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Shoaib RM, Ahmad KA, Wang YX. Protopanaxadiol alleviates neuropathic pain by spinal microglial dynorphin A expression following glucocorticoid receptor activation. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2976-2997. [PMID: 33786848 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE New remedies are required for the treatment of neuropathic pain due to insufficient efficacy of available therapies. This study provides a novel approach to develop painkillers for chronic pain treatment. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The rat formalin pain test and spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain were used to evaluate antinociception of protopanaxadiol. Primary cell cultures, immunofluorescence staining, and gene and protein expression were also performed for mechanism studies. KEY RESULTS Gavage protopanaxadiol remarkably produces pain antihypersensitive effects in neuropathic pain, bone cancer pain and inflammatory pain, with efficacy comparable with gabapentin. Long-term PPD administration does not induce antihypersensitive tolerance, but prevents and reverses the development and expression of morphine analgesic tolerance. Oral protopanaxadiol specifically stimulates spinal expression of dynorphin A in microglia but not in astrocytes or neurons. Protopanaxadiol gavage-related pain antihypersensitivity is abolished by the intrathecal pretreatment with the microglial metabolic inhibitor minocycline, dynorphin antiserum or specific κ-opioid receptor antagonist GNTI. Intrathecal pretreatment with glucocorticoid receptor)antagonists RU486 and dexamethasone-21-mesylate, but not GPR-30 antagonist G15 or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone, completely attenuates protopanaxadiol-induced spinal dynorphin A expression and pain antihypersensitivity in neuropathic pain. Treatment with protopanaxadiol, the glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone and membrane-impermeable glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone-BSA in cultured microglia induces remarkable dynorphin A expression, which is totally blocked by pretreatment with dexamthasone-21-mesylate. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS All the results, for the first time, indicate that protopanaxadiol produces pain antihypersensitivity in neuropathic pain probably through spinal microglial dynorphin A expression after glucocorticoid receptor activation and hypothesize that microglial membrane glucocorticoid receptor/dynorphin A pathway is a potential target to discover and develop novel painkillers in chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalil Ali Ahmad
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
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2
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Kononenko O, Galatenko V, Andersson M, Bazov I, Watanabe H, Zhou XW, Iatsyshyna A, Mityakina I, Yakovleva T, Sarkisyan D, Ponomarev I, Krishtal O, Marklund N, Tonevitsky A, Adkins DL, Bakalkin G. Intra- and interregional coregulation of opioid genes: broken symmetry in spinal circuits. FASEB J 2017; 31:1953-1963. [PMID: 28122917 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601039r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the formation and rewiring of neural circuits by neuropeptides may require coordinated production of these signaling molecules and their receptors that may be established at the transcriptional level. Here, we address this hypothesis by comparing absolute expression levels of opioid peptides with their receptors, the largest neuropeptide family, and by characterizing coexpression (transcriptionally coordinated) patterns of these genes. We demonstrated that expression patterns of opioid genes highly correlate within and across functionally and anatomically different areas. Opioid peptide genes, compared with their receptor genes, are transcribed at much greater absolute levels, which suggests formation of a neuropeptide cloud that covers the receptor-expressed circuits. Surprisingly, we found that both expression levels and the proportion of opioid receptors are strongly lateralized in the spinal cord, interregional coexpression patterns are side specific, and intraregional coexpression profiles are affected differently by left- and right-side unilateral body injury. We propose that opioid genes are regulated as interconnected components of the same molecular system distributed between distinct anatomic regions. The striking feature of this system is its asymmetric coexpression patterns, which suggest side-specific regulation of selective neural circuits by opioid neurohormones.-Kononenko, O., Galatenko, V., Andersson, M., Bazov, I., Watanabe, H., Zhou, X. W., Iatsyshyna, A., Mityakina, I., Yakovleva, T., Sarkisyan, D., Ponomarev, I., Krishtal, O., Marklund, N., Tonevitsky, A., Adkins, D. L., Bakalkin, G. Intra- and interregional coregulation of opioid genes: broken symmetry in spinal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kononenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Key State Laboratory, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev, Ukraine
| | | | - Malin Andersson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Igor Bazov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xing Wu Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Iatsyshyna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kiev, Ukraine
| | | | - Tatiana Yakovleva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniil Sarkisyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Igor Ponomarev
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and The College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Oleg Krishtal
- Key State Laboratory, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Niklas Marklund
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - DeAnna L Adkins
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, and.,Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Tejeda HA, Shippenberg TS, Henriksson R. The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system and its role in psychiatric disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:857-96. [PMID: 22002579 PMCID: PMC11114766 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system has been implicated in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders. In the present review, we present evidence indicating a key role for this system in modulating neurotransmission in brain circuits that subserve mood, motivation, and cognitive function. We overview the pharmacology, signaling, post-translational, post-transcriptional, transcriptional, epigenetic and cis regulation of the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system, and critically review functional neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and pharmacological evidence, suggesting that alterations in this system may contribute to affective disorders, drug addiction, and schizophrenia. We also overview the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system in the genetics of psychiatric disorders and discuss implications of the reviewed material for therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Tejeda
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - T. S. Shippenberg
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - R. Henriksson
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, L8:04, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Gupta DS, Hubscher CH. Estradiol treatment prevents injury induced enhancement in spinal cord dynorphin expression. Front Physiol 2012; 3:28. [PMID: 22371702 PMCID: PMC3284198 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of the ovarian steroid estradiol in male and female animals has been shown to have neuromodulatory and neuroprotective effects in a variety of experimental models. In the present study, spinal tissues from dermatomes just above (T5–T7, at level) a severe chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) at T8 were analyzed for expression levels of prodynorphin (PRDN) and phospho-(serine 369) κ-opioid receptor (KOR-P) in 17 β estradiol (EB)- and placebo-treated adult male rats. Dynorphin was targeted since (1) it has previously been shown to be elevated post-SCI, (2) intrathecal injection of dynorphin produces several of the same adverse effects seen with a SCI, and (3) its increased expression is known to occur in a variety of different experimental models of central neuropathic pain. A significant elevation of extracellular levels of both PRDN and KOR-P in the placebo-treated SCI group relative to uninjured surgical sham controls was found in spinal tissues above the injury level, indicating increased dynorphin levels. Importantly, the EB-treated SCI group did not show elevations of PRDN levels at 6 weeks post-injury. Immunohistochemical analysis of at level tissues revealed that EB treatment significantly prevented a post-SCI increase in expression of PRDN puncta co-labeling synapsin I, a nerve terminal marker. The dynorphin-containing terminals co-labeled vesicular glutamate receptor-2 (a marker of glutamatergic terminals), a finding consistent with a non-opioid basis for the adverse effects of dynorphin. These results support a beneficial role for EB treatment post-SCI through a reduction in excessive spinal cord levels of dynorphin. Studies manipulating the timing of the EB treatment post-injury along with specific functional assessments will address whether the beneficial effects are due to EB’s potential neuromodulatory or neuroprotective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daya S Gupta
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
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5
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Straub RH, Wolff C, Fassold A, Hofbauer R, Chover-Gonzalez A, Richards LJ, Jessop DS. Antiinflammatory role of endomorphins in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and adjuvant-induced polyarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:456-66. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Collagen-induced arthritis as a model of hyperalgesia: Functional and cellular analysis of the analgesic actions of tumor necrosis factor blockade. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:4015-23. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Zhang RX, Lao L, Qiao JT, Malsnee K, Ruda MA. Endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoid suppresses up-regulation of preprodynorphin mRNA and hyperalgesia in rats with peripheral inflammation. Neurosci Lett 2004; 359:85-8. [PMID: 15050718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) play important roles in response to stressful stimuli, including pain. This study examined the effects of bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) and dexamethasone (DEX) replacement on the hyperalgesia and spinal preprodynorphin (PPD) mRNA expression induced by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into rats' hind paws. The results demonstrated that CFA induced more intense hyperalgesia and up-expression of spinal PPD mRNA in ADX rats than in control rats, while both of these intensified reactions could be significantly suppressed by subcutaneous pretreatment with DEX. This leads to the conclusion that both exogenous (pharmacological) and endogenous (physiological) GC suppresses the behavioral hyperalgesia and the up-regulation of spinal PPD mRNA induced by sustained peripheral inflammation. The results also suggest that spinal PPD mRNA suppression may partially underlie the inhibition of behavioral hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Zhang
- Center For Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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8
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Maj M, Turchan J, Smiałowska M, Przewłocka B. Morphine and cocaine influence on CRF biosynthesis in the rat central nucleus of amygdala. Neuropeptides 2003; 37:105-10. [PMID: 12747942 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4179(03)00021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The central nucleus of the amygdala is a CRF-containing limbic brain site which mediates both fear-like and avoidance behaviors; moreover it has been hypothesized that atypical stress responses may contribute to compulsive drug use. Therefore, we studied in rat amygdala the level of CRF mRNA by in situ hybrydization, and the level of the peptide using immunocytochemistry after acute and chronic administration of morphine and cocaine and after their withdrawal. Acute injection of morphine (20 mg/kg i.p.) increased CRF mRNA level, but did not change significantly CRF immunoreactivity in the central nucleus of the amygdala. Chronic morphine administration significantly increased the level of CRF mRNA 3, 24 and 48 h after the last dose. Both, acute and chronic cocaine administration increased CRF mRNA, but the peptide level was decreased only after acute cocaine administration. However, in the late withdrawal (48 h after the last dose of cocaine) both mRNA and the peptide levels tended to decrease. The above data suggest that amygdalar CRF system activity is potently activated after administration of morphine and cocaine, and that activation of this system observed at the time of withdrawal from morphine may be responsible for aversion and anxiety related to these states; therefore a CRF1 receptor may be a target for prospective pharmacotherapies of the withdrawal from abused drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maj
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, PL 31-343, Krakow, Poland
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9
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Haake M, Thon A, Bette M. No influence of low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on spinal nociceptive systems. J Orthop Sci 2002; 7:97-101. [PMID: 11819140 DOI: 10.1007/s776-002-8429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2001] [Accepted: 08/25/2001] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The analgesic effects of high-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) were discovered by chance during its application for urolithiasis and for bone pseudarthrosis. Despite the extensive use of ESWT, the mechanisms of its antinociceptive effects are still unclear. A gate control mechanism and other antinociceptive mechanisms have been postulated. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of low-energy ESWT on the expression of the transmitters substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of the neuropeptides CGRP and SP was performed in rats treated either once with 1000 impulses or three times with 1000 impulses, with two different energy flux densities being used (0.043 and 0.11 mJ/mm2). The animals were killed either 4 or 72 h after the ESWT. No regulatory effect of ESWT on the expression of SP or CGRP in the dorsal horns was found. Because the application of ESWT showed no significant changes in the sensory system, it is unlikely that the application of ESWT triggers the endogenous pain control system of the rat through hyperstimulation analgesia. Furthermore, these results show that low-energy ESWT had no side effects on the rat spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haake
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse 1, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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10
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Smiałowska M, Bajkowska M, Heilig M, Obuchowicz E, Turchan J, Maj M, Przewłocki R. Pharmacological studies on the monoaminergic influence on the synthesis and expression of neuropeptide Y and corticotropin releasing factor in rat brain amygdala. Neuropeptides 2001; 35:82-91. [PMID: 11384203 DOI: 10.1054/npep.2001.0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier findings concerning the 6-OHDA lesion suggested dopaminergic regulation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) synthesis and expression in amygdala neurons. On the other hand, some other studies indicated that not only dopamine, but also other monoamines may modulate peptidergic neurons. Therefore the present study examined the effect of pharmacological deprivation of monoaminergic influences on NPY and CRF neurons in rat brain amygdala by means of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical methods. It was found that NPY mRNA expression in the amygdala decreased after 24h blockade of dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors, by haloperidol or SCH23390. At the same time the NPY-peptide expression measured immunohistochemically was not significantly changed. A prolonged, 14-day, blockade of dopaminergic receptors by haloperidol induced an opposite effect, an increase in NPY mRNA expression. Impairment of the serotonergic transmission by blockade of 5-HT synthesis using p-chlorophenylalanine, as well as attenuation of the noradrenergic transmission by NA depletion from terminals by DSP4, did not significantly change NPY mRNA expression or the mean number of NPY-immunoreactive neurons in the amygdala. Only a decrease in the staining intensity observed as a decreased number of darkly stained neurons was found after both compounds. Neither the dopamine receptor blockade nor the impairment of serotonergic or noradrenergic transmission changed CRF mRNA or the peptide expression in the amygdala. The obtained results indicate that in rat brain amygdala, of all the monoamines, dopamine seems to be the most important modulator of NPY biosynthesis and expression. The effect of blockade of dopaminergic receptors is biphasic: first it induces a decrease and then - after prolonged treatment an increase in NPY mRNA. Serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in the amygdala seem to be connected with regulation of NPY release rather than the biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smiałowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Kraków, Poland.
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11
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Haake M, Thon A, Bette M. Absence of spinal response to extracorporeal shock waves on the endogenous opioid systems in the rat. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2001; 27:279-284. [PMID: 11316537 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-5629(00)00317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) seems to be a new therapeutic strategy for chronic pain due to tendopathies. Neurophysiological mechanisms of action for pain relief following ESWT are still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate if the analgesic effect of ESWT is caused by modulation of the endogenous spinal opioid system. Rats were treated with two different energy flux densities (0.04 and 0.11mJ/mm(2)) and immunohistochemical analysis of met-enkephalin (MRGL) and dynorphin (Dyn) was performed at 4 or 72 h after ESWT. ESWT had no modulatory influence on the expression of the spinal opioid systems. Different energy doses or repetitive treatment did not alter MRGL or Dyn immunoreactivity in the spinal cord. Furthermore, a delayed effect of ESWT at 72 h after treatment was not detectable. We conclude from these findings that the analgesic effects of ESWT treatment are not supported by endogenous opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haake
- Orthopädische Klinik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Baldingerstrasse 1, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
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12
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Schäfer MK, Schwaeble WJ, Post C, Salvati P, Calabresi M, Sim RB, Petry F, Loos M, Weihe E. Complement C1q is dramatically up-regulated in brain microglia in response to transient global cerebral ischemia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:5446-52. [PMID: 10799911 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.10.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and inflammatory neurological diseases has a neuroimmunological component involving complement, an innate humoral immune defense system. The present study demonstrates the effects of experimentally induced global ischemia on the biosynthesis of C1q, the recognition subcomponent of the classical complement activation pathway, in the CNS. Using semiquantitative in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy, a dramatic and widespread increase of C1q biosynthesis in rat brain microglia (but not in astrocytes or neurons) within 24 h after the ischemic insult was observed. A marked increase of C1q functional activity in cerebrospinal fluid taken 1, 24, and 72 h after the ischemic insult was determined by C1q-dependent hemolytic assay. In the light of the well-established role of complement and complement activation products in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation, the ischemia-induced increase of cerebral C1q biosynthesis and of C1q functional activity in the cerebrospinal fluid implies that the proinflammatory activities of locally produced complement are likely to contribute to the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Pharmacological modulation of complement activation in the brain may be a therapeutic target in the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Schäfer
- Department of Anatomy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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13
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Smiałowska M, Bajkowska M, Prezewłocka B, Maj M, Turchan J, Przewłocki R. Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing factor expression in rat amygdala. Neuroscience 2000; 94:1125-32. [PMID: 10625052 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of dopaminergic denervation on neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing factor-containing neurons in the amygdala was investigated in rats by examining the effects of a selective, unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in both the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area on these peptides and their messenger RNA expression, observed eight to 10 days after the lesion. The studies were conducted by immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization methods. Neuropeptide Y or corticotropin-releasing factor-immunoreactive neurons were counted in sections of the amygdala under a microscope, and the messenger RNA expression was measured as optical density units in autoradiograms. A significant increase in both neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing factor messenger RNA expression was found in the amygdala on the lesioned side in comparison with the contralateral one, as well as with the ipsilateral side of vehicle-injected controls. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the number of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons increased in the whole amygdala on the lesioned side. At the same time, the number of corticotropin-releasing factor-immunoreactive neurons grouped in the central amygdaloid nucleus declined, and so did the staining intensity. The obtained results indicate that dopaminergic denervation stimulates the synthesis of neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing factor in rat amygdala, but the peptide levels are differently regulated, which points to a diverse release of these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smiałowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków
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14
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Nohr D, Schäfer MK, Persson S, Romeo H, Nyberg F, Post C, Ekström G, Weihe E. Calcitonin gene-related peptide gene expression in collagen-induced arthritis is differentially regulated in primary afferents and motoneurons: influence of glucocorticoids. Neuroscience 1999; 93:759-73. [PMID: 10465459 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide is involved in peripheral and spinal mechanisms of inflammatory pain. In this paper, we used collagen II-induced arthritis in the rat as a model to investigate the influence of chronic arthritic pain on calcitonin gene-related peptide gene expression in sensory and motor pathways. Additionally, we examined the effect of the glucocorticoid drug budesonide on arthritis-induced changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression and constitutive calcitonin gene-related peptide expression. Thirteen days after the immunization with native rat collagen type II rats developed a progressive and chronic polyarthritis which was scored with respect to the degree of swelling and/or redness of the paw and ankle joints. Budesonide significantly attenuated the extent of arthritis. Changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide expression were evaluated by semiquantitative in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry on day 21 post-immunization. In sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia of arthritic rats, a significant increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA and protein levels was seen. These increases were completely blocked by budesonide. Also in dorsal root ganglia of non-arthritic rats, budesonide had an effect, with reduced calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA levels below constitutive concentrations. Image analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity revealed that changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide expression were due to alterations in calcitonin gene-related peptide expression levels rather than to de novo synthesis or changes in the numbers of calcitonin gene-related peptide expressing neurons. In spinal motoneurons of arthritic rats, marked decreases in calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA and protein levels were measured. These reductions were attenuated by budesonide. The changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in motoneurons correlated with the severity of arthritis in the ipsilateral hind paw. Budesonide had no effects on calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA levels in motoneurons of non-arthritic rats. The opposite regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide gene expression in primary sensory and spinal somatomotor pathways in collagen-induced arthritis suggests that calcitonin gene-related peptide plays a specific role in both chronic inflammatory pain and arthritis-induced motor dysfunction. The sensitivity of constitutive and inflammation-induced sensory calcitonin gene-related peptide expression to budesonide treatment may indicate that the beneficial effects of steroid treatment in inflammation is partly mediated by down-regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide in sensory neurons involved in neurogenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nohr
- Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Liu Z, Lyrenäs S, Thörnwall M, Le Grevés P, Nyberg F. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid level of substance P and decreased undecapeptidase activity at term pregnancy. Neuropeptides 1997; 31:415-21. [PMID: 9413017 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4179(97)90034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a study of substance P and its converting enzyme substance P endopeptidase (SPE) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from women at term pregnancy. A method was developed to assess the CSF levels of substance P itself with minimum contribution from prestages or fragments of the undecapetide. The measured activity was compared with that detected in CSF from control, non-pregnant, non-puerperal women. The result indicates a significant increase in substance P-like immunoreactivity at term pregnancy (19.9 +/- 3.9 fmol/ml, n = 10) compared with that of control subjects (12.3 +/- 2.8 fmol/ml, n = 9; P < 0.001). This elevation was suggested to reflect an increased activity in spinal sensory neurons at this stage of pregnancy. The activity of SPE was assessed by measuring the product substance P1-7 by a radioimmunoassay specific for this fragment. It was found that the enzyme activity was significantly decreased in CSF from pregnant women (11.2 +/- 0.71 pmol/h.ml), compared with control samples (18.4 +/- 0.73 pmol/h.ml; P < 0.05). Moreover, a significant negative correlation was found to exist between the level of substance P and the activity of SPE (P < 0.05, r2 = 0.65), suggesting that the enzyme may be involved in a mechanism regulating the level of substance P concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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Ha TS, Kim YH, Song DK, Wie MB, Suh HW. The regulation of prodynorphin gene expression in cultured spinal cord cells: involvement of second messengers. Neuropeptides 1997; 31:125-30. [PMID: 9179864 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4179(97)90080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of prodynorphin (proDYN) mRNA levels by cAMP and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways was studied in cultured rat spinal cord cells. Spinal cord cells were cultured from 14 day (E 14) embryos of Sprague-Dawley rats. After 7 days in vitro, the spinal cord cells were incubated with either forskolin (5 microM) or phorbol-13-myristate acetate (PMA; 2.5 microM) for 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 24 h and the total RNA was isolated for Northern blot analyses. The proDYN mRNA level began to increase 1 h, then reached and remained at a peak 3-6 h after stimulation by forskolin or PMA. proDYN mRNA levels in forskolin treated cells decreased slightly from their peak after 9 h of treatment, whereas the level of proDYN mRNA returned to the basal level in PMA-treated cells. Pretreatment of cells with cycloheximide (a protein synthesis inhibitor; 10 microM) did not affect the forskolin- or PMA-induced increase in proDYN mRNA, but pretreatment with nimodipine (a L-type Ca2+ channel blocker; 2 microM), omega-conotoxin (a N-type Ca2+ channel blocker; 1 microM), or KN-62 (a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor; 5 microM) inhibited induction of proDYN mRNA both by forskolin and PMA. Additionally, dexamethasone did not affect the expression of proDYN mRNA level induced by forskolin. Our results suggest that proDYN mRNA levels in spinal cord cells is regulated by both cAMP and PKC pathways. Calcium influx through both L- and N-type calcium channels and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II appear to be involved in the increase of proDYN mRNA levels induced by either forskolin or PMA. Furthermore, ongoing protein synthesis is not required for forskolin- or PMA-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, Korea
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Pohl M, Ballet S, Collin E, Mauborgne A, Bourgoin S, Benoliel JJ, Hamon M, Cesselin F. Enkephalinergic and dynorphinergic neurons in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the polyarthritic rat - in vivo release and cDNA hybridization studies. Brain Res 1997; 749:18-28. [PMID: 9070623 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Complex and contradictory data have been reported regarding the changes in spinal opioidergic systems associated with chronic inflammatory pain in the rat. In an attempt to solve these discrepancies, the in vivo release of met-enkephalin and dynorphin and the expression of the corresponding propeptide genes were investigated at the spinal level in arthritic rats and paired controls. A dramatic increase in the concentration of prodynorphin mRNA (+300-550%) and a less pronounced elevation of that of dynorphin-like material (+40-50%) were found in the dorsal part of cervical and lumbar segments of the spinal cord in rats rendered arthritic by an intradermal injection of Freund's adjuvant four weeks prior to these measurements. In addition, the spinal release of dynorphin-like material (assessed through an intrathecal perfusion procedure in halothane-anaesthetized animals) was approximately twice as high in arthritic rats as in controls. In spite of significant elevations in the levels of both met-enkephalin (+30-70%) and proenkephalin A mRNA (+40-50%) in the dorsal part of cervical and lumbar segments, the spinal release of met-enkephalin-like material was decreased (-50%) in arthritic rats as compared to paired controls. Proenkephalin A mRNA (but not prodynorphin mRNA) could be measured in dorsal root ganglia, and its levels were dramatically reduced in ganglia at the lumbar segments in arthritic rats. Such parallel reductions in the spinal release of met-enkephalin-like material and the levels of proenkephalin A mRNA in dorsal root ganglia of arthritic rats support the idea that the activity of primary afferent enkephalinergic fibres decreases markedly during chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pohl
- INSERM U 288, Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Saltpêtrière, Paris, France
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Riley RC, Zhao ZQ, Duggan AW. Spinal release of immunoreactive dynorphin A(1-8) with the development of peripheral inflammation in the rat. Brain Res 1996; 710:131-42. [PMID: 8963652 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microprobes bearing immobilised antibodies to dynorphin A(1-8) were used to study the basal and evoked release of this prodynorphin derived peptide in the spinal cord of urethane anaesthetised normal rats and those with a peripheral inflammation. In the absence of any active peripheral stimulus the antibody microprobes detected immunoreactive (ir)-dynorphin A(1-8) in two areas (lamina I and laminae IV-V) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of normal rats. With the development of unilateral ankle inflammation over 3 to 5 days following subcutaneous injections of Freund's complete adjuvant, a basal presence of ir-dynorphin A(1-8) was found in both the dorsal and ventral horn regions of both sides of the spinal cord. Lateral compression of the ankles of the normal animals did not release ir-dynorphin A(1-8) during the period of stimulation, but this neuropeptide was detected in increased amounts in the ventral horn following the stimulus. By contrast, compression of inflamed ankles produced elevated levels of ir-dynorphin A(1-8) during the period of stimulus application at three major sites in the ipsilateral spinal grey matter. The largest peak was in the deep dorsal horn/upper ventral horn (laminae VI-VII), with further sites of significant release in the mid dorsal horn (laminae II-V) and the lower ventral horn. The observation that ir-dynorphin A(1-8) is physiologically released in the ventral and deep dorsal in addition to the superficial dorsal horn of the rat suggests an involvement of dynorphins in several aspects of spinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Riley
- Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, UK
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Nohr D, Michel S, Fink T, Weihe E. Pro-enkephalin opioid peptides are abundant in porcine and bovine splenic nerves, but absent from nerves of rat, mouse, hamster, and guinea-pig spleen. Cell Tissue Res 1995; 281:143-52. [PMID: 7621519 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The opioidergic innervation of the mammalian spleen and possible species differences were investigated. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed that splenic nerves of bovine and porcine spleen, but not of rat, mouse, hamster and guinea-pig spleen contained proenkephalin-derived opioidergic innervation. Immunoreactivity to both prodynorphin and pro-opiomelanocortin was absent from splenic nerves. In bovine and porcine spleen, fibers immunoreactive for met-enkephalin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, leu-enkephalin and peptide F formed perivascular plexus, traveled in trabecular connective tissue, and extended into the capsule. Spatial relationships with immune cells were apparent in the white and red pulp, excluding lymphoid follicles. Colocalization of enkephalin immunoreactivity with immunoreactivities for tyrosin hydroxylase, dopamin-beta-hydroxylase, and neuropeptide Y, but not for substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide were found. Our results provide evidence that opioid expression in splenic innervation is strongly species-dependent and exclusively proenkephalin-derived. Colocalization with marker enzymes of noradrenergic neurons indicates a mainly postganglionic sympathetic origin of proenkephalinergic splenic innervation. Opioidergic perivascular nerves probably control the splenic blood flow. A close interrelationship of opioidergic fibers with immune cells provides the anatomical basis for direct effects of neurally released opioids on splenic immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nohr
- Anatomical Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Persson S, Le Grevés P, Thörnwall M, Eriksson U, Silberring J, Nyberg F. Neuropeptide converting and processing enzymes in the spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 104:111-30. [PMID: 8552764 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Persson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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