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Ribeiro JCL, Bruginski E, Zuccolotto T, Santos ADDC, Bomfim LM, Rocha SLA, Barison A, Sassaki G, Cavalcanti SCDH, Costa EV, Soares MBP, Bezerra DP, Campos FR. Chemical composition, larvicidal and cytotoxic activity of Annona salzmannii (Annonaceae) seed oil. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000418479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Inflammation in Primary and Metastatic Liver Tumorigenesis-Under the Influence of Alcohol and High-Fat Diets. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040933. [PMID: 32230953 PMCID: PMC7230665 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays an outsized role in oncology. Liver tumors are one of the most frequently found tumors in cancer patients and these arise from either primary or metastatic disease. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer and the 6th most common cancer type overall, is expected to become the 3rd leading cause of cancer mortality in the US by the year 2030. The liver is also the most common site of distant metastasis from solid tumors. For instance, colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasizes to the liver in two-thirds of cases, and CRC liver metastasis is the leading cause of mortality in these patients. The interplay between inflammation and cancer is unmistakably evident in the liver. In nearly every case, HCC is diagnosed in chronic liver disease (CLD) and cirrhosis background. The consumption of a Western-style high-fat diet is a major risk factor for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), both of which are becoming more prevalent in parallel with the obesity epidemic. Excessive alcohol intake also contributes significantly to the CLD burden in the form of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Inflammation is a key component in the development of all CLDs. Additionally, during the development of liver metastasis, pro-inflammatory signaling is crucial in eliminating invading cancer cells but ironically also helps foster a pro-metastatic environment that supports metastatic seeding and colonization. Here we review how Westernized high-fat diets and excessive alcohol intake can influence inflammation within the liver microenvironment, stimulating both primary and metastatic liver tumorigenesis.
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Wang W, He J, Pan D, Wu Z, Guo Y, Zeng X, Lian L. Metabolomics analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 adhesion activity under initial acid and alkali stress. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196231. [PMID: 29795550 PMCID: PMC5967736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion ability of Lactobacillus plantarum affects retention time in the human gastro-intestinal tract, as well as influencing the interaction with their host. In this study, the relationship between the adhesion activity of, and metabolic changes in, L. plantarum ATCC 14917 under initial acid and alkali stress was evaluated by analyzing auto-aggregation, protein adhesion and cell adhesion in vitro. Based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis, the morphology of the bacteria became thickset and the thickness of their cell walls decreased under initial alkali stress. The fold changes of auto-aggregation, adhere to mucin and HT-29 cell lines of L. plantarum ATCC 14917 in the acid group were increased by 1.141, 1.125 and 1.156, respectively. But decreased significantly in the alkali group (fold changes with 0.842, 0.728 and 0.667). Adhesion-related protein increased in the acid group but declined in the alkali group at the mRNA expression level according to real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The changes in the metabolite profiles of L. plantarum ATCC 14917 were characterized using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray ionization-Quadrupole-Time of Flight-mass spectrometry (UPLS-ESI-Q-TOF-MS). In the alkali group, the content of a lot of substances involved in the energy and amino acid metabolism decreased, but the content of some substances involved in the energy metabolism was slightly increased in the acid group. These findings demonstrate that energy metabolism is positively correlated with the adhesion ability of L. plantarum ATCC 14917. The amino-acids metabolism, especially the amino acids related to pH-homeostasis mechanisms (lysine, aspartic acid, arginine, proline and glutamic acid), showed an obvious effect on the adhesion ability of L. plantarum ATCC 14917. This investigation provides a better understanding of L. plantarum's adhesion mechanisms under initial pH stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Marine Science School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Marine Science School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Daodong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Marine Science School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Ginling College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (DDP); (ZW)
| | - Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Marine Science School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (DDP); (ZW)
| | - Yuxing Guo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Ginling College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Marine Science School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Lian
- Ningbo Dairy Group, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Pellegrini P, Berghella AM, Contasta I, Del Beato T, Adorno D. The Study of a Patient's Immune System May Prove to be a Useful Noninvasive Tool for Stage Classification in Colon Cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2006; 21:443-67. [PMID: 17105419 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2006.21.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy, and, therefore, prognosis, is strictly related to cancer stage, and hence, screening tests that can contribute to the early classification of disease stage represent a step forward in treatment. Unfortunately, few prognostic indices are available, especially noninvasive ones. Our study of the physiological network of the immune response, however, leads us to believe that it may well be possible to define immunological indices for the classification of cancer stage using blood parameters. In this paper, we show how the study of a patient's immune system can be used as a noninvasive tool for early-stage classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Pellegrini
- CNR Institute of Organ Transplantation and Immunocytology (ITOI), L'Aquila, Italy.
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Abstract
Metastatic growth is a selective, non-random process, which in the case of colorectal cancer, frequently occurs in the liver and is the major cause of cancer related death in these patients. This review summarises attempts to find biological and molecular markers of metastasis and their role in establishment of secondary tumours. Recent evidence suggests that liver metastases are phenotypically different to the primary from which they were derived and thus represent a separate disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C Bird
- Liver Research Group, Clinical Sciences (South), Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Guijarro A, Laviano A, Meguid MM. Hypothalamic integration of immune function and metabolism. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2006; 153:367-405. [PMID: 16876587 PMCID: PMC7119041 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)53022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The immune and neuroendocrine systems are closely involved in the regulation of metabolism at peripheral and central hypothalamic levels. In both physiological (meals) and pathological (infections, traumas and tumors) conditions immune cells are activated responding with the release of cytokines and other immune mediators (afferent signals). In the hypothalamus (central integration), cytokines influence metabolism by acting on nucleus involved in feeding and homeostasis regulation leading to the acute phase response (efferent signals) aimed to maintain the body integrity. Peripheral administration of cytokines, inoculation of tumor and induction of infection alter, by means of cytokine action, the normal pattern of food intake affecting meal size and meal number suggesting that cytokines acted differentially on specific hypothalamic neurons. The effect of cytokines-related cancer anorexia is also exerted peripherally. Increase plasma concentrations of insulin and free tryptophan and decrease gastric emptying and d-xylose absorption. In addition, in obesity an increase in interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 occurs in mesenteric fat tissue, which together with an increase in corticosterone, is associated with hyperglycemia, dyslipidemias and insulin resistance of obesity-related metabolic syndrome. These changes in circulating nutrients and hormones are sensed by hypothalamic neurons that influence food intake and metabolism. In anorectic tumor-bearing rats, we detected upregulation of IL-1beta and IL-1 receptor mRNA levels in the hypothalamus, a negative correlation between IL-1 concentration in cerebro-spinal fluid and food intake and high levels of hypothalamic serotonin, and these differences disappeared after tumor removal. Moreover, there is an interaction between serotonin and IL-1 in the development of cancer anorexia as well as an increase in hypothalamic dopamine and serotonin production. Immunohistochemical studies have shown a decrease in neuropeptide Y (NPY) and dopamine (DA) and an increase in serotonin concentration in tumor-bearing rats, in first- and second-order hypothalamic nuclei, while tumor resection reverted these changes and normalized food intake, suggesting negative regulation of NPY and DA systems by cytokines during anorexia, probably mediated by serotonin that appears to play a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake in cancer. Among the different forms of therapy, nutritional manipulation of diet in tumor-bearing state has been investigated. Supplementation of tumor bearing rats with omega-3 fatty acid vs. control diet delayed the appearance of tumor, reduced tumor-growth rate and volume, negated onset of anorexia, increased body weight, decreased cytokines production and increased expression of NPY and decreased alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in hypothalamic nuclei. These data suggest that omega-3 fatty acid suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines production and improved food intake by normalizing hypothalamic food intake-related peptides and point to the possibility of a therapeutic use of these fatty acids. The sum of these data support the concept that immune cell-derived cytokines are closely related with the regulation of metabolism and have both central and peripheral actions, inducing anorexia via hypothalamic anorectic factors, including serotonin and dopamine, and inhibiting NPY leading to a reduction in food intake and body weight, emphasizing the interconnection of the immune and neuroendocrine systems in regulating metabolism during infectious process, cachexia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guijarro
- Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition Laboratory, Neuroscience Program, University Hospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Ramos EJB, Romanova IV, Suzuki S, Chen C, Ugrumov MV, Sato T, Goncalves CG, Meguid MM. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on orexigenic and anorexigenic modulators at the onset of anorexia. Brain Res 2005; 1046:157-64. [PMID: 15927553 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Revised: 03/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In cancer anorexia, a decrease in food intake (FI) occurs concomitant with changes in orexigenic peptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and anorexigenic peptides such as alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and anorexigenic neurotransmitter serotonin. omega-3 Fatty acid (omega-3FA) inhibits cytokine synthesis, and delays tumor appearance, tumor growth, and onset of anorexia in tumor-bearing rats. We hypothesize that, in cancer anorexia, omega-3FA is associated with quantitative reversal of hypothalamic NPY, alpha-MSH, and serotonin receptor (5-HT(1B)-receptor) enhancing FI. Fischer rats were divided into: MCA tumor bearing fed chow (TB-Chow) or omega-3FA diet (TB-omega-3FA) and controls: non-tumor bearing fed chow (NTB-Chow) or omega-3FA diet (NTB-omega-3FA). Rats were euthanized at anorexia and brains were removed for hypothalamic immunohistochemical study, using NPY, alpha-MSH, and 5-HT(1B)-receptor-specific antibodies and slides assessed by image analysis. Immunostaining specificity was controlled by omission of primary or secondary antibodies and pre-absorption test. At anorexia, FI decreased (P < 0.05) in TB-Chow but did not change in TB-omega-3FA rats. In TB-omega-3FA vs. TB-Chow, NPY immunoreactivity increased 38% in arcuate nucleus (ARC; P < 0.05), and 50% in magnocellular paraventricular nucleus (mPVN; P < 0.05). alpha-MSH decreased 64% in ARC and 29% in mPVN (P < 0.05). 5-HT(1B)-receptor immunoreactivity decreased 13% only in supraoptic nucleus (P < 0.05). No immunoreactivity was found in the control sections. omega-3FA modified hypothalamic peptides and 5-HT-(1B)-receptor immunoreactivity at anorexia, concomitant with an increase in FI, were probably mediated by omega-3FA inhibition of tumor-induced cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J B Ramos
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition Laboratory, Neuroscience Program, University Hospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Roynette CE, Calder PC, Dupertuis YM, Pichard C. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and colon cancer prevention. Clin Nutr 2004; 23:139-51. [PMID: 15030953 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2003.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of colon cancer in industrialised countries has increased since the early 1970s. It is estimated that more than one-third of cases are associated with factors related to a Western diet. Both the type and amount of dietary fats consumed have been implicated in colon cancer aetiology. Recent studies have demonstrated that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), commonly found in fish oil (FO), could prevent colon cancer development. Evidences show that n-3 PUFAs act at different stages of cancer development and through several mechanisms including the modulation of arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandin synthesis, and Ras protein and protein kinase C expression and activity. As a result, n-3 PUFAs limit tumour cell proliferation, increase apoptotic potential along the crypt axis, promote cell differentiation and possibly limit angiogenesis. The modulatory actions of n-3 PUFAs on the immune system and their anti-inflammatory effects might also play a role in reducing colon carcinogenesis. There remains, nevertheless, some ambiguity over the safety of n-3 PUFAs with respect to secondary tumour formation. However, it appears that n-3 PUFAs may be of use in colon cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Roynette
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Geneva, 24 rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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Kennett SB, Roberts JD, Olden K. Requirement of protein kinase C micro activation and calpain-mediated proteolysis for arachidonic acid-stimulated adhesion of MDA-MB-435 human mammary carcinoma cells to collagen type IV. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:3300-7. [PMID: 14607845 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305734200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) stimulation of adhesion of human metastatic breast carcinoma cells to collagen type IV depends on the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway(s) and is associated with the translocation of PKC mu from the cytoplasm to the membrane. In the present study, we have further explored the role of PKC mu in AA-stimulated adhesion. PKC mu activation site serines 738/742 and autophosphorylation site serine 910 are rapidly phosphorylated, and in vitro PKC mu kinase activity is enhanced in response to AA treatment. Inhibition of PKC mu activation blocks AA-stimulated adhesion. A phosphorylated, truncated species of PKC mu was detected in AA-treated cells. This 77-kDa protein contains the kinase domain but lacks a significant portion of the regulatory domains. Inhibition of calpain protease activity blocks generation of the truncated protein, promotes accumulation of the activated, full-length protein in the membrane, and blocks the AA-mediated increase in adhesion. p38 MAPK activity is also required for AA-stimulated adhesion. Activation of PKC mu and p38 are independent events. However, inhibition of p38 activity reduces calpain-mediated proteolysis of PKC mu and in vivo calpain activity, suggesting a role for p38 in regulation of calpain activity and a point for cross-talk between the PKC and MAPK pathways. These results support the hypothesis that AA stimulates activation of PKC mu, which is cleaved by calpain at the cell membrane. The resulting truncated kinase, as well as the full-length kinase, may be required for increased cell adhesion to collagen type IV. Additionally, these studies present the first evidence for calpain cleavage of a non-structural protein leading to the promotion of tumor cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Kennett
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Jiang WG, Eynard AR, Mansel RE. The pathology of essential fatty acid deficiency: is it cell adhesion mediated? Med Hypotheses 2000; 55:257-62. [PMID: 10985920 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.1998.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
For almost 70 years, essential fatty acid deficiency has been known to be associated with skin disorders, vessel abnormalities, and increased tumorigenesis. However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanism is largely unknown. Recently, it has been reported that essential fatty acids regulate cell adhesion by modifying the expression of cell adhesion molecules. These findings may provide molecular explanations for those phenomena seen in EFAD and this paper aims to discuss these relationships and raise points for further discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Jiang
- Metastasis Research Group, University Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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Kontogiannea M, Gupta A, Ntanios F, Graham T, Jones P, Meterissian S. omega-3 fatty acids decrease endothelial adhesion of human colorectal carcinoma cells. J Surg Res 2000; 92:201-5. [PMID: 10896822 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2000.5930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to decrease both the initiation and promotion of colon carcinogenesis although their effect on hepatic metastasis formation is less well understood. Since adhesion of human colorectal carcinoma (HCRC) cells to hepatic endothelial cells is an important step in the metastatic cascade, the effect of membrane omega-3 fatty acid alterations on endothelial cell adhesion was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS CX-1 cells, a moderately differentiated HCRC cell line known to produce hepatic metastases in an athymic mouse intrasplenic injection model, were used. Cells were grown in omega-3 fatty acid-enriched medium and membrane-free fatty acid modifications confirmed with gas chromatography. Both human umbilical vein and hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells were used in the binding assays. Adhesion assays were performed in a standard fashion using (51)Cr-labeled cells to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated endothelial cell monolayers. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed for sialyl-Lewis(x), the receptor involved in endothelial adhesion on the surface of control and fatty acid-modified cells. RESULTS Gas chromatographic analysis confirmed membrane fatty acid modification of CX-1 cells by growth in docosahexanoic acid (omega-3) (4.761 nmol/10(6) cells vs 0.057 nmol/10(6) cells for controls). Binding of CX-1 to both human umbilical vein and hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells decreased from 38.4 +/- 0.44 to 11.58 +/- 0.87% (P < 0.01). Immunocytochemical analysis showed a decrease in sialyl-Lewis(x) expression with omega-3 treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that omega-3 fatty acids may also be protective against the formation of hepatic metastases. The mechanism for this may be decreased endothelial cell adhesion which in turn may be due to decreased expression of the endothelial receptor sialyl-Lewis(x).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kontogiannea
- Department of Surgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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McNiel EA, Ogilvie GK, Mallinckrodt C, Richardson K, Fettman MJ. Platelet Function in Dogs Treated for Lymphoma and Hemangiosarcoma and Supplemented with Dietaryn-3 Fatty Acids. J Vet Intern Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Jiang WG, Bryce RP, Horrobin DF. Essential fatty acids: molecular and cellular basis of their anti-cancer action and clinical implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1998; 27:179-209. [PMID: 9649932 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(98)00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W G Jiang
- University Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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Berghella AM, Pellegrini P, Del Beato T, Maccarone D, Adorno D, Casciani CU. Prognostic significance of immunological evaluation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 1996; 11:355-61. [PMID: 10851496 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.1996.11.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the concept that tumour establishment and progression generally reflects a malfunction of the immune system, we have investigated the prognostic significance of immunological parameters in correlation to stage progression in colorectal cancer. In patients and healthy subjects as control group, we determined: serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN) gamma, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha cytokines and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R), CD30 (sCD30), ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) molecules, phenotype of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); PBMC proliferative response to IL-2, IL-4 and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (anti-CD3) variously combined. Our results show that, compared to healthy controls, the group of all patients, but interestingly, also the groups of patients at the various stages of the disease, seem to have different values of these immunological parameters. Since tumour invasion and metastasis are the major causes of cancer treatment failure the early recognition of preinvasive states could lead to an improvement in prognosis. For this purpose our results might be especially useful in making prognostic and diagnostic indices in this neoplasy to identify patients at risk for tumour detention and the patient condition concerning disease progression by a non-invasive method. Moreover, this evaluation which contributes to identify the damage in the patient immune response to tumor could be helpful in identifying the therapeutic substances which might switch this response from being unproductive to productive. Thus, our data leads us to indicate that it might be possible to define reliable prognostic and diagnostic indices in colorectal cancer from the extension of this immunological study by the evaluation of these and other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Berghella
- Istituto CNR di Tipizzazione Tissutale e Problemi della Dialisi, L'Aquila, Italia
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Abstract
Triglycerides, which are major constituents of dietary fat, contain a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. One newly recognized function of unsaturated fatty acids is modulation of cell adhesion to components of the extracellular matrix. Alterations in cell adhesiveness or cell adhesion molecule expression accompany the onset of a number of diseases including arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Cell adhesion is necessary for the metastatic spread of cancer cells to new organs. Circulating cancer cells adhere to endothelial cells and the underlying subendothelial basement membrane as an initial step in the process of invading target organs during metastasis. Several recent studies have provided convincing evidence that unsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites influence adhesion of cultured human cancer cells to individual components of the basement membrane. These unsaturated fatty acid effects appear to be dependent in some instances on the expression of specific cell surface adhesion molecules. Unsaturated fatty acids influence the development of metastases in animal tumor models by largely unexplored mechanisms; the possibility that cell adhesion is involved in this process has not been thoroughly investigated. Future studies of unsaturated fatty acid effects on cell adhesion molecule expression in breast cancer patients should reveal the clinical relevance of the studies reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Johanning
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama-Birmingham 35294-3360, USA
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