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Abstract
The active vitamin D compound, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) is produced in skin cells following exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun. However, there are many harmful effects of UV which include DNA damage caused by direct absorption of UV, as well as that caused indirectly via UV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, 1,25D and analogs have been shown to reduce both direct and indirect UV-induced DNA damage in skin cells. This was accompanied by reductions in ROS and in nitric oxide products with 1,25D following UV. Moreover, following acute UV exposure, 1,25D has been demonstrated to increase p53 levels in skin, which would presumably allow for repair of cells with damaged DNA, or apoptosis of cells with irreparably damaged DNA. Previous studies have also shown that p53 reduces intracellular ROS. Furthermore, 1,25D has been shown to induce metallothioneins, which are potent free radical scavengers. In addition to these protective effects, 1,25D has been demonstrated to inhibit stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinases following UV exposure, and to increase levels of the stress-induced protein heme oxygenase-1 in a model of oxidative stress. Herein, we discuss the protective effects of 1,25D and analogs in the context of UV, oxidative stress and skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemani Vishalya Jagoda
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Katie Marie Dixon
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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2
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Timar A, Saberi-Karimian M, Ghazizadeh H, Reza Parizadeh SM, Sabbaghzadeh R, Emadzadeh M, Eshaghi F, Tavallaie S, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. Evaluation of the serum prooxidant-antioxidant balance before and after vitamin D supplementation in adolescent Iranian girls. Adv Med Sci 2019; 64:174-180. [PMID: 30710882 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the antioxidant defenses and pro-oxidant production in favor of pro-oxidant production. Vitamin D has the potential for both pro- and anti-oxidative effects. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of high dose vitamin D supplementation on the prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) in Iranian girls attending High School. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 464 girls aged 12-18 years were asked to take vitamin D capsules containing 50000IU vitamin D3 once a week for a period of 9 weeks. All variables were determined at baseline and after 9 weeks of intervention. Fasting blood samples were taken from all subjects. The serum levels of 25OHD were measured using an electrochemiluminescence method. Serum PAB levels were determined using an ELISA reader at a wavelength of 450 nm. RESULTS Vitamin D supplementation was associated with an increase in serum PAB (P < 0.001) and a reduction in serum LDL-C (P < 0.001), total cholesterol (P < 0.001) and HDL-C (P < 0.01) serum levels in Iranian adolescent girls. The results obtained from the current study show that there were significant improvements in weight (P < 0.001), BMI (P < 0.001) and FBG (P = 0.02) in adolescent girls who had 50-74.9 nmol/L serum 25OHD levels compared to <50 nmol/L ones after the vitamin D supplementation. There was no significant association between the serum PAB and all biochemical factors (P > 0.05 for all variables). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that vitamin D supplementation has increased the PAB levels in teenage girls.
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Krishnan AV, Swami S, Feldman D. The potential therapeutic benefits of vitamin D in the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Steroids 2012; 77:1107-12. [PMID: 22801352 PMCID: PMC3429709 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)), the hormonally active form of vitamin D, inhibits the growth of many malignant cells including breast cancer (BCa) cells. The mechanisms of calcitriol anticancer actions include cell cycle arrest, stimulation of apoptosis and inhibition of invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. In addition we have discovered new pathways of calcitriol action that are especially relevant in inhibiting the growth of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) BCa cells. Calcitriol suppresses COX-2 expression and increases that of 15-PGDH thereby reducing the levels of inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs). Our in vitro and in vivo studies show that calcitriol decreases the expression of aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes estrogen synthesis selectively in BCa cells and in the mammary adipose tissue surrounding BCa, by a direct repression of aromatase transcription via promoter II as well as an indirect effect due to the reduction in the levels of PGs, which are major stimulator of aromatase transcription through promoter II. Calcitriol down-regulates the expression of ERα and thereby attenuates estrogen signaling in BCa cells including the proliferative stimulus provided by estrogens. Thus the inhibition of estrogen synthesis and signaling by calcitriol and its anti-inflammatory actions will play an important role in inhibiting ER+BCa. We hypothesize that dietary vitamin D would exhibit similar anticancer activity due to the presence of the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) in breast cells ensuring conversion of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D to calcitriol locally within the breast micro-environment where it can act in a paracrine manner to inhibit BCa growth. Cell culture and in vivo data in mice strongly suggest that calcitriol and dietary vitamin D would play a beneficial role in the prevention and/or treatment of ER+BCa in women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Feldman
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: David Feldman, MD, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room S025, Stanford CA 94305-5103, Fax: 650 725 7085,
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4
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Abstract
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D, inhibits the growth and induces the differentiation of many malignant cells including breast cancer (BCa) cells. Calcitriol exerts its anti-proliferative activity in BCa cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and stimulating apoptosis. Calcitriol also inhibits invasion, metastasis and tumor angiogenesis in experimental models of BCa. Our recent studies show additional newly discovered pathways of calcitriol action to inhibit the growth of BCa cells. Calcitriol suppresses COX-2 expression and increases that of 15-PGDH thereby reducing the levels and biological activity of prostaglandins (PGs). Calcitriol decreases the expression of aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes estrogen synthesis selectively in BCa cells and the breast adipose tissue surrounding BCa, by a direct repression of aromatase transcription via promoter II as well as an indirect effect due to the reduction in the levels and biological activity of PGE2, which is a major stimulator of aromatase transcription through promoter II in BCa. Calcitriol down-regulates the expression of estrogen receptor alpha and thereby attenuates estrogen signaling in BCa cells including the proliferative stimulus provided by estrogens. We hypothesize that the inhibition of estrogen synthesis and signaling by calcitriol and its anti-inflammatory actions will play an important role in the use of calcitriol for the prevention and/or treatment of BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna V Krishnan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
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5
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La Rosa C, Baroncelli GI, Pavone P, Praticò AD, Di Cataldo A, Caruso-Nicoletti M. Ganglioneuroblastoma-associated vitamin D deficiency rickets. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009; 31:502-4. [PMID: 19564745 DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181983c5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is the most common cause of rickets mainly in breast-fed dark-skinned, African or Asian children receiving inadequate sunlight exposure. We report a case of a 1.5 year-old Afro-Italian male infant living in South Italy who came to our observation with the typical clinical picture of vitamin D deficiency rickets. The child was exclusively breast-fed for 8 months without vitamin D supplements. Owing to the rarity of vitamin D deficiency rickets in the South of Italy he underwent several investigations, which demonstrated the association with an abdominal ganglioneuroblastoma. To our knowledge, ganglioneuroblastoma has never been reported in association with vitamin D deficiency rickets. Although the association between these 2 rare conditions may be coincidental, the protective action of vitamin D against cancer suggests that vitamin D deficiency might have contributed to the development of ganglioneuroblastoma in our patient.
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6
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Birlea SA, Costin GE, Norris DA. New insights on therapy with vitamin D analogs targeting the intracellular pathways that control repigmentation in human vitiligo. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:514-46. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Verlinden L, van Etten E, Verstuyf A, Luderer HF, Lieben L, Mathieu C, Demay M. Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:726-76. [PMID: 18694980 PMCID: PMC2583388 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1121] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D endocrine system is essential for calcium and bone homeostasis. The precise mode of action and the full spectrum of activities of the vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)(2)D], can now be better evaluated by critical analysis of mice with engineered deletion of the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Absence of a functional VDR or the key activating enzyme, 25-OHD-1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), in mice creates a bone and growth plate phenotype that mimics humans with the same congenital disease or severe vitamin D deficiency. The intestine is the key target for the VDR because high calcium intake, or selective VDR rescue in the intestine, restores a normal bone and growth plate phenotype. The VDR is nearly ubiquitously expressed, and almost all cells respond to 1,25-(OH)(2)D exposure; about 3% of the mouse or human genome is regulated, directly and/or indirectly, by the vitamin D endocrine system, suggesting a more widespread function. VDR-deficient mice, but not vitamin D- or 1alpha-hydroxylase-deficient mice, and man develop total alopecia, indicating that the function of the VDR and its ligand is not fully overlapping. The immune system of VDR- or vitamin D-deficient mice is grossly normal but shows increased sensitivity to autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease or type 1 diabetes after exposure to predisposing factors. VDR-deficient mice do not have a spontaneous increase in cancer but are more prone to oncogene- or chemocarcinogen-induced tumors. They also develop high renin hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and increased thrombogenicity. Vitamin D deficiency in humans is associated with increased prevalence of diseases, as predicted by the VDR null phenotype. Prospective vitamin D supplementation studies with multiple noncalcemic endpoints are needed to define the benefits of an optimal vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Bouillon
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Herestraat 49, O&N 1 bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Bao BY, Ting HJ, Hsu JW, Lee YF. Protective role of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 against oxidative stress in nonmalignant human prostate epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2699-706. [PMID: 18348143 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), through either endogenous or exogenous sources, could induce DNA damage, and accumulation of DNA damage might lead to multistep carcinogenesis. The antioxidative effects of vitamin D have been suggested by epidemiological and many in vitro and in vivo laboratory studies. While exploring the antioxidative effects of vitamin D in prostate cells, we found that the active form of vitamin D, 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-VD), can protect nonmalignant human prostate epithelial cell lines, BPH-1 and RWPE-1, but not malignant human prostate epithelial cells, CWR22R and DU 145, from oxidative stress-induced cell death. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), a key antioxidant enzyme, was dose- and time-dependently induced by 1,25-VD. Mechanistic studies using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that a direct repeat-3 (DR3) vitamin D response element located in the first intron of the G6PD genome can be bound by liganded vitamin D receptor, thereby regulating G6PD gene expression. Increasing G6PD activity and glutathione level by 1,25-VD can scavenge cellular ROS. Moreover, the protective effects of 1,25-VD were abolished by dehydroepiandrosterone, a noncompetitive inhibitor of G6PD activity. Together, our results showed that 1,25-VD can protect nonmalignant prostate cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death by elimination of ROS-induced cellular injuries through transcriptional activation of G6PD activity. The antioxidative effect of vitamin D strengthens its roles in cancer chemoprevention and adds to a growing list of beneficial effects of vitamin D against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ying Bao
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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9
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Abstract
We have recently proposed that lipid peroxidation may be a common mechanistic pathway by which obesity and hypertension lead to increased renal cell cancer risk. During this exercise, we noted a risk factor swap between breast and kidney cancer (oophorectomy and increased parity, detrimental for kidney, beneficial for breast; high blood pressure, detrimental for kidney, beneficial for breast when it occurs during pregnancy; alcohol, beneficial for kidney, detrimental for breast, and so on). We have subsequently proposed the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation represents a protective mechanism in breast cancer, and reviewed the evidence of the role of lipid peroxidation on established hormonal and non-hormonal factors for breast cancer. Here, we review the evidence in support of lipid peroxidation playing a role in the relationships between dietary factors and breast cancer. Available evidence implicates increased lipid peroxidation products in the anti-carcinogenic effect of suspected protective factors for breast cancer, including soy, marine n-3 fatty acids, green tea, isothiocyanates, and vitamin D and calcium. We also review the epidemiological evidence supporting a modifying effect of oxidative stress genes in dietary factor-breast cancer relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033-0800, USA
| | - Xuejuan Jiang
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033-0800, USA
| | - J Esteban Castelao
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033-0800, USA
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10
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Abstract
The anti-cancer activity of calcitriol, the active metabolite of Vitamin D, in the colon is usually attributed to its anti-proliferative and pro-differentiative actions. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are high in colon carcinomas due to increased aerobic metabolism and exposure to various anti-cancer modalities. We examined whether calcitriol modulates the response of colon cancer cells to the cytotoxic action of the common mediator of ROS injury, H2O2. Pretreatment with calcitriol (100 nM, 48 h) sensitized HT-29 colon cancer cells to cell death induced by acute exposure to H2O2 or chronic exposure to the H2O2 generating system, glucose/glucose-oxidase. Although the morphological features of H2O2-induced HT-29 cell death are consistent with apoptosis, we detected no executioner caspase activation in response to cytotoxic concentrations of H2O2 and treatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor did not affect H2O2-induced cytotoxicity nor its enhancement by calcitriol. Conversely, exposure of HT-29 cells to sub-toxic concentrations of H2O2 resulted in low executioner caspase activation that was inhibited by pretreatment with calcitriol. The sensitization of colon cancer cells to ROS-induced cytotoxicity may contribute to its assumed action as a chemopreventive agent and to its therapeutic potential alone or in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Koren
- Basil and Gerald Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel.
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11
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Abstract
Calcitriol, the hormonal form of vitamin D, enhanced TNF-induced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. It increased the induction of caspase-3-like activity and TNF-induced caspase-independent cytotoxicity in the presence of a pan-caspase inhibitor. The antioxidants N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, lipoic acid, and ascorbic acid markedly reduced the effect of the hormone on TNF-induced caspase activation, attesting to the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cross-talk between the hormone and the cytokine. Calcitriol augmented the drop in mitochondrial membrane potential induced by TNF as assessed by the fluorescent probe JC-1. We postulate that the interaction of TNF and calcitriol on the level of the mitochondria underlies the enhancement of TNF-induced, ROS-mediated caspase-dependent and -independent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Weitsman
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D) induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells via the intrinsic pathway involving bax translocation to mitochondria, cytochrome c release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Vitamin D up-regulated protein 1 (VDUP1), an apoptotic regulatory gene induced by 1,25D in HL-60 cells, is a negative regulator of thioredoxin (Trx1), a redox protein which neutralizes ROS and protects against oxidative stress induced apoptosis. Due to the involvement of oxidative stress in 1,25D mediated apoptosis, we analyzed whether VDUP1 or Trx1 are altered by 1,25D in MCF-7 cells. In contrast to HL-60 cells, VDUP1 mRNA was not up-regulated by 1,25D in MCF-7 cells, indicating that transcriptional up-regulation of this gene is not required for 1,25D mediated apoptosis. 1,25D did not affect the expression or activity of Trx1 in MCF-7 cells, however, Trx1 activity was higher in MCF-7 cells selected for resistance to 1,25D mediated apoptosis. In untreated MCF-7 cells, Trx1 was present only in the cytosol, and the majority was in the oxidized state. In 1,25D treated MCF-7 cells, Trx1 was present in both cytosol and nucleus, and the nuclear Trx1 pool was in the reduced state. Nuclear localization of Trx1 in 1,25D treated MCF-7 cells was confirmed by immunofluorescent microscopy. Although redox status is known to alter the ability of Trx1 to bind apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), no changes in ASK1 transcript or protein levels were observed in 1,25D treated MCF-7 cells. Collectively, these studies indicate that although VDUP1 and ASK1 are not altered by 1,25D, changes in redox status and sub-cellular distribution of Trx1 occurs during 1,25D mediated apoptosis of MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M Byrne
- Department of Biological Sciences, 214 Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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13
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Weitsman GE, Koren R, Zuck E, Rotem C, Liberman UA, Ravid A. Vitamin D sensitizes breast cancer cells to the action of H2O2: mitochondria as a convergence point in the death pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:266-78. [PMID: 15964518 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol, the hormonal form of vitamin D3, sensitizes breast cancer cells to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent cytotoxicity induced by various anticancer modalities. This effect could be due to increased generation of ROS and/ or to increased sensitivity of the target cells to ROS. This work examined the effect of calcitriol on the damage inflicted on breast cancer cells by the direct action of ROS represented by H2O2. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with H2O2 resulted in activation of caspase 7 as well as induction of caspase-independent cell death. Both were enhanced by 48-72 h of pretreatment with calcitriol. This effect was not due to modulation of H2O2 degradation or to a specific effect on *OH-mediated cytotoxicity. The H2O2-induced drop in mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c were enhanced by calcitriol. These findings indicate that calcitriol sensitizes breast cancer cells to ROS-induced death by affecting event(s) common to both caspase-dependent and -independent modes of cell death upstream to mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Weitsman
- Basil and Gerald Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel
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Golovko O, Nazarova N, Tuohimaa P. Vitamin D-induced up-regulation of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in prostate cancer cells. Life Sci 2005; 77:562-77. [PMID: 15904673 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha,25(OH)2D3 or calcitriol) is an active hormone that regulates cellular proliferation and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Here we report on a new calcitriol target gene in prostate cancer cells, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Calcitriol and its analogue CB1093 up-regulate TNF-alpha mRNA expression in LNCaP and PC-3 cells. The stimulation is dose-dependent in both of these cell lines, demonstrated by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Calcitriol and CB1093 act synergistically with human recombinant TNF-alpha in activation of TNF-alpha mRNA expression in LNCaP but not in PC-3 cells. Transcriptional activation of TNF-alpha gene by calcitriol or CB1093 does not lead to TNF-alpha protein secretion, however calcitriol and CB1093 enhance TPA-stimulated TNF-alpha production in LNCaP cells. We did not observe any significant effect of calcitriol on regulation of TNFR1 at the level of gene expression. Nor does calcitriol affect transcriptional regulation of cytokine (IL-1, IL-6) and cytokine receptor genes in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. Calcitriol and its analogue CB1093 at 10 nM concentration induce programmed cell death in LNCaP cells. Combined addition of human recombinant TNF-alpha with calcitriol or CB1093 cause enhanced effect in induction of apoptosis. We conclude that under physiological conditions vitamin D activates only the transcription of TNF-alpha gene, for TNF-alpha protein synthesis additional cofactors are required. Therefore a cooperation of vitamin D and TNF-alpha may play an important role in the control of cell growth in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Golovko
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere, FIN-33014, Tampere, Finland.
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Abstract
A20 is a TNF-inducible primary response gene and its product, a zinc finger protein, has antiapoptotic function in several cancer cells. We studied A20 gene expression in the Vitamin D- and TNF-sensitive LNCaP cell line and in the Vitamin D- and TNF-resistant PC-3 cell line. The results of the quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses demonstrated that the basal level of A20 mRNA production in PC-3 cells was considerably higher than in LNCaP cells that is associated with the resistance of PC-3 cells. TNF induced A20 gene expression in both cell lines, but with different effect. A20 mRNA expression was down-regulated by 10nM calcitriol within 3-9h after treatment and up-regulated by androgen reaching maximal values by 6h after stimulation in LNCaP cells. We conclude that A20 may be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation by TNF, Vitamin D, and androgen in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Golovko
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere, FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland.
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Danilenko M, Studzinski GP. Enhancement by other compounds of the anti-cancer activity of vitamin D(3) and its analogs. Exp Cell Res 2004; 298:339-58. [PMID: 15265684 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation therapy holds promise as an alternative to cytotoxic drug therapy of cancer. Among compounds under scrutiny for this purpose is the physiologically active form of vitamin D(3), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), and its chemically modified derivatives. However, the propensity of vitamin D(3) and its analogs to increase the levels of serum calcium has so far precluded their use in cancer patients except for limited clinical trials. This article summarizes the range of compounds that have been shown to increase the differentiation-inducing and antiproliferative activities of vitamin D(3) and its analogs, and discusses the possible mechanistic basis for this synergy in several selected combinations. The agents discussed include those that have differentiation-inducing activity of their own that is increased by combination with vitamin D(3) or analogs, such as retinoids or transforming growth factor-beta and plant-derived compounds and antioxidants, such as curcumin and carnosic acid. Among other compounds discussed here are dexamethasone, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzymes, for example, ketoconazole. Thus, recent data illustrate that there are extensive, but largely unexplored, opportunities to develop combinatorial, differentiation-based approaches to chemoprevention and chemotherapy of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Danilenko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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Weitsman GE, Ravid A, Liberman UA, Koren R. The role of p38 MAP kinase in the synergistic cytotoxic action of calcitriol and TNF-alpha in human breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90:361-4. [PMID: 15225801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol, the hormonal form of Vitamin D, potentiates the activity of some agents of the anti-cancer immune system including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Different signaling pathways activated by TNF-alpha may be targets for calcitriol action. Activation of p38 MAP kinase was shown to have both pro- and anti-apoptotic actions in TNF-alpha-induced programmed cell death depending on cell context. Treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with TNF-alpha resulted in activation of p38 MAP kinase that persisted for at least 24h. Whereas calcitriol had no effect on the earlier phase of p38 MAP kinase activation (up to 1h), it inhibited the activation of this pathway between one and 24h after exposure to TNF-alpha. Both calcitriol and the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 enhanced TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity and drop in mitochondrial membrane potential, but their combined effect was sub-additive. Taken together, these findings suggest that p38 MAP kinase plays an anti-apoptotic role in TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells and that the synergistic interaction between TNF-alpha and calcitriol, leading to mitochondrial damage and subsequent cell death, is partially due to modulation of this signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Weitsman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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18
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Abstract
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol), the most active metabolite of vitamin D, has significant antineoplastic activity in preclinical models. Several mechanisms of activity have been proposed. These include inhibition of proliferation associated with cell cycle arrest and, in some models, differentiation, reduction in invasiveness and angiogenesis, and induction of apoptosis. Proposed mechanisms differ between tumor models and experimental conditions, and no unifying hypothesis about the mechanism of antineoplastic activity has emerged. Synergistic and/or additive effects with cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, and other cancer drugs have been reported. Significantly supraphysiological concentrations of calcitriol are required for antineoplastic effects. Such concentrations are not achievable in patients when calcitriol is dosed daily due to predictable hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria; however, phase I trials have demonstrated that intermittent dosing allows substantial dose escalation and has produced potentially therapeutic peak calcitriol concentrations. Recently, a phase II study reported encouraging levels of activity for the combination of high-dose calcitriol and docetaxel administered on a weekly schedule in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. This regimen is now under study in a placebo-controlled randomized trial in androgen-independent prostate cancer and in phase II studies in several other tumor types. Further work is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of antineoplastic activity and optimal clinical applications of calcitriol in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Beer
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Anne Myrthue
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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Lowe L, Hansen CM, Senaratne S, Colston KW. Mechanisms implicated in the growth regulatory effects of vitamin D compounds in breast cancer cells. Recent Results Cancer Res 2003; 164:99-110. [PMID: 12908448 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55580-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The active metabolite of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)D3), has been recognized for over 2 decades as a modulator of cell proliferation and differentiation in many cell types, including breast cancer. However, any potential anti-tumour properties displayed by 1,25(OH)D3 are limited by the tendency to cause hypercalcaemia when administered at high doses. Because of this, synthetic vitamin D analogues have been developed that retain the anti-tumour effects seen with 1,25(OH)D3 but which have reduced calcaemic activity. However, it is still unclear as to how 1,25(OH)D3 and its synthetic analogues act within breast cancer cells to elicit the effects on cellular proliferation and differentiation. In this chapter we review the advances that have been made in trying to answer this question. It has been found so far that 1,25(OH)D3 has an effect on the expression of certain cell cycle regulators and in this way can bring about G1 arrest. Evidence has also emerged that vitamin D compounds can also affect the growth-promoting pathways initiated by two important factors involved in breast cancer cell promotion; namely the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and oestrogen-receptor (ER) pathways. Vitamin D compounds have also been implicated in promotion of apoptosis in breast cancer cells and evidence suggests that 1,25(OH)D3 and its synthetic analogues may potentiate responsiveness of breast cancer cells to conventional cytotoxic agents. Although much remains to be learned about the associated underlying mechanisms, ongoing research suggests that vitamin D analogues are a new class of compounds with potential in breast cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Lowe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK
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20
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Abstract
Calcitriol, the hormonal form of vitamin D, enhances the anticancer activity of the immune cytokine tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1 and interleukin 6 in human breast and renal cell carcinoma cells without affecting the cytotoxic action of interferon-alpha or killer lymphocytes. It also enhances cytotoxicity induced by the anticancer drug doxorubicin, by the redox cycling quinone menadione, and by the reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide. The synergistic interaction was accompanied by increased oxidative stress, as manifested by glutathione depletion and was abolished by exposure to the thiol antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. The hormone on its own brought about an increase in the cellular redox state as reflected in the ratio between oxidized and reduced glutathione and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and a reduction in the expression of the antioxidant enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. These results support the notion that the interplay between active vitamin D derivatives and other anticancer agents such as immune cytokines and anticancer drugs plays a role in the in vivo anticancer activity of vitamin D and that reactive oxygen species are involved in the anticancer activity of vitamin D on its own and in its cross-talk with other anticancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiram Ravid
- Laboratory for Endocrine Immunology, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Campus, 49100 Petah Tikva, Israel.
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Weitsman GE, Ravid A, Liberman UA, Koren R. Vitamin D enhances caspase-dependent and -independent TNFalpha-induced breast cancer cell death: The role of reactive oxygen species and mitochondria. Int J Cancer 2003; 106:178-86. [PMID: 12800192 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol, the hormonal form of vitamin D, potentiates the activity of some common anticancer drugs and agents of the anticancer immune system, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). TNFalpha-induced cytotoxicity is due to both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. Cotreatment with calcitriol enhanced both modes of TNFalpha-induced death in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. It increased caspase-3-like activity as assayed by the cleavage of poly-(ADP-ribose)polymerase and of the fluorogenic substrate ac-DEVD-AMC. It also enhanced TNFalpha-induced caspase-independent cytotoxicity in the presence of the pan-caspase inhibitor zD-2,6-dichlorobenzoyloxymethylketone. The antioxidants N-acetylcysteine, reduced glutathione, lipoic acid and ascorbic acid markedly reduced the enhancing effect of the hormone on TNFalpha-induced caspase activation. N-acetylcysteine and reduced glutathione also decreased caspase-independent cytotoxicity in the presence or absence of calcitriol, indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a key role in the cross talk between TNFalpha and calcitriol. Mitochondrial damage is common to both TNFalpha-induced caspase-dependent and -independent pathways and may underlie excessive production of ROS. Mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi) was assessed by the specific potential-sensitive fluorescent probe JC-1. The hormone augmented the drop in DeltaPsi and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, induced by TNFalpha. The effect of calcitriol on DeltaPsi was mimicked by rotenone, which increased both the drop in DeltaPsi and caspase activation induced by TNFalpha. It is possible that the interaction of TNFalpha and calcitriol on the level of the mitochondria is the underlying mechanism responsible for the enhancement of TNFalpha-induced, ROS-mediated caspase-dependent and -independent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Weitsman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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22
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Abstract
1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)] has been shown to induce cell growth arrest and to possess differentiation-inducing behaviour in both primary melanocytes and melanoma cell lines. Moreover, in several melanoma cell lines it has been demonstrated that the antiproliferative action is accompanied by an increase in apoptosis. In contrast, here we show that physiological concentrations of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) did not induce apoptosis in primary melanocytes despite a cell growth inhibitory effect. Furthermore, treatment with 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) made melanocytes resistant to several inductors of programmed cell death, including tumour necrosis factor-alpha and ultraviolet radiation. The antiapoptotic effect of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) was completely abolished by the addition of N,N-dimethylsphingosine, which blocks the formation of the sphingolipid degradation product sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), suggesting a crucial role for this sphingolipid in 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated cytoprotection. Indeed, stimulation of melanocytes with S1P also resulted in an antiapoptotic action. In addition, S1P induced cell growth arrest of human melanocytes. This was an unexpected finding, as S1P is generally known as a potent mitogenic molecule in a variety of cells, including fibroblasts. As both 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and S1P have been identified to modify the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in epithelial cells, we also measured the expressions of these proteins; however, treatment of melanocytes with either 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) or S1P did not alter the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. In conclusion, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) was shown to protect human melanocytes from apoptosis by formation of S1P, which is opposite to its apoptotic action in diverse melanoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Sauer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Free University Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3[1,25(OH)2D3] is a well-known potent regulator of cell growth and differentiation and there is recent evidence of an effect on cell death, tumour invasion and angiogenesis, which makes it a candidate agent for cancer regulation. The classical synthetic pathway of 1,25(OH)2D3 involves 25- and 1 alpha-hydroxylation of vitamin D3, in the liver and kidney, respectively, of absorbed or skin-synthesized vitamin D3. There is recent focus on the importance in growth control of local metabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3, which is a function of local tissue synthetic hydroxylases and particularly the principal catabolizing enzyme, 24-hydroxylase. The classical signalling pathway of 1,25(OH)2D3 employs the vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR), which is a transcription factor for 1,25(OH)2D3 target genes. Effects of this pathway include inhibition of cellular growth and invasion. Cytoplasmic signalling pathways are increasingly being recognized, which similarly may regulate growth and differentiation but also apoptosis. 1,25(OH)2D3 has a major inhibitory effect on the G1/S checkpoint of the cell cycle by upregulating the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p27 and p21, and by inhibiting cyclin D1. Indirect mechanisms include upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta and downregulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. 1,25(OH)2D3 may induce apoptosis either indirectly through effects on the insulin-like growth receptor and tumour necrosis factor-alpha or more directly via the Bcl-2 family system, the ceramide pathway, the death receptors (e.g. Fas) and the stress-activated protein kinase pathways (Jun N terminal kinase and p38). Inhibition of tumour invasion and metastasis potential has been demonstrated and mechanisms include inhibition of serine proteinases, metalloproteinases and angiogenesis. The lines of evidence for an effect of vitamin D3 in systemic cancer are the laboratory demonstration of relevant effects on cellular growth, differentiation, apoptosis, malignant cell invasion and metastasis; epidemiological findings of an association of the occurrence and outcome of cancers with derangements of vitamin D3/1,25(OH)2D3 and the association of functional polymorphisms of the VDR with the occurrence of certain cancers. In addition, vitamin D3 analogues are being developed as cancer chemotherapy agents. There is accumulating evidence that the vitamin D3/1,25(OH)2D3/VDR axis is similarly important in malignant melanoma (MM). MM cells express the VDR, and the antiproliferative and prodifferentiation effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 have been shown in cultured melanocytes, MM cells and MM xenografts. Recently, an inhibitory effect on the spread of MM cells has been demonstrated, low serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 have been reported in MM patients and the VDR polymorphisms have been shown to be associated with both the occurrence and outcome of MM. The relationship between solar irradiation and MM is more complex than for the systemic cancers. As in other cancers, there is evidence of a protective effect of vitamin D3 in MM, but ultraviolet radiation, which is a principal source of vitamin D3, is mutagenic. Further work is necessary on the influence of serum vitamin D3 levels on the occurrence and prognosis of MM, the effects of sun protection measures on serum vitamin D3 levels in temperate climates and epidemiological studies on geographical factors and skin type on the prognosis of MM. Meanwhile, it would seem mandatory to ensure an adequate vitamin D3 status if sun exposure were seriously curtailed, certainly in relation to carcinoma of breast, prostate and colon and probably also MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Osborne
- Department of Dermatology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK.
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24
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Friedrich M, Axt-Fliedner R, Villena-Heinsen C, Tilgen W, Schmidt W, Reichrath J. Analysis of vitamin D-receptor (VDR) and retinoid X-receptor alpha in breast cancer. Histochem J 2002; 34:35-40. [PMID: 12365798 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021343825552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The expression of vitamin D-receptor (VDR) and retinoid X-receptor alpha (RXR-alpha) has been analysed immunohistochemically in benign (n = 62 and n = 5 respectively) and malignant (n = 228 and n = 15 respectively) breast tissue samples using a monoclonal antibody 9A7gamma against VDR and a polyclonal antibody against RXR-alpha. A recently developed immunoreactive scoring method (IRS) was employed. The expression of VDR was detected at the RNA-level using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. A statistically significant higher expression of VDR at the protein level was seen in breast cancer compared with benign breast tissue, whereas at the mRNA level no visible differences in the expression of VDR were found. A higher expression of RXR-alpha was seen in breast cancer compared with benign breast tissue. Our findings indicate that breast tissue may be a new target organ for therapeutically applied vitamin D and retinoid analogues. VDR and RXR-alpha are upregulated at the protein level in breast carcinomas as compared to normal breast tissue, indicating a possibly increased sensitivity to therapeutically applied vitamin D analogues. New vitamin D analogues exerting less calcemic side effects may be promising new drugs for the treatment or chemoprevention of breast carcinomas as well as of precancerous breast lesions. Combination therapies of vitamin D and retinoid analogues with fewer side effects seen promising for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Friedrich
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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25
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Mathiasen IS, Hansen CM, Foghsgaard L, Jäättelä M. Sensitization to TNF-induced apoptosis by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3) involves up-regulation of the TNF receptor 1 and cathepsin B. Int J Cancer 2001; 93:224-31. [PMID: 11410870 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D(3), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), induces caspase-independent apoptosis in MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells. Before the appearance of apoptotic cells at Day 4 after the addition of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), the MCF-7 cells are sensitized to the caspase-mediated apoptosis induced by TNF. We studied the mechanism underlying the cross talk between these 2 distinct death pathways in MCF-7 and T47D cells. Whereas 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) pre-treatment enhanced TNF-induced apoptosis of TNF sensitive MCF-7 cells, it failed to render TNF resistant T47D cells sensitive to this cytokine. Opposing to an earlier report suggesting that cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) mediates the 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-induced sensitization to TNF, we could not detect any cPLA(2) protein in MCF-7 cells and its overexpression had no effect on cellular sensitivity to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or the combination with TNF. The sensitization of MCF-7 cells to TNF-induced apoptosis by pre-treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) may instead be partially explained by an increased surface expression of the TNF receptor 1 (TNF-R1). In line with this, not only the TNF-induced activation of caspases and apoptosis but also that of NF-kappaB was enhanced by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) pre-treatment. Furthermore, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) enhanced TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation in T47D cells suggesting that it potentiates TNF signaling in general. Interestingly, the lysosomal protease cathepsin B, which expression is up-regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), was released from the lysosomes upon TNF treatment, and inhibition of its activity rescued 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) treated MCF-7 cells from TNF-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) may enhance TNF-induced apoptosis by increasing the expression of both the TNF-R1 and cathepsin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Mathiasen
- Apoptosis Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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26
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Abstract
Mechanisms by which vitamin D analogues promote apoptosis in tumour cells are unclear. In this study we have examined possible interactions between the synthetic vitamin D analogue CB1093 and two other known mediators of apoptosis, TNFalpha and ceramide, in MCF-7, T47D and Hs578T breast cancer cells. These studies indicated that cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) is involved in CB1093 as well as TNFalpha-mediated cell death. CB1093 promoted both TNFalpha and ceramide-induced c-PLA(2) activation, which was inversely related to loss of cell viability in MCF-7 and Hs578T cells. TNFalpha alone (5-20 ng/ml) failed to induce cytotoxicity and activation of cPLA(2) in T47D cells. However, pretreatment of these cells with CB1093 potentiated C(2)-ceramide-induced cPLA(2) activation and cell death. Treatment with CB1093 alone induced loss of cell viability and DNA fragmentation in all three cell lines by 5 days and these effects were accompanied by activation of cPLA(2). Furthermore, co-treatment with the cPLA(2) inhibitor AACOCF(3) led to partial protection against loss of cell viability induced by CB1093 in Hs578T and T47D cells as well as MCF-7 cells. The broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk prevented TNFalpha but not C(2)-ceramide and CB1093-mediated release of arachidonic acid and cell death in MCF-7 cells. These results indicate that CB1093 potentiates responsiveness of breast cancer cells to TNFalpha and suggest that ceramide and/or cPLA(2) might be involved as downstream effectors in vitamin D-mediated caspase-independent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pirianov
- Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, SW17 ORE, London, UK
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Sundaram S, Chaudhry M, Reardon D, Gupta M, Gewirtz DA. The vitamin D3 analog EB 1089 enhances the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of adriamycin in MCF-7 breast tumor cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 63:1-10. [PMID: 11079153 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006420708806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of MCF-7 breast tumor cells to the vitamin D3 analog, EB 1089 enhances the response to adriamycin. Clonogenic survival studies indicate that EB 1089 shifts the dose-response curve for sensitivity to adriamycin by approximately six-fold in p53 wild-type MCF-7 cells; comparative studies in MCF-7 cells with a temperature-sensitive dominant negative p53 mutation show less than a two-fold shift in adriamycin sensitivity in the presence of EB 1089. The combination of EB 1089 with adriamycin also promotes apoptotic cell death in the p53 wild-type MCF-7 cells but not in the MCF-7 cells expressing mutant p53. EB 1089 treatment blocks the increase in p21waf1/cip1 levels induced by adriamycin and interferes with induction of MAP kinase activity by ionizing radiation, effects which could be related to the capacity of EB 1089 to promote secretion of insulin-like growth factor binding protein. Taken together with our previous findings that EB 1089 enhances breast tumor cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation, there studies further support the concept that vitamin D3 analogs could have utility in combination with conventional chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sundaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, USA
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Lai H, Pandey R, Aggarwal SK. Vitamin D: Actions for the new millennium. Indian J Clin Biochem 2000; 15:158-168. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02867555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Koren R, Rocker D, Kotestiano O, Liberman UA, Ravid A. Synergistic anticancer activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and immune cytokines: the involvement of reactive oxygen species. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 73:105-12. [PMID: 10925209 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It was previously shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1, 25(OH)(2)D(3)) enhances the cytotoxic activity of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), doxorubicin and menadione. A feature shared by these anticancer agents is the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their action. In this work we found that 1, 25(OH)(2)D(3) acted synergistically with interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) or interleukin 6 (IL-6) to inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The extent of the synergism was maximal at 1 nM, a concentration at which 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), acting singly, only marginally reduced the cell number. The thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) abolished the synergism between IL-1beta or IL-6 and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), but had only a small protective effect when the cytokines acted alone. NAC and reduced glutathione (GSH) protected MCF-7 cells from cytotoxicity induced both by TNFalpha alone and by TNFalpha and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). A two-day exposure to TNFalpha caused a 27.7+/-3.1% (mean +/- SEM) reduction in GSH content. This effect increased to 46.4+/-5.5% by co-treatment with 1, 25(OH)(2)D(3) which did not affect GSH levels on it own. We conclude that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) can act synergistically with anticancer cytokines present in the tumor milieu and that ROS plays a mediatory role in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Koren
- Department of Physiology and Pahrmacology, The Basil and Gerald Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.
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30
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Abstract
The non-classical effects of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alpha, 25(OH)(2)D(3)) create possible therapeutic applications for immune modulation (e.g., autoimmune diseases and graft rejection), inhibition of cell proliferation (e.g., psoriasis, cancer) and induction of cell differentiation (e.g., cancer). The major drawback related to the use of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) is its calcaemic effect, which prevents the application of pharmacological concentrations. Intensive research has led to the development of analogues of 1(2)D(3) characterised by a clear dissociation of the antiproliferative and prodifferentiating capacity from the calcaemic effects. Due to this dissociation, these analogues can be used not only for the treatment of bone disorders but also for non-classical applications. In the present review, a summary is given on the use of the 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogues for the treatment of cancer, skin and immune disorders and for the prevention of graft rejection. Moreover a brief overview is given on the use of analogues for secondary hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verstuyf
- Laboratorium voor Experimentele Geneeskunde en Endocrinologie (LEGENDO),UZ Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brandt
- Novartis Pharma Inc., Basel, Switzerland
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33
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Abstract
We investigated immunohistochemically the expression of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 receptors (VDRs) in normal human breast tissue and in breast carcinomas. For the first time, a VDR immunoreactivity score (VDR-IRS) in breast tissue is presented. Mean VDR-IRS in breast carcinomas was 7.28 compared to 1.55 in normal breast tissue. Comparing staining patterns for VDR and Ki-67, no visual correlation was found, indicating that VDR upregulation in breast carcinomas is not exclusively controlled by the proliferative activity of these tumor cells. Our study adds to the body of evidence that breast tissue may be a sensitive target organ for therapeutically applied new vitamin D analogues that exert few calcemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Friedrich
- Department of Gynecology, University of the Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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34
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Reichrath J, Rafi L, Müller SM, Mink D, Reitnauer K, Tilgen W, Schmidt W, Friedrich M. Immunohistochemical analysis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in cervical carcinoma. Histochem J 1998; 30:561-7. [PMID: 9792274 DOI: 10.1023/a:1003283117492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The immunohistochemical localization and expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors (VDR) has been investigated in normal human cervical tissue (n = 15) and in cervical carcinomas (n = 23). VDR immunoreactivity (monoclonal antibody 9A7gamma) was compared with the staining patterns of transglutaminase K, cytokeratin 10 and Ki-67 in these tumours. Moderate to strong nuclear immunoreactivity for VDR was detected in almost all cervical carcinomas analysed. VDR staining was homogeneous, with no visual differences between individual tumour cells. Some 60% of normal cervical tissues revealed weak immunoreactivity for VDR. In normal cervical tissue, nuclear VDR staining was confined to the lower cervical layers, predominantly to the basal cell layer. Both the intensity of VDR immunostaining and the number of VDR-positive cells were up-regulated in cervical carcinomas compared with normal cervical tissue. No visual correlation was found for the coexpression of VDR with markers of proliferation and differentiation. Our findings indicate that: (1) cervical tissue may be a new target organ for therapeutically applied vitamin D analogues; (2) VDR is up-regulated at the protein level in cervical carcinomas compared with normal cervical tissue; (3) up-regulation of VDR in cervical carcinoma is induced not exclusively by alterations in epithelial differentiation or proliferation, but by different, unknown mechanisms; and (4) calcitriol and new vitamin D analogues exerting fewer calcaemic side-effects may be promising new drugs for the treatment or chemoprevention of metastasizing cervical carcinomas as well as of cervical precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reichrath
- Department of Dermatology, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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35
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Miller L, Hunt JS. Regulation of TNF-α Production in Activated Mouse Macrophages by Progesterone. The Journal of Immunology 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.5098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between macrophage production of TNF-α and female hormones. Northern blot hybridization experiments showed that the female sex steroid hormone, progesterone, decreases steady state levels of TNF-α mRNA in LPS-activated mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 and ANA-1 cells) in vitro. The production of intracellular and secreted TNF-α protein, as determined by ELISA, was decreased in both progesterone- and dexamethasone-treated, LPS-stimulated macrophages. Estrogen had no effect on expression of the TNF-α gene in mouse macrophages and did not alter progesterone-mediated suppression. Additional experiments conducted to investigate the mechanism of action of progesterone showed that this hormone, like dexamethasone, elevates steady state mRNA levels of IκBα and increases the levels of IκBα protein that are translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Thus, progesterone is a potent inhibitor of steady state levels TNF-α mRNA and TNF-α protein production in activated macrophages and may achieve this result through effects on an inhibitor of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Miller
- †Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Joan S. Hunt
- †Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- *Anatomy and Cell Biology and
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