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Cai W, Cheng C, Feng Q, Ma Y, Hua E, Jiang S, Hou Z, Liu D, Yang A, Cheng D, Xu J, Tao J. Prevalence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal parasites in goats ( Capra hircus) and sheep ( Ovis aries) from three provinces of China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1287835. [PMID: 38098673 PMCID: PMC10719946 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1287835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in small ruminants, especially goats and sheep, have caused significant socio-economic and public health challenges worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate the diversity and prevalence of GI parasites in goats and sheep in Jiangsu, Shaanxi and Hunan provinces of China, and to assess whether the age of animals, sampling season and feeding mode influence the distribution and infection of GI parasites. A total of 1,081 fecal samples collected from goats (n = 835) and sheep (n = 246) were detected by saturated saline flotation technique and nylon sifter elutriation and sieving method for eggs/oocysts, respectively. Based on the morphological observation of eggs and oocysts, one tapeworm, five nematodes, three trematodes and nineteen coccidia were identified, of which seven helminths belong to zoonotic parasites. The infection rate of parasites was 83.4% (902/1081) in total samples, 91.6% (765/835) in goats, and 55.7% (137/246) in sheep. The infection rate of coccidia was 71.0% (767/1081), and that of helminths was 56.2% (607/1081). The dominant species was E. alijeri (67.3%, 562/835) in goats, E. parva (30.1%, 74/246) in sheep. The highest prevalent helminths were Trichostrongylidae spp. in goats (58.3%, 487/835), and Moniezia spp. in sheep (22.76%, 56/246). Of 902 positive samples, 825 (91.5%, 825/902) contained multiple (2-10) parasites. The feeding mode, sampling season and regions were relevant risk factors which have significant influence on the occurrence of GI parasites in goats and sheep. The risk coefficient of parasite infection in autumn was 2.49 times higher than spring (Odds ratio = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.51-4.09, p < 0.001). Compared to raising on the high beds, the goats and sheep raising on the ground had the higher risk of parasite infection (OR = 3.91, 95% CI = 2.07-7.40, p < 0.001). The risk coefficient of parasite infection in Shaanxi and Hunan was 3.78 and 1.25 times higher than that in Jiangsu (OR = 3.78, 95% CI = 2.01-7.12, p < 0.001; OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.21-1.29, p < 0.001). These data are significant for the development of prevention strategies to minimise economic losses from small ruminant production and to reduce the risk of water and food infecting humans as vectors of zoonotic parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Cai
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Feng
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Ma
- Rudong Animal Disease Control Center, Nantong, China
| | - Enyu Hua
- Changshu Animal Disease Control Center, Suzhou, China
| | - Shimin Jiang
- Zhangjiajie Yongding District Animal Husbandry and Fishery Affairs Center, Zhangjiajie, China
| | - Zhaofeng Hou
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Anlong Yang
- Yangzhou Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
| | - Darong Cheng
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinjun Xu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Tao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Silva LMR, Carrau T, Vila-Viçosa MJM, Musella V, Rinaldi L, Failing K, Cortes HCE, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Analysis of potential risk factors of caprine coccidiosis. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 22:100458. [PMID: 33308721 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Caprine coccidiosis represents a major concern in goat industry worldwide causing high economic losses, mainly due to poor weight gains, treatment costs and even death of kids. Therefore, analyses on risk factors involved in the establishment and outcome of this disease are important to improve infection status and herd management. In Portugal, approximately 400,000 goats are reared every year. The majority of them are allocated in the southern part of the country. In the current study, a representative number of animals (382 goats) and herds (37 herds) from Alentejo were monitored. Faecal samples from five young and five adult goats of each farm were collected rectally and examined individually by using the modified McMaster technique for oocyst counts (oocyst per gram of faeces - OPG). Additionally, a questionnaire on the husbandry conditions and anti-parasitic treatments was performed. Overall, a prevalence of Eimeria infections of 99% and 100% was detected on animal and herd level, respectively. Eimeria arloingi and E. ninakohlyakimovae as the two most pathogenic caprine species also constituted the most prevalent ones (34.91% and 29.90%, respectively), both in the young and the adult goat groups. As expected, OPG vales were significantly higher (p = 0.031) in young than in adult goats. Furthermore, risk factor analyses revealed young age, higher total number of animals on the farm and outdoor kidding as strongly associated with a higher risk of caprine coccidiosis. Overall, the high prevalence of pathogenic Eimeria species on Portuguese goat farms in combination with the occurrence of related risk factors strengthen the importance of coccidiosis control in caprine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M R Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Laboratório de Parasitologia Victor Caeiro, MED - Mediteranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Evora, Portugal.
| | - T Carrau
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - M J M Vila-Viçosa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Victor Caeiro, MED - Mediteranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Evora, Portugal
| | - V Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - L Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy
| | - K Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - H C E Cortes
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Victor Caeiro, MED - Mediteranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Evora, Portugal
| | - A Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - C Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
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Silva LMRD, Vila-Viçosa MJM, Nunes T, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Cortes HCE. Eimeria infections in goats in Southern Portugal. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:280-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria species is a major form of intestinal infection affecting intensively and semi-intensively reared goats. The province of Alentejo is the main goat-producing area in Portugal. Therefore, all 15 Serpentina goat farms in Alentejo were analyzed regarding the occurrence and diversity of Eimeria species. Fecal samples obtained from 144 animals (52.1% dairy goats, 47.9% pre-pubertal goats) were examined using the modified McMaster technique to determine the number of oocysts per gram of feces. Eimeria spp. oocysts were present in 98.61% of the fecal samples and, overall, nine different Eimeria species were identified. The most prevalent species were E. ninakohlyakimovae (88%) and E. arloingi (85%), followed by E. alijevi (63%) and E. caprovina(63%). The average number of oocysts shed was significantly lower in dairy goats than in pre-adult animals. Astonishingly, no clinical signs of coccidiosis were observed in any of the animals examined, even though they were shedding high numbers of oocysts and were infected with highly pathogenic species. Thus, implementation of routine diagnostic investigation of the occurrence and diversity of caprine Eimeria species may be a useful tool for determination and better understanding of their potential economic impact on goat herds in southern Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Telmo Nunes
- Universidade Técnica de Lisboa – UTL, Portugal
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Singh AK, Das G, Roy B, Nath S, Naresh R, Kumar S. Prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasitic infections in goat of Madhya Pradesh, India. J Parasit Dis 2014; 39:716-9. [PMID: 26688640 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism in animals is one of the major problems in India causing emaciation, anaemia, oedema, weakness, diarrhoea and death. Present study was designed to generate epidemiological data on GI parasitism of goats of Madhya Pradesh, India. During 8 months study period, a total of 960 samples were collected and examined by sedimentation and floatation methods followed by egg per gram out of 960 samples, 907 (94.48 %) were positive for one or more gastrointestinal parasite, wherein coccidia was predominant (82.4 %) followed by strongyles (69.27 %), amphistomes (22.71 %), Strongyloides sp. (9.17 %), Trichuris sp. (3.85 %), Moniezia sp. (3.02 %), Schistosomes sp. (2.29 %) and Fasciola sp. (1.77 %). The seasonal incidence was found highest in monsoon (98.06 %) and lowest in winter (91.67 %). The incidence of gastrointestinal parasitism was found higher in kids (96.25 %) in comparison with adult goats (93.89 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NanaJi Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Jabalpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - G Das
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NanaJi Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Jabalpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - B Roy
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NanaJi Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Jabalpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - S Nath
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NanaJi Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Jabalpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Ram Naresh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NanaJi Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Jabalpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Sahil Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NanaJi Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Jabalpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
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Vidal LGP, Fagundes TF, Pantoja CS, Menezes RDCAAD. Morfometria de oocistos de Eimeria em bezerras segundo a faixa etária e a intensidade de infecção, Município de Piraí, RJ. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402013000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivou-se avaliar a variação média no tamanho dos oocistos de Eimeria, segundo as categorias das variáveis: faixa etária das bezerras (zero a 100 e 101 a 180 dias de idade) e intensidade de infecção bem como correlacionar as espécies do gênero Eimeria, utilizando técnicas de morfometria. De agosto/2010 a junho/2011, no Município de Piraí, RJ, foram coletadas 1512 amostras de fezes de 57 bezerras, sendo 955 enquanto estavam na faixa etária de 0 a 100 dias e 557 já com 101 a 180 dias. Com base nas características morfológicas e morfométricas dos oocistos esporulados, identificaram-se nove espécies nas seguintes porcentagens: E. ellipsoidalis (39,7%), E. alabamensis (18,4%), E. bovis (12,1%), E. zuernii (11,4%), E. subspherica (7,3%), E. cylindrica (6,0%), E. auburnensis (3,6%), E. wyomingensis (1,0%) e E. canadensis (0,6%). As bezerras de até 100 dias apresentaram maior intensidade de infecção e, nas duas faixas etárias houve menos amostras classificadas como de alta intensidade. Pode-se observar que não houve correlação (p>0,05) entre as técnicas de medidas aplicadas, mostrando que uma independe da outra. Com base na análise dos oocistos da espécie E. ellipsoidalis, pode-se observar que a idade dos animais influenciou na morfometria dos oocistos em ambos os recursos de medida. Entretanto, não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) na morfometria dos oocistos de acordo com a intensidade de infecção.
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Ruiz A, González JF, Rodríguez E, Martín S, Hernández YI, Almeida R, Molina JM. Influence of climatic and management factors on Eimeria infections in goats from semi-arid zones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 53:399-402. [PMID: 17010046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A survey of Eimeria infections was performed in dairy goats and kids (<6 months old) of six farms from a dry desert area of Gran Canaria Island (Spain). The number of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) was determined by a modified McMaster technique over a total of 2,616 individual faecal samples taken from the rectum in monthly intervals. Eimeria oocysts were found in 96.1% of the samples with OPG ranging from 1 x 10(2) to 1.4 x 10(6). Kid goats had significantly (P < 0.001) higher OPG counts (46,496 +/- 5,228) than dairy females (2,225 +/- 287). Eight Eimeria species were identified, with Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae (30.0%), Eimeria arloingi (28.6%) and Eimeria alijevi (20.5%) being the most frequent species followed by Eimeria caprina (9.1%), Eimeria christenseni (4.5%), Eimeria jolchijevi (3.4%), Eimeria caprovina (3.2%) and Eimeria hirci (0.7%). Although significant differences were observed among goat groups and herds, the eight species were present in the six farms in both dairy goats and kids. The intensity of oocysts shedding was related to some factors such as the size of the herd and was further influenced by the prevailing climatic conditions of the area. The highest OPG counts were recorded during the hot season in dairy goats and close to weaning time in kids reared in small farms having no prophylactic treatments against eimeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz
- Parasitology Area, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
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Ibarra-Velarde F, Alcala-Canto Y. Downregulation of the goat β-defensin-2 gene by IL-4 in caprine intestinal epithelial cells infected with Eimeria spp. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:613-8. [PMID: 17393183 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that are produced by leukocytes and epithelial cells. Recent advances indicate that these peptides play an important role in innate immune responses. Nonetheless, the role of defensins in caprine eimeriosis remains unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the expression of a goat beta-defensin, named GBD-2 in caprine intestinal epithelial cells (CIEC) stimulated with recombinant bovine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the presence or absence of recombinant bovine interleukin-4 (IL-4) by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. GBD-2 mRNA was clearly expressed in IFN-gamma-stimulated CIEC. On the other hand, the direct addition of IL-4 showed no significant effect on GBD-2 expression in CIEC. However, when supernatants from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultured with IL-4 were added to CIEC, the expression of GBD-2 decreased. To elucidate if IFN-gamma functions as a signaling molecule that facilitates the generation of GBD-2 against Eimeria spp. in goats, anti- IL-4 was added to PBMC from Eimeria-infected goats and levels of IFN-gamma in culture supernatants were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. Results showed that IFN-gamma secretion increased when anti-IL-4 was added to PBMC. It then appears safe to suggest that IL-4 may be a further factor in the pathogenesis of goat coccidiosis and its induction may be part of an evasion strategy of the parasite to avoid pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ibarra-Velarde
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, D.F. 04510, Mexico.
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Al-Amery M, Hasso S. Laboratory diagnosis of novel species of Theileria hirci, Eimeria caprovina and Eimeria pallida in goats in Iraq. Small Rumin Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(02)00023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Harper CK, Penzhorn BL. Occurrence and diversity of coccidia in indigenous, Saanen and crossbred goats in South Africa. Vet Parasitol 1999; 82:1-9. [PMID: 10223345 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(98)00266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence and diversity of Eimeria species in two groups of indigenous South African goats kept under traditional management systems, as well as in a mixed herd of Saanen, indigenous and crossbred goats kept under an intensive management system were examined. Infection rates ranged from 88.7 to 100% in the various groups. Mean OPG of immature goats (< 1 year old) exceeded that of adult goats at all three sites. There was no consistent difference between adult OPG counts at the three sites. Under the intensive system, adult crossbred goats had significantly higher OPG counts than adult Saanen or indigenous goats. Overall, OPG counts of immature goats were significantly higher during the dry season (winter) than during the wet season (summer). Ten Eimeria species were identified, Eimeria arloingi being the most prevalent species at all three sites, followed by Eimeria hirci. Up to seven Eimeria species were recovered from individual specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Harper
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Jalila A, Dorny P, Sani R, Salim NB, Vercruysse J. Coccidial infections of goats in Selangor, peninsular Malaysia. Vet Parasitol 1998; 74:165-72. [PMID: 9561704 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coccidial infections were studied in goats in the state of Selangor (peninsular Malaysia) during a 12-month period. The study included 10 smallholder farms on which kids were monitored for faecal oocyst counts from birth until 1-year old. Eimeria oocysts were found in 725 (89%) of 815 faecal samples examined. Nine species of Eimeria were identified. The most prevalent were E. arloingi, found in 71% of the samples, E. ninakohlyakimovae (67%), E. christenseni (63%) and E. alijevi (61%). The other species found were, E. hirci, E. jolchijevi, E. caprovina, E. caprina and E. pallida, present in 34, 22, 12, 9 and 4% of the samples, respectively. Oocyst counts were significantly higher in animals of less than 4-months old (P < 0.05). High oocyst counts were mainly caused by non-pathogenic species. Poor hygienic conditions were found to be associated with a higher intensity of coccidial infections. Mortality rates in kids could not be related to the intensity of coccidial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jalila
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Borgsteede FH, Dercksen DP. Coccidial and helminth infections in goats kept indoors in the Netherlands. Vet Parasitol 1996; 61:321-6. [PMID: 8720569 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(95)00830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An investigation was carried out on coccidial and helminth infections in goats kept indoors on five farms in the Netherlands. The goats were individually sampled. Coccidial oocysts were identified and nematode eggs counted. Larval cultures were made and infective larvae identified to the generic or species level. The goats were divided into three groups according to their age: kids, those weaned but not served, and older goats. Oocysts were found in 26 out of 27 kids (96.3%), in 52 out of 55 weaned but not served goats (94.5%), and in 72 out of 110 older goats (65.5%). Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae was the most common species in all groups with an overall prevalence of 82%, followed by Eimeria arloingi (78%) and Eimeria aspheronica (53.3%). Other species present were Eimeria alijevi (50%), Eimeria christenseni (39.3%), Eimeria caprina (38.7%), Eimeria hirci (28.7%) and Eimeria jolchijevi (7.3%). Nematode eggs were seen on four of the five farms. It appeared that on two farms some goats, although now kept indoors, had been on pasture in the past. These goats excreted low numbers of eggs of Ostertagia and/or Trichostrongylus, Strongyloides papillosus, Haemonchus contortus, Trichuris spp. and larvae of Muellerius capillaris. In goats that were kept exclusively indoors, infections with Strongyloides papillosus were found on two farms in the older group and on one farm also in the group weaned but not served. On two farms Skrjabinema ovis was incidentally observed by the farmer in older goats. This was confirmed by faecal examinations on one farm. All kids were free of nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Borgsteede
- Institute of Animal Science and Health, Lelystad, Netherlands
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