determine the risk posed to human male reproductive health. This review examines the fetal male reproductive system response to phthalate exposure across species including rat, mouse, and human, with emphasis on the testis. In the rat, in utero phthalate exposure causes male reproductive tract malformations, in large part, by targeting the testis and inhibiting fetal Leydig cell hormone production. Despite mouse phthalate pharmacokinetics being similar to the rat, inhibition of fetal Leydig cell hormone synthesis is not observed in the mouse. The species-specific differences in testicular response following in utero phthalate exposure and the discordant reaction of the rodent fetal testis when exposed to phthalates ex vivo versus in vivo have made determining risk to humans difficult, yet critically important. The recent use of fetal testis xenotransplants to study phthalate toxicity suggests that the human fetal testis responds like the mouse fetal testis; it appears refractory to phthalate-induced inhibition of testosterone production. Although this result is unfulfilling from the perspective of identifying environmental contributions to human reproductive maldevelopment, it has important implications for phthalate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamin J Johnson
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, USA.
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Mendiola J, Meeker JD, Jørgensen N, Andersson AM, Liu F, Calafat AM, Redmon JB, Drobnis EZ, Sparks AE, Wang C, Hauser R, Swan SH. Urinary concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites and serum reproductive hormones: pooled analysis of fertile and infertile men. JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2012; 33:488-98. [PMID: 21597090 PMCID: PMC3433231 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.111.013557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Urinary concentrations of metabolites of the anti-androgenic xenobiotic di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were previously shown to be weakly associated with serum levels of several hormones in 2 disparate US populations: partners of pregnant women participating in the Study for Future Families and partners in infertile couples from Massachusetts General Hospital infertility clinic. The observed associations between phthalate metabolites and reproductive hormones were robust and insensitive to the characteristics of the subpopulation or the laboratory in which the hormones were measured, despite the fact that these 2 populations span a range of fertility, urinary phthalate metabolites, and reproductive hormone levels. We therefore examined associations between urinary metabolites of DEHP and reproductive hormones-follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone (T), inhibin B, and estradiol (E(2))-and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in the pooled population. The magnitude of the associations seen were similar to those reported for each population separately, but effect estimates were more precise because of the increased sample size and the greater range of phthalate metabolite concentrations and hormone levels. Urinary concentrations of 3 metabolites of DEHP [mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)] were inversely associated with the free androgen index (FAI = T/SHBG) and calculated free testosterone. Urinary concentrations of MEHHP and MEOHP were positively associated with SHBG, and MEHP was inversely associated with E(2). No other phthalate metabolites were associated with serum hormones, consistent with results in each population. Our results in this diverse population suggest that DEHP exposure is robustly associated with some male sex steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Mendiola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John D. Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - J. Bruce Redmon
- Departments of Medicine and Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Erma Z. Drobnis
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Amy E. Sparks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IO 52242, USA
| | - Christina Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Vincent Memorial Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Andrology Laboratory and In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shanna H. Swan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Ambruosi B, Filioli Uranio M, Sardanelli AM, Pocar P, Martino NA, Paternoster MS, Amati F, Dell'Aquila ME. In vitro acute exposure to DEHP affects oocyte meiotic maturation, energy and oxidative stress parameters in a large animal model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27452. [PMID: 22076161 PMCID: PMC3208636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental contaminants because of their use in plastics and other common consumer products. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most abundant phthalate and it impairs fertility by acting as an endocrine disruptor. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of in vitro acute exposure to DEHP on oocyte maturation, energy and oxidative status in the horse, a large animal model. Cumulus cell (CC) apoptosis and oxidative status were also investigated. Cumulus-oocyte complexes from the ovaries of slaughtered mares were cultured in vitro in presence of 0.12, 12 and 1200 µM DEHP. After in vitro maturation (IVM), CCs were removed and evaluated for apoptosis (cytological assessment and TUNEL) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Oocytes were evaluated for nuclear chromatin configuration. Matured (Metaphase II stage; MII) oocytes were further evaluated for cytoplasmic energy and oxidative parameters. DEHP significantly inhibited oocyte maturation when added at low doses (0.12 µM; P<0.05). This effect was related to increased CC apoptosis (P<0.001) and reduced ROS levels (P<0.0001). At higher doses (12 and 1200 µM), DEHP induced apoptosis (P<0.0001) and ROS increase (P<0.0001) in CCs without affecting oocyte maturation. In DEHP-exposed MII oocytes, mitochondrial distribution patterns, apparent energy status (MitoTracker fluorescence intensity), intracellular ROS localization and levels, mt/ROS colocalization and total SOD activity did not vary, whereas increased ATP content (P<0.05), possibly of glycolytic origin, was found. Co-treatment with N-Acetyl-Cysteine reversed apoptosis and efficiently scavenged excessive ROS in DEHP-treated CCs without enhancing oocyte maturation. In conclusion, acute in vitro exposure to DEHP inhibits equine oocyte maturation without altering ooplasmic energy and oxidative stress parameters in matured oocytes which retain the potential to be fertilized and develop into embryos even though further studies are necessary to confirm this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ambruosi
- Department of Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Manuel Filioli Uranio
- Department of Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Maria Sardanelli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Pocar
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Amati
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Prenatal developmental toxicity studies on di-n-heptyl and di-n-octyl phthalates in Sprague-Dawley rats. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:268-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Mendiola J, Jørgensen N, Andersson AM, Calafat AM, Silva MJ, Redmon JB, Sparks A, Drobnis EZ, Wang C, Liu F, Swan SH. Associations between urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and reproductive hormones in fertile men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2011; 34:369-78. [PMID: 20633195 PMCID: PMC3529299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Widely used man-made chemicals, including phthalates, can induce hormonal alterations through a variety of cellular and molecular mechanisms. A number of rodent and observational studies have consistently demonstrated the anti-androgenic effect of several phthalates. However, there are only limited data on the relationship between exposure to these chemicals and reproductive hormone levels in men. All men (n=425) were partners of pregnant women who participated in the Study for Future Families in five US cities and provided urine and serum samples on the same day. Eleven phthalate metabolites were measured in urine and serum samples were analysed for reproductive hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, inhibin B and oestradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Pearson correlations and parametric tests were used for unadjusted analyses, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed controlling for appropriate covariates. We observed weak or no associations with urinary phthalates other than di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). All measures of testosterone [total, calculated free testosterone and the free androgen index (FAI)] were inversely correlated with the urinary concentrations of four DEHP metabolites. After adjustment by appropriate covariates, there was no longer an association between urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations and total testosterone levels; however, FAI was significantly associated with the urinary concentrations of several DEHP metabolites. SHBG was positively related to the urinary concentrations of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, but not with other DEHP metabolites, an association that was attenuated after adjustment. Our results suggest that DEHP exposure of fertile men is associated with minor alterations of markers of free testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mendiola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Saillenfait AM, Roudot AC, Gallissot F, Sabaté JP, Chagnon MC. Developmental toxic potential of di-n-propyl phthalate administered orally to rats. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 31:36-44. [PMID: 20652869 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the developmental toxic potential of di-n-propyl phthalate (DnPP) in rats. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given DnPP at doses of 0 (olive oil), 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g kg⁻¹ per day, by gavage, on gestation days 6-20. Benchmark doses were calculated for the effects of DnPP on fetal weight and anogenital distance of the male fetuses. Maternal body weight gain was significantly reduced at 1.5 g kg⁻¹ per day, over gestation days 6-9. DnPP-treated dams also showed a statistically significant increase in liver weight and a mild but statistically significant peroxisomal enzyme induction at 1 or 1.5 g kg⁻¹ per day. Male and female fetal body weights were significantly reduced at 1.5 g kg⁻¹ per day. There was a statistically significant decrease in the anogenital distance of the male fetuses at 1 and 1.5 g kg⁻¹ per day, and three males (of 75) showed malpositioned testis at the high dose. The mean percentage of fetuses per litter with cervical and thoracic rudimentary ribs was significantly increased at 1 and 1.5 g kg⁻¹ per day. Delayed ossification was seen at 1 g kg⁻¹ per day (phalanges) and 1.5 g kg⁻¹ per day (hyoid, sternebrae, and phalanges). No treatment-related effects on prenatal viability or on fetal external or visceral malformations or variations were observed at any dose. Thus, there was no evidence of teratogenicity up to the high dose of 1.5 g kg⁻¹ per day. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for developmental toxicity was 0.5 g kg⁻¹ per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Saillenfait
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
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Endocrine disrupters—A threat to women's health? Maturitas 2011; 68:111-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rhind SM, Kyle CE, Mackie C, McDonald L, Zhang Z, Duff EI, Bellingham M, Amezaga MR, Mandon-Pepin B, Loup B, Cotinot C, Evans NP, Sharpe RM, Fowler PA. Maternal and fetal tissue accumulation of selected endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) following exposure to sewage sludge-treated pastures before or after conception. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING : JEM 2010; 12:1582-93. [PMID: 20676422 PMCID: PMC3175732 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00009d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver concentrations of selected pollutant classes were determined in groups of sheep fetuses and their dams, at 55 (Experiment 1) and 110 (Experiment 2) days of gestation (term = 145 d) following exposure, throughout their breeding lives and after mating, to pasture treated with either inorganic fertiliser (control, CC) or with sewage sludge (treated, TT). In a unique study designed to separate the respective contributions of environmental sources and mobilised tissue to the available EDC burden, in additional groups of animals, pollutant burdens at 110 days gestation were assessed following exposure to the respective treatments, either throughout their breeding lives until mating, but not thereafter (TC), or only between mating and slaughter (CT) (Experiment 3). With very few exceptions, maternal and fetal liver concentrations of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were not significantly affected by sludge exposure in any group. In some cases, maternal and fetal tissue EDC concentrations were different but the differences were not consistent, and maternal and fetal concentrations of none of the classes of chemical were significantly correlated. It was not possible to identify a single chemical, or class of chemical, that may be responsible for previously observed physiological effects of exposure to sludge-treated pastures. It is concluded that exposure of sheep to pastures fertilised with sewage sludge was not associated with increased liver concentrations of EDCs, irrespective of the stage of development at which they were measured and of maternal tissue mobilisation and EDC release during gestation. Thus, retrospective measurements of EDC tissue burdens could not be used to accurately assess earlier fetal EDC insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Rhind
- Macaulay Land Use Research Institute , Craigiebuckler , Aberdeen , AB15 8QH , UK . ; Fax: +44 (0) 1224 395010 ; Tel: +44 (0) 1224 395228
| | - C. E. Kyle
- Macaulay Land Use Research Institute , Craigiebuckler , Aberdeen , AB15 8QH , UK . ; Fax: +44 (0) 1224 395010 ; Tel: +44 (0) 1224 395228
| | - C. Mackie
- Macaulay Land Use Research Institute , Craigiebuckler , Aberdeen , AB15 8QH , UK . ; Fax: +44 (0) 1224 395010 ; Tel: +44 (0) 1224 395228
| | - L. McDonald
- Macaulay Land Use Research Institute , Craigiebuckler , Aberdeen , AB15 8QH , UK . ; Fax: +44 (0) 1224 395010 ; Tel: +44 (0) 1224 395228
| | - Z. Zhang
- Macaulay Land Use Research Institute , Craigiebuckler , Aberdeen , AB15 8QH , UK . ; Fax: +44 (0) 1224 395010 ; Tel: +44 (0) 1224 395228
| | - E. I. Duff
- Biomathematics and Statistics , Scotland , Craigiebuckler , Aberdeen , AB15 8QH , Scotland, UK
| | - M. Bellingham
- Division of Cell Sciences , Institute of Comparative Medicine , University of Glasgow Veterinary School , Glasgow , G61 1QH , UK
| | - M. R. Amezaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Institute of Medical Sciences , CLSM , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , Aberdeen , AB25 2ZD , UK
| | - B. Mandon-Pepin
- INRA , UMR 1198 , Biologie du Developpement et de la Reproduction , 78350 , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - B. Loup
- INRA , UMR 1198 , Biologie du Developpement et de la Reproduction , 78350 , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - C. Cotinot
- INRA , UMR 1198 , Biologie du Developpement et de la Reproduction , 78350 , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - N. P. Evans
- Division of Cell Sciences , Institute of Comparative Medicine , University of Glasgow Veterinary School , Glasgow , G61 1QH , UK
| | - R. M. Sharpe
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit , Queen's Medical Research Institute , University of Edinburgh , 47 Little France Crescent , Edinburgh , EH16 4TJ , UK
| | - P. A. Fowler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Institute of Medical Sciences , CLSM , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , Aberdeen , AB25 2ZD , UK
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Migration of phthalates from soft PVC packaging into shower and bath gels and assessment of consumer risk. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-010-0620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Scott HM, Mason JI, Sharpe RM. Steroidogenesis in the fetal testis and its susceptibility to disruption by exogenous compounds. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:883-925. [PMID: 19887492 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Masculinization depends on adequate production of testosterone by the fetal testis within a specific "masculinization programming window." Disorders resulting from subtle deficiencies in this process are common in humans, and environmental exposures/lifestyle could contribute causally because common therapeutic and environmental compounds can affect steroidogenesis. This evidence derives mainly from rodent studies, but because there are major species differences in regulation of steroidogenesis in the fetal testis, this may not always be a guide to potential effects in the human. In addition to direct study of the effects of compounds on steroidogenesis, information also derives from study of masculinization disorders that result from mutations in genes in pathways regulating steroidogenesis. This review addresses this issue by critically reviewing the comparative timing of production and regulation of steroidogenesis in the fetal testis of humans and of rodents and its susceptibility to disruption; where there is limited information for the fetus, evidence from effects on steroidogenesis in the adult testis is considered. There are a number of fundamental regulatory differences between the human and rodent fetal testis, most notably in the importance of paracrine vs. endocrine drives during masculinization such that inactivating LH receptor mutations block masculinization in humans but not in rodents. Other large differences involve the steroidogenic response to estrogens and GnRH analogs and possibly phthalates, whereas for other compounds there may be differences in sensitivity to disruption (ketoconazole). This comparison identifies steroidogenic targets that are either vulnerable (mitochondrial cholesterol transport, CYP11A, CYP17) or not (cholesterol uptake) to chemical interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley M Scott
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Kamrin MA. Phthalate risks, phthalate regulation, and public health: a review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2009; 12:157-174. [PMID: 19235623 DOI: 10.1080/10937400902729226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As a result of concerns about the toxicity of phthalates to humans, several expert panels were convened toward the end of the 1990s to evaluate the implications of the scientific evidence for the risks of phthalates to humans of all ages. These panels concluded that the risks were low although they had concerns about specific applications of some phthalates, e.g., in medical devices. These groups identified data gaps and recommended additional studies on exposure and toxicity be conducted. In light of the additional data, reevaluations of the risks of phthalates were conducted. While these assessments were being undertaken, U.S. state governments and European authorities proposed and promulgated regulations to limit the use of certain phthalates, i.e., di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), especially in consumer products to which children are exposed. Very recently, similar regulations were promulgated in the United States under the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008. This article summarizes recent evaluations of the risks of these phthalates, and addresses the public health implications of the regulations that were enacted. The analysis considers biomonitoring studies and epidemiological research in addition to laboratory animal evidence. Analysis of all of the available data leads to the conclusion that the risks are low, even lower than originally thought, and that there is no convincing evidence of adverse effects on humans. Since the scientific evidence strongly suggests that risks to humans are low, phthalate regulations that have been enacted are unlikely to lead to any marked improvement in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kamrin
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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Matsumoto M, Hirata-Koizumi M, Ema M. Potential adverse effects of phthalic acid esters on human health: A review of recent studies on reproduction. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 50:37-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xie Z, Ebinghaus R, Temme C, Lohmann R, Caba A, Ruck W. Occurrence and air-sea exchange of phthalates in the Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:4555-60. [PMID: 17695896 DOI: 10.1021/es0630240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Air and seawater samples were taken simultaneously to investigate the distribution and air-sea gas exchange of phthalates in the Arctic onboard the German Research Ship FS Polarstern. Samples were collected on expeditions ARK XX1&2 from the North Sea to the high Arctic (60 degrees N-85 degrees N) in the summer of 2004. The concentration of sigma6 phthalates (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-i-butyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)) ranged from 30 to 5030 pg L(-1) in the aqueous dissolved phase and from 1110 to 3090 pg m(-3) in the atmospheric gas phase. A decreasing latitudinal trend was present in the seawater and to a lesser degree in the atmosphere from the Norwegian coast to the high Arctic. Overall, deposition dominated the air-sea gas exchange for DEHP, while volatilization from seawater took place in the near-coast environment. The estimated net gas deposition of DEHP was 5, 30, and 190 t year(-1) for the Norwegian Sea, the Greenland Sea, and the Arctic, respectively. This suggests that atmospheric transport and deposition of phthalates is a significant process for their occurrence in the remote Atlantic and Arctic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Xie
- GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, Institute for Coastal Research, Max-Planck Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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Kim YH, Seo HS, Min J, Kim YC, Ban YH, Han KY, Park JS, Bae KD, Gu MB, Lee J. Enhanced degradation and toxicity reduction of dihexyl phthalate by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi cutinase. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:221-8. [PMID: 17184338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This research aims to investigate the efficiency of two lipolytic enzymes--fungal cutinase and yeast esterase--upon the biodegradation of dihexyl phthalate (DHP). METHOD AND RESULTS During the enzymatic degradation of DHP dissolved in methanol, several degradation products were detected and their time-course changes were monitored using GC/MS. The DHP-degradation rate of cutinase was surprisingly high; i.e. almost 70% of the initial DHP (500 mg l(-1)) was decomposed within 4.5 h. Although the same amount of esterase was employed, more than 85% of the DHP remained after 3 days. Almost all the DHP was converted by cutinase into 1,3-isobenzofurandione (IBF), whereas hexyl methyl phthalate and IBF were abundantly produced by esterase. In addition, the toxicities of the DHP-degraded products by esterase were evaluated using various recombinant bioluminescent bacteria, which caused oxidative and protein damage, whereas the hydrolysis products from cutinase never caused any cellular damage in the methanol-containing reaction system. CONCLUSIONS Cutinase starts to act as a DHP-degrader much earlier and faster than esterase, with high stability in ester-hydrolytic activity, therefore a plausible approach to the practical application of cutinase for DHP degradation in the DHP-contaminated environments may be possible. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study describes the enhanced degradation and detoxification of DHP using Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi cutinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Kim
- School of Life Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
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Gray LE, Laskey J, Ostby J. Chronic Di-n-butyl Phthalate Exposure in Rats Reduces Fertility and Alters Ovarian Function During Pregnancy in Female Long Evans Hooded Rats. Toxicol Sci 2006; 93:189-95. [PMID: 16763070 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Testis function in fetal and peripubertal male rats is disrupted by subchronic exposure to phthalate esters (PEs). In contrast to the male rat, it is generally held that reproduction in female rats is much less sensitive to phthalate-induced disruption. However, the current study demonstrates that oral administration of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) to female Long Evans (LE) hooded rats from weaning, through puberty, mating, and gestation disrupts pregnancy maintenance at dose levels similar to those that affect testis function in male rats. Administration of 500 and 1000 mg DBP/kg/day, but not 250 mg DBP/kg/day, to female LE rats induced midpregnancy abortions. The percentage of females delivering live pups was reduced by more than 50% at 500 mg/kg/day and by 90% at 1000 mg/kg/day in the absence of overt toxicity, whereas the ages at vaginal opening and first estrus, estrous cyclicity, and mating indices (N mated/N paired or N pregnant/N mated) were not significantly affected. On gestational day 13, prior to the stage when litters were being aborted, ex vivo ovarian hormone production was significantly decreased by in vivo DBP treatment at 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day. These results should be considered when evaluating mechanisms of reproductive toxicity for the PE because it is likely that these reproductive alterations in the female rat arise via a mode of action similar to that operative in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Earl Gray
- Endocrinology Branch, Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Reddy BS, Rozati R, Reddy BVR, Raman NVVSS. General gynaecology: Association of phthalate esters with endometriosis in Indian women. BJOG 2006; 113:515-20. [PMID: 16637895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possible association between phthalate esters (PEs) and the occurrence of endometriosis. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Department of Reproductive Medicine, Bhagawan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Maternal Health and Reproductive Institute and Department of Analytical R&D, Hetero Research Foundation, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. SAMPLE Blood samples were collected from 49 infertile women with endometriosis (study group); 38 age-matched women without endometriosis (control group I) but with infertility related to tubal defects, fibroids, polycystic ovaries, idiopathic infertility and pelvic inflammatory diseases diagnosed by laparoscopy and a further group of 21 age-matched women (control group II) with proven fertility and no evidence of endometriosis and other gynaecological disorders during laparoscopic sterilisation. METHODS Concentrations of PEs were measured using gas chromatography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Evaluation of PEs concentrations in women with endometriosis compared with women free from the disease. RESULTS Women with endometriosis showed significantly higher concentrations of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) and diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) (mean 0.44 [SD 0.41]; 0.66 [SD 0.61]; 3.32 [SD 2.17]; 2.44 [SD 2.17] micrograms/ml) compared with control group I (mean 0.08 [SD 0.14]; 0.12 [SD 0.20]; 0; 0.50 [SD 0.80] micrograms/ml) and control group II (mean 0.15 [SD 0.21]; 0.11 [SD 0.22]; 0; 0.45 [SD 0.68] micrograms/ml). The correlation between the concentrations of PEs and different severity of endometriosis was strong and statistically significant at P < 0.05 for all four compounds (DnBP: r=+0.73, P < 0.0001; BBP: r=+0.78, P < 0.0001; DnOP: r=+0.57, P < 0.0001 and DEHP: r=+0.44, P < 0.0014). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that PEs may have an aetiological association with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Reddy
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, A.C. Guards, Hyderabad-500 004, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Ahn JY, Kim YH, Min J, Lee J. Accelerated Degradation of Dipentyl Phthalate by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi Cutinase and Toxicity Evaluation of Its Degradation Products Using Bioluminescent Bacteria. Curr Microbiol 2006; 52:340-4. [PMID: 16586026 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-005-0124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of two lipolytic enzymes (fungal cutinase and yeast esterase) in the degradation of dipentyl phthalate (DPeP) was investigated. The DPeP degradation rate of fungal cutinase was surprisingly high, i.e., almost 60% of the initial DPeP (500 mg/L) was decomposed within 2.5 hours, and nearly 40% of the degraded DPeP disappeared within the initial 15 minutes. With the yeast esterase, despite the same concentration, >87% of the DPeP remained even after 3 days of treatment. The final chemical composition after 3 days was significantly dependent on the enzyme used. During degradation with cutinase, most DPeP was converted into 1,3-isobenzofurandione (IBF) by diester hydrolysis. However, in the degradation by esterase, pentyl methyl phthalate, in addition to IBF, was produced in abundance. Toxicity monitoring using various recombinant bioluminescent bacteria showed that the degradation products from yeast esterase contained a toxic hazard, causing oxidative stress and damage to protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Ahn
- Department of Chemical and Biologic Engineering, Korea University, 1,5-Ga, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-713, South Korea
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Reddy BS, Rozati R, Reddy S, Kodampur S, Reddy P, Reddy R. High plasma concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and phthalate esters in women with endometriosis: a prospective case control study. Fertil Steril 2006; 85:775-9. [PMID: 16500362 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2004] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to detect the probable association between polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and phthalate esters (PEs), and the occurrence of endometriosis in a prospective case control study. We found that PCBs and PEs may be instrumental in the etiology of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Satyanarayana Reddy
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Center, A.C. Guards, Hyderabad, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Kim YH, Min J, Bae KD, Gu MB, Lee J. Biodegradation of dipropyl phthalate and toxicity of its degradation products: a comparison of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi cutinase and Candida cylindracea esterase. Arch Microbiol 2005; 184:25-31. [PMID: 16059706 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-005-0026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of two lypolytic enzymes (fungal cutinase, yeast esterase) in the degradation of dipropyl phthalate (DPrP) was investigated. The DPrP-degradation rate of fungal cutinase was surprisingly high, i.e., almost 70% of the initial DPrP (500 mg/l) was decomposed within 2.5 h and nearly 50% of the degraded DPrP disappeared within the initial 15 min. With the yeast esterase, despite the same concentration, more than 90% of the DPrP remained even after 3 days of treatment. During the enzymatic degradation of DPrP, several DPrP-derived compounds were detected and time-course changes in composition were also monitored. The final chemical composition after 3 days was significantly dependent on the enzyme used. During degradation with fungal cutinase, most DPrP was converted into 1,3-isobenzofurandione (IBF) by diester hydrolysis. However, in the degradation by yeast esterase, propyl methyl phthalate (PrMP) was produced in abundance in addition to IBF. The toxic effects of the final degradation products were investigated using various recombinant bioluminescent bacteria. As a result, the degradation products (including PrMP) from yeast esterase severely caused oxidative stress and damage to protein synthesis in bacterial cells, while in the fungal cutinase processes, DPrP was significantly degraded to non-toxic IBF after the extended period (3 days).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 1, 5-Ga, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-713, South Korea
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Rhind SM. Are Endocrine Disrupting Compounds a Threat to Farm Animal Health, Welfare and Productivity? Reprod Domest Anim 2005; 40:282-90. [PMID: 16008758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2005.00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Contents The sources and characteristics of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are reviewed and discussed with respect to their potential effects on farm animal health, welfare and productivity. The importance of certain properties of these compounds in relation to the expression of their biological effects is addressed together with potential routes of exposure. It is concluded that little is known of factors affecting the tissue concentrations of EDCs in farm animals, the concentrations that are required to perturb physiological function in these species, the effects of prolonged exposure to low doses, the effect of cocktails of EDCs and other pollutants or the responses of specific organs and physiological systems that are affected by EDCs. Much of the available information pertaining to EDCs is derived from epidemiological studies of wildlife species and from laboratory animal studies and while these studies have significant limitations, they are considered to be valuable indicators of potential effects in farm animal species. The results of such studies, together with the small amounts of data from studies of ruminants, indicate that there may be significant effects of exposure to environmental levels of EDCs on farm animal health, even although effects are not generally apparent in practice, at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rhind
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK.
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Rhind SM, Kyle CE, Telfer G, Duff EI, Smith A. Alkyl phenols and diethylhexyl phthalate in tissues of sheep grazing pastures fertilized with sewage sludge or inorganic fertilizer. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:447-53. [PMID: 15811823 PMCID: PMC1278485 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We studied selected tissues from ewes and their lambs that were grazing pastures fertilized with either sewage sludge (treated) or inorganic fertilizer (control) and determined concentrations of alkylphenols and phthalates in these tissues. Mean tissue concentrations of alkylphenols were relatively low (< 10-400 microg/kg) in all animals and tissues. Phthalates were detected in tissues of both control and treated animals at relatively high concentrations (> 20,000 microg/kg in many tissue samples). The use of sludge as a fertilizer was not associated with consistently increased concentrations of either alkylphenols or phthalates in the tissues of animals grazing treated pastures relative to levels in control animal tissues. Concentrations of the two classes of chemicals differed but were of a similar order of magnitude in liver and muscle as well as in fat. Concentrations of each class of compound were broadly similar in tissues derived from ewes and lambs. Although there were significant differences (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001) between years (cohorts) in mean tissue concentrations of both nonylphenol (NP) and phthalate in each of the tissues from both ewes and lambs, the differences were not attributable to either the age (6 months or 5 years) of the animal or the duration of exposure to treatments. Octylphenol concentrations were generally undetectable. There was no consistent cumulative outcome of prolonged exposure on the tissue concentrations of either class of pollutant in any ewe tissue. Mean tissue concentrations of phthalate were higher (p < 0.001) in the liver and kidney fat of male compared with female lambs. We suggest that the addition of sewage sludge to pasture is unlikely to cause large increases in tissue concentrations of NP and phthalates in sheep and other animals with broadly similar diets and digestive systems (i.e., domestic ruminants) grazing such pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart M Rhind
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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