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Bastos-Amador P, Duarte EL, Torres J, Caldeira AT, Silva I, Salvador C, Assunção R, Alvito P, Ferreira M. Maternal dietary exposure to mycotoxin aflatoxin B 1 promotes intestinal immune alterations and microbiota modifications increasing infection susceptibility in mouse offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113596. [PMID: 36603704 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi occurring in food that are toxic to animals and humans. Early-life mycotoxins exposure has been linked to diverse pathologies. However, how maternal exposure to mycotoxins impacts on the intestinal barrier function of progeny has not been explored. Here, exposure of pregnant and lactating C57Bl/6J female mice to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1; 400 μg/kg body weight/day; 3 times a week) in gelatine pellets, from embryonic day (E)11.5 until weaning (postnatal day 21), led to gut immunological changes in progeny. The results showed an overall increase of lymphocyte number in intestine, a reduction of expression of epithelial genes related to microbial defence, as well as a decrease in cytokine production by intestinal type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). While susceptibility to chemically induced colitis was not worsened, immune alterations were associated with changes in gut microbiota and with a higher vulnerability to infection by the protozoan Eimeria vermiformis at early-life. Together these results show that maternal dietary exposure to AFB1 can dampen intestinal barrier homeostasis in offspring decreasing their capability to tackle intestinal pathogens. These data provide insights to understand AFB1 potential harmfulness in early-life health in the context of intestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bastos-Amador
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Leclerc Duarte
- University of Évora, School of Science and Technology, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal; MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Júlio Torres
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Inês Silva
- University of Évora, School of Science and Technology, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal; MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal; HERCULES Laboratory, Universidade de Évora, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
| | - Cátia Salvador
- HERCULES Laboratory, Universidade de Évora, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- IUEM, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829 - 511, Caparica, Portugal; University of Aveiro, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvito
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; University of Aveiro, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuela Ferreira
- Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Bakheet SA, Attia SM, Alwetaid MY, Ansari MA, Zoheir KM, Nadeem A, Al-Shabanah OA, Al-Harbi MM, Ahmad SF. β-1,3-Glucan reverses aflatoxin B1-mediated suppression of immune responses in mice. Life Sci 2016; 152:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Meissonnier G, Raymond I, Laffitte J, Cossalter A, Pinton P, Benoit E, Bertin G, Galtier P, Oswald I. Dietary glucomannan improves the vaccinal response in pigs exposed to aflatoxin B1 or T-2 toxin. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2009. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate whether dietary supplementation with yeast-derived glucomannan protects pigs against the deleterious effects that exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) or T-2 toxin has on the vaccinal immune response and drug-metabolising enzymes. Three doses of pure mycotoxin (AFB1 trial: 482, 968 and 1,912 µg/kg feed; T-2 toxin trial: 593, 1,155 and 2,067 µg/kg feed) with or without dietary glucomannan supplementation (2 g/ kg feed) were tested in weaned pigs for 28 days. At days 4 and 15 pigs were immunised with ovalbumin to study the humoral and cell-mediated antigen-specific immune responses. The effects of AFB1 and T-2 toxin intake alone in pigs have already been published. In all parameters investigated no differences were apparent between animals receiving the unsupplemented control diet or the control diet containing glucomannan. In the AFB1 trial glucomannan decreased the severity of liver lesions in animals exposed to 968 µg/kg feed. Exposure to both AFB1 and T-2 toxin were associated with impaired phase I liver enzyme activities, but glucomannan demonstrated a limited protective effect on these enzymes. With regard to the immune defence system, both toxins modulated the vaccinal immune response; AFB1 impaired specific cellular response and T-2 toxin the specific humoral response. Glucomannan supplementation restored the ovalbumin-specific lymphocyte proliferation that was delayed in pigs exposed to AFB1, regardless of dose. In the T-2 toxin trial glucomannan supplementation restored anti-ovalbumin immunoglobulin G production, which was significantly reduced in pigs exposed to both medium and high doses of the toxin. In conclusion, glucomannan dietary supplementation demonstrated no deleterious effects in control animals and protective effects against AFB1 and T-2 toxin immunotoxicity during a vaccinal protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Meissonnier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie UR-66, INRA, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
- Alltech-France, 14 Place Marie-Jeanne Bassot, 92300 Levallois-Perret cedex, France
| | - I. Raymond
- École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, BP 87614, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - J. Laffitte
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie UR-66, INRA, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - A. Cossalter
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie UR-66, INRA, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - P. Pinton
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie UR-66, INRA, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - E. Benoit
- École Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - G. Bertin
- Alltech-France, 14 Place Marie-Jeanne Bassot, 92300 Levallois-Perret cedex, France
| | - P. Galtier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie UR-66, INRA, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - I. Oswald
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie UR-66, INRA, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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Oswald IP, Marin DE, Bouhet S, Pinton P, Taranu I, Accensi F. Immunotoxicological risk of mycotoxins for domestic animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:354-60. [PMID: 16019805 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500058320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a group of structurally diverse fungal secondary metabolites that elicit a wide spectrum of toxicological effects. Of particular interest is the capacity of some mycotoxins to alter normal immune function when present in food at levels below observable overt toxicity. The sensitivity of the immune system to mycotoxin-induced immunosuppression arises from the vulnerability of the continually proliferating and differentiating cells that participate in immune-mediated activities and regulate the complex communication network between cellular and humoral components. Mycotoxin-induced immunosuppression may be manifested as depressed T- or B-lymphocyte activity, suppressed antibody production and impaired macrophage/neutrophil-effector functions. The immune system is primarily responsible for defence against invading organisms. Suppressed immune function by mycotoxins may eventually decrease resistance to infectious diseases, reactivate chronic infections and/or decrease vaccine and drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Oswald
- INRA, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Toulouse, France.
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Williams JH, Phillips TD, Jolly PE, Stiles JK, Jolly CM, Aggarwal D. Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:1106-22. [PMID: 15531656 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 880] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are well recognized as a cause of liver cancer, but they have additional important toxic effects. In farm and laboratory animals, chronic exposure to aflatoxins compromises immunity and interferes with protein metabolism and multiple micronutrients that are critical to health. These effects have not been widely studied in humans, but the available information indicates that at least some of the effects observed in animals also occur in humans. The prevalence and level of human exposure to aflatoxins on a global scale have been reviewed, and the resulting conclusion was that approximately 4.5 billion persons living in developing countries are chronically exposed to largely uncontrolled amounts of the toxin. A limited amount of information shows that, at least in those locations where it has been studied, the existing aflatoxin exposure results in changes in nutrition and immunity. The aflatoxin exposure and the toxic affects of aflatoxins on immunity and nutrition combine to negatively affect health factors (including HIV infection) that account for >40% of the burden of disease in developing countries where a short lifespan is prevalent. Food systems and economics render developed-country approaches to the management of aflatoxins impractical in developing-country settings, but the strategy of using food additives to protect farm animals from the toxin may also provide effective and economical new approaches to protecting human populations.
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Levkutová M, Levkut M, Hipíková V, Tomková I, Čonková E, Laciaková A. Immune Response ofE. cuniculiInfected Mice to Aflatoxin B1. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2003; 25:431-9. [DOI: 10.1081/iph-120024510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Venturini MC, Quiroga MA, Risso MA, Lorenzo CD, Omata Y, Venturini L, Godoy H. Mycotoxin T-2 and aflatoxin B1 as immunosuppressors in mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. J Comp Pathol 1996; 115:229-37. [PMID: 8923234 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(96)80081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether repeated ingestion of mycotoxin T-2 (T2) or aflatoxin B1 (AFL) at low doses could contribute to the activation of toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected mice. Mice were divided into two groups: Control (C) and Infected (I). The cyst-forming Beverley strain of Toxoplasma gondii was used to produce the infection one month before treatment with mycotoxins. Mycotoxins were given intragastrically for a 50-day period. The average weight gain was reduced in the groups treated with mycotoxins. Mice developed specific IgG to T. gondii. Histopathological studies showed severe encephalitis in all groups infected. The number of unruptured and ruptured cysts was established and the severity of the lesions was evaluated, the groups treated with mycotoxins being the most severely affected. Immunohistochemical studies of the brain showed free antigen in tissues surrounding ruptured cysts. It is suggested that low and repeated doses of mycotoxins, necessary to produce a subclinical intoxication, precipitate Toxoplasma cyst rupture and consequently the activation of chronic toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Venturini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Plata, Argentina
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